1mitropoliti anania jafariZe

Tbilisi

2015

samegreloarqanjelo lambertisa da

korneli borozdinis aRweriT

2arqanjelo lambertis aRweriT, samegrelo, levan IIdadianis dros, XVII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, ayvavebuliqveyana iyo, xolo, borozdinis dros, XIX saukunis 50-ianwlebSi Crdilokavkasiuri tomebis SemoWraTa Sedegadteritoriebdakarguli, romelmac, borozdinis xelSewyo-biT, samTavro xelisuflebac dakarga. orive es ucxoeliSesaniSnavad aRwers am mdgomareobas. maTi wignebis nawi-lobriv analizs warmoadgens naSromi - samegrelo arqan-jelo lambertisa da korneli borozdinis aRweriT.

mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 2015sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2015

ISBN 978-9941-20-501-9

http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis nebismieri nawilis (teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tusxva) gamoyeneba arc erTi formiTa da saSualebiT (eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri) arSeiZleba gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

redaqtori profesori ivane gorgiZe

3arqanjelo lamberti levan II

dadianisa da samegrelos Sesaxeb

samegrelosa da misi mTavris levan II dadianis SesaxebmniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis italieli eTnografi ar-qanjelo lamberti, romelic XVII saukunis Sua wlebSiitaliidan Camovida saqarTveloSi da Tvrameti weliicxovra. lamberti iyo dakvirvebis unariT dajildoebu-li mwerali. 1633 wels qarTlidan gadavida samegreloSida 1654 wels dabrunda italiaSi, neapolSi.

lamberti piradad icnobda da amitom piruTvneladdaaxasiaTa levan II dadiani da aRwera misi samTavro _samegrelo.

levan dadianis dros samegrelo, jer kidev, Tavis is-toriul sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli _ imJamad samegrelosada afxazeTs erTmaneTisagan yofda ara mdinare enguri,aramed mdinare kodori.

lamberti wers _ `sazRvari am or samTavros Soris iyomdinare, romelic iwodeba kodorad da Cemis azriT ki esmdinare Zveli koraqsia~ (arqanjelo lamberti, samegre-los aRwera, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 23).

mdinareebi: moqviswyali, egriswyali, oqumi da engurisamegrelos miwa-wyalze miedinebodnen, Sesabamisad, mo-qvis, drandisa da bediis kaTedralebi samegrelos saek-lesio centrebi iyvnen, Tanamedrove soxumi, gulrifSi,oCamCire da gali samegrelos qalaqebi iyvnen da ara afxa-zeTisa.

arqanjelo lambertamde mravali saukuniT adre saku-Triv afxazeTis sazRvari anakofiasTan, Tanamedrove axa-li aTonis siaxloves iwyeboda da mdinare yubanamde (e.w.

4mcire xazareTis mdinaremde) aRwevda, xolo samegrelosistoriuli sazRvari iqamde mudam anakofiasTan, Semdegki kodorTan iwyeboda. mxolod levan meore dadianis Sem-deg Seicvala es sazRvari. amis mizezi iyo levanis sikvdi-lis Semdeg Cerqez-adiRe-abaza-afsuaTa dausrulebeli Se-mosevebi Crdilokavkasiidan. Sedegad, sazRvarma md. kodo-ridan enguramde gadmoiwia. samegrelom dakarga Tavisiteritoriis naxevarze meti, Tanac yvelaze nayofieri ol-qebi _ moqvis, drandisa da bediis saepiskoposoTa vrce-li miwa-wyali didebul, aTaswlovan qarTul sakaTali-koso biWvinTis saydar-kaTedralTan erTad. es samegre-losa da sazogadod saqarTvelosaTvis udidesi danakar-gi iyo, es procesi intensiurad daiwyo 1650-ian wlebSida dasrulda XVIII saukunis bolos, rodesac qarTvelTagaerTianebulma Zalebma mefe solomonis meTaurobiT en-gurze, ruxis cixesTan daamarcxes afsua-afxaz-Crdil-okavkasielTa gaerTianebuli jarebi. amis TviTmxilvelipoeti besiki Tavis poemaSi ` ruxis omi~ saTiTaod CamoTv-lis gadamTiel tomTa saxelebs, romelTac misi sityviT`megrelTa sisxli swyurodaT Tuca SeesvaT gobiTa~. en-gurTan maTi damarcxebisa da qarTvelTa gamarjvebis Sem-deg samegrelo-afxazeTis sazRvari engurTan iqna dade-buli, xolo samegrelos istoriul miwa-wyals enguridankodoramde afxazeTi ewoda. amJamindeli mecnerebic kidrandis, moqvisa da bediis didebul eklesiebs ` afxazuriarqiteqturis Zeglebs~ uwodeben, Tumca ki isini mudamistoriul samegreloSi saukuneTa manZilze mdebareobd-nen. Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobis warmarTulma tomebmaam taZrebSi wirva-locva gaauqmes mxolod XVII-XVIII sauku-neebSi, roca RvTismsaxurebi amoxoces da gandevnes.

5iqamde samegrelo saqarTvelos udidesi samTavro iyo,imdenad saxelovani Tavisi teritoriis sididisa da sam-xedro Zlierebis gamo, rom levan meore dadians ucxoeT-Si iveriis xelmwifes uwodebdnen, da ruseTis mefec mas`iveriis mefed~ moixseniebda.

samegrelos samTavrodan gagzavnilma elCma mRvdelmagugunavam ruseTis mefis karze waradgina levan dadianismier gagzavnili diplomatiuri arza, romelSic aRweri-lia istoriuli mdgomareoba imJamindeli saqarTvelosi.

dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom erT dros erTiani iveriissaxelmwifo daiSala xuT suverenul erTeulad (qarTlad,kaxeTad, imereTad, samegrelod da guriad), maTgan ormadakarga suvereniteti, xolo iveriis sam suverenul er-Teuls flobs levan dadiani, amitomac is amJamad iveriiserTaderTi suverenuli xelmwifea.

marTlac, levan dadianis dros, XVII saukunis 50-ianwlebSi Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg Tavisufleba dakar-guli hqondaT qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebs da isinisparsi moxeleebis mier imarTebodnen, suverenoba Senar-Cunebuli hqonda iveriis sam erTeuls _ imereTs, samegre-losa da gurias da es samive erTeuli realurad levandadianis mier kontroldeboda (afxazeTi samegrelos nawi-lad moiazreboda).

es, imJamad realuri faqti, aRiara ruseTis xelmwifemda amitomac sapasuxo sigelSi, rogorc iTqva, levan da-dians ramdenjerme `iveriis mefed~ moixseniebs, xolosamegrelos `iveriis qveyanas~ uwodebs (ix. mitr. ananiajafariZe, levan II dadiani, xelmwife iveriisa, 2008).

aseTi, Tavisi Zlierebis zenitSi myofi, samegrelo aRwe-ra lambertim.

6imisaTvis raTa arqanjelo lambertis Tavisi evrope-li mkiTxvelisaTvis gaeadvilebina samegrelos adgilm-debareobis lokalizeba, is, wm. bibliis mixedviT mianiS-nebs samegrelos mdebareobas _ samegrelo, misi sityviT,msoflios im regionSi mdebareobda, sadac araratis mTaada SeCerda noes kidobani.

Tavis mxriv, lamberti araratis regions iberebTan,qarTvelebTan akavSirebs. mas mohyavs wminda epifanes wig-nis ` panarionis~ dasawyisSi naTqvami, rom warRvnis Semdegnoes kidobani gaCerda araratis mTianeTSi, romelic imJa-mad qarTvelTa qveynis (Cardiensium) Sua guls warmoad-genda. lamberti aRtacebiT aRniSnavs, rom dResac qarTve-lebs es saxeli kardi, qarTi, qarTueli hqviaT (Cardi-cardueli-kartueli).

lamberti wers, rom dabadebis berZnul teqstSi (dab.IX, 20) naTqvamia _ `noe - andropos georgios~ anu `noegeorgiis kaci~.

lambertis sityviT, `georgiis kaci~ noes imitom ewo-da, rom misi kidobani gaCerda qarTvelTa qveyanaSi anugeorgiaSi, sadac kidobnidan ojaxTan erTad gadmosulmanoem venaxi gaaSena (aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul dabadebaSinaTqvamia: `iwyo noe kacman saqmed qveyanisa da daasxa ve-naxi~ (dab. IX, 20).

samegrelo iyo im `georgiis~ erTi nawili, sadac noeskidobani gaCerda. lamberti am moments ase xsnis _ misiaRweriT, saqarTvelo Tavdapirvelad iyo erTiani, mTlianisaxelmwifo, mxolod Sinagani ganxeTqilebis Sedegad,lambertamde arcTu didi xniT adre, levan II-is papis mamaganudga erTiani saxelmwifos mefes da ase Camoyalibdasamegrelos samTavro.

7araratis mTa, rogorc aRiniSna, yofila somxeTisa daqarTvelTa qveynis Sua. kerZod, lamberti wers Semdegs _`es ambavi SeiZleba davasabuTod wminda epifanes mowmobiT,es wmindani Tavis wignis, `panarionis~ dasawyisSi (Epiphany.inpan.), roca noes Sesaxeb ambobs, Semdegs wers: `roca war-Rvnis Semdeg noes kidobani gaCerda araratis mTebze, somex-Ta da qarTvelTa qveynis Sua, lubarad wodebul mTaze, aqgaCnda pirvel adamianTa sacxovrebeli, da iq dargo winas-warmetyvelma noem venaxi da Seiqmna iqauri binadario. aqSesaniSnavia Semdegi sityvebi epifanesi: somexTa da qarT-velTa qveynis Sua, am qveyanas dResac kardi (qarTi) hqvian.mkvidrni ki TavianT Tavs uwodeben karduelebs (qarTve-lebs). es kuTxe aris saqarTvelos (giorgia) erTi nawili~(arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 23).

lambertis sityviT kidobnidan gadmosulebi Tavda-pirvelad dasaxlebulan araratTan mdebare qarTvelTaqveynis mTaze, romelsac ` lubari~ erqva. wyaros am cnobasSeesabameba meore cnoba gadmocemuli evsevi kesarielismier. Tavis mxriv evsevi kesarieli Tavis wyarod miuTiTebsmegasTenes, rom pontospireTSi nabuqodonosors iberi-elebi Causaxlebia ` libiis~ qveynidan. aq ` libiis~ qveS undaigulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis tbasTan,anu araratis maxloblad, mdebare Zveli qveyana lubia(luvia), misgan unda iyos miRebuli saxeli `lubari~ (e.i.lubari erqva qarTvelTa kardi qveynis erT-erT mTas, anmTian olqs).

arqanjelo lamberti kavkasias erTiani qarTuli kul-turis sferoSi moiazrebs, magaliTad, is (arqanjelo lam-berti) Tavis TxzulebaSi xSirad aRniSnavs, rom dasav-leT saqarTvelo da Crdilo kavkasia, yirimis qalaq ka-

8famde, samxreTiT ki, arzrumis CaTvliT, Tavrizamde,qarTuli kulturis, ganaTlebisa da wignierebis sferoswarmoadgenda.

