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არის თუ არა საქართველო ბუფერული სახელმწიფო - თორნიკე თურმანიძე

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  • bTkk-politikis kvlevis jgufisagareo politikis programabTkk-politikis kvlevis jgufisagareo politikis programa

    Tornike TurmaniZeTornike TurmaniZe

    sagareo politikis kvlevebis seria # 1sagareo politikis kvlevebis seria # 1

    aris Tu ara saqarTvelo buferuli saxelmwifo?aris Tu ara saqarTvelo buferuli saxelmwifo?

  • qvemoT warmodgenilia vrceli nawyveti bTkk-politikis kvlevis jgufis wevris

    Tornike TurmaniZis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis

    mosapoveblad wardgenili sadisertacio naSromidan `buferuli saxelmwifoebi.~

    2006 wels bTkk-politikis kvlevis jgufma Tornike TurmaniZis amave saxelwodebis

    wigni gamosca , xolo 2009 wels aSS-Si aRniSnuli wignis inglisurenovani versia

    gamoqveynda.

    2010Tbilisi

  • 1termini `buferi~ (Buffer) politikuri erTeulis mimarT pirvelad gamoyenebul iqna 1876 wels, xolo termini `buferuli saxelmwifo~ (Buffer State) _ 1883 wels. orive SemTxvevaSi ingliselebma amgvarad avRaneTi moixsenies, romelic imJamad eqspansiis procesSi myofi ruseTisa da britaneTis imperiebis interesTa sferoebis gammijvnel teritorias warmoadgenda centralur aziaSi.1

    inglisuri enis ganmartebiT leqsikonebsa da inglisurenovan enciklopediebSi sityva `buferis~ mravali mniSvnelobaa mocemuli. zogadi gansazRvrebiT, buferi aris:

    is, rac amcirebs an STanTqavs dartymis Zalas; is, rac icavs raimes sawinaaRmdego zemoqmedebisa da gavlenisagan, misi

    Sekavebis an Semsubuqebis gziT; is, rac aSoriSorebs potenciurad antagonistur erTobebs; metoqe Zalebs

    Soris moqceuli teritoria, romelic konfliqtis safrTxis Semcirebas emsaxureba;2

    nebismieri mowyobiloba an sagani, romelic Sejaxebis simZlavres an kontaqtis Sedegad miRebuli dartymis zians amcirebs;

    nebismieri ram, rac damcav barierad gamoiyeneba;3 raime moxvedrili or Zlier Zalas Soris, romelic maT Setakebas uSlis

    xels.4

    politikis garda, termini `buferi~ gamoiyeneba teqnikis, qimiis, kompiuterebisa da sxva sferoebSi. ase magaliTad: teqnikaSi: mowyobiloba dartymebis Sesamsubuqeblad (gansakuTrebiT sarkinigzo vagonebze);5 qimiaSi: xsnari, romelic mudmiv mJavianobas inarCunebs anu axdens wyalbadis ionebis stabilizacias masSi damatebuli mJavis an tutis neitralizaciis gziT;6 kompiuterebSi: informaciis droebiTi Sesanaxi adgili;7

    da a.S. qarTul enciklopediur gamocemebSi sityva `buferis~ mxolod teqnikuri

    ganmartebebia mocemuli: buferi _ zambariani rkinis disko Sejaxebis Sesarbileblad

    1 Thomas Ross, Buffer States: A Geographers Perspective, in Buffer States in World Politics, ed. John Chay and Thomas Ross (Boulder: Westviev Press, 1986), 16. didi britaneTisa da ruseTis metoqeoba centralur aziaSi XIX saukunidan XX saukunis dasawyisamde istoriaSi `didi TamaSis~ saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.2 Buffer2, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Houghton Mifflin Company, Fourth Edition, 2000), http://www.bartleby.com/61/31/B0533100.html (accessed 10.06.2009).3 Buffer2, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2005), http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/buffer(accessed 10.06.2009).4 Buffer, The Dictionary of Government and Politics. ed. P. H. Collin (Middlesex: Peter Collin Publishing, Second Edition, 1997), 33, 34.5 Buffer, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, ed. J. Sykes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, Seventh Edition, 1982), 118; Buffer, Buffer2, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition, 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company), http://www.bartleby.com/61/31/B0533100.html (accessed 10.06.2009).6 Buffer, The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition, 2001-2005), http://www.bartleby.com/65/bu/buffer.html(accessed 10.06.2009).7 Buffer2, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Houghton Mifflin Company, Fourth Edition,2000), http://www.bartleby.com/61/31/B0533100.html (accessed 11.06.2009).

    buferi _ cneba

  • 2(vagonis, lokomotivis Tavsa da boloSi);8 buferis daniSnulebaa dartymebis miReba da Serbileba avariis dros.9

    inglisuri sityva `buferi~ (Buffer) savaraudod warmoebulia inglisuri sityvidan buff rac, rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, rbil, sqel tyavs (ZiriTadad kameCis gadamuSavebul tyavs), xolo rogorc zmna, raime sagnis zedapiris moprialebas, Serbilebas niSnavs. Tavis mxriv, sityva buff an kameCis inglisuri mniSvnelobidanaa miRebuli (inglisuri buffalo < gvianlaTinuri bubalus < berZnuli ) an ubralod msubuqi sxeulis dartymis xmis imitacias warmoadgens. buferis sinonimebia: barieri, fari, damcveli, jebiri, zRude, bamperi, baliSi da sxva.10

    inglisuri enis leqsikonebSi termini `buferuli saxelmwifo~ (Buffer State) ZiriTadad asea ganmartebuli:

    patara saxelmwifo or SesaZlo metoqe Zalas Soris, romelic maT Soris omis dawyebis albaTobas amcirebs;11

    or metoqe da potenciurad mtrul saxelmwifos Soris mdebare neitraluri saxelmwifo, romelic maT Soris konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas emsaxureba;12

    neitraluri saxelmwifo, romelic or ufro did, potenciurad metoqe saxelmwifos Soris aris ganlagebuli;13

    patara neitraluri saxelmwifo, romelic or potenciurad mowinaaRmdege Zalas Soris aris moqceuli da maT Soris konfliqtis risks amcirebs;14

    saxelmwifo, romelic ufro did, potenciurad mtrul saxelmwifoebs Soris mdebareobs.15

    termini `buferuli zona~ (Buffer Zone) ki imave inglisurenovan gamocemebeSi Semdegnairad aris axsnili:

    neitraluri teritoria mtrul an meomar Zalebs Soris, romelic konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas axdens;16

    8 `buferi,~ qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, red. a. Ciqobava (Tbilisi. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, 1986), 65.9 `buferi,~ qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, II (Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, 1977), 590.10 Buffer, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, ed. J. Sykes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, Seventh Edition, 1982), 118; Buffer2, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Houghton Mifflin Company, Fourth Edition, 2000), http://www.bartleby.com/61/31/B0533100.html (accessed 11.06.2009).11 Buffer State, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, ed. J. Sykes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, Seventh Edition, 1982), 118.12 Buffer State, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Houghton Mifflin Company, Fourth Edition, 2000), http://www.bartleby.com/61/32/B0533200.html (accessed 11.06.2009).13 Buffer State, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2005), http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/buffer%20state (accessed 11.06.2009).14 Buffer State, Encarta World English Dictionary (Microsoft Corporation, North American Edition, 2006),

    http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861694156/buffer_state.html (accessed 11.06.2009).15 Buffer State, Random House Unabridged Dictionary (Random House, Inc., on Infoplease, 1997), http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0354846.html (accessed 11.06.2009).16 Buffer Zone, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Houghton Mifflin Company, Fourth Edition, 2000), http://www.bartelby.com/61/33/B0533300.html (accessed 12.06.2009).

