ΚΔΑΥ ΛΕΣΒΟΥ
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Transcript of ΚΔΑΥ ΛΕΣΒΟΥ
-
-
:
-
:
.
: .
2005
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1
1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2 - 1.2.1 () 1.3 1.3.1 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.2.1 1.4.2.2 1.5
2
2.1 - 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.3 2.1.4 2.1.5
3
- 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 "-" 3.2.1.3 - (PAY-BACK CENTERS) 3.2.1.4
1
-
3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.4 3.5 - 3.5.1
4 -
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 - 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 - 4.6 - 4.7 - RUSHCLIFFE (EAST MIDLANDS-UK) 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.10.1 4.11
5 (...)
5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 - 5.1.3 5.1.4 . 3010/2002 5.1.5
2
-
5.2 0 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 - 5.2.4 5.2.5 - 5.2.6 ... 5.2.7 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.1.2 5.3.1.3 - 5.3.2 5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2
5.3.2.2 ): .... 5.3.2.2 ): ... 5.3.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.1.1 5.4.1.2 - 5.4.1.3 - 5.4.1.4 - 5.4.2 - 5.5 5.5.1
5.5.2 (....)
5.5.3
: :
3
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-
.
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.
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..
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,
,
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(social cost)
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,
()
Rushcliffe
(East Midlands-UK).
. .
(...),
.
(....) -
, (
114218/1997). ,
6
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, 40
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7
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1
1.1
,
, .
. ()
,
.
.
,
,
.
, 60%
, ,
1992,
.1
.
,
,
. ,
8
-
(social cost) .
.
.
, :
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,
, "" ,
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1.1.1
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. 3
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/
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10
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1: () 2
11
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. 1
1.1.2
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()
,
. (N1650)4
.
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;
(, , ),
( , ),
(.. ),
(..
).2
,
.
. ' ,
12
-
20% .
( 2)
, , ..
() . '
,
. 2
2: 1
13
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1.2 -
,
,
. ,
,
. .
,
(.. , , , )
, ,
..
,
.
,
.
,
.2
,
: 90%, 80%, 50%, 25%.
. , , 55%
, 40-45% , 30-35%, 25%, 17%
5%.9
. ,
, .
,
:
()
(
)
,
.
14
-
;
(NSWA)5 , :
1.
2. ,
3. ,
4.
5. .
,
(on-site recycling)
,
(off-site recycling).
, ,
. ,
management,
, ,
.
15
-
3:
.5
1.2.1 ()
(), 10 :
1.
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
2.
. ,
.
, ,
, .
3. , , -
-
,
.
4.
marketing management marketing research.
(communication mix)
(marketing mix),
(backward distribution channel),
.
5.
, ,
" " (design for
recycling).
6. ,
(eco-labelling).
7. :
,
( , )
16
-
(data bases).
8. , ,
,
9.
(product
life-cycle assessment studies).
10.
,
.
. 5
,
:
(design for recycling - , , -
-,
)
( )
management ( , -backward distribution channels-).
, :
( , , )
( )
( ).
, ,
, , .5
17
-
1.3
,
(fullcost to society).
, ,
.
.
:
1. , ,
,
.
2. :
, ,
( ),
/ .
3. ,
.
4. ,
.
.
5. ,
.
- ,
, (..
).
, . ,
,
(greenhouse gases)
.
- ,
, ,
18
-
.
.1
1.3.1
, .
(
). , ,
. , , ,
,
.
..
,
. , ,
.
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
" "
,
.
(
), (
).
, ,
4.
(MCp)
(MCs). ,
.
.
19
-
,
(OxQp) (OyQp) ( )
,
, '. '
,
OxQs ( ) ()
OyQs (
). ,
.1
4 : :
1
20
-
1.4
1.4.1
, ,
1984-85 "" ....
( ....) .
,
, , ...,
, ... .
, .
(.. ......)
'70, '80, 8 ,
(
), .
, (
),
.
, .... . ,
'80 :
. (,
).
. -
,
.
- 1991.
2 , ,
,
(compost), scrap (refuse derived fuel,
R.D.F.).
:
R.D.F. : 30.47%
: 29.80%
: 9.85%
21
-
: 29.88%
100.00%
, :
.
,
.
, ,
.
R.D.F. .
.
'80 ,
, .
80 8-10
3,2 /
, 2,5 / 5,2 / .
.....
. .
...... .
(drop-off containers), .
: , ,
,
( ), "".
1985 1986. 1987
1992 (, , , . ,
1991 . ), .