lambertis cnobiT, saqarTvelos samefos Crdilo-da-savleTi sazRvari aRwevda `kafamde, romelic xersones-Sia (arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tbilisi,2011, gv. 29), anu saqarTvelos sazRvari yirimamde aRwev-da, samxreTiT ki saqarTvelos sazRvari gadioda arz-rumTan, `arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac moipovebaqarTuli soflebi, uwindel droSi TviT am qalaqSi ijdaqarTveli episkoposi arzrumelad wodebuli~ (iqve, gv. 29).

is agrZelebs: `kolxidis gareT, afxazebis da jiqebisqveynebSi, mSvenieri taZrebi dganan qarTulad aSenebulebida qarTulis zedwarwerebiT, magaliTad, anakofiaSi da bi-WvinTaSi aris kolxidis, guriis da imereTis patriarqissajdomi~.

is iZleva samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiTac qar-TvelTa qveynis Zveli sazRvris aRweras da wers _ ` iranismxriTac, TviT Tavrizamdi, rogorc qarTuli eklesiebis, iseqarTuli soflebis cxadi kvali dResac Cans~ (iqve, gv. 30).

amave arealze _ kafadan Tavrizamde da arzrumamde _vrceldeboda saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcia da gamo-iyeneboda qarTuli ena.

is gulisxmobs Zvel qarTul enas, romelic gamoiyene-boda RvTismsaxurebis dros da miaCnia, rom qarTuli enaiyo samegrelosa da mimdebare kuTxeebis mosaxleobis ` Zve-li, wminda ena~.

is wers, samegreloSi moixmareba `qarTuli wignebi,romelic dawerilia maTi namdvili Zveleburi da wmindaeniT. am enisagan maTi mdabiuri ena ise ganirCeva, rogorc

9Cveni mdabiuri laTinurisagan ganirCeva~ (a. lamberti,samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 185).

arqanjelo lamberti miiCnevda, rom misi drois itali-aSi arsebuli kilokavebi da dialeqtebi warmoSobili iyolaTinuri enisagan, rac dadasturebuli aris Tanamedrovelingvistebis mierac.

a. lambertis azriT, iseve, rogorc misi drois itali-uri dialeqtebi warmoSobili iyo erTi fuZe-laTinurienidan, aseve misi drois qarTuli dialeqtebi, maT Sorismegruli, warmoSobili iyo erTi fuZeqarTuli anu ZveliqarTuli enidan, romelsac rogorc aRiniSna a. lambertiuwodebda samegrelos `xalxis Zvel da wminda enas~.

is aRniSnavs, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSic erT dros qarTu-li kultura iyo gavrcelebuli, Tavis am mosazrebas aseadasturebs _ ` kolxidis gareT afxazebisa da jiqebis qvey-nebSi mSvenieri taZrebi dganan qarTulad aSenebulebi daqarTulis zed warwerebiT, iranis mxriTac TviT Tavrizam-di, rogorc qarTuli eklesiebis, ise qarTuli soflebiscxadi kvali dResac Cans~ (a. lamberti, samegrelos aRwe-ra, gv. 30).

lamberti, aseve aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebs odesRachqondaT erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, romlis mefe-sac mravali moxele yavda `romelTa ricxvSic dadianiciyo~ (iqve, gv. 29).

lamberti gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiTa da obieqtu-robiT axasiaTebs samegrelos mTavars, Zveli dadianebisSTamomaval levan dadians: `is evropaSi rom aRzrdiliyosaukeTeso maswavleblebis mier, mas vercerTi mTavari verajobebda, radganac saukeTeso maswavleblebis gareSec misizne-Cveulebebi Zalze saqebia, misi usaqmurad naxva SeuZle-

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belia, piriqiT mudam Sromobs an varjiSobs, laSqrobisdros aris mardi, Cumi da mxne, amitomac yvela omSi imar-jvebs. is Zalze uyvarT Tavis qveSemdromebs da yvelas exma-reba gasaWiris dros, tkbilad da zrdilobianad eqcevaTavis jariskacebs da yvelas ise uyvars Tavisi mTavari, rommisTvis sicocxlesac ki gawiraven. Wamis dros aris Zalzedzomieri, RviniT arasodes Tvreba, simTvrale am qveyanaSinaklovanebad iTvleba.

levans mexsiereba aqvs Zalzed Zlieri, araferi aviwyde-ba, axsovs yvela xelSekrulebisa da molaparakebebis umci-resi detalic ki, maT ixsenebs mravali wlis, eqvsi da Svidiwlis Semdegac~ (a. lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 2011).

isaias wignis mixedviT israelis Zveli mTavrebis mova-leoba iyo ezruna Tavisi xalxis sazrdosa, tansacmelisada mkurnalobisaTvis. es Tvisebebi SemorCenilia samegre-los samTavroSi, levan II dadianis karze.

TviTon levani kiTxulobs sxvadasxva saeqimo wignebs,romelic gadaTargmnilia laTinuridan maT enaze (iqve, gv. 45).

roca lamberti wers: `wignebi gadmoTargmnilia maTenaze~, gulisxmobs qarTul enas, qarTuls is uwodebssamegrelos mosaxleobis enas, amave wignSi sxvaganac aRni-Snavs, rom samegrelos mosaxleobis mwignobrobis ena arisqarTuli ena.

lamberti aRniSnavs, rom levani saeqimo da samkurna-lo wignebis mixedviT, TviTonve Tavisi xeliT amzadebdamraval wamals da maT yuTebiT daatarebda yvelgan mo-saxleobis monaxulebis dros da Tavis mxriv xalxic didisixaruliT iRebda am samkurnalo wamlebs.

rac Seexeba levanis mogzaurobas Tavis samTavroSi,is mudam mgzavrobda erTi sasaxlidan meoreSi, sasaxlee-

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bi ki samTavros yvela regionSi hqonda, maTi ricxvi mravalaTeuls aWarbebda lambertisave sityviT (50-ze meti sasax-le hqonda samTavros sxvadasxva kuTxeSi).

lamberti aseve aRniSnavs, rom levani yvelas apureb-da visac ki xvdeboda Tavisi mogzaurobis dros, xolomis sasaxleSi ufasod urigebdnen sazrdels yvela stu-mars vinc ki mividoda mis karze, Tundac ucxos. `yvelas,visac ki xvdeba, mis sasaxleSi ufasod urigdeba sazrdeli.vinc ki miva, karis kaci Tu ucxo vinme, maSinve mas Tavis ulu-fas miarTmeven, sufraze stumrebs Tavis xeliT sTavazobssaWmels, ise rom mas araferi rCeba, konstantinepolidan dairanidan sagangebod misTvis CamoaqvT qsovilebi, romel-Tac is urigebs Tavis kariskacebsa da sxvebs. dadiani Zalzemoyvaruli aris marTlmsajulebisa. aRkveTa qurdoba damtacebloba, yvelani daumorCila kanonebs~ (iqve, gv. 48).

lamberti agrZelebs levan II dadianis daxasiaTebas:`auCqarebelia, moferebiTa da wyalobiT cdilobs moigosmtris guli da ar fiqrobs mis dasjas iqamde sanam ar darw-mundeba rom mis sikeTes Sedegi ar moaqvs, Tavis samTavroganaaxla vaWrobiT, mfarvelobs vaWrebs, romlebic aq ari-an, somxebi da ebraelebi. aZlevs maT fulsa da transports,da agzavnis maT savaWrod iransa da TurqeT Si, ucxoeTidanizidavs xelosnebs, da aZlevs maT saxlsa da miwa adgils~(iqve, gv. 48).

`RvTismsaxurebisa da eklesiis saqmeSic gamoiCina dadi-anma Tavi, ar aris odiSSi axla arcerTi eklesia, sadac misiRvTis moyvareobis niSani ar iyos, romelic dangreuli ek-lesia iyo xelaxla aaSena, romelsac saxuravi ar qonda, imassaxuravi gaukeTa, romelsac ornamentebi Semoscloda isevgaamSveniera da Seamko, amasTanave yvela eklesias friad Se-

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umata Semosavali, uTvalavi oqro-vercxlis xatebi gaakeTe-bina TvalmargalitebiT Semkobili. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSiocze meti oqromWedeli yavda, romelnic ganuwyvetlivakeTebdnen saeklesio WurWels~ (a. lamberti, samegrelosaRwera, 2011, gv. 49).

levans Tavisi samTavros umTavresi eklesiisaTvis mou-mzadebia xelovnebiTa da Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkuli Zvir-fasi barZimi, aseve bajaRlo oqrosagan damzadebuli Zvir-fasi qvebiT Semkuli RvTismSoblis xati, aseTive sagan-Zuri dadianma Tavis samTavros yvela eklesias dauriga.

misi mTavrobis dros samegrelos samTavro Zalze ga-Zlierda, magram misma ojaxurma tragediam daamxo essamTavro, da masTan erTad Secvala da daamcro saqarTve-los sazRvrebi am mxareSi.

am tragediis Semdeg sazRvarma mdinare kodoridangadmoinacvla mdinare engurze. saqarTvelom dakargamdinare kodorze mdebare drandis RvTismSoblis saxelo-bis saepiskoposo kaTedra, afxazebis Semosevebis gamodrandis eparqia gauqmda, aseve gauqmda RvTismSoblissaxelobis moqvis saepiskoposo kaTedra, romelic, lam-bertis sityviT, mdebareobda or mdinares Sua, farTovakeze, mesame saepiskoposo centri, romelic dakarga sa-qarTvelos eklesiam iyo bediis saepiskoposo kaTedra, isagebuli yofila gorakze da iyo aseve RvTismSoblis sa-xelobisa.

es ojaxuri tragedia ki Semdegi yofila: levan II da-diani samTavro taxtze asula 14 wlis asakSi mamis garda-cvalebis Semdeg. mas aRmzrdelad da mzrunvelad dau-niSnes Tavisi biZa giorgi lipartiani, asakovani kaci, ro-melsac colad hyolia odiSis pirveli Tavadebis WilaZee-bis qali, darejani, Zalze lamazi da axalgazrda.