  • 3 neitraluri teritoria, romelic mtrul Zalebs Soris mdebareobs da maT Soris konfliqtis risks amcirebs. areali, romelic warmoadgens bariers potenciuri konfliqtis an SeiaraRebuli Setakebis Tavidan asacileblad;17

    neitraluri zona an areali or potenciurad mtrul saxelmwifos Soris, romelic Seqmnilia daufaravi agresiis Sesakaveblad. teritoria potenciuri konfliqtis Sesamcireblad an gasaneitraleblad.18

    aqve, aucilebelia, xazi gaesvas gansxvavebas terminis `buferuli zona~ or mniSvnelobas Soris: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, es aris erTi an meti buferuli saxelmwifos momcveli teritoria, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, konfliqtur an sasazRvro regionSi, mxareTa gamijnvis mizniT, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT dadgenili specialuri demilitarizebuli zona.

    saerTaSoroso urTierTobebis literaturaSi buferuli saxelmwifos cnebis axsnis pirveli mcdelobebi 1930-ian wlebSi gaCnda. amerikeli mecnieri pitman poteri 1930 wels gamocemul socialuri mecnierebebis enciklopediaSi werda: `termini [`buferuli saxelmwifo~] xSirad ixmareba susti, zomiT patara, damoukidebeli sagareo politikis armqone saxelmwifos dasaxasiaTeblad, romelic or an met Zlier saxelmwifos Soris mdebareobs da, amrigad, saerTaSoriso agresias abrkolebs.~19

    1940-ian wlebSi buferuli saxelmwifoebis fenomenma geopolitikis amerikuli skolis mamamTavris nikolas spaikmenis yuradReba miipyro. spaikmenis ganmartebiT, buferebi arian `mcire politikuri erTeulebi, ganlagebulni ufro did saxelmwifoebs Soris.~20

    realizmis amerikuli skolis patriarqma hans morgenTaum ki 1948 wels gamoqveynebul Tavis klasikur naSromSi politika erebs Soris buferuli saxelmwifoebi ganmarta, rogorc `susti saxelmwifoebi, romlebic Zlier saxelmwifoebTan axlos mdebareoben da maT samxedro usafrTxoebas zrdian.~21

    1950-iani wlebis miwuruls buferul saxelmwifoebs metad saintereso Sroma miuZRvna saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis inglisuri skolis fuZemdebelma martin uaiTma es iyo misi statia `Zalis modeli,~ romelic Semdgom cnobil krebulSi Zalis politika iqna Setanili. uaiTis gansazRvrebiT: `buferuli saxelmwifo aris susti Zala (saxelmwifo) moqceuli or an met ufro Zlier Zalas (saxelmwifos) Soris, romelic SenarCunebulia an sulac Seqmnilia maT Soris konfliqtis Sesamcireblad. buferuli zona ki or an met Zlier Zalas (saxelmwifos) Soris mdebare regionia, romelic erT an met ufro sust Zalas (saxelmwifos) ukavia; mas zogjer `Zalis vakuumsac~ uwodeben.~22

    17Buffer Zone, Encarta World English Dictionary (Microsoft Corporation, North American Edition, 2006), http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861694158/buffer_zone.html (accessed 12.06.2009).18 Buffer Zone, Random House Unabridged Dictionary (Random House, Inc., on Infoplease, 1997), http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0354848.html (accessed 12.06.2009).19 Pitman Potter, Buffer State, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, No. 3-4, 1930, 45.20 Nicholas Spykman, Frontiers, Security and International Organization, Geographical Review, Vol. 32, No. 3 (1942): 440.21 Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, revised by Kenneth Thompson (New York: McGraw-Hill, Sixth Edition, 1985), 196.22 Martin Wight, Power Politics, ed. Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad (London: Leicester University Press, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), 160.

  • 4XX saukunis meore naxevridan buferuli saxelmwifoebis Seswavla patara/susti qveynebis saerTo kvlevis kuTxiT mimdinareobs. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi buferuli saxelmwifos cnebis ramdenime ufro vrceli ganmarteba SemuSavda.

    trigve matisenis Tanaxmad, termini `buferi~ aRniSnavs damcav an Semakavebel meqanizms, romelic dartymis Zalas asustebs an Sejaxebisas dartymis ZiriTad Zalas Tavis Tavze iRebs. aqedan gamomdinare, misi TqmiT: `buferuli saxelmwifo ganimarteba, rogorc patara, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, romelic or ufro did, ZiriTadad metoqe saxelmwifos Soris mdebareobs. is bunebrivad SeiZleba warmovidginoT politikur damcav saSualebad, romelic Zlieri mezoblebis urTierTSetakebis safrTxes amcirebs. Cvens droSi [matiseni amas 1971 wels werda] SesaZlebelia ara marto metoqe saxelmwifoebs, aramed metoqe blokebs Soris arsebul buferul saxelmwifoebze saubari. amgvar blokebs an koaliciebs Soris mdebare buferuli saxelmwifoebis politikuri funqcia met-naklebad igivea, rac Zlier qveynebs Soris moqceuli buferuli saxelmwifoebisa.~23

    gamoCenili norvegieli mecnieris olav knudsenis azriT: `teritoria SeiZleba CaiTvalos potenciur buferul arealad, Tu mas akontrolebs erTi an meti patara saxelmwifo da Tu is or mowinaaRmdege _ gacilebiT ufro did _ Zalas Soris mdebareobs.~24

    amerikeli mecnieri lourens ziringi miiCnevs, rom `buferuli saxelmwifoebi [saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis] meorexarisxovani monawileebi arian, moxvedrilni ufro meti ZalauflebiT dajildoebul, pativmoyvare da xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisadmi agresiulad ganwyobil erTobebs Soris.~25

    buferebs agreTve uwodeben `sisustis arealebs, romlebic Zlierebis arealebis gasamijnad da maT Soris konfliqtis warmoSobis SesaZleblobaTa Sesamcireblad gamoiyeneba.~26

    buferuli saxelmwifos zemomoyvanil zogad gansazRvrebebs Soris TiTqmis araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs, magram am cnebis ufro detaluri axsnis mcdelobebis Seswavlisas irkveva, rom buferuli saxelmwifos idea yvela mecniers erTnairad ar esmis.

    maikl partemi buferuli saxelmwifos cnebaSi sam elements gamoyofs:

    1. geografiuli mdebareoba: buferuli saxelmwifo or did saxelmwifos Soris mdebareobs;

    2. SesaZleblobaTa ganawileba: buferi patara [susti] saxelmwifoa or did [Zlier] mezobels Soris;

    3. sagareo-politikuri orientacia: buferi `damoukidebelia~ da misi Zlieri mezoblebi, rogorc wesi, metoqe saxelmwifoebi arian.27

    23 Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers (Oslo: Universitetsvorlaget, 1971), 107.24 Olav Knudsen, Eastern Europe: The Buffer Effect of a Cordon Sanitaire, in Buffer States in World Politics, ed. John Chay and Thomas Ross (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), 90.25 Lawrence Ziring, Asias Pivotal Buffer States, in Buffer States in World Politics, ed. John Chay and Thomas Ross (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), 153.26 Martin Glassner and Harm De Blij, Systematic Political Geography (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1989), 236, citirebulia naSromSi: aleqsandre rondeli, patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi (Tbilisi: saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi, `nekeri,~ meore gamocema, 2009), 164.

  • 5termin `buferuli saxelmwifos~ gansazRvrebisas stefan de spigeleiric sam elementze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:

    1. geografiuli elementi. buferi dabuferebul (buffered) monawileebs Soris unda mdebareobdes;

    2. Zalis ierarqiis elementi. buferis Zala mniSvnelovnad unda Camouvardebodes orive dabuferebuli monawilisas;

    3. politikuri elementi. buferuli saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso sistemis WeSmaritad damoukidebeli, suverenuli monawile unda iyos.

    de spigeleiri aRniSnavs, rom ukanaskneli (politikuri) elementi buferuli sistemis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa. rodesac mxolod pirveli da meore elementebia mocemuli, ori logikuri SesaZlebloba arsebobs: 1) aRniSnuli saxelmwifo uSualod damokidebulia romelime ufro Zlier saxelmwifoze da mis gafarToebul Tavdacvis perimetrSi imyofeba (roca mis teritoriaze am ucxo saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebia ganlagebuli) an 2) aRniSnuli saxelmwifo mxolod nominaluradaa damoukidebeli, sinamdvileSi ki ufro Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris aris danawilebuli (am SemTxvevaSi is erTi an meti didi saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSia moqceuli).28

    amave azrs iziarebs aleqsandre rondelic. misi sityvebiT: `buferuli saxelmwifo, saboloo jamSi, ori an meti Zlieri saxelmwifos surviliT maT Soris Seqmnil stabilur neitralur zonas warmoadgens... romlis upirvelesi funqcia dapirispirebulTa gamijnva da konfliqtis SesaZleblobis minimumamde dayvanaa.~29

    nikolas spaikmeni neitralurobas buferuli saxelmwifos aucilebel maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs.30 jon Ceis mixedviTac, imisaTvis, rom did saxelmwifoTa metoqeobaSi patara saxelmwifom WeSmariti buferis roli Seasrulos, is neitraluri da damoukidebeli unda iyos.31 olav knudsenic buferul saxelmwifoebsa da satelitebs cal-calke kategoriebad ganixilavs.32

    martin uaiTi ki buferis cnebaSi ramdenime tipis qveyanas moiazrebs. misi SexedulebiT: `buferebi [...] pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT: trimerebad, neitralebad da satelitebad (Trimmers, Neutrals, Satellites). trimerebi [anu `medroveebi,~ `oportunistebi~] arian saxelmwifoebi, romelTa politikis mTavari mizania Zlieri

    xazgasma Cemia.27 Michael Partem, The Buffer System in International Relations, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1983): 4. xazgasma Cemia.28 Stephan De Spiegeleire, Of Buffers and Bridges. Some Geodetic Thoughts on European Stability in the Post-Cold War Era, 13 January 1994, http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sdspieg/buffer.htm (accessed 17.06.2009).29 aleqsandre rondeli, patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi (Tbilisi: saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi, `nekeri,~ meore gamocema, 2009), 169-170, 165.30 Nicholas Spykman, Frontiers, Security and International Organization, Geographical Review, Vol. 32, No. 3 (1942): 440.31 John Chay, Korea, a Buffer State, in Buffer States in World Politics, ed. John Chay and Thomas Ross (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), 194.32 Olav Knudsen, Eastern Europe: The Buffer Effect of a Cordon Sanitaire, in Buffer States in World Politics, ed. John Chay and Thomas Ross (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), 90.