:
, , ,
,
,
1992 , ,
. ,
, , .
22
-
'80
, (
), (
1991,
......), (
).6
1.4.2
1.4.2.1
T 2003 ,
, 2939/01 ,
. ,
,
, (, ,
, , , ), ,
, , , . ,
31/12/2005, () 50%
, 25%-45%, 15%
(, , , ). , 2004,
94/62/ ,
, 31/12/2011, 60%
, 55-80%, 60%
.. , 60% .. , 50% .. 22,5% .. , 15%
.. . 7
, (2939) :
, ,
, ,
,
, / ,
, ,
,
23
-
, ,
,
, . 4
2939/2001 ,
,
, ,
, ().
1.4.2.2
(.... ..)
. .... (
) , 50
( ,
,
, 2939/2001). -
71,4% (
) ,
28,6% .
9/12/2001 ,
.... .. .
.... .. .... - ,
.
. 8 2939/01 ( 172/6-8-2001)
... :
(
) ) 8
, 106453/20-02-2003 ,
(-
24
-
), , ,
.
,
, , , , ,
, .
, .
,
,
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,
.
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...
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2001, 2939/01
.
94/62.4
.
:
1. , (, , , , ).
....
.... ( ) ..., (
), ,
,
25
-
, , ... .
.... ....,
, ...
. 1994
.
2. . ....
, ,
.
. ....
,
.
3. . ....
....,
,
. 1999
. ()7
:
1. :
()
.
. 130.000 .
, 4.500 .
1.000.000.
2. :
. 58.000
.
2005
130.000 .
1.800
. 90% 2.000
.
3. (- ):
( ) .
200.000 . ,
7.600 .
3.000.000.
26
-
4. : 60.000
.
5. : &
.
100.000 . ,
3.400 .
2.000.000.
6. :
.
. 130.000 .
, 4.400
. 1.000.000.
7. :
()
.
. 225.000
. ,
7.000 . 3.000.000.
8. :
/ () .
250.000 .
.
, 2 .
( ) . ,
2006. ,
, ,
(.. , , )
27
-
1.5
. ,
( .
..
).
, , -
, -,
.
.9
.10
:
/
9 ,
.
. 1989
8% .
.
, , 1975,
. .
.
.
,
28
-
. To Recycling City (
) - Kardiff, Dandy,
Sheffild. Devon " ".
.
. .
""
, , , .
. WASTE WATCH
,
. "
" 1990
.
.
.
,
. ,
(, , , ).
, .
"
"
. To TRASH (Transorder Registration and Accounting System for
Special and Household Waste)
,
.
, .
.
.
.
PET
PEPSI Co.
.
(Plastic Returnable Bottle) 1,5 lit
PEPSI Co.
.
. , 108 gr
29
-
25 . 900 gr
10 .
.
( 1975). ,
" ".
1979 ,
.
.
70%,
15%
.
.
. .
.
25 500 .
25%.
90% 1998.
30% '
. 1991 80.000 PVC.
.
.
, . ,
, . 272
6,8 3,2 .
12%
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
, ....
30
-
1: 11
,
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(15 ) : : : : : : :
17.00 4.00 6.00 3.00 4.00 : 40.00
8.00 0.50 7.80 4.00 2.00 18.00 61.00
20.00 : 5.00 4.00 2.00 : 22.00
26.96 : : : : 14.61 51.23
: : : : : : :
18.00 4.00 10.00 3.00 3.00 : 11.00
18.50 3.70 11.70 7.60 4.10 48.90 5.50
25.00 3.00 11.00 13.00 4.00 : 15.00
33.20 2.00 10.40 6.00 2.80 : 21.70
: : : : : : :
27.17 6.09 11.30 1.21 9.10 37.82 7.31
14.00 3.00 7.00 8.00 4.00 : 16.00
20.00 1.00 7.50 7.50 2.00 50.00 13.00
: : : : : : :
13.70 3.50 11.10 2.50 1.80 40.70 26.70
14.28 4.61 10.35 3.70 4.15 59.64 3.27
28.00 2.00 6.00 7.00 3.00 40.00 11.00
23.40 2.50 9.60 7.10 6.60 23.00 20.70
: : : : : : :
23.70 3.40 11.10 5.60 2.37 35.88 17.96
15.00 : 10.00 5.00 7.00 32.00 31.00
13.00 3.00 7.00 8.00 3.00 : 31.00
40.00 2.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 33.00 5.00
: : : : 2.00 : :
.