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levani da is qali erTmaneTs dauaxlovdnen da erT-maneTis sayvarlebad iqcnen, meore mxriv levan II dadi-anis cols, afxazeTis mTavar ServaSiZeTa qals, dauax-lovda levanis pirveli veziri papuna, romelic pirvelipiri iyo samTavroSi. maTi kavSiris Sesaxeb roca Seityolevanma saSinlad ganrisxda da drois Sesabamisad dasajaTavis coli, kerZod moaWra cxviri da Sercxvenili waiy-vana Tavis mamasTan afxazeTSi da iq miatova. Tavis veziripapuna daatusaRa da gagzavna guriis mTavarTan viTarcapatimari, TviTon ki SeirTo Tavis biZis lipartianis coli,am uzneo saqcielma aSala mTeli samTavro, dairRva wonas-woroba, daiwyo qveyanaSi areuloba da ajanyebebi. guriismTavari, imereTis mefe da afxazeTis mTavari cdilobd-nen gaerTianebas levanis winaaRmdeg, rasac Tan erTvodaSinaaSliloba, amiT gansakuTrebiT isargebles afxazeb-ma, romlebic Seuracxyofilad Tvlidnen TavianT TavsmTavris qalis gamo. `afxazebi ise brazmoreulni iyvnendadianze, rom im dros, roca dadiani garTuli iyo TavisZmisgan dawyebuli amboxebis dacxromis saqmeSi, sul Tavsesxmodnen samegrelos sazRvrebs, romlebic TiTqmis sru-liad gaauqmes, mcxovreblebi daatyveves da afxazeTSi gada-asaxles~ (a. lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 43).

imJamad, rogorc iTqva, samegrelos sazRvari gadiodamdinare kodorTan. maSasadame, am dros kodoris areebiaaoxres afxazebma da iq mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, e.i. meg-relebi, `afxazeTSi gadaasaxles~, anu isini kodoris iqiTgadaasaxles (Semdgomi gudauTisa da gagris raionebSi).

vaxuStis cnobiT, istoriuli afxazeTi ` anakofiis iqiT~mdebareobda. maSasadame, imJamindeli afxazeTi moicavdamxolod Tanamedrove gudauTisa da gagris raionebsa dasoWis mimarTulebiT mdebare jiqeTs.

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marTlac, xobis monastris ekvder-saZvaleze gakeTe-buli warweridan Cans, rom `jiqeTi~ erqva `gagarisa dauRaRis~ qveyanas, anu Tanamedrove gagrisa da soWis raio-nebs. jiqeTi da afxazeTi imJamad sxvadasxva qveynebi iyvnen,magram zogadad, jiqeTsac afxazeTs uwodebdnen.

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom XIV saukunis Semdeg mTlia-nad Seicvala Crdilo kavkasiaSi eTno-demografiuli su-raTi, Temurlengis jarma qarTuli, da aseve saqarTve-los saxelmwifosadmi vasalur damokidebulebaSi myofimosaxleoba masiurad amoJlita, vinc gadarCa man isinidaumorCila sagangebod mis mier CrdilokavkasiaSi Casax-lebul axal xalxebsa da tomebs.

isini Crdilo-kavkasiaSi Temurma Casaasaxla volgis-pireTidan, aseve ural-cimbiridan da eniseispireTidan,isini ZiriTadad iyvnen e.w. sinur-cimbiruli enis matare-beli tomebi. isini CrdilokavkasiaSi Seerivnen adgilo-briv kavkasiur tomebs. amis Sedegad, XV-XVIII ss-Si Camoya-libda axali e.w. sino-kavkasiuri enis matarebeli xalxebi.

Temurlengis wina epoqaSi afxazeTSi Zveleburadvecxovrobden e.w. Zveli afxazebi, anu qarTuli enisa dakulturis matarebeli xalxi, romlis bedi levan dadi-anis Semdeg mTlianad Seicvala da maTi bedi Secvala Te-mur lengis laSqrobaTa Sedegad Crdilo kavkasiaSi Casax-lebulma adiRe-Cerqezulma tomebma, gansakuTrebiT aba-zebma da afsuebma.

Temuris Semdeg, adiRe-Cerqezebma TandaTanobiT Se-Zles hegemon-gabatonebul fenad qceuliyvnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiasa, jiqeTsa da aseve Semdgom, Tanda-TanobiT, afxazeTSi, levanis Semdeg ki isini gabatondnenistoriul samegreloSi md. kodoridan md. enguramde.

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sxvadasxva kulturisa da mentalitetis mosaxleobisTavmoyram istoriuli samegrelos miwa-wyalze, warmoSvakonfliqtebi, levanis Semdeg ki safuZveli daudo mTie-lebis TiTqmis oraswlovan oms danarCeni samegrelos wina-aRmdeg. amis Sedegad dapyrobili samegrelos nawilsac,kodoridan-enguramde, afxazeTi ewoda, radganac axalixalxis dominanturi nawili kodoris iqeTa teritoriidananu istoriuli afxazeTidan Sevida istoriul samegre-loSi da damkvidrda iq. afxazeTis qveyanaSi, anu kodor-is iqiT mcxovrebi Zveli afxazebi da iq gabatonebuliCrdilokavkasielebi Seerivnen erTmaneTs da safuZvelidaudes axal xalxs, romelsac qveynis saxelis Sesabami-sad kvlav afxazebi daerqva.

Zveli afxazebi megrul-svanuri, axali afxazebi ki adi-Reuri warmoSobis tomebi iyvnen.

kodoris Crdilo-dasavleTiT adiRe-Cerqezuli to-mis Casaxleba XV-XVI saukunisaTvis ukve dawyebuli iyo.

levanis sicocxleSi kodoris iqiTa mTianeTs isiniakontrolebdnen, magram biWvinTa-anakofiis zRvispirs jerkidev levani akontrolebda srulad, misi mizani iyo bi-WvinTis sapatriarqo kaTedris dacva. biWvinTis dacvalevans Tavis wminda movaleobad miaCnda.

kodoris iqiTa zRvispireTs levanis simamri, qarTu-li warmoSobis afxazeTis mTavari da aseve qarTveli anu`Zveli afxazi~ Tavadaznauroba flobda. maTi warmomad-genlis, levanis colis, samegrelodan gaZevebisa da misiSeuracxyofis gamo aRSfoTebuli afxazi Tavadaznauro-ba kidev ufro SeukavSirda adiRe-Cerqezebs, romelnicisedac mudam imis cdaSi iyvnen, rom rogorme samegrelosumdidresi saeklesio qoneba CaegdoT xelSi, amitomac sia-

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movnebiT SeukavSirdnen aRSfoTebulebs da daiwyes same-grelos sazRvrebis rbeva kodorTan.

levan dadianma mdinare kodoris xeobis aoxreba arapatia afxazebs da gailaSqra maT winaaRmdeg da maledaamarcxa isini.

rogorc iTqva, samegrelosTan omis periodSi ZiriTa-dad Camoyalibda `axali afxazi~ xalxis Canasaxi e.w. `Zve-li afxazebisa~ da adiRe-Cerqezebis urTierTSereviT. amdros adiRe-Cerqezebma anu afsuebma kodorisiqiTa mTelteritoriaze SeZles gabatoneba `Zveli afxazi~ mTavar-Tavadebis nominalur-fiqtiuri meTaurobiT. `axal afxa-zeTSi~ gabatonebul fenas warmoadgendnen adiRe-CerqezimolaSqreebi, am axal masas qarTvelebi Zveleburad kvla-vac ` afxazebs~ uwodebdnen, radganac isini afxazeTSi ukvesaxlobdnen, afxazeTSi mosaxleebs ki, Cveulebriv, afxa-zebs uwodebdnen. am e.w. axalma afxazebma, wyaros cno-biT, Zveli afxazebisagan gansxvavebiT, mospes qristianu-li sarwmunoeba. Tuki Zveli afxazebi iRwodnen da ibrZod-nen `rjulisa da kaTalikosobis~ dasacavad, axalma afxa-zebma, wyaros cnobiT, Seuracxhyves `rjuli da kaTali-kosoba~, igulisxmeba, afxazeTSi damkvidrebuli Crdilo-kavkasiuri tomebis mier biWvinTis, drandis, moqvis, bediis,sxva saeklesio kerebis, qristiani mosaxleobis mospoba-ganadgureba, rac intensiurad daiwyo levanis sikvdilisSemdeg.

ojaxurma dramebma levans naadrevad mouswrafa sico-cxle.

levanis ojaxuri dramis pirvel etapze, afxazebma, ko-dorze damarcxebis Semdeg, levan II-s gamoucxades mor-Cileba da itvirTes xarkis gadaxda, magram `radganac es

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xalxi moqalaqeobasa da vaWrobas moklebulia, arc fuligaaCnia xarkis gadasaxdelad, amitomac dadianma maT xarkaddaado ramdenime mwevar-meZebrisa da miminos gadaxda~ _wers lamberti.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod levan II dadianis sikvdilisSemdeg gabedes afxazebma kvlav gadmoelaxaT mdinare ko-dori da SemoiWrnen samegreloSi.

levanis sikvdilis gamo imdenad dasustda samegrelo,rom samegreloSi SemoWril afxazebs winaaRmdegoba ve-Rar gauwies da afxazebma zedized daipyres imJamad ay-vavebuli samegrelos erTi nawili, romelsac Cven amJa-mad vuwodebT soxumis, gulrifSis, oCamCirisa da galisraionebs.

amis gamo, samegrelo-afxazeTis sazRvarma ramdenimeaTeul weliwadSi mdinare kodoridan mdinare engurzegadainacvla. marTalia, maT Sesakaveblad jer kidev le-vanma da aseve moqvis, drandisa da bediis episkoposebmaaages TiTqmis 100 kilometriani, amJamad ` afxazeTis didikedelad~ wodebuli galavani samegrelos dasacavad, esuzamazari, grandiozuli TavdacviTi nageboba imJamadwarmoadgenda samegrelos axal sazRvars, es as kilome-triani nageboba sinamdvileSi iyo samegrelos didi kede-li agebuli qarTveli episkoposebis, mTavrisa da xalxismier udidesi ZalisxmeviT samegrelos dasacavad, magramis daZleuli iqna. samegrelos dasacavad agebuli didikedeli gadmolaxes barbarosebma da SeZles samegrelossaepiskoposoTa gauqmeba, mrevlis amowyveta da datyveveba.am kedels samegrelos dacva evaleboda lambertis aRwe-riT, amitomac mas ` samegrelos didi kedeli~ unda erqvasda ara afxazeTisa.