  • 6mezoblebis urTierTdapirispirebidan sargeblis miReba [xan erTis, xan ki meoris mxareze yofniT]. evropeli trimerebidan yvelaze cnobilia savoiis sahercogo, romelmac amgvari politikiT jer samefo Seqmna, xolo Semdeg mTel italiaze hegemonia daamyara; [...] neitralebi arian saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT aqtiuri sagareo politika. isini Cumad yofnas arCeven da am gziT SeumCnevlad darCenas imedovneben. satelitebi ki arian saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sagareo politikas sxva saxelmwifo akontrolebs. Tu sustma saxelmwifom es ufleba Zlier saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiT gadasca, anu iuridiuladac da faqtobrivadac suverenitetis garkveuli nawili daTmo, mas proteqtorati SeiZleba ewodos. gansxvaveba trimersa da neitrals, neitralsa da mokavSires, mokavSiresa da satelits Soris bundovania da gaurkveveli.~33

    trigve matisenis azriT, buferi SeiZleba iyos rogorc sruliad neitraluri an neitralizebuli, ise romelime Zlieri mezoblis mokavSire an daqvemdebarebuli mokavSire.34 matisenisaTvis buferuli saxelmwifos gansazRvrebaSi mTavaria misi geografiuli mdebareoba Zlier metoqe qveynebs Soris.

    amdenad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ramdenime aRiarebuli mecnieris mier SemoTavazebul buferis cnebis gansazRvrebebs Soris winaaRmdegobis danaxva SeiZleba. erTi mxriv, spaikmeni, knudseni, Cei, partemi, de spigeleiri, rondeli da sxvebi aRniSnaven, rom buferuli saxelmwifo WeSmaritad damoukidebeli da neitraluri unda iyos da arc erTi Zlieri qveynis gafarToebul Tavdacvis perimetrsa Tu gavlenis sferoSi ar unda Sediodes. meore mxriv, ki uaiTi, matiseni da sxvebi dasaSvebad miiCneven, rom buferi romelime dabuferebuli Zalis satelits warmoadgendes. orive pozicias garkveuli sisuste gaaCnia.

    vfiqrob, rom `WeSmariti damoukideblobis~ kriteriumiT buferuli saxelmwifoebis gamovlena sakmaod Znelia, radganac es cneba Zalze bundovania da `damoukideblobasa~ da `daqvemdebarebas~ an `gavlenis sferoSi~ yofnas Soris mkacri zRvaris gavleba SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, nebismier istoriul epoqaSi susti qveynis srul damoukideblobasa da avtonomiurobaze saubari ararealuri Cans, gansakuTrebiT, roca mas Zlieri da eqspansionizmisaken midrekili mezoblebi hyavs. saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier suverenulad aRiarebuli patara/susti qveynebi TiTqmis ar iReben sagareo-politikur gadawyvetilebebs did/Zlier saxelmwifoTa interesebisaTvis angariSis gawevis gareSe. amasTan, Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifoebi uprecedentod urTierTdamokidebulni arian, rac zogjer TviT didi qveynebis `WeSmariti damoukideblobis~ eWvqveS dayenebis sababs iZleva. Tumca, saWiroa imis aRiarebac, rom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, susti saxelmwifos ama Tu im Zlieri saxelmwifosadmi daqvemdebareba an mimxroba-mitmasneba TvalnaTliv Cans.

    Cemi azriT, sityva `buferis~ originaluri (da etimologiuri) mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, Zlier saxelmwifoTa dapirispirebaSi neitraluri poziciis dakaveba, buferuli politikuri erTeulis aucilebeli Tvisebaa. amdenad, `WeSmarti damoukideblobis~ aspeqtis gamoklebiT, me terminis `buferi~ mecnierTa pirveli jgufis mier SemoTavazebul ganmartebas viziareb, vinaidan meore jgufis damokidebuleba safuZvelSive arakoreqtulia. sateliti, anu did saxelmwifos

    33 Martin Wight, Power Politics, ed. Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad (London: Leicester University Press, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), 160.34 Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers (Oslo: Universitetsvorlaget, 1971), 109.

  • 7daqvemdebarebuli patara/susti qveyana, romlis teritoriaze xSirad am didi saxelmwifos samxedro nawilebia dislocirebuli, buferis _ rogorc erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis meqanizmis _ sruliad sapirispiro movlenaa. sateliti erTi Zlieri saxelmwifos mier meoreze Setevis gansaxorcieleblad an mowinaaRmdegis SesaZlo Tavdasxmisagan Tavis dasacavad da ara mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyeneba.

    Tumca, yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, me meore jgufis pozicias saR azrs moklebulad ar miviCnev. zogierTi sateliti qveyana, marTlac, mravali niSniT waagavs buferul saxelmwifos da konfliqtis erT-erTi mxarisaTvis buferis funqciasac ki asrulebs. magaliTad, aseT calmxriv buferebad SeiZleba miviCnioT martin uaiTis mier `trimerebad~ da `satelitebad,~ xolo trigve matisenis mier `mokavSire buferebad~ (Allied Buffers) da `ganapira buferebad~ (Rim Buffers) wodebuli qveynebi. es ukanasknelni, avtoris sityvebiT, arian `mcire saxelmwifoebi, romlebic did saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebTan mdebareoben da maT Tavdacvis perimetrSi imyofebian, magram or did saxelmwifos Soris uSualod moqceulni ar arian.~35

    me ar maqvs buferis universaluri, uxarvezo gansazRvrebis Camoyalibebis pretenzia, magram vimedovneb, rom Cems mier aq warmodgenili konceptualuri modeli Searigebs zemoganxilul or sapirispiro pozicias da buferis ufro mowesrigebul da sistematizebul cnebas Seqmnis.

    amisaTvis, me, pirvel rigSi, sasargeblod mimaCnia cnebis `kvazibuferi~ (Quasi-Buffer TiTqmis buferi, naxevradbuferi) Semotana da SemdgomSi gansxvavebis dafiqsireba buferebsa da kvazibuferebs Soris. buferebs _ ormxriv da mravalmxriv buferebad, kvazibuferebs ki _ calmxriv buferebad warmovaCen. buferi ori an meti mimarTulebiT moqmedebs _ warmoadgens damcav zRudes rogorc erTi, ise meore (mesame da sxva) mowinaaRmdege ZalisaTvis da maT Soris konfliqtis eskalacias abrkolebs, kvazibuferi ki mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT moqmedebs _ erTi romelime Zalis TavdacviTi faris funqcias asrulebs da metoqe Zalebs Soris mSvidobis SenarCunebas naklebad uwyobs xels, piriqiT, maT Soris dapirispirebas aRvivebs kidec. Sesabamisad, martin uaiTis mier buferebis rigSi moxseniebul trimerebsa da satelitebs, agreTve trigve matiseniseul mokavSire buferebsa da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganapira buferebsac me kvazibuferTa kategorias mivakuTvneb.

    amrigad, buferis Cemi gansazRvreba ufro metad mecnierTa pirveli jgufis xedvas uaxlovdeba, romlebic buferuli mdebareobis mqone, magram erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifosTan aliansSi Sesul sust saxelmwifoebs buferebad ar aRiareben. magaliTad, stefan de spigeleiris gancxadebiT, bevri mecnieri saubrobda civi omis droindel aRmosavleT evropaze, rogorc buferze, magram es mcdari Sexedulebaa.~36

    olav knudseni xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom varSavis paqtis wevri qveynebi ar iyvnen buferebi aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris.37 aleqsandre rondelis azriTac: `civi omis dros yofili sabWoTa satelitebi, e.w. saxalxo demokratiis qveynebi (poloneTi, gdr, Cexoslovakia da a.S.) ar iyvnen buferuli saxelmwifoebi... zogierT maTganSi sabWoTa

    35 Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers (Oslo: Universitetsvorlaget, 1971), 84.36 Stephan De Spiegeleire, Of Buffers and Bridges. Some Geodetic Thoughts on European Stability in the Post-Cold War Era, 13 January 1994, http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sdspieg/buffer.htm (accessed 24.01.2008).37 Olav Knudsen, Eastern Europe: The Buffer Effect of a Cordon Sanitaire, in Buffer States in World Politics, ed. John Chay and Thomas Ross (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986), 95-108.