32.00 2.00 11.00 9.00 8.00 21.00 17.00
31
-
8.68 3.25 8.81 5.25 2.25 : 31.88
16.00 6.00 11.00 6.00 5.00 49.00 7.00
6.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 64.00 23.00
36.00 4.00 9.00 3.00 4.00 30.00 14.00
28.00 3.00 14.00 3.00 3.00 28.00 21.00
2: ( )
, .... 11
(15 ) : : : : 102131.12
: : : : :
432.90 2.00 398.00 4.20 2000.00
680.00 560.00 2090.00 : 297.00
13025.00 7325.00 31.00 10796.00 12174.00
15.31 11.08 0.47 0.49 402.96
375.00 32.00 : : 4233.11
2956.00 2746.00 1488.00 : 15707.00
3769.00 4145.00 8905.00 1465.00 13890.00
271.00 17.00 : : 2070.52
2595.00 2209.04 2554.43 107.30 19705.10
: - - - 450.00
13.68 16.30 27.23 0.02 910.73
- - - : 1000.00
0.88 40.53 123.12 - 59.99
OY 67.29 47.00 288.07 : 3906.54
1.20 31.20 : : 184.71
2113.00 2386.00 3227.00 : 830.00
1129.00 1818.00 481.00 : 1478.00
115.70 215.00 : 36.00 10142.00
347.00 275.00 930.00 : 3410.00
87.27 11.30 - 0.00 699.20
36.91 39.31 91.30 65.15 1192.41
: : 280.00 : 1540.00
1130.00 390.00 1500.00 : 880.00
. 4294.00 : 2555.00 - 27846.00
: : : : 3188.20
32
-
112.00 : 433.00 432.00 923.00
170.00 : : : 6695.00
: 218.08 - : 24471.09
19.00 3.00 7.00 3.00 168.00
963.00 224.50 784.00 - 918.00
1497.00 641.00 2300.00 - 990.00
2
2.1 -
"" (, ,
, ), (, ,
).
:
(1)
(2) ( / , , )
.
33
-
,
, .
(
) ,
, ,
, .
/
.
3
,
.12
3:
12
(1989)
-
85
,
,
11
, 8
,
,
30
,
80
34
-
,
(
)
:
;
;
;
;
, .
()
.
, , . 13
2.1.1
(cellulose) .
, , .
.
,
.
2500 3000 ..
,
paper.
105 .. ,
14 .
1690. ,
: , ,
.12
: (1)
(2) .
.
. .
35
-
: , ,
(), .
:
( , gr/m2,, ,
, , , , , , )
( , , , )
( , , , )14
.
.
. ,
,
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
wastepaper (). , wastepaper .12
, , ;
(, , ). ,
.
, .14
,
.
12 1970 22 1990.
.
, , ,
, . ,
.
:
, :
.
,
36
-
.
, ,
.
, , . 13
:
: ( )
: , , ,
,
: , ,
: (.. , ), RDF 13
: , , ,
. :
: , , , ,
: , . ,
: , : ,
, ,
, , .
.
, ,
, ,
.
, (Paper Stock Institute of merica
49 31 wastepaper
( PS - 86). 12
: ,
. ,
. 5
37
-
160 . ,
95% . ' 75 .
, 30 .
, . 5
60%
40% ( 1980-1989 ,
,
30%). 10 17
7,000 .
0,65 - 0,70 ,
, 3,000m3 . 5
, 40%, 20
. .
200,000 , 600-
650,000 , 31-33%, 95,000
230 .KWh .
(26%), (31%) (34%).5
,
.
8
, , ,
( , .).
( )
.
,
.
() , ,
.
.
.
:
1. .
2. ,
, .
3.
.
4.
.
38
-
5. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
(- ).
.. 24000
.14
22% 1970
33% 1990,
21 . 12
,
.
,
( ) ( ,
, , , ).13
2.1.2
.
, , ,
, ,
.
.
6000 5000 .,
16 . ,
.
1902 1905,
. ,
. ,
.
39
-
: ,
.
, , .
. ,
, , .
. , ,
.
.
.
, -
.
, 0,5%.
: ,
, ( )
. ,
2600F. ,
. :
,
. ,
.
, , .
,
.
. ,
, .
( )
.
.
. .
10% (
). .
. 10%
.
30%
.
. ,
40
-
.
( ). 8 100%.12
15%,
25 30%.
50% . 12
.
. ,
.
41
-
1:
.15
, (, .)
,
. ,
.