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mTlianad sxvagvari iyo samegrelos mdgomareoba le-vanis Zlierebisas.

levanis sicocxleSi, samegrelo dasavleT saqarTve-los centralur olqad iqca, romelmac SeZlo TavisgarSemo Semoekriba guria, imereTi da afxazeTi, rogorciTqva, imJamad samegrelos sazRvari kodorze gadioda dasoxumis, gulrifSis, oCamCirisa da galis raionebi samegre-lod iwodeboda. Zlier levanTan omebma lambertis si-tyviT `ise daasusta imereTis samefo, rom samegrelosbevrad Camouvardeboda ZalRoniT~ (a. lamberti, dasax.naSromi, gv. 43). levani faqtiurad mTeli dasavleT sa-qarTvelos mbrZanebels warmoadgenda. Tavisi statusisgansamtkiceblad man afxazeTSic, e.i. kodors iqiTac ila-Sqra.

arqanjelo lamberti wers, rom samegreloSi sazoga-doeba Sedgeboda or nawilad, aznaurebad da glexebad,Tavis mxriv isinic iSlebodnen wodebebad, eseni iyvnen _Tavadebi, aznaurebi, anu zinaskuebi da zinakebi, da gle-xebi, romlebic aseve or nawilad iyofodnen, msaxurebadda moinaleebad.

msaxuris, anu glexis movaleoba iyo im begaris gadax-da, rac uZvelesi droidan marTebdaT TavianTi batonisa.lamberti wers, rom `erTi iotiT mets ar gadaixdidnenglexebi, rac CveulebiT iyo dadebuli~.

msaxuris begara batonis mimarT Semdegi saxisa iyo:rogorc wesi, aseTi glexi rCeboda Tavis sakuTar ojax-Si, magram batonis ojaxSi morigeobiT agzavnida ojaxisromelime wevrs samsaxurisaTvis.

amasTanave, msaxuris movaleobaSi Sedioda laSqrobisdros, da aseve mgzavrobisas, Tanxleboda batons (ojaxi-

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dan erTi wevri). aseve mas evaleboda xvnis, Tesvisa damosavlis aRebis dros savaldebulod daxmareboda batons.

glexebis meore jgufs, moinaleebs, qondaT igive mdgo-mareoba, magram maTi damatebiTi valdebuleba Semdegi iyo:batonis mgzavrobisas unda ezidaT misi bargi da undaezrunaT, rom zamTris dros cecxli ar Camqraliyo, ba-tons hqonda didi uflebebi glexebis mimarT, kerZod,SeeZlo maTi gasamarTleba.

lambertis dakvirvebiT, samegreloSi mosaxleoba zRvispirze ar cxovrobda, `cudi haeris mizeziT da mezobelibarbarozTa SiSiT~ (a. lamberti, samegrelos arwera, 2011,gv. 55).

levan dadians, lambertis sityviT, hqonia ormoc-daaTze meti sasaxle, maT Soris gamorCeuli yofila qviTagebuli zugdidis sasaxle, moxatuli iraneli mxatvre-bis mier.

lambertis gansakuTrebiT mowonda megrelTa karmi-damo, is wers: ` yovel megrels ise didi ezo aqvs, rom ufromindors warmoadgens. ezoSi izrdeba mxolod kargi balaxida sarevelas ver naxavT. yoveli mosaxle cdilobs, rom racSeiZleba mSvenieri Robe gaakeTos. SesasvlelTan dgamen didalayafis karebs, zed gamoqandakebulia sxvadasxva saxe, ezo-Si rgaven umSvenieres xeebs, mcxovrebni drois umetes na-wils atareben ara saxlebSi, aramed ezoebSi, seirnoben, saq-mes akeTeben, ezoSi Wamen da ZinavT kidec~.

yvela ezoSi idga ramdenime saxli. yvelaze did Se-nobas erqva `oxori~, romelic stumrebis misaRebad iyogankuTvnili, meore Senoba iyo sacxovrebeli saxli, mesamenageboba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miaCndaT, es iyomarani, ezoSi mdgar meoTxe Senobas qonda gansakuTrebu-

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li daniSnuleba, es iyo tansacmlis Sesanaxi Senoba, war-moadgenda mtkiced aSenebul xis maRal koSks, `sadactansacmels icavdnen sinotivis da qurdebisgan~.

Tavadebis ezoebSi aRniSnulTa garda yvelaze sapatioadgilze, aseve idga kidev erTi Senoba _ es iyo patara`karis eklesia~.

lambertim miaqcia yuradReba, rom samegreloSi Tavad-aznauroba kargad icvamda _ `perangs ikeraven sxvadasxvaferis abreSumisagan, perangis yeli iyo moqarguli da maszemimagrebuli iyo Zvirfasi qvebi da margalitebi, amis gar-da wveulebebsa da dResaswaulebSi icvamdnen kidev ufromSvenier tanisamoss, romelic Sekerili iyo damaskos qsovi-lisagan, xaverdis an farCisagan, mas sarCulad edo siasamu-ris tyavi, is Semkuli iyo oqrosa da margalitis RilebiT~.aseTi tanisamosi Tavadaznaurs hqonia ramdenime xeli.

lamberti wers, rom qalebi keklucobiT ar Camouvard-ebodnen evropel qalebs, gansakuTrebiT Tmis varcxni-lobiT, qudebiTa da TavsamkauliT. isini fer-umariliTTeTrad iRebavdnen saxes, iRebavdnen aseve warbebsac, eg-reTwodebuli gundiT, imave saRebaviT iRebavdnen wamwameb-sac, gasaocaria, magram lambertis aRweriT silamazisaTvisqalebi Tvalis gugebsac ki iRebavdnen, ` raRac sacxebliTiyviTleben Tvalis gugebsac (iqve, gv. 61).

aseTi bednieri da lamazi qveyana iyo samegrelo le-van dadianis dros, magram mTlianad Seicvala viTarebamisi gardacvalebisTanave afsua-afxazebis Semosevebisas,kodoridan zugdidamde.

lamberti agrZelebs Tavis aRweras da wers _ samTavro-Si yvela muSaobda, yvela amuSavebda miwas, yvela fena dawodeba `mTavridan dawyebuli ukanasknel megrelamde sia-

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movnebiT etanebian miwaTmoqmedebas da didi gulmodgi-nebiT amuSaveben Tavis yanebs. samegreloSi rac unda didigvaris kaci iyos TviTon amuSavebs Tavis yanebs da es saqmesaTakilod rodi miaCnia~ (iqve, gv. 71).

yanis daTesvis da Toxnis dros mosaxmareblad iwvevenmezoblebs, romelTac Toxnis dro jer ar dadgomodaT`nadi Sedgeba 50 an 60 Carazmuli mToxnelisgan, maT TavSiCaudgeba patroni, mRerian Cqari tempiT, romlis xmazecewyoba Toxna, rogorc sakravze cekva, amisTvis mToxnelTagamwkrivebul razms TavSi Caudgeba ori momRerali, rom-lebic simReriT aCqareben Toxnis process. nads dReSi sam-jer aWmeven da vaxSmad miiwveven patronis ezoSi, am drosmaT sagangebod gauxsnian iqamde dabeWdil qvevrs, am qvevrisRvino Sewiruli aris wminda giorgisadmi da ixsneba maSinroca margvla aqvT, an petre-pavloba dRes, margvlis win amqvevrs didi ambiT moxdian Tavs, amisTvis maranSi miiwvevenmRvdels, romelic Seimoseba saeklesio SesamosliT dailocebs, ris Semdegac moxsnis Tavs qvevrs da iqidan pata-ra doqSi gadmoasxavs Rvinos, romelsac gaagzavnis wmindagiorgis eklesiaSi Sesawiravad. danarCen Rvinos ki patro-ni moixmars~.

miwaTmoqmedebac, lambertis sityviT, saqarTveloSi iyoevropulis msgavsi, samegreloSi pirvel weliwads Tesav-dnen Roms, meore wels fetvs, mesame wels ki purs. amisSemdeg miwas sami oTxi wliT asvenebdnen, blomad mohyav-daT Romi da brinji, ise blomad mohyavdaT brinji, romis gahqondaT TurqeTis gemebs, romlebic iq modiodnen,aseve lambertis sityviT, blomad mohyavdaT lobio, bax-Ceuli, xili da fxali.

nadirobas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda, Ti-Toeul Tavads hqonda Tavisi sakuTari sanadiro tye,

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romelic ise iyo daculi, rom TviT mTavarsac ki uflebaar hqonda iq, sxvis sakuTrebaSi nadirobisa. nadirobissagangebo dro iyo yvelieri, irmebze nadirobdnen, yve-lieris kviraSi didi marxvis dawyebamde, da aseve seqtem-bris dasasrulidan Sobis marxvamde.

lamberti yuradRebas aqcevs, rom levan II dadians, iseverogorc Tavis droze Tamar mefes, sikvdiliT ar dausjiaarcerTi damnaSave, umZimesi danaSaulisaTvisac ki, mxoloderTi gamonaklisis garda _ man mxolod Tavisi veziridasaja ise, rogorc Tamar mefis dros daisaja guzani.

lamberti wers _ ` mxolod erTi SemTxvevisaTvis mas aqvsdawesebuli sikvdiliT dasja, saxeldobr eklesiis mkrexe-lobisaTvis, roca nivTebs moiparaven, an eklesias gada-wvaven. sxva yovelive danaSauloba SeiZleba mTavarma apa-tios fulis gadaxdevinebiT, an visime mfarvelobis gamo darac Seexeba mkrexelobas, amis Camdeni verc fuliT da vercTxovniT ver Seabralebs Tavs mTavars da usaTuod dasjiliunda iqnas sikvdiliT~ (iqve, gv. 95). (mkrexelobas uwodebd-nen eklesiis Zarcvas an Seuracxyofas).

lambertis sityviT, dadiani iyo marTlmsajulebismoyvaruli da yvela danaSauls Tavis Sesaferis sasjelsaZlevda. magaliTad _ qurdebs Wridnen xels, fexs an yurs,mkvlelebs Wridnen xels an abrmavebdnen, aseve isjebodameamboxec. col-qmruli RalatisaTvis aWridnen cxvirs,`megrelebi ki imiT arian bednierebi, rom maTi mTavari yo-velTvis da yovelgan mzad aris, moisminos saCivari da mou-Zebnos wamali Tavis qveSevrdomTa saWiroebas. gind TaT-birobdes, gind cxeniT seirnobdes, gind gzaSi iyos, gindnadirobdes da gind puris Wamad ijdes, mTavari yovelTvismoismens saqmes da Sesafer ganCinebas dasdebs~ (iqve, gv. 103).

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aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTloSi iyo advokatis msgavsiinstituti, mTavari ise rogorc yvela, movale iyo, omSipiradad mieRo monawileoba, levan II-s am ` movaleobisTvisTavi arasdros auridebia, TviT avadmyofobis drosac ki.levanis jarSi Sedioda ocdaaTiaTasiani cxenosani meo-mari, navarjiSebi da gamocdili, kanonis mixedviT komlzeerTi kaci gamodioda salaSqrod, aznaurobas ar hqondavaldebuleba eoma mTavrisaTvis kanonis ZaliT, `magramaznauroba ufro Tavisi surviliT, vidre kanoniT sul er-Tianad gamodis saomrad, ise, rom aznaurs Tu xuTi an eqvsivaJi yavs, eseni yvelani gahyvebian saomrad mTavars~ (iqve.gv. 110).

omis ufro meti saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi komlze orian sami kaci gahyavda saomrad, omSi meomrebs ecvaT sauke-Teso tanisamosi `mSvenieri tanisamosebi ise brwyinaven,rogorc arsad sxvagan, TviToeuls moaqvs yvela Tavis ta-nisamosi da cdilobs, rom aq ufro kargad iyos Cacmuli,vidre Cveulebriv~ lamberti agrZelebs da aRwers omisasTu ras icvamdnen, is wers, rom aq yoveldRe icvlian Ta-vianT tanisamoss. visac vercxleuloba aqvs, erTianadmoaqvs: agreTve moaqvT saukeTeso iranuli xaliCebi, raTa`am xaliCebze dRisiT dasxdnen da RamiT daiZinon, purisWama am dros metad mxiaruli ician~ (iqve, gv. 111). aseTiyofila omisa da laSqrobis wesi.

lambertis sityviT, mterTan brZola Zalze xanmokleiyo, is aRwers Sesabamis mizezebs da ambobs: ` maTi brZolamTavrdeba cxenis erTi gaWenebiT da sul grZeldeba meoTxe-di saaTis ganmavlobaSi~ (iqve, gv. 112).

rogorc Cans, lamberti aRwers Sinaur brZolebs samegre-losa da imereTs Soris, an samegrelosa da gurias Soris.