  • 8SeiaraRebuli Zalebi iyo ganlagebuli da maT sazRvrebze gadioda e.w. ssrk-is Tavdacvis perimetri. isini varSavis paqtis wevrebi iyvnen. amitom maTi buferebad aRiareba marTebuli ar iqneboda.~38

    Tumca, am xedvisagan gansxvavebiT, me ar mimaCnia, rom buferad yofnisaTvis saxelmwifo, `WeSmaritad damoukidebeli~ da `avtonomiuri~ unda iyos, is, SeiZleba, sakuTari nebis gareSe Zlieri qveynebis mier iqnes buferad qceuli anu neitralizebuli, rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba. amis sailustraciod mravali istoriuli magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. 1815 wlis venis kongresze evropis wamyvan saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac warmoadgendnen: meternixi, taleirani, qestlri da aleqsandre pirveli, ar ukiTxavT SveicarielTa azri imis Taobaze, surdaT Tu ara maT sakuTari qveynis neitralur saxelmwifod gamocxadeba; arc 1831 da 1839 wlebSi gauTvaliswinebiaT evropis uZlieres saxelmwifoebs: britaneTs, prusias, avstria-ungreTs, ruseTsa da safrangeTs axalwarmoqmnili belgiis samefos interesebi: 1831 wlis ianvarSi maT belgia neitralur saxelmwifod gamoacxades, luqsemburgi, romelsac belgia Tavis ganuyofel nawilad Tvlida, niderlandebis samefos gadasces, xolo belgiis erovnul kongress, romelic londonis konferenciis am gadawyvetilebebs protestiT Sexvda, omiT daemuqrnen (prusiam Tavisi armiac ki daZra belgiisken), Sedegad, belgielebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, samefo taxtze safrangeTis imJamindeli monarqis lui filipe orleanelis Zis hercog lui nemurelis nacvlad, ingliselTa mier SemoTavazebuli kandidati leopold saqsen-koburgeli daemtkicebinaT da londonis protokoliT maTi qveynisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli neitraluri/buferuli statusi eRiarebinaT, 1839 wels ki kvlav londonSi mowveul konferenciaze sami xelSekrulebis ZaliT daedasturebinaT belgiis Seqmnil viTarebasTan Segueba da neitralur buferad gadaqceva;39 1870-80-ian wlebSi ruseTi da britaneTi avRanelebis nebisaTvis angariSis gauwevlad SeTanxmdnen am qveynisaTvis buferis rolis dakisrebaze (avRaneTma sagareo politikis damoukideblad ganxorcielebis ufleba mxolod 1919 wels, inglis-avRaneTis mesame omis Sedegad moipova); da a.S.

    Cemi xedviT, saerTaSoriso sistemis, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier suverenulad aRiarebuli, politikuri erTeuli (an erTeulTa jgufi) warmoadgens bufers (buferul saxelmwifos an buferul zonas), Tu is Semdeg oTx pirobas akmayofilebs:

    1. geopolitikuri mdebareoba. buferi _ buferuli saxelmwifo, buferuli zona _ met-naklebad erTnairi siZlieris mowinaaRmdege, metoqe Zalebs Soris sivrceSi mdebareobs (metoqe Zalebad aq SeiZleba mogvevlinon rogorc calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, ise samxedro aliansebi an gavlenis sferoebi. SemdgomSi maT dabuferebul Zalebadac movixsenieb).

    2. Zala. buferi sagrZnoblad ufro sustia, vidre mis mier dabuferebuli Zalebi. is romelime dabuferebul ZalasTan samxedro dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi damoukideblad damarcxdeba.

    3. sagareo-politikuri orientacia. buferis teritoriaze ar imyofebian arc erTi mis mier dabuferebuli mxaris SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. buferi ar aris romelime dabuferebul ZalasTan formalur an araformalur samxedro

    38 aleqsandre rondeli, patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi (Tbilisi: saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi, `nekeri,~ meore gamocema, 2009), 166, n. 247.39 , , I, (: , 1947), 303-385.

  • 9aliansSi, e.i. mocemuli konfliqtis/metoqeobis mimarT is arsebiTad neitraluria _ nebayoflobiT an iZulebiT.

    4. usafrTxoebis interesTa Sejaxeba. erTi dabuferebuli Zalis mier buferis teritoriaze samxedro SeWra sxva dabuferebuli Zalis (Zalebis) mxridan misi (maTi) erovnuli usafrTxoebisadmi pirdapir muqarad aRiqmeba.

    xolo saerTaSoriso sistemis, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier suverenulad aRiarebuli, politikuri erTeuli an erTeulTa jgufi warmoadgens kvazibufers (kvazibuferul saxelmwifos an kvazibuferul zonas), Tu is Semdeg oTx pirobas asrulebs:

    1. geopolitikuri mdebareoba. kvazibuferi _ kvazibuferuli saxelmwifo, kvazibuferuli zona _ met-naklebad erTnairi siZlieris mowinaaRmdege, metoqe Zalebs Soris sivrceSi mdebareobs (Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom kvazibuferi, SesaZloa, erT romelime ZalasTan ufro miaxloebuli iyos geografiulad).

    2. Zala. kvazibuferi sagrZnoblad ufro sustia, vidre mis mier dabuferebuli da am ukanasknelis metoqe Zala (Zalebi). kvazibuferi nebismier maTganTan samxedro dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi damoukideblad damarcxdeba.

    3. sagareo-politikuri orientacia. kvazibuferis teritoriaze SeiZleba imyofebodnen mis mier dabuferebuli mxaris SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. kvazibuferi SeiZleba iyos formalur an araformalur samxedro aliansSi dabuferebul mxaresTan misi metoqe Zalis (Zalebis) sawinaaRmdegod, Sediodes dabuferebuli Zalis Tavdacvis perimetrSi da warmoadgendes mis satelits (ganapira zRudes) _ nebayoflobiT an iZulebiT.

    4. usafrTxoebis interesTa Sejaxeba. kvazibuferi mxolod erT Zalas abuferebs (icavs) da, amavdroulad, sxva Zalis (Zalebis) winaaRmdeg Setevis potenciur placdarms warmoadgens. kvazibuferis teritoriaze mis mier dabuferebuli mxaris samxedro nawilebis yofna Cveuli movlenaa, rac, metoqe Zalas (Zalebs) aRizianebs, magram yovelTvis misi (maTi) mxridan sapasuxo samxedro Carevas ar iwvevs. metoqe Zalis mier kvazibuferis teritoriaze SeWra ki dabuferebuli Zalis mxridan sakuTriv masze Tavdasxmis tolfas nabijad aRiqmeba. amasTan, droTa ganmavlobaSi kvazibuferma SeiZleba Seicvalos dabuferebis obieqti, anu jer erTi Zalis `fari~ iyos, Semdgom ki meoris `sargeblobaSi~ gadavides.

    amdenad, buferi arsebiTad miumxrobelia da neitraluri, kvazibuferi ki aSkarad erT-erTi mxarisaken aris gadaxrili da xSirad romelime Zlieri saxelmwifos `sakuTrebis obieqtad~ aRiqmeba.

  • 10

    buferuli saxelmwifoebis geopolitikuri mdebareoba. saqarTvelo buferi?

    saxelmwifos buferad yofnis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtoria misi mdebareoba metoqe Zalis centrebis mimarT saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. buferuli da kvazibuferuli saxelmwifoebis sivrculi ganlageba dapirispirebul Zalebs Soris, Teoriulad, Semdeg formebs SeiZleba iRebdes:

    1) buferi an kvazibuferi uSualod esazRvreba _ saxmeleTo sazRvriT exeba _ or an met mowinaaRmdege Zalas. amis magaliTebia:

    (Cems mier qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi istoriul buferebsa da kvazibuferebs Soris, aseve civi omis dasrulebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom evraziis kontinentze aRmocenebul potenciur buferebs Soris zRvari gavlebuli ar aris da wlebis aTvlac miaxloebiTia)

    niderlandebi 1815-1831 wlebSi, belgia 1831-1945 wlebSi da luqsemburgi 1867-1945 wlebSi prusiasa (1871 wlidan germanias) da safrangeTs Soris;

    Sveicaria 1815-1945 wlebSi prusias (germanias), safrangeTs, italiasa da avstrias (1867-1918 wlebSi avstria-ungreTs) Soris;

    poloneTi, Cexoslovakia da litva 1918-1939 wlebSi germaniasa da ruseTs (1922 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirs) Soris;

    monRoleTi 1921 wlidan CineTsa da ruseTs (1922-1991 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirs) Soris;

    avRaneTi 1870-iani wlebidan (rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo 1919 wlidan) 1947 wlamde ruseTsa (1922 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirs) da did britaneTs Soris; 1947-1991 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-is gavlenis sferos (pakistans) Soris;

    nepali 1947 wlidan da butani 1949 wlidan CineTsa da indoeTs Soris; libani 1948 wlidan israelsa da sirias Soris; quveiTi 1961 wlidan eraysa da saudis arabeTs Soris; urugvai 1828 wlidan da paragvai 1811 wlidan braziliasa da argentinas

    Soris; avstria, fineTi da iugoslavia 1949/1955-1991 wlebSi nato-sa da varSavis

    paqts Soris; angola 1975-1990 wlebSi, zimbabve 1965 wlidan (rogorc damoukidebeli

    saxelmwifo 1980 wlidan), mozambiki 1975 wlidan, botsvana 1966 wlidan,

  • 11

    svazilendi 1968 wlidan da namibia 1990 wlidan 1994 wlamde (aparteidis reJimis gauqmebamde) samxreT afrikis respublikasa da saharis samxreTiT mdebare/Savi afrikis saxelmwifoebs Soris;

    yazaxeTi 1991 wlidan ruseTsa da CineTs Soris; fineTi 1991 wlidan ruseTsa da nato-s Soris; belorusia da ukraina 1999 wlidan (poloneTisa da ungreTis nato-Si

    gawevrianebis Semdgom) ruseTsa da nato-s Soris; saqarTvelo da azerbaijani 1991 wlidan ruseTsa da nato-s Soris; (ixileT

    rukebi danarTSi).