42
-
, ,
, .
,
. 14
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
, 30
. ,
20%
80%,
50%. 5
, 125,000 ,
25.000 , 50,000.
, 100,000m3,
600 .
:
(, ,
), .
,
43
-
1980-1988
, ,
, ,
(refutable, returnable bottles).
,
. 5
2.1.3
2.1.3.1
: ( ,
, ), ,
( ).
, .
, , .
,
.
3 7%.
. .
(
).
. 12
,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, .
( ).
5-10%
44
-
.
. 12
( ) (
) , .
.
.
.
2.1.3.2
(, , , ...),
, ( , , , ),
- (, , , , )
.13
2.1.3.3
() 8%
.
. ,
.
1825. 1886
.
.
.
,
35 30%
.5
,
. :
,
5%
45
-
, 95%
scrap .
51000 Kwh
, 2000 Kwh
.
.14
' ,
,
.
,
(MRFs). ,
.
, , 1991 Alcan
Warrington . 3
.
1990, 5,23 .
, 1,65 .( 31,5%) ().
,
50%, ,
25%. 65%,
63% 42%. 5
() 1986
.
, , ,
,
.
, 22 .
1986, 165 . 1991. 1990
8,000 , 4,000 27,6
. KWh . ,
, . 5
.
, .
.
. .
, ( ), , .
, , , .
46
-
: (1)
(2) .
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
, .
.
()
.
60. ,
.
,
.
.
4 .
53 1972 1930
1990. 1990
64%.12
,
.
.
, .
4: ( U.S. EPA.) 12
47
-
""
1972 53 1.2 15.4 1980 609 14.8 37.3 1985 1245 33.1 51.0 1989 1688 49.4 60.8 1990 1934 54.9 63.6
, , , .
,
.
2.1.4
. , ,
, ,
.
6 Ib (' ) 1960
50 Ib '90.
100 ,
. 12
,
, .
. :
.
.
80%
.
,
' .
48
-
,
, ,
.
5 8%. ,
12%. 80%
, 20%
.
14
.12
, , 300,000
, , ,
10% .
. ,
,
.
1991 350 . . 20
, .
, 100 . , 1/4
.
40 , 7% .
1990, 9%
, 25% 1995.
- 3-4%.
, , 300,000 ,
, , 10%
. 5
. 13
"" Polyethylene terephthalate 1
, .
,
49
-
, , ,
"HDPE" Highdensity polyethylene 2
, , .
.
"VC " Polyvinil Chloride 3
, .
( Cl ), , ,
, , , ,
"LDPE" Low density polyethylene 4
.
"PP" Polypropylene 5
, .
, , ,
"PS" Polystyrene 6
, , ,
"Others" Other resins 7
, ,
50
-
5:
, .
.5
PET (2-L ), HOPE (
),, . PET
HOPE
.
PET
,
() , ,
. HOPE
, , ,
.
.
, ,
.
. VC, ,
,
.
, ,
( ).
:
(biodegradable)
(photodegradable) , - ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
, (labelling & coding)
51
-
,
.
5.
2.1.5
:
,
.6 ,
.
.
( ).
( - ). , , 8
(, , ). . -,
.13
(, , ). .
,
, . 6
. . 5 lt. 20 gr. .
,
,
100000m3 . .
, ,
, , ,
. ,
. .. 5 lt.
5000 m2. ,
.
,
, , . -
.
,
52
-
,
.
. 14
, , ,
, ,
.
, (16000
rubberized roadway). ,
, ,
.
.13
.
, , .
53
-
3
-
()
.
.
,
. ,
(..,
, , )
, . 12
3.1
, ,
.
.
. (, , , .).
, .
54
-
.
, / ,
.
,
. .
, .
/
.
""
"" . , '
. "" ""
.., .
/ ,
.
. 12
2:
. 12 ( courtesy of Kotrac)
55
-
3.1.1
PVC. 1100 lt
.
( ) .
, .
, ,
. ,
.
1-5m3
, , ,
,
. , VC
,
.
2-3,5 m3.
2000 800 kgr .
- 3 m3,
PVC.
:
, ,
. , .
.
7-35 m3. ,
.
Witten Ruhr (100000 .)
.
(,
, ), .
, . 14
56
-
3: ( )12
57
-
4: .
( ) (
35l) . ,
,
, .7
3.2
3.2.1
:
1.
(drop-off centers)
2. "-" (curbside collection)
3. (pay-back centers)
4. 5
3.2.1.1.
.
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