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lamberti aseve exeba saeklesio cxovrebas, is wers,rom saqarTveloSi aris ori kaTalikosi, erTi qarTlisada meore, romelsac eqvemdebareba odiSi, imereTi, guria,afxazeTi da svaneTi.

lamberti ar icnobs sityvas `afxazeTis kaTalikosi~,radganac misTvis afxazeTi erqva teritorias kodorisiqiT. misTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosi ` odiSispirvelierarqi~ iyo, radganac mis epoqaSi, levanis dros,odiSi dasavleT saqarTvelos kulturuli centri iyoda, rogorc aRiniSna, kodoridan biWvinTamde mdebarezRvispireTi biWvinTis didebul taZarTan erTad samegre-los ekuTvnoda.

Zvelad, orive, qarTlisa da biWvinTis kaTalikossirCevda saqarTvelos mefe, magram roca dadianma damou-kidebloba moipova, meore kaTalikoss samegrelos mTa-vari irCevda, Cans, sxva mefe mTavrebTan SeTanxmebiT.

lamberti wers: `odiSis patriarqs Tavis sabrZanebel-Si iseTi Zala aqvs, iseTi simdidre da sasaxleebi, imdeniymebi yavs, rom aramc Tu eTanasworeba mTavars, aramedaRemateba kidec. patriarqi Tavis sapatriarqos dasaxeda-vad mudam dadis, igi Tan waiyvans xolme amalas, romelicSedgeba 300 kacisagan da metisaganac. odiSis axlandelipatriaqi wminda kacad miaCniaT, RvTis winaSe did gulmo-dginebas iCens, kacTa mimarTac Zlier mowyalea, yovel RameusaTuod dgeba metad grZel locvaze, yvelaze pirveladtans igi icvams da pirveladve igi Sedis eklesiaSi, sadacatarebs umetes nawils Ramisas da dRi sasac, rac Seexebamoyvasisadmi mowyalebas, igi iseT gulkeTilobas iCens, romar moiZebneba arc erTi Raribi da arc erTi ubeduri, romigi ar icnobdes da Tavis mowyalebis kalTas ar afarebdes.

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Tu vinme Raribma gaiara, roca igi puris Wamad zis, maSinvedauZaxebs, TavisTan dasvams da umetes nawils Tavis saWm-lisas uTavazebs. Tu gaigona, rom sadme sawyali avadmyofiaris, metad gaWirvebuliao, sxvadasxva Semweobas Tavisi xar-jiT miawodebs. garda amisa, imdenad erTgulia ierusali-mis wminda adgilisa, rom samjer iyo maT sanaxavad da yovel-Tvis didi Sewiruloba wauRia~.

kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen mdinare kodorze mde-bare drandis saepiskoposo afxazeTis sazRvarze, asevemoqvisa da bedias saepiskoposoebi, aseve caiSis, walen-jixis da martvilis saepiskoposoebi, xolo qiaCis, wifu-rias, xofis, obujis, ` sebastopolis~ da anaklias saepisko-posoebi monastrebad iyo gadakeTebuli.

episkoposebi _ lambertis aRweriT, simdidriT da Zala-uflebiT jobnian TiToeul aqaur didebuls, faqtobri-vad, episkoposebi mxolod mTavars emorCilebian. episko-poss iseTi Zalaufleba aqvs, rom SeuZlia aznauris dapa-timreba, Tu mRvdeli ar asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, aseveSeuZlia misi dapatimreba da borkilebSi Casma. lambertiaRwers erT SemTxvevas, roca episkoposis braldebiT daa-patimres erTi mRvdeli, romelic did marxvaSi RamiT arloculobda, amiT ki wess arRvevda, radganac TviT episko-posi eklesiaSi mTeli RamiT loculobda (iqve, gv. 140).

mTavari dainteresebuli iyo, raTa episkoposs metisimdidre daegrovebina, radganac episkoposis sikvdilisSemdeg misi qoneba mTavars darCeboda.

lamberti aRwers, rom bavSvs naTlavdnen 3-4 wlis asak-Si, naTloba xdeboda maranSi, mirons cxebda TviT naTlia,iqve ganbandnen bavSvs.

wirva eklesiis gareTac SeiZleboda Sesaferis adgilas.eklesiaSi wirvis dros saucxoo samoseliT wiravdnen.

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samegrelos arcerTi mcxovrebi araviTar saqmes ardaiwyebda mRvdlis kurTxevis gareSe, misgan iRebdnenrCevas.

Tu vinme gadawyvetda monaniebas Tavisi raime codvisan sxva raimes gamo, wirvas daayenebinebda mRvdels, wirvisdawyebamde, rogorc wesi, klavdnen raime saqonels, cxvarsan xars, Zroxas, xbos, batkans an Tikans, mRvdeli piru-tyvis Tavze kiTxulobda locvas, romelSic moixsenebdaabelis, abraamis, solomonisa da sxvebis msxverplSewir-vas, amis Semdeg mRvdeli anTebuli sanTliT pirutyvs xuTadgilze Seutusavda (mowvavda) balans, mas samjer Semoa-tarebdnen Semomwirvelis garSemo, am dros yvela iloce-boda, amis Semdeg mzareuli daklavda pirutyvs da wyal-Si moxarSavda, xolo mRvdeli Seudgeboda wirvas, wirvisdasrulebis Semdeg, miusxdebodnen sufras, sadac am xorcsmiirTmevdnen, mRvdels calke sufras uSlidnen.

micvalebulis mgloviarobisas gansakuTrebuli mniSv-neloba eniWeboda wirvebsa da locvebs: magaliTad, me-ormoce dRes gansvenebulis sulis mosaxseneblad, wirvaunda Seesrulebina adgilobriv episkoposs, romelsac wir-vis fasad ergeboda yovelive is, rac kargi da mSvenierihqonda Tavis saxmareblad micvalebuls, marTlac episko-poss miarTmeven xolme micvalebulis sajdom cxens Tavi-si saukeTeso gawyobilobiT. vercxleulobas, Zvirfastansacmels da sakmao fulsac, romelic `ufro SeZle-bulebTan adis xuTas skudomde, Tumca zogierTebs ar mi-aCniaT episkoposis wirva saWirod da arc undaT, magramepiskoposebi Zalad swiraven da fassac ZaliT Txouloben,mTavaric saCqarod aiZulebs am fasis gadaxdas, radgan misisargebeli amas moiTxovs. saqme is aris, rom episkoposis si-

27

kvdilis Semdeg mTavars ekuTvnis misi memkvidreoba, romel-ic rasakvirvelia imdenad meti iqneba, ramdenad episkopo-si Tavis sicocxleSi mets iSovnis. wirvis Semdeg didi nadi-mi gaimarTeba, rogorc episkoposisa, ise sxva samRvdeloe-bisaTvis da agreTve eriskacebisaTvisac. nadimis Semdeg,saCuqrebs miarTmeven aramc Tu episkoposs, aramed yvelasamRvdelo pirs, romelnic wirvaSi monawileobas iRebdnen,vis sxvadasxva Zvirfasi qsovilis tansacmels da vis fulad,TiToeulis Rirsebisa da mdgomareobis Sesaferad. dabalixalxisTvis ki, romelic am dRes blomad ikribeba, klavenuamrav xarsa da Zroxas, daklulebs rom moxarSaven, mereepiskoposs da mRvdlebs akurTxebineben da mere daurige-ben xalxs, raTa ilocon RvTis winaSe micvalebulis suli-saTvis~ _ wers lamberti.

Cvens saeklesio wyaroebSi xSirad ixsenieba sityva`niSani~, rogorc lambertis Cvenebidan Cans, niSani ewode-boda micvalebulis tanisamoss, cxens, anda sxva mniSvnelo-van qonebas, romelic unda gadascemoda mTavars, erisTavsan sxvebs saCuqris saxiT, kerZod micvalebulis dasafla-vebis Semdeg, micvalebulis xsovnisaTvis, WirisufaliniSnavda sagangebo dRes, romelzec mTavars miiwvevdnenmicvalebulis e.w. dasatireblad, am dros Wirisufalidebda micvalebulis romelime naxseneb ` niSans~, romelzecimarTeboda tirili, micvalebulis mosaxsenieblad, asevemicvalebuls ixseniebdnen aRdgomis meore dRes, sasa-flaoze sadac imarTeboda aRapi, mRvdlis kurTxeviT.

mRvdeli an episkoposi eswreboda qorwils, anu gvir-gvinis kurTxevas, romelic ewyoboda karis eklesiaSi anmaranSi.

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marans samegreloSi da mTel saqarTveloSi, lamber-tis sityviT, eklesiis msgavsad scemdnen pativs. magali-Tad, jvriswerisas, maranSi Seimoseboda samRvdelo piri.romelime amorCeuli naTesavi mefe-dedofals SeiyvandaeklesiaSi, an maranSi, maT miarTmevdnen sanTlebs da maTukan edga gvirgvinis mtvirTveli. amis Semdeg mRvdeliwesis mixedviT ilocebda.

levan II dadianis dros, samegrelos sazRvari, rogorciTqva kodoramde aRwevda, magram radganac kodoris iqiTafxazeTis mTavari levans emorCileboda, amitom biWvin-Ta Tavisi sakaTalikoso saydriT levanis srul mflobelo-baSi iyo.

samegrelos samTavro iyo srulebiT mowesrigebuliqveyana, romelic mxolod levan II dadianis gardacvaleb-is Semdgom moiSala afsua-afxaz, Cerqez-adiReelTa Se-mosevebis Sedegad.

amis gamo, samegrelom dakarga Tavisi teritoriisTiTqmis naxevari, Tavisi yvelaze ayvavebuli mxare _ en-gursa da kodors Soris moqceuli teritoria, gauqmdabediis, drandis, moqvis saeipiskoposoebi da biWvinTis sa-kaTalikoso kaTedra, kaTalikosi iZulebuli gaxda is mi-etovebina.

mterma amowyvita da daatyveva mosaxleobis TiTqmisnaxevari, amitomac werda misioneri `samegrelo samegre-lo aRar aris, 40.000 komlidan 20.000 amowyvetilia~, daiw-yo Semoseul adiRe-CerqezebTan (afsua-`afxazebTan~) sa-megrelos xalxis TiTqmis 200-wliani TavdacviTi-samamu-lo omi, romelsac mxolod ruxis cixe-simagresTan omSimoeRo bolo, imereTis mefe solomonis dros.