    2) bufers an kvazibufers saxmeleTo sazRvari aqvs erT-erT mowinaaRmdege ZalasTan, xolo meorisagan (mesamisagan da a.S.) mas wylis sistema aSorebs (srute, yure, zRva da sxva). amis magaliTebia:

    korea adreuli Sua saukuneebidan 1910 wlamde CineTs, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, damatebiT, ruseTsa da iaponias Soris, ukanasknelisagan gamijnuli koreis srutiT; 1945 wlidan ki gayofili orad, erTi mxriv, CineTis saxalxo respublikasa da sabWoTa kavSirs (1991 wlidan ruseTis federacias), xolo meore mxriv, aSS-is samxedro gavlenis sferos (meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is strategiul mokavSired qceul iaponias) Soris;

    belgia 1831-1945 wlebSi prusias (1871 wlidan germanias), safrangeTsa da did britaneTs Soris, am ukanasknelisagan gancalkevebuli la-manSisa (inglisis arxis) da pa-de-kales (duvris) sruteebiT;

    niderlandebi 1815-1945 wlebSi prusiasa (1871 wlidan germanias) da did britaneTs Soris, am ukanasknelisagan dacilebuli CrdiloeTis zRviT;

    albaneTi 1912-1943 wlebSi serbeTs, Cernogorias (1918 wlidan iugoslavias), saberZneTsa da italias Soris, ukanasknelisagan gamoyofili adriatikis zRviTa da otrantos srutiT;

    latvia da estoneTi 1918-1939 wlebSi ruseTsa (1922 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirs) da germanias Soris, ukanasknelisagan daSorebulni baltiis zRviT;

    SvedeTi 1949/1955-1991 wlebSi nato-sa da varSavis paqts Soris, norvegiasTan dakavSirebuli saxmeleTo sazRvriT, xolo sabWoTa kavSirisa da poloneTisagan gamoyofili baltiis zRviT;

    quveiTi, bahreini, katari da arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi 1979 wlidan saudis arabeTsa da iranis islamur respublikas Soris, ukanasknelisagan daSorebulni sparseTis yuriT;

    litva, latvia da estoneTi 1991-2004 wlebSi (nato-Si maT Sesvlamde) ruseTsa da nato-s Soris, germaniisa da daniisagan gamijnulni baltiis zRviT; (ixileT rukebi danarTSi).

    3) buferi an kvazibuferi kunZulia da ori an meti mowinaaRmdege ZalisaTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovan wylis sistemaSi mdebareobs. amis magaliTebia:

    sicilia, sardinia da korsika Zveli welTaRricxvis III saukuneSi romsa da karTagens Soris;

  • 12

    kuba 1959-1991 wlebSi aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris; (ixileT rukebidanarTSi).

    or an met metoqe Zalas Soris ganlagebuli susti saxelmwifo maTgan yovelTvis Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli ar aris. xSirad is erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifosTan an aliansTan ufro axlos mdebareobs, vidre meoresTan, rac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs mis geopolitikur rols anu imas, buferia es saxelmwifo Tu kvazibuferi. magaliTisaTvis, amerikeli mecnieris karlos astizis TqmiT, laTinuri amerikis dominanti Zalis, aSS-is potenciuri konkurentebi am regionidan Zalian Sors imyofebian imisaTvis, rom aq misi Zliereba da gavlena gaawonasworon.40 amrigad, rodesac susti qveyana erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifos geografiulad `mibjenilia,~ is, rogorc wesi, misi kvazibuferis funqcias asrulebs. am viTarebis amsaxveli ramdenime magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba: aSS-sTan mezoblobam garkveuli xniT ganapiroba kanadis kvazibuferad gadaqceva civi omis dasawyisSi; xolo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis sabWoTa kavSirTan geografiulma siaxlovem xeli Seuwyo maT komunistur blokSi Seyvanas anu maT sabWoTa kavSiris kvazibuferebad gaxdomas imave periodSi; garesamyarosagan faqtobrivma geografiulma izolirebulobam gamoiwvia nepalis samefos indoeTis vasalad/kvazibuferad Camoyalibeba 1950-ian wlebSi, da sxva. Tumca, msgavsi geografiuli mdebareobis mqone susti qveyana buferad an misgan Sors mdebare meore Zlieri saxelmwifos kvazibuferadac SeiZleba gadaiqces, rac maSin xdeba, rodesac Sors myofi Zala aRniSnuli susti qveynis did mezobelze SesamCnevad ufro Zlieria. magaliTad, 2004 wlidan ruseTis federaciis mosazRvre, postsabWoTa sivrcis zogierTi saxelmwifo, ruseTis kvazibuferad an ruseTsa da Crdilo atlantikur alianss Soris buferad yofnis nacvlad, aSS/nato-s kvazibuferis funqcias asrulebs (litva, latvia, estoneTi), zogierTic ki, gansxvavebuli mondomebiT, am geopolitikuri statusis mopovebas cdilobs (saqarTvelo da ukraina).

    gamoCenili britaneli mecnieris bari buzanis azriT, zogierT patara saxelmwifos or an met regionul usafrTxoebis kompleqss anu erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebiTa da problematikiT urTierTdakavSirebul saxelmwifoTa jgufs Soris ganmacalkeveblis funqciac SeiZleba ekisrebodes. rogorc magaliTad, mianmas samxreT da samxreT aRmosavleT azias Soris, TurqeTs evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTs Soris, avRaneTs samxreT aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTs Soris, fineTs, SvedeTs, avtriasa da iugoslavias sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleT evropas Soris, nepals CineTsa da indoeTs Soris; da a.S.41

    qarTuli politikuri erTeulebi istoriis manZilze xSirad iyvnen moqceulni maTze ufro Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris sivrceSi, erTdroulad samxreT-dasavleTidan, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan da, bolo saukuneebSi, CrdiloeTidanac:

    iberiis (qarTlis) da kolxeTis (egrisis) samefoebi Zveli welTaRricxvis 65 wlidan axali welTaRricxvis 224 wlamde romis respublikas/romis imperiasa da (I saukunidan) parTiis imperias Soris; III saukunis 40-iani wlebidan VII

    40 Carlos Astiz, Latin American International Politics (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969), 21, citirebulia naSromSi: Michael Handel, Weak States in the International System (London: Frank Cass, Second Edition, 1990), 173.41 Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era(Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Second Edition, 1991), 196.