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daskvna:

lamberti, samegrelos aRwerisas, mudam cdilobs sa-megrelo warmoadginos erTiani qarTuli samyaros nawi-lad, is miiCnevs, rom qarTveli xalxi noes mesame Svilisiafetis STamomavlobaa.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mas miaCnda, rom samegrelo max-loblad mdebareobda araratis mTisa, sadac gaCerda noeskidobani. rogorc is wers: `somexTa da qarTvelTa qveynisSua lubarad wodebul mTaze, aq gaCnda adamianTa pirvelisacxovrebeli, aq dargo noem venaxi da Seiqmna iqaur bi-nadrad~ (a. lamberti, dasax. naSr., gv. 28).

am sityvebis Semdeg, mas mohyavs cnoba imisa, Tu sai-dan aqvs mas aRebuli es mosazreba da wers, rom misi wya-ro yofila wminda epifane. lamberti agrZelebs Tavis mo-sazrebas da wers _ `aq aRsaniSnavia Semdegi sityvebi epi-fanesi: somexTa da qarTvelTa qveynis Sua~ (iqve, gv. 28).

`am qveyanas dResac saqarTvelo qvia da mkvidrni TavisTavs uwodeben qarTvelebs, es kuTxe aris saqarTvelos erTinawili~ (iqve, gv. 28). lambertis azriT, qarTvelebis sax-elwodeba ` georgiani~ momdinareobs warRvnis dros gada-rCenili kidobnidan gamosuli noes saqmianobidan `daiw-yo noem saqmed qveynisa da daasxa venaxi~ (dab., IX, 20).

lamberti wers, rom berZnul bibliaSi es winadadebaSemdegi sityvebiTaa Cawerili _ ` noe andropis georgios~,(lamberti sityva georgios saqarTvelosTan akavSirebs,Tumca berZnulSi sityva _ `georgios~ aRwers noes muSa-obas venaxisaTvis miwis damuSavebis dros).

wignSi `samegrelos aRwera~ aisaxeba lambertis azri,rom qarTveloba iyo uZvelesi, noes epoqasTan dakavSire-

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buli eri da maTi samSoblo sakacobrio civilizaciis mesa-ZirkvleTa gverdiT idga, samegrelo ki misi nawili iyo.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, a. lamberti fuZe anu ZvelqarTul enas uwodebs `megrelebis Zvel, namdvil, wmindaenas~ (iqve, gv. 185). am mxriv, a. lambertis mosazreba mTli-anad gansxvavdeba XIX saukunis rusi moxeleebis mtkice-bebisgan. magaliTad, rusi moxele borozdini, romelmacaseve aRwera samegrelo, gamoTqvamda iqamde gaugonarmtkicebas, rom samegreloSi qarTuli ena gavrcelebuliiyo mezobeli qarTuli regionebidan, rom is iyo ara mTe-li mosaxleobis ena, aramed mxolod misi erTi nawilisa,erTi socialuri jgufisa, romelmac SeZlo am enis sa-yovelTaod ganvrcoba.

lambertis azriT, ki, piriqiT, qarTuli ena iyo, megre-lebis uZvelesi ena, romelic droTa viTarebaSi Seicva-la da iqca megrul metyvelebad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es iyo saqarTveloSi rusebamde da-mkvidrebuli sayovelTao azri, maT Soris samegrelosic.

aseTive azrisa iyo sulxan-saba da sxva qarTveli mec-nierebi rusebis epoqamde.

borozdinis mosazreba, ki samegreloSi iqamde ucnobiiyo, Semdeg is rusebma gaavrceles da `samecniero~ da-tvirTva mianiWes. rusebis mizani, rogorc TviTon boroz-dini aRniSnavs, iyo qarTveli eris garuseba da misi cal-keul tomebad danawevreba, erTmaneTze maTi gadamtereb-is gziT. borozdins aseTi qmedeba gamarTlebulad miaCn-da ruseTis imperiaSi qarTuli mosaxleobis swrafi asi-miliaciis mizniT.

borozdinis aRniSnuli mosazreba iyo politikuri me-Todi, mosaxleobis dasamorCilebeli saSualeba, xolo rac

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Seexeba lambertis, mas saerTod ar hqonda politikurimiznebi, is aRwerda imas, rasac xedavda Tavisi TvaliTTvrameti wlis ganmavlobaSi, misgan gansxvavebiT boroz-dinma mxolod ramdenime sezoni gaatara samegreloSi.

arqanjelo lambertisTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniS-nos, rom man erTerTma pirvelma uwoda samegrelos kolxi-da, iqamde samegrelo iberiis nawilad miiCneeoda sazoga-dod, ara mxolod mematianeTa da kulturuli wreebismier, aramed TviT samegreloSic, es momenti ara mxolodqarTuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, aramed rusuliTac,levan dadians, rogorc aRiniSna, ruseTis mefe `iberiisxelmwifes~ uwodebda da samegrelos _ iberiis suverenulnawilad miiCnevda. lambertis mosazreba, rom samegreloZveli kolxidaa, SemdegSi aitaca saistorio wreebma, im-denad, rom amJamad mtkiceba imisa, rom samegrelo iberi-is erTerTi nawili iyo, arc ki ismis. farnavaz mefidanlevan meoremde egrisi-samegrelo mudam iberiis anu qarT-lis samefosa da saqarTvelos nawilad miiCneoda. kolxi-da arc ki ixsenieba qarTul wyaroebSi, magram Zveli kolxi-dis sidiades aRwerda evropuli _ berZnul-laTinuri damas aqtiurad ixseniebdnen lambertis droindeli evro-peli istorikosebi Tu mwerlebi. cxadia, lamberti aricnobda qarTuls da zedmiwevniT icnobda evropuls. iseZiebda kolxidis adgilsamyofels, da radganac kolxi-dis mTavari mdinare iyo fazisi, ikvlevda Tu romeli iyois. Zveli qarTuli istoriografiis mixedviT, da CansberZnuliTac, faziss md. Woroxs uwodebdnen, amas aCvenebswmida eqvTime mTawmidelis Targmani, romelic Seexeba an-dria mociqulis saqarTveloSi qadagebas. wm. eqvTimemberZnuli dedanis frazaSi _ `andriam gadalaxa fazisi~,

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fazisi ganmarta, rogorc mdinare Woroxi. lambertisWoroxis xeoba ar unaxavs, imis gamo, rom es xeoba Sedio-da osmaleTis imperiaSi da Zalze saxifaTo iyo. raki lam-berti cxovrobda samegreloSi kargad icnobda mdinarerions. kolxidis adgilsamyofelis Ziebisas lambertim ri-oni miiCnia fazisad da Sesabamisad samegrelo kolxidad.aqedan Cans, rom lamberti kolxidas istoriuli saqarTve-los nawilad miiCnevda, radganac Tavis wignis dasawyisSisamegrelos ramdenjerme georgis nawilad miiCnevs.

monasteri, 20.12.2013 w.

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korneli borozdinis mogonebani

`samegrelo da svaneTi 1854-1861 wlebSi~,

(Targmnili T. saxokias mier, 1934)

saqarTvelos eTnikur kuTxeebad (eTikur jgufebadda regionebad) danawevrebis gegma meoce saukunis samocianwlebSi gaixsena wiTeli ruseTis imperiis mTavarma ide-ologma suslovma, is werda _ `qarTvelebs Cven unda ga-vuRvivoT kuTxur eTnikuri grZnobebi da regionebis mixed-viT davapirispiroT erTmaneTs, amasTanave qarTvelebi mec-nierulad unda davarwmunoT rom isini sxvadasxva qveynidanCamosaxlebuli sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi arian~.

suslovi Semdgom politbiuros Tavis moxsenebaSi ac-nobda, rom es meTodi esaWiroebodaT qarTvelebis sru-li asimilaciisaTvis da garusebisaTvis, maTi saqarTvelo-dan gaZevebisaTvis.

`mecnierulad~ darwmuneba qarTvelebisa, rom saqarTve-los sxvadasxva kuTxeebs aqvT sxvadasxva erovnuli war-momavloba ar iyo Semoqmedeba piradad suslovisa da arcruseTis komunisturi partiisa, es ideologia jer kidevXIX saukuneSi hqondaT rusebs saqarTveloSi damkvidreb-isas, amis Sesaxeb srulebiT gaxsnilad da pirdapir werdaerT-erTi rusi didmoxele korneli borozdini TavismogonebebSi, romelic gamoaqveyna XIX saukunis 60-ianwlebSi, suslovamde asi wliT adre.

ruseTis imperiam mas Semdeg rac gaauqma qarTuli sax-elmwifoebrioba Seudga dapyrobili qveynis marTvas rusimoxeleebis xeliT, romelTac centridan agzavnida, XIXsaukunis 50-ian wlebSi aRiarebda samegrelos da svane-

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Tis samTavros suverenitets, magram ukve ganzraxuliqonda maTi gauqmeba. ruseTs surda ise warmoeCina sam-TavroTa gauqmebis suraTi, rom TiTqosda mTavrebi Tvi-Tonve iTxovdnen samTavros gauqmebas an da TiTqos Tvi-Ton am samTavroTa daCagruli mosaxleoba ruseTs Txov-da gaeTavisuflebina moZalade mTavris mmarTvelobisa-gan, es iyo winaswardasaxuli, mizanmimarTuli gegma, rom-lis aRsasruleblad imperia mTavrebis karze agzavnidaTavis agentebs, romlebic sando pirebi xdebodnen Tvi-Ton mTavrebisaTvis, aseTi misiiT gaigzavna korneli bo-rozdini samegrelos dedofal ekaterinesTan 1854 wels.k. borozdini msaxurobda kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis sam-marTveloSi, ekaterines uxdeboda xSiri miwer-mowerarusul centrebTan, rusul enaze da miwer-moweris sawar-moeblad da aseve ekaterines Svilebis rusuli enis mas-wavleblad da aRmzrdelad korneli borozdinma SeaRwiadedoflis karze, sabolood, man da misma msgavsma rusmamoxeleebma SeZles ekaterines gaZeveba samegrelodan daamasTanave sxvadasxva ukadrisi qmedebebiT mis ojaxs did-Zali qoneba CamoarTves.

korneli borozdini Zalze sainteresod gadmocemsTavis wignSi, . . , - 1854-1861 . samegrelosa da svaneTis yofasXIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi.

borozdinis wigni Targmna Tedo saxokiam, romelicgamosca saxelmwifo gamomcemlobam 1934 wels.

rogorc iTqva, suslovi (cekas mdivani), 1961 wels,werda: `qarTvelebi Cvengan Zlier gansxvavdebian. adre Tugvian isini saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs daa-yeneben da Tavisuflebas moiTxoven. maTTan brZola unda

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daviwyoT afxazeTidan. afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos,svaneTs, aWarasa da sxva kuTxeebs unda mivceT damoukide-bloba. maTSi cal-calke unda gavaRvivoT kuTxur-erovnu-li grZnoba. dasavleTi unda davupirispiroT aRmosavleTs.amis Semdeg maT Soris momrigeblis roli unda SevasruloT.paralelurad qarTvelebi mecnierulad unda davarwmunoT,rom sxvadasxva qveynidan Camosaxlebuli, sxvadasxva eriswarmomadgenlebi arian, rac maTi saqarTvelos teritorii-dan sabolood gaZevebis saSualebas mogvcems. qarTvelebisanaxevrod likvidirebulni da asimilirebulni unda gav-xadoT... da Tu mogvecema saSualeba, mTlianad movaxdinoTmaTi likvidacia...~ (J. kvali, 2014, gv. 169). suslovis esideebi ar iyo axali da originaluri, mas isini aRebulihqonda rusuli imperiuli sistemidan, romelic sauku-niT adrec gamoiyeneboda.

ruseTis imperiis politikuri sistema aRmosavleTSik. borozdinis sityviT Semdegi iyo:

rusi saxelmwifo moxele borozdini imperiis politi-kis Sesaxeb wers _ `Cven, asimilaciis principiT vxelmZRva-nelobT~ _ anu yovel dapyrobil ers eloda asimilaciaanu garuseba, risTvisac gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva meTo-di am eris daSla-danawevrebis, erovnuli mTlianobisada TviTSemecnebis damcrobisaTvis.

magram evropis sxva imperiebi sxvagvarad iqceodnen.magaliTad, britaneTi ar ereoda indoeTis saSinao saqmeeb-Si da mxolod gadasaxadebiT kmayofildeboda, maSasadame,indoeTis xalxebs britanelebSi asimilacia ar emuqrebo-da da isini inarCunebdnen erovnul TviTmyofadobas. amisSesaxeb borozdini wers:

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`inglisi, gulmodgineT hzrunavs imisTvis, rom TavisindoeTis samflobeloSi daicvas status quo da xeli araxlos mis Sinaurs politikur wes-wyobilebas, rajebisa-gan inglisi Txoulobs mxolod wesierad Semotanas sak-maod did da gansazRvrul Tanxisas fuladi gadasaxadissaxiT, xolo mis Sinaur saqmeebSi garevas erideba. ingli-sis rezidenti yovel avtonomiur samflobeloSi rajeb-is despotizms Tavis farglebSi aCerebs xolme. roca ro-melime am rajaTagani usazomo fufunebas gamoekideba,gzebs upatronod da mouvlelad daagdebs da, dasasrul,Tavis qveSevrdomTa sicocxlesa da saxels abuCad agde-bas dauwyebs, rezidenti oficiozurad gaafrTxilebs, daTu am gafrTxilebam ar gasWra, ukve ufro arsebiTsRonisZiebas mihmarTavs: rajas moakleben im pativsa daupiratesobas, romelic miniWebuli aqvs mTavrobisagan,saxeldobr: mis gamovlis dros zarbaznebs aRar gaisvri-an, da rogorc viciT, am zarbaznebis gasroliT ganizome-ba mdgomareoba da gavlena yovel mTavrisa; roca esec argasWris, srulebiT CamoarTmeven uflebas kanonier me-mkvidris sasargeblod, da Tu memkvidre ara hyavs _ misiufleba gadava inglisis mTavrobis mier arCeul pirze.ingliss sistemad aqvs SemoRebuli avtonomiis SinaurssaqmeebSi ar Caerios, magram Cven asimilaciis principiTvxelmZRvanelobT~ (k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi,1934, gv. 148).

k. borozdini daufaravad aRiarebs ruseTis imperiisprincips dapyrobili eris mimarT, Cven asimilaciis prin-cipiT vxelmZRvanelobT, siamayiT werda is da daufara-vad ganacxada ruseTis imperiis principi dapyrobili xal-xebis garusebisa.

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`ruseTis imperiis mTavroba afxazeTSi Zvels principsmisdevda _ divide et impera (daanawile da ibatone)~ (k.borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi, gv. 179).

marTalia, sabWoTa periodSi bevrs werdnen, rom saqar-Tvelo ruseTs TiTqosda nebayoflobiT SeuerTda, ma-gram rusi moxele k. borozdini pirdapir uwodebs amasdapyrobas da wers, rom mefis nacval bariatinskis eva-leboda kavkasiis `saboloo dapyroba~, is wers:

`bariatinskis aseTis momzadebis wyalobiT, voronco-vis mier ganzraxulis da bariatinskis mier mkafiod SeT-visebulis grandiozulis planis ganxorcieleba kavkasi-is sabolood dapyrobisa seriozulad iyo uzrunvelyo-fili~ (k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi, gv. 191).

borozdini axorcielebda ruseTis imperiis gegmas,romelic erTi saukunis Semdeg ufro mkveTrad gamoTqvasuslovma, ` saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi, samegreloSi, svaneTSi,aWarasa da sxva kuTxeebSi, werda suslovi, Cven calcalkeunda gavaRvivoT kuTxur-erovnuli grZnoba, am kuTxeTaqarTvelebi mecnierulad unda davarwmunoT, rom isinisxvadasxva qveynidan Camosaxlebuli, sxvadasxva eris war-momadgenlebi arian, rac maTi saqarTvelos teritoriidansabolood gaZevebis saSualebas mogvcems...~ (J. kvali, 2014,#1, 2, gv. 169).

rusuli imperiuli gegma dapyrobili eris sxvadasxvatomebad da socialur jgufebad daSlisa da Semdgom maTSiCanergva da `mecnieruli~ meTodiT darwmuneba, rom isinisxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi arian, muSaobda jerkidev XIX saukuneSi da is, rogorc Cans, pirvelad gamoi-yena rusma moxelem k. borozdinma Tavisi mmarTvelobisdros samegreloSi, is amis Sesaxeb kidevac wers, rom misi

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mizani iyo samegrelos sazogadoeba daeyo fenebad da daen-erga Tvalsazrisi, rom TiTqosda maRali fena ganekuTv-neboda sxva eTnoss da dabali fena ki sxvas, saboloo mi-zani ki iyo am regionis erTiani qarTuli sxeulidan Ca-moSoreba, Tavisi TeoriiT is qarTizaciis Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad gvesaxeba, borozdini wers:

`am mdgomareobaSi movuswariT Cven samegrelos maRalwodebas, Cveni naTqvami sruliad sakmarisia imisTvis, romkacma sTqvas, es wodeba feodaluris wes-wyobilebis naS-Tiao. es klasi umeteswilad gamosula qarTvelTa tomisa-gan, odesRac Seadgenda erTs mTlians samxedro Zalas, rom-lis saTaveSi idga mTavari Tavis naTesavebTan (batoniS-vilebTan) erTad, xolo maT eqvemdebareboden rCeulni mxe-darni, romelnic Sesdgeboden Tavadebisa da xelqveiTebi-sagan, iaraRis mtareblebisagan _ aznaurebisagan. roca mxa-re daipyro da Tavis sakuTrebad gaxada, mTavarma uwyalobaTaviss meomrebs xalxiT dasaxlebuli miwebi. es xalxi sulsxva toms ekuTvnoda, aqedan gaCnda ori klasi. maRali dadabali klasi. es ori klasi rom sxvadasxva tomisaa, amasgviCvenebs is gan sxvaveba, qarTulsa da megrul kilokavsSoris rom aris. qarTulad laparakobda maRali wodeba,xolo megrulad _ dabali wodeba; droTa ganmavlobaSieseni SesamCnevad airivnen erTmaneTSi. magram Cems dro-sac iyo samegreloSi mTa adgilebis soflebi, sadac mar-to qarTulis codniT kaci verasfers gaawyobda. glexsgvarovnobiTi saxeli erqva `margali~ anu megreli da esimas gviCvenebda, rom swored megrelSi unda gveZebna nam-dvili adgilobrivi mkvidri, romelic daipyro mosul qar-TvelTa tomma, da es meomruli, feodaluri wes-wyobile-ba dids xans iyo am mxareSi, sanam es ukanaskneli damoukide-

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belis cxovrebiTa scxovrobda~ (k. borozdini, samegre-lo da svaneTi, gv. 257).

k. borozdini Tavis SeniSvnaSi aRniSnavs:`imis garCeva, Tu ramdenad marTalia Cveni mosazreba,

migvindvia momaval filologebisaTvis. jer ki, ramdenadacCven viciT, aravin Sesdgomia seriozulad Seeswavla sada-vo sakiTxi qarTul da megrul dialektebs Soris arsebulgansxvavebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa samoswavlo uwyebamsamegrelos saxalxo skolebSi swavleba qarTul enaze Semo-iRo. es ena ki xalxs naklebad esmis. ormocdaaTian wlebSi,pativcemuli dekanozi daviT maWavariani, romelsac didixani ucxovria samurzayanoSi megrelebs Soris, da romel-sac es ena zedmiwevniT Seuswavlia, im daskvnamde mivida, rommegruli qarTulisagan srulebiT gansxvavdeba da am enazesaxarebac sTargmna; magram es Sroma ar dabeWdila, radganqarTuli samRvdeloeba didi winaaRmdegi gauxda da daa-jera saqarTvelos ekzarxosi, romelic, rogorc rusi, amsaqmisa xami iyo, rom mama d. maWavarianma saxareba sTargmnaqarTul damaxinjebul kilokavze da rom calke, damoukide-beli megruli dialekti srulebiT ar arsebobso. es saqmesamudamod arqivSi moeqca, xolo samurzayanos skolebSiqarTulad daiwyes swavleba; qarTuli ki gaugebari iyo xal-xisTvis da amitom megrelisaTvis zedmet bargs warmoadgen-da, megrels sWiroda Tavisi samSoblo kilokavi da rusu-li~ (k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi, gv. 258).

sinamdvileSi, rogorc TviT borozdini Tavis wignSiambobs, samegreloSi qarTuli enis codna aucilebeli iyopiradad misTvis da saerTod rusuli administraciisTvis,amitomac man sagangebod Seiswavla samegreloSi TavisimuSaobis dros qarTuli ena, rom is ar moetyuebinaT sasa-

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marTlo da sxva procesebis dros, amis Sesaxeb mas TavisiTeoriac ki aqvs Camoyalibebuli, is wers: `samegreloSirusis moxele uwinares yovlisa darwmunebuli unda iyosrom misi Tarjimani patiosani da sandoa, da Tu es Tvise-ba aklia Tarjimans, yovel nabijze unda moelodes mo-tyuebas, da yovel nabijze unda inanos Tavisi moqmedeba.eSmaki da amasTan urcxvi Tarjimani TeTrs Savad moaCvenebsenis ucodinar moxeles da es miT ufro savalalo iqnebarac ufro didi Tanamdeboba uWiravs moxeles. qarTuliena ukve imdenad mesmoda, rom motyuebis ar meSinoda...~(k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi, 1934, gv. 229).