  • 13

    saukunis 40-ian wlebamde romis imperias (IV saukunis bolodan bizantiis imperias) da iranis sasanidur imperias Soris; VII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan VIII saukuneSi arabTa mier maT srul dapyrobamde bizantiis imperiasa da arabTa (oTxi wminda xalifisa da omaiadebis) saxalifoebs Soris;

    kaxeTis, hereTis, afxazeTis, tao-klarjeTis samefo-samTavroebi da Tbilisis saamiro VIII saukunis bolodan X saukunis Sua xanebamde bizantiis imperiasa da arabTa (abasidebis) saxalifos Soris;

    saqarTvelos samefo 1064 wlidan XI saukunis bolomde Turq-selCukebisa da bizantiis imperiebs Soris;

    saqarTvelos samefo 1256-1335 wlebSi ilxanTa saxelmwifosa da oqros urdos Soris;

    saqarTvelos samefo 1386-1405 wlebSi Temur-lengis imperiasa da oqros urdos Soris;

    qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, samcxe, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi, afxazeTi) XV saukunis Sua xanebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisSi damoukideblobis dakargvamde osmaleTisa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs, 1768 wlidan ki, damatebiT, ruseTis imperias Soris;

    saqarTvelos respublika 1918-1921 wlebSi ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris; saqarTvelo 1991 wlidan ruseTsa da aSS-is samxedro gavlenis sferos (aSS-

    is nato-el mokavSire TurqeTs) Soris; (ixileT rukebi danarTSi).

    saqarTvelos teritoria istoriis uZvelesi periodidan Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris metoqeobis sagani iyo (Zalis poluss saqarTvelo, albaT, mxolod: 1010-1064 wlebSi, 1097-1220 wlebSi da 1335-1386 wlebSi warmoadgenda) da, umetesad, ama Tu im imperiis SemadgenlobaSi an gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda magaliTad, asureTis, urartus, aqemenidebis, selevkidebis, pontos, romis, sasanidebis, bizantiis, arabuli saxalifoebis, Turq-selCukebis, monRoluri saxanoebis, osmaleTis, iranis (sparseTis), ruseTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris Sesabamisad, am imperiebis sasazRvro provincias an kvazibufers warmoadgenda. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad asrulebdnen WeSmariti buferis rols. buferebad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT, albaT, mxolod:

    iberiis (qarTlis) samefo II saukunis 30-iani wlebidan 224 wlamde romisa da parTiis imperiebs Soris;

    kaxeTis samefo 1466-1614 wlebSi iranis (sparseTis) da osmaleTis imperiebs Soris;

    saqarTvelos respublika 1918-1921 wlebSi ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris.

    1991 wlidan, sabWoTa kavSirisagan damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTvelo kvlav aRmoCnda gansxvavebuli Zalisa da prestiJis mqone saxelmwifoebis/aliansebis interesTa urTierTSejaxebis arealSi. erTi mxriv, ruseTma yovelmxriv daiwyo

    saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebidan saqarTveloSi Turq-selCukTa pirvel laSqrobamde. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Turq-selCukebisadmi xarkis Sewyvetidan saqarTveloSi monRolTa pirvel laSqrobamde. giorgi brwyinvalis mier saqarTvelos monRolTagan gaTavisuflebidan saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis pirvel laSqrobamde.

  • 14

    saqarTvelos sakuTari gavlenis sferoSi Sekaveba mis xelT arsebuli samxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri berketebis mTeli arsenalis gamoyenebiT (maT Soris, 1991-1992 wlebSi `samxreT oseTsa~ da 1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTSi sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebis gaCaRebiT), meore mxriv ki, aSS-ma da misma partniorebma Crdilo atlantikuri aliansidan (romelic TurqeTis teritoriiT exeba saqarTvelos) aqtiuri TanamSromloba ganaviTares saqarTvelosTan, rasac saqarTvelos meore prezidentis eduard SevardnaZis mier gancxadebulma prodasavlurma sagareo-politikurma kursmac Seuwyo xeli, romlis farglebSi saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis mqone ramdenime process Caeyara safuZveli, maT Soris saqarTvelos evropa-aziis damakavSirebel energetikul derefnad gadaqcevas (baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis gayvanis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis dadebiT 1999 wels da misi mSeneblobis dawyebiT 2003 wels) da saqarTvelodan teritoriidan rusuli samxedro bazebis gayvanas (1999 wlis noembris euTo-s stambolis samitze vazianisa da gudauTis samxedro bazebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis miRebiT). Tumca, SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTvelos Sidapolitikurma problemebma (ruseTTan damarcxebam `samxreT oseTisa~ da afxazeTis omebSi, saxelmwifo sistemis korumpirebulobam da araefeqtianobam, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Zalze dabalma donem, aslan abaSiZis ruseTze orientirebulma diqtatorulma reJimma aWaraSi, da a.S.) xeli SeuSala saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv ganviTarebasa da evro-atlantikur struqturebTan integraciisaken mimarTuli Tanamimdevruli saSinao da sagareo politikis Camoyalibebas, ris gamoc qveynis geopolitikuri funqcia regionSi didi xnis manZilze ver gamoikveTa.

    2003 wlis noembris `vardebis revoluciisa~ da saqarTvelos mesame prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis xelisuflebis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis gzaze miRweuli araerTi seriozuli warmatebis Semdgom (2004 wlis maisSi centraluri xelisuflebis mier kontrolis dabruneba aWaraze, saxelwifo institutebis Zireuli reformireba, 2005 wlis maisSi ruseTTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, baTumsa da axalqalaqSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro bazebis, aseve saqarTvelos teritoriaze darCenili sxva rusuli samxedro obieqtebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, 2005 wels baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenisa da 2006 wels baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis gazsadenis amoqmedeba, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba, da a.S.), saqarTvelos swrafva aSS/nato-sken ufro mizanmimarTuli da Sedegiani, ruseTis mimarT politika ki gacilebiT principuli da gulaxdili gaxda, ramac evraziis `did saWadrako dafaze~42 saqarTvelos rolis ufro naTlad gansazRvris albaToba gazarda.

    saqarTvelos dasavleTTan Semdgomi daaxloebisa da regionul geopolitikur metoqeobaSi TandaTanobiTi marcxis Tavidan asacileblad, 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTma, `samxreT oseTis~ konfliqtis zonaSi viTarebis uecari eskalaciisa da SeiaraRebuli Setakebebis provocirebis kvaldakval, saqarTveloSi masStaburi samxedro intervencia ganaxorciela, magram mixeil saakaSvilis xelisuflebis damxobasa da qveynis sagareo-politikuri orientaciis Secvlas ver miaRwia. samagierod, saqarTvelos ori regionis `samxreT oseTisa~ da afxazeTis sruli okupacia moaxdina da, nominalurad `damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad~ aRiarebis miuxedavad, maTi faqtobrivi aneqsiisa da samxreT kavkasiaSi Tavis samxedro bastionebad Camoyalibebis didi xniT adre dawyebuli procesi daasrula. 42 ixileT: Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

  • 15

    amgvari kataklizmebis fonze, saqarTvelo jer kidev 1991 wlidan dawyebuli geopolitikuri tranziciis periodSi imyofeba da misi geopolitikuri statusi sabolood garkveuli ar aris, radgan:

    erTi mxriv, ruseTi saqarTvelos sakuTar kvazibuferad SenarCunebas cdilobs, belorusiisa da centralur aziaSi dsT-is koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciis sxva wevrebis: yazaxeTisa da misi mosazRvre yirgizeTis, uzbekeTisa da tajikeTis msgavsad, `uares SemTxvevaSi~ ki saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc suam-is jgufis sxva wevrebis: ukrainis, azerbaijanisa da moldaveTis neitralitetze anu buferul statusze droebiT Tanxmdeba, uaxloes xelsayrel viTarebaSi kvlav sakuTar kvazibuferebad gadaqcevis mizniT.

    meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos arc ruseTis kvazibuferad da arc ruseTsa da aSS/nato-s Soris buferad yofna ar surs. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos sagareo politikis prioriteti ruseTis geopolitikuri orbitidan Tavis daRweva da evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoebis sivrceSi SeRweva anu aSS/nato-s kvazibuferad gaxdomaa, rac baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebma 2004 wels moaxerxes. Tumca, samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis Tavdacvis perimetris gavrceleba misi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganlageba zogan legalurad (somxeTSi), zogan ki aralegalurad (saqarTvelos separatistul regionebSi: `samxreT oseTsa~ da afxazeTSi) Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis postsabWoTa sivrceSi Semdgom eqspansias arTulebs da saqarTvelos aSS/nato-s kvazibuferad, iseve rogorc WeSmarit buferad, Camoyalibebas xels uSlis.

    axlo perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos, rogorc or metoqe Zalis poluss Soris moqceul sust, potenciurad buferul saxelmwifos, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso sistemaSi xuTi sxvadasxva geopolitikuri rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia:

    1. buferis _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `samxreT oseTsa~ da afxazeTSi dislocirebuli ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi (romlebic 1992-1993 wlebidan 2008 wlamde samSvidobo kontigentis statusiT sargeblobdnen, xolo 2008 wlis agvistodan saokupacio jarebs warmoadgenen) datoveben saqarTvelos teritorias, an maT saerTaSoriso samSvidobo Zalebi Secvlis, xolo saqarTvelo Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi gawevrianebisaken swrafvaze uars ityvis, Sesabamisad mis teritoriaze arc aSS-is da arc nato-s wevri romelime sxva qveynis samxedro nawilebi ar ganlagdeba.

    2. aSS/nato-s kvazibuferis _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi `samxreT oseTidan~ da afxazeTidan gavlen, an maT saerTaSoriso samSvidobo kontingenti Caenacvleba, amavrodulad ki saqarTvelo Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis wevri gaxdeba an aSS-sTan ormxriv samokavSireo xelSekrulebas gaaformebs, ris Semdgomac mis teritoriaze aSS-is an nato-s wevri sxva romelime qveynis samxedro Zalebi SeiZleba ganTavsdes.

    3. ruseTis kvazibuferis _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi `samxreT oseTsa~ da afxazeTSi darCebian da saqarTvelos danarCen

  • 16

    teritoriazec `eqskluziuri uflebiT~ ganlagdebian, xolo saqarTvelo nato-Si integraciasa da aSS-sTan TanamSromlobaze uars ityvis.

    4. feTqebadsaSiSi zonis (Shatterbelt) _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi `samxreT oseTsa~ da afxazeTs ar datoveben da arc maTi saerTaSoriso samSvidobo misiiT Canacvleba moxdeba, xolo saqarTvelo Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis wevri gaxdeba an aSS-sTan ormxriv samokavSireo xelSekrulebas gaaformebs, rasac saqarTvelos teritoriaze aSS-is an nato-s wevri sxva romelime qveynis samxedro Zalebis ganlageba SeiZleba mohyves. es ki, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos gavlenis sferoebad dayofa iqneba erTi mxriv ruseTis, meore mxriv ki aSS/nato-s mier.

    5. ekonomikuri da politikuri xidis _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTsa da aSS/nato-s Soris samxedro-politikuri metoqeoba WeSmariti TanamSromlobiTa da megobrobiT Seicvleba, saqarTvelo Tavis teritoriul mTlianobas aRadgens, ruseTidan safrTxes aRar igrZnobs da Zalis politikaze orientirebis saWiroebas aRar dainaxavs (rogorc, magaliTad, es problema moexsnaT belgias, niderlandebsa da luqsemburgs meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave, safrangeTs, germaniasa da did britaneTs Soris xangrZlivi dapirispirebis Sewyvetis Sedegad).

    es ukanaskneli anu mexuTe scenari, romelic ZiriTadad pirveli an meore scenaris gagrZelebac SeiZleba iyos, udaod, yvelaze sasurvelia saqarTvelosaTvis, magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan utopias warmoadgens, vinaidan miuxedavad saqarTvelos dainteresebisa da Zalisxmevisa, ganaviTaros ekonomikuri da politikuri TanamSromloba rogorc dasavleTTan, ise ruseTTan, kremlis damokidebuleba postsabWoTa sivrcisadmi, naklebad savaraudoa, kidev mravali wlis manZilze realpolitikis CarCoebs gascdes.

    ruseTis post-sabWoTa sivrceze erTpirovnuli batonobis imperialisturi miswrafebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo am etapze meore scenars anu aSS/nato-s kvazibuferad gaxdomas aniWebs upiratesobas im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom marTalia, ruseTi aSS-sTan SedarebiT sustia, magram aSS sakmaod Sorsaa samxreT kavkasiis regionidan imisaTvis, rom aq ruseTis Zliereba da gavlena advilad gaawonasworos.

    termini Shatterbelt, romelic sityva-sityviT `msxvrevis/daqucmacebis sartyels~ niSnavs azrobrivad feTqebadsaSiS zonad SeiZleba gadaiTargmnos. amgvari zona warmoiSveba maSin, rodesac ama Tu im regionSi ori an meti mowinaaRmdege Zala sakuTar dasayrdens/gavlenis sferos moipovebs, ris Semdegac mTel regionze kontrolisaTvis metoqeobas agrZelebs. ixileT: Philip Kelly and Luisa Prez, Shatterbelts of the Americas, Historical Text Archive, 2003, http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=415 (accessed 28.06.2009). marTalia, amerikuli geopolitikis skolis cnobili warmomadgeneli da am terminis damamkvidrebeli sol koeni`feTqebadsaSiS zonebs~ vrcel regionebs uwodebda, sxva mecnierebi SemdgomSi am cnebas ufro viwro, lokaluri mniSvnelobiT iyeneben (rogorc magaliTad, amerikeli filip keli). mocemul naSromSi am cnebas mec ufro mcire zomis, lokaluri geografiuli arealis aRsaniSnavad gamoviyeneb. feTqebadsaSiSi zonebis masStaburobis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis Sesaxeb ixileT: Saul Cohen, Geography and Politics in a World Divided (New York: Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 1973) da Philip Kelly, Escalation of Regional Conflict: Testing the Shatterbelt Concept, Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1986): 161-180, aseve misi Checkerboards and Shatterbelts: The Geopolitics of South America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997). `feTqebadsaSiS zonebs~ meorenairad `Sejaxebis zonebsac~ (crush zones) uwodeben.

  • 17

    sabednierod, saqarTvelos rogorc amJamindeli, ise winamorbedi xelisufleba dasawyisidanve mixvda, rom pirveli scenari anu qveynis neitralur, buferul saxelmwifod gadaqcevis arCevani, romlis garegnul mimzidvelobas rusuli propaganda mTeli am xnis manZilze aqtiurad asazrdoebs (ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed, magaliTad, ukrainaSic), post-sabWoTa sivrceSi ruseTis revizionistuli politikis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxolod droebiTi, mosamzadebeli etapi iqneba movlenebis mesame scenariT dasrulebisaTvis. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis armiis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilis okupaciis Semdeg ki am scenaris srulad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelic ki gaxda. Tumca, moskovi mis danarCen saqarTveloze Tavs moxvevas mainc cdilobs, raTa mesame scenariT gaTvaliswinebul mocemul mizans anu saqarTvelos sakuTar kvazibuferad gadaqcevas ufro advilad miaRwios.

    dasanania, magram ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad sagrZnoblad gaizarda movlenebis meoTxe scenariT ganviTarebis albaToba, rac saqarTvelosTvis xelsayreli ar aris, radganac, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis Sansebi amiT mcirdeba, meore mxriv ki, feTqebadsaSiSi zona viTarebis nebismier momentSi eskalaciisa da regioniT dainteresebul metoqe Zalebs Soris omis gaCaRebis safrTxes Seicavs. rogorc amerikeli mecnieri filip keli aRniSnavs, feTqebadsaSiSi zonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mudmivi samxedro da diplomatiuri daZabuloba, gamowveuli didi saxelmwifoebis mier mocemul regionSi fexis mokidebiT, rac rogorc adgilobrivi, ise regionSi SemoWrili didi saxelmwifoebis monawileobiT masStabur omSi SeiZleba gadaizardos.43

    Tumca, feTqebadsaSiSi zonis perspeqtiva, Cemi azriT, cud scenarebs Soris yvelaze uaresi ar aris, radganac is ruseTis morigi agresiis Sekavebisa da misgan qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da saqarTvelos danarCeni teritoriis usafrTxoebis dacvis met garantiebs gulisxmobs. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgens 2009 wlis ianvarSi aSS-sa da saqarTvelos Soris gaformebuli strategiuli partniorobis qartia.44 rogorc filip keli ambobs, feTqebadsaSiSi zonebi adgilobriv doneze ZalTa xisti bipolaruli balansis formirebas uwyobs xels,45 xolo Tu saxelganTqmul amerikel mecniers, neorealizmis skolis fuZemdebelskeneT uolcs davujerebT da mis mosazrebebs bipolarulobis mastabilizebeli efeqtis Sesaxeb,46 sistemuri donis miRma, regionul da lokalur doneebzec gavavrcelebT, miviRebT daskvnas, rom ZalTa bipolarul balans adgilobrivi masStabiT feTqebadsaSiS zonaSic ki stabilurobis sakmaod maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia. amdenad, saqarTvelos teritoria, rogorc `feTqebadsaSiSi zona~ adgilobriv doneze ZalTa wonasworobis/ekvilibriumis pirobebSi `stabilurobis zona~ SeiZleba gaxdes, ramac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, SesaZloa, mexuTe (an, sulac, meore) scenaris ganxorcielebas Seuwyos xeli. Tumca, imis gamo, rom feTqebadsaSiS zonaSi ZalTa

    43 Philip Kelly and Luisa Prez, Shatterbelts of the Americas, Historical Text Archive, 2003, http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=415 (accessed 30.06.2009).44 ixileT: aSS-saqarTvelos qartia strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb, http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=461&info_id=8713 (accessed 30.06.2009).45 Philip Kelly and Luisa Prez, Shatterbelts of the Americas, Historical Text Archive, 2003, http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=415 (accessed 30.06.2009).46 ixileT: Kenneth Waltz, The Stability of a Bipolar World, Daedalus, Vol. 93, No. 3 (1964): 881-909, da misiveThe Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better, Adelphi Papers, No. 171 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981).