aqedanac Cans, rom rusi moxeleebisaTvis samegreloSiaucilebeli iyo qarTuli enis codna, miTumetes, rom isiniTiTqosda glexebs aTavisuflebdnen batonymobis uRl-isagan da mWidro urTierTobebis damyarebas cdilobd-nen glexebTan, meore momentsac aRwers borozdini, rocarusuli xelmZRvaneloba sagangebod Sexvda samegreloSiajanyebul glexebs, maSinac maT glexebTan urTierTobi-saTvis qarTuli ena gamoiyenes, borozdini xatovnad aR-wers am ambavs: ` merve versze generali Sedga erT gorakze,romelzedac zugdidis gza gadadioda, da mis win gadaiS-ala farTo mindori da dainaxa mravalricxovani brboglexebisa, romelnic samxedro wesze dabanakebuliyvnen.Tamamad SeiZleboda Tqma, rom sul aTiaTas kacamde iqne-boda; glexebi dids sivrceze iyvnen gaSlilni da boSebisuSvelebel urdos mogagonebdaT. qoxebi, saxeldaxelofarRalala fardulebi, urmebi, danTebuli cecxli, cxe-nebi, Zroxebi, cxvrebi, dedakacebi, mamakacebi, naxevrad-SiSveli bavSvebi _ yvelaferi erTi-meoreSi areuliyo dametad Wrels sanaxaobas warmoadgenda... generali, Tavis

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winaSe xedavda Tavis xalxis dundgos, Tavze xelaRebuls,da ar icoda, es dundgo rasa hfiqrobda, gulSi ra edo...generalma cxens dezebi hkra da sul miuaxlovda. xalxigaCerda, aman cxens sadave moswia da xmamaRla SesZaxa _moixadeT qudebi da daiCoqeT! (Tqva rusulad) ... rocaraf. erisTavma misi naTqvami xmamaRla gadaTargmna qarTu-lad, xalxis dundgom im wamsve moixada qudebi da daiCo-qa~ (k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi, 1934, gv. 113).aqedanac Cans, rom samegreloSi glexobas, miTumetes misyvelaze farTo da dabal fenebs imJamad saerTod ar es-moda rusuli, magram qarTulad miRebuli brZaneba maS-inve Seasrules da brZanebis Sesabamisad moiqcnen, daiCo-qes rusi generlis win, sinamdvileSi rusebs swored amismiRweva, xalxis daCoqeba da damoneba surdaT.

Tavis wignis yvela adgilas, borozdini Sekrebil glex-obas brbos uwodebs, romlebic ifantebodnen rus yazax-ebis danaxvisas (iqve, gv. 119, 155), magaliTad, aRwers erTaseT ambavs, Tu rogor dasajes glexebis aseTi brbo dawers, vubrZane Cems oficers Tarjimani daexmarebina daxalxis mwkrividan gamoeyvana yoveli mecxre kaci da ocda-xuTjer wkneli daertyaT, gawkepvlis Semdeg waeyvanaTsatusaRoSi (iqve, gv. 157). yovelgvari legitimuri ufleb-is gareSe aseTi ZaladobiT SeiWra rusuli xelisuflebasamegreloSi, Zalaufleba CamoarTves kanonier mmarTvels,samegrelos dedofals ekaterines da amasTan ukadrisisxvadasxva xerxebiT mTavris ojaxi gaaRatakes kidec, Sem-deg ki samTavro CamoarTves. samegrelo ruseTis impe-rias miuerTes, yovelive amas xatovnad aRwers borozdi-ni Tavis wignSi. iqve amatebs borozdini, rom glexebi masrom ar damorCilebodnen maSin bevr maTgans cimbiri ar

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ascdeboda (iqve, gv. 158), anu yvela am glexs daapatim-rebdnen da gaacimbirebdnen. erTgan aRwers, magaliTad,Tu rogor aujanyda TviTon glexebi rusebs da sapasu-xod rusebis qmedeba aseTi iyo: generalma `n. kolubia-kinma swrafad iRonisZia windawinve am ganzraxvis winaaR-mdeg, waiyvana erTi rota saxazo batalionisa da aseuliyazaxrusebisa da zanisaken gaemarTa, mTaze, Zvelebur ci-xeSi Causxdnen meamboxeni da pirvelad imaT astexes sro-la, roca momavali jari dainaxes; maSin yazaxrusebi Sei-Wrnen cixeSi. ahkafes TxuTmetiod kaci, imdenive dasWres,ris Semdeg danarCeni mawanwalebi kurdRelebiviT gaifant-nen. daiWires 50-mde kaci~ (iqve, gv. 159).

ivane Ciqovanis monawileoba am saqmeSi aRmoCenil iqm-na daiWires da dauyovnebliv gadaasaxles samegrelodanq. tambovSi sacxovreblad. (k. borozdini, samegrelo dasvaneTi, 1934, gv. 159).

daskvna:

lamberti da borozdini aRwerda erTsa da imave qveya-nas - samegrelos. pirveli Tavis Txzulebas iwyebs samegre-los wm. bibliasTan dakavSirebiT (noesTan da kacobrio-bis pirvelsacxovrisTan), xolo meore (borozdini), TavisnaSroms iwyebs banqo-kartis saTamaSo oTaxis aRweriT,sadac erTerTi moTamaSe _ somexi vaWari rCevas aZlevssamegreloSi mmarTvelad mivlinebul meore moTamaSes,rusis generals, Tu rogor unda daimorCilos mis xel-qveS Seyvanili mosaxleoba arapatiosani meTodebiT, Se-sabamisad, samegrelos mosaxleobisa da xalxis is zne-Cveulebebi romelic aRafrTovanebda arqanjelo lamber-

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tis, piriqiT, borozdinisTvis srulebiT miuRebeli aR-moCnda.

magaliTad, lamberti siyvaruliT aRwers samegrelossamTavro kars, mis saqmianobas, xolo borozdins zizRsgvris mTavris erTguli moxeleebi (k. borozdini, samegre-lo da svaneTi, 1934, gv. 42), amgvaradve aRwers borozdi-ni samegrelos mosaxleobis yvela fenas, Tavadebs, azn-aurebsa da glexobas. misi mizani iyo rogorme gaeuqmebi-na samegrelos samTavro, risTvisac mTavris xelisuflebisdasusteba da mTavris samegrelodan ruseTSi gadasaxle-ba iyo saWiro. mTavris dasasusteblad cdilobda Tavade-bisa da aznaurebis gadabirebas, magram adgilobrivi sam-marTvelo xelisufleba imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, romman es ver SeZlo, Semdeg gadawyvita samegrelos glexobagamoeyenebina miznis misaRwevad, marTlac, rogorc Ta-vadve aRniSnavs, rusulma xelisuflebam SeZlo utu mi-qavasa da sxva glexebis e.w. ajanyebis organizeba, amasTanaveSeZlo samegrelos socialuri fenebis erTmaneTze sa-mkvdro-sasicocxlod gadakideba, mizansac miaRwia, sam-Tavro xelisufleba gaauqma, ekaterine dadianis umdi-dresi samTavro ojaxi ki ulukmapurod datova, rasacTviTon kmayofilebiT aRwers Tavis wignSi.

Tavadaznaurebisa da glexebis dasapirispireblad, manSeTxza Teoria, TiTqosda isini sxvadasxva warmoSobis eT-nosebi iyvnen da enobrivadac ki gansxvavdebodnen erT-maneTisagan. iqamde Tuki miiCneoda, rom isini erT enazesaubrobdnen, oRond maRali fena am enis gramatikul,daxvewil Zvelebur formas inarCunebda, xolo glexobaamave enis gaxalxurebul variants xmarobda, borozdinmaSecvala es warmodgena.

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Tu lambertis TqmiT `qarTuli ena warmoadgenda sa-megrelos xalxisaTvis Zvel da wminda enas~, romelic gamo-iyeneboda RvTismsaxurebaSi, ganaTlebaSi, urTierTobisada saerTod kulturaSi, borozdinisaTvis qarTuli enagaredan Semotanili ena iyo. ` dayavi da ibatones~ am impe-riuli ideiT borozdinma erT-erTma pirvelma CauyarasafuZveli qarTizaciis Teorias, romlis mixedviTac qar-Tveli eri sxvadasxva warmoSobis tomebis konglomeratswarmoadgenda da am sxvadasxva tomebs is samegrelos Sig-niTac eZebda.

misi suliskveTeba ar warmoadgenda erTaderT SemTx-vevas ruseTis imperiaSi. qarTvel xalxs imperiam yvelazeudidesi monapovari _ saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesiisavtokefalia waarTva, magram, borozdinisa da sxva msgav-si moxele-general-ideologebis mcdelobaTa miuxedavadXIX s-is II naxevridan qarTvelobam daiwyo swrafi konso-lidacia-gamTlianeba, is ruseTis imperiaSive TvaldaTvalnaciad yalibdeboda, gamoRviZebuli nacia ki erovnulisaxelmwifosa da eklesiis gaTavisuflebas moiTxovda. amisaRsakveTad imperiam saqmeSi CarTo borozdinis msgavsipirebi, magaliTad peterburgis universitetis profesoriq. patkanovi, ` misi Segirdi n. mari~ (rogorc ilia uwodebda)da sxvani, maTi Teoria TiTqmis igivea, rac borozdinisa,mas saerTod `qarTizaciis Teoria~ ewodeba.

SemdegSi, ukve XX s-is 60-ian wlebSi, am Teoriis qme-diTi saxe kargad gadmoca komunisturi partiis lidermasuslovma Tavis 1961 wlis direqtivaSi:

`unda avamuSaoT ruseTis gadarCenis gegma, romelicsxvadasxva respublikaSi sxvadasxvanairi iqneba. SoreulaRmosavleTSi momsaxure Cvens generlebs unda mivceT

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cxovrebis normaluri saSualeba. maT CasasaxlebladgvWirdeba Savi zRvis sanapiro teritoria, sadac, rogorcmogexsenebaT qarTvelebi saxloben. unda gaviTvaliswi-noT, rom qarTvelebi Cvengan Zlier gansxvavdebian. adreTu gvian isini saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs daa-yeneben da Tavisuflebas moiTxoven. maTTan brZola undadaviwyoT afxazeTidan.

afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos, svaneTs, aWarasa da sxvakuTxeebs unda mivceT damoukidebloba. maTSi cal-calkeunda gavaRvivoT kuTxur-erovnuli grZnoba. dasavleTi un-da davupirispiroT aRmosavleTs. amis Semdeg maT Sorismomrigeblis roli unda SevasruloT. paralelurad qar-Tvelebi mecnierulad unda davarwmunoT, rom sxvadasxvaqveynidan Camosaxlebuli, sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenle-bi arian, rac saqarTvelos teritoriidan maTi saboloodgaZevebis saSualebas mogvcems. qarTvelebi sanaxevrodlikvidirebulni da asimilirebulni unda gavxadoT... daTu mogvecema saSualeba, mTlianad movaxdinoT maTi likvi-dacia...~ (J. kvali, 2014, #1-2, gv. 169).

ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis oku-pacias safuZveli XIX saukuneSive Caeyara borozdinisada misi msgavsi mravali saimperio pirebis mier.

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sarCevi

arqanjelo lamberti levan II dadianisa dasamegrelos Sesaxeb ...............................................................................................3daskvna ....................................................................................................................... 29

korneli borozdinis mogonebani ` samegreloda svaneTi 1854-1861 wlebSi~ .......................................................................... 33daskvna ....................................................................................................................... 42

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kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa T. revaziSvilis

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

ed

gadaeca warmoebas 10.09.2014. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 18.12.2014.

qaRaldis zoma 70X100 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 38,5. tiraJi 100

egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli ` teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77