  • 18

    wonasworobis nebismieri meryeobisas konfliqtis gaCaRebis albaToba maRalia, romelime rogorc wesi, naklebad dainteresebulma metoqe Zalam am regionze xelis aReba da misgan Tavis Sors daWera SeiZleba gadawyvitos. ruseTsa da aSS/nato-s Soris ki aseT naklebad riskian da motivirebul Zalad, SesaZloa, es ukanaskneli mogvevlinos (yovel SemTxvevaSi, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg amis saSiSroeba ufro cxadad SeigrZnoba), rac saqarTvelos ruseTis `privilegirebuli interesebis sferoSi~47

    dabrunebas uqadis.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, im SemTxevaSi Tu dRes aSS, arc calmxrivad da arc

    nato-sTan erTad, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilis okupaciis miuxedavad, Cveni qveynis suverenitetisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis garantad ar dadgeba da rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mTlianad samxreT kavkasiaSi Zalis vakuumis Seqmnas gamoiwvevs, geopolitikuri tranziciis es periodi saqarTvelosTvis (iseve, rogorc mogvianebiT azerbaijanisaTvis) mesame scenariT anu ruseTis satelitad/kvazibuferad gadaqceviT SeiZleba dasruldes, rac saqarTvelos istoriaSi 1921 wels momxdari tragediis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos damoukideblobis didi xniT dasamarebis erTgvari gameoreba iqneba da, saboloo jamSi, katastroful Sedegebs moutans mTlianad evropas, romlis strategiuli energetikuli resursebiT momaragebis ruseTisagan alternatiuli gza swored am regionze gadis.

    amrigad, dReisaTvis saqarTvelo ar aris buferuli saxelmwifo da iqneba Tu ara momavalSi, rTuli saTqmelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi amJamindeli sagareo politika am geopolitikuri rolis mopovebas miznad ar isaxavs, rac sworad mimaCnia, radgan buferad yofna saxarbielo sulac ar aris da [es Cemi naSromis srulad gacnobisas mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro naTeli gaxdeba].

    47 ixileT ruseTis prezidentis dimitri medvedevis gamonaTqvamebi: http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/1294, http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/2092 (accessed 02.07.2009).

  • 19

    danarTi

    ruka 1.

    niderlandebi germaniasa da did britaneTs Soris (1922 w.).

    belgia germanias, safrangeTsa da did britaneTs Soris (1922 w.).

    luqsemburgi germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris (1922 w.)

    Sveicaria germanias, safrangeTs, italiasa da avstrias Soris (1922 w.)

    wyaro: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/maps/Europe1922.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 20

    ruka 2.

    poloneTi, Cexoslovakia, litva, latvia da estoneTi germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSirs

    Soris (1922 w.)

    albaneTi italias, saberZneTsa da iugoslavias Soris (1922 w.)

    wyaro: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/maps/Europe1922.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 21

    ruka 3.

    avstria, fineTi, iugoslavia da SvedeTi natosa da varSavis paqts Soris (1980-iani

    ww.)

    wyaro: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 22

    suraTi 1.

    avRaneTi ruseTsa da did britaneTs Soris (britanul Jurnal Punch-Si dabeWdili

    karikatura, 1878 w.)

    wyaro: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

    ruka 4.

    avRaneTi sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-is mokavSire pakistans Soris (1986 w.)

    wyaro: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/afghanistan_pol86.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 23

    ruka 5.

    monRoleTi da yazaxeTi ruseTsa da CineTs Soris

    nepali da butani CineTsa da indoeTs Soris

    CrdiloeT korea da samxreT korea CineTs, ruseTsa da aSS-is mokavSire iaponias

    Soris

    wyaro: http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/asia_pol00.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 24

    ruka 6.

    libani israelsa da sirias Soris

    quveiTi erays, saudis arabeTsa da irans Soris

    bahreini, katari da arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi saudis arabeTsa da irans Soris

    wyaro:

    http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/txu-oclc-192062619-middle_east_pol_2008.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 25

    ruka 7.

    saqarTvelo da azerbaijani ruseTsa da nato-s (aSS-is mokavSire TurqeTs) Soris

    wyaro:

    http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/txu-oclc-192062619-middle_east_pol_2008.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 26

    ruka 8.

    fineTi, belorusia da ukraina ruseTsa da nato-s Soris

    litva, latvia da estoneTi ruseTsa da natos Soris (1991-2004 ww.)

    wyaro: http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/europe_pol01.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 27

    ruka 9.

    urugvai da paragvai braziliasa da argentinas Soris

    wyaro: http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/south_america_pol98.jpg

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 28

    ruka 10.

    angola, zimbabve, mozambiki, botsvana, svazilendi da namibia samxreT afrikis

    respublikasa da saharis samxreTiT mdebare/Savi afrikis saxelmwifoebs Soris (1993 w.)

    wyaro: http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/africa_pol_1993.gif

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 29

    ruka 11.

    kuba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris (1962 w.)

    wyaro: http://unimaps.com/cuba-crisis/mainmap.gif

    (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 30

    ruka 12.

    sicilia, sardinia da korsika romsa da karTagens Soris (Zv. w. 264 w.)

    wyaro: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/romanabc264.jpg (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 31

    ruka 13.

    sicilia, sardinia da korsika romsa da karTagens Soris (Zv. w. 218 w.)

    wyaro: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/romanabc218.jpg (accessed 10.12.2009)

  • 32

    ruka 14.

    iberiis (qarTlis), kolxeTis (egrisis, lazikas) da somxeTis (armeniis) samefoebi

    romis respublikas/romis imperiasa da parTiis imperias Soris (Zv. w. 65 w. ax. w. 115

    w.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr1.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 33

    ruka 15.

    iberiis (qarTlis), kolxeTis (egrisis, lazikas) da somxeTis (armeniis) samefoebi

    romis/bizantiis imperiasa da parTiis/iranis sasanidur imperias Soris (117 600 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr1.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 34

    ruka 16.

    kaxeTis, hereTis, afxazeTis, tao-klarjeTis samefo-samTavroebi da Tbilisis saamiro

    bizantiis imperiasa da abasidebis (baRdadis) arabul saxalifos Soris (830 1020

    ww.).

    saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli samefo 1010 wlidan.

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%202.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 35

    ruka 17.

    saqarTvelos samefo da bizantiis imperia (1000 1051 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo, rogorc Zalis polusi (1010 1064 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Iberia_Theme.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 36

    ruka 18.

    saqarTvelos samefo da Turq-selCukTa dapyrobebi (1000 1095 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo Turq-selCukebisa da bizantiis imperiebs Soris (1064 1095

    ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%202.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 37

    ruka 19.

    saqarTvelos samefo daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis xanaSi (1089 1125 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo, rogorc Zalis polusi (1097 wlidan)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2021.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 38

    ruka 20.

    saqarTvelos samefo Tamar mefis zeobis xanaSi (1184 1213 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo, rogorc Zalis polusi (1220 wlamde), da misi kvazibuferebis

    sartyeli

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2021.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 39

    ruka 21.

    saqarTvelos samefo monRolTa dapyrobebis Semdgom (1220 1245 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo ilxanTa da oqros urdos monRolur saxanoebs Soris (1256

    1335 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 40

    ruka 22.

    saqarTvelos samefo (1340 1453 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo, rogorc Zalis polusi (1335 1386 ww.)

    saqarTvelos samefo Temur-lengis imperiasa da oqros urdos Soris (1386 1405 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 41

    ruka 23.

    qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, samcxe, imereTi, guria, samegrelo,

    svaneTi, afxazeTi) osmaleTis imperiasa da iranul (yara-yoinlu, aRyoinlu) saxanoebs

    Soris (1450 1515 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 42

    ruka 24.

    qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, samcxe, imereTi, guria, samegrelo,

    svaneTi, afxazeTi) osmaleTisa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs Soris (1500 1555

    ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 43

    ruka 25.

    qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, samcxe, imereTi, guria, samegrelo,

    svaneTi, afxazeTi) osmaleTisa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs Soris (1555 1639

    ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 44

    ruka 26.

    qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi,

    afxazeTi) osmaleTisa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs Soris (1640 1722 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 45

    ruka 27.

    qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi (qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi,

    afxazeTi) osmaleTisa da iranis (sparseTis) imperiebs Soris (1762 w.), 1768 wlidan

    ki, damatebiT, ruseTis imperias Soris.

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/geor_histr%2022.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 46

    ruka 28.

    ruseTis imperiis mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis SemoerTebis procesi (1810 w.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Lang_3.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtori: endriu anderseni

  • 47

    ruka 29.

    saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris (1918 w.

    damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/arm_geor_war/map%202.jpg

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtorebi: endriu anderseni da georg ege

  • 48

    ruka 30.

    saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris (1918 w. pirveli

    msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdgom)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/arm_geor_war/map%203.jpg

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtorebi: endriu anderseni da giorgi farcxalaZe

  • 49

    ruka 31.

    sabWoTa intervencia saqarTveloSi (1921 w.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Lang_9a.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtorebi: endriu anderseni da giorgi farcxalaZe

  • 50

    ruka 32.

    saqarTvelos gasabWoeba da sazRvrebis Secvla (1921 1931 ww.)

    wyaro: http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Lang_11.htm

    (accessed 15.12.2009)

    rukis avtorebi: endriu anderseni da giorgi farcxalaZe

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