: & , 10 & 11 2007 2008 () - CtP - . - . .. 570 01 - .. 320.: 2310 466 776 - Fax: 2310 466 699ISBN 978-960-98687-0-9 1.1.: : & () : & , 10 & 11 2007 : 2008 () 7 : : 11 29 37 : 55 : - 69- - 79 : 95 : 103 117 123 - 137 - - - 145 : 165 - 185 -. - , ,-, , ., - , . - -, - ( - , - ), . - , . , -, , , , . , . -, - .7 10 11 2007 --() : . , - . , .- , - - . ... , 20088 11.- : H : - -. : - , ., , , -1.- (2006-2007) (). 1. , - , , , (Kiper & Mischke, 2006: 76). : 11 : - , - .- - . , , , , - . - . - , , . . ,- - - - . . ,, , .- , .,, (- ), , : , , . 12 , , , , . -, -. ( ), ., , . 2. - . , , -, ,, ,,, , , . -, , , , - (,2004:78-79).- , , - , - , -, , - - - , 2.2. - , . , 2007.13, ,, -. - - . , , ,, , , , - . -,,- , , .,,- (Auernheimer,1995: 7). , , , ,.-, , , , - . -. , , , , , - . -, , 14 3. , -, ., () , - (Roth, 2000: 13). -, , , -, ( , , ) .3. 3.1 , , - . --,, , -, , , ,. 3. Gogolin Krger-Potratz, - , - , , - . , (Go-golin & Krger-Potratz, 2006: 171). 15, , , , - , - . , , , , , -. . - - , , ( , - ). - , , - (, 2007: 4-5). 3.2 - , - , :1.K,-4. 4. - 3.2.1.16 (Roth, 2000: 30-32, Hernndez, 2001: 206-212). , , -,- , - . , - . , , , , . ,- (Auernheimer, 1995: 194-202, Brown & Kysilka, 2002: 110-111). , - (.. , - ). 2. , - , : , - , .,-,,, , - . , . 3. , - , -,-17., ,- -, . , - , . ,-,, . , , . , ,,.: , , . 4. , , -. , - , , , , ( 2007: 3-4).3.2.1 - - , . , -, 185., , . : , , , . - , - - -. , , . - , , . , , . , - -. , - , , , .--,- , . - . , , (.. -5. - . , , - ,,, - .19) ( , , -, , ). , 6 (Hernndez, 2001: 249-293).3.2.2 -,. - , . - , . , -, . , - , , , , (, 2005: 314-343), . , ( , , ).,-,, . , 6. , . , , . - . , -, , .... Hernndez (Hernndez, 2001: 213).20 , . , -,, - , - . , - . , , , , , , , .. , , . , . - , . - . , , -. , , , , ., - , 7. 7. , , ,,- , , , -, . (Hernndez, 2001: 310). - Coelho (Coelho, 2007: 410-412).21 , ., - , , , . , - ., , , 8. - , -, , -, (Irvine & Armento, 2001: 9). -, - . , , (-, , , , , , .), ., , 8. -, , , -, ( ), - , , . , , , , (,, ) (Coelho, 2007: 410-412).,, -., , . , - , , , , . (Hernndez, 2001: 314-315).22 . , -, -. , , ( ), . 3.2.3 - -- . - - , - . , , : 1. - . - .,- - , - (Irvine & Armento, 2001: 15). 2. , , , , - . , - . -, , , ., ,,, , . , 23, . , - , . , , , , -. 3. . 4. - . , - , , - . 5. , , -, , , , - . , , . - , , , 9.6.-9. , , , . , , ,. , .,,, . , , ( ),.-,, , ... . , , (Irvine & Armento, 2001: 29).24 10. , - , , ,- . , , ., , , , , . , (Irvine & Armento, 2001: 20-23)11. , - .4. ,- , . , ,- , ., , , - ,-: . 10. , - , . H. Altrichter, P. Posch, & B. Somekh, 2001.11.- , . Tiedt & Tiedt, 2006, 117-124 Hollins, 2006, 278-291.25 . -, -.,,, ,. , ,, ( ), - , , - , (Roth, 2000: 16). , -, , , . , , ,-. , , - (Ledoux / Leemann & Leiprecht,2001:177-178).,,- , - , , - , .Altrichter,Herbert/Posch,Peter/Somekh,Bridget(2001),-: , . . , : .Auernheimer,Georg(1995),Einfhrungindieinterkulturelle Erziehung, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Brown,Susan/Kysilka,Marcella(2002),ApplyingMulticulturaland GlobalConceptsintheClassroomandBeyond,Bostonetal: Allyn and Bacon.Coelho, Elisabeth. (2007), 26, . . . / . , . -, : .Gogolin,Ingrid&MarianneKrger-Potratz(2006),Einfhrungindie InterkulturellePdagogik,Opladen&FarmingtonHills:Verlag Barbara Budrich.Hernndez, Hilda (2001), Multicultural Education. A Teachers Guide to Linking Context, Process and Content, New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.Hollins, Etta (2006), , . , : .Irvine,Jacqueline/Armento,Beverly(2001),CulturallyResponsive Teaching. Lesson planning for Elementary and Middle Grades, Boston et al: Mc Graw Hill.Kiper, Hanna/Mischke, Wolfgang (2006), Einfhrung in die Theorie des Unterrichts, Weinheim und Basel: Beltz., . (2004), : , : (.) -, 1 , 75-83.,.(2007),-.: . - . ..., 18-19/5/2007.Ledoux, Guuske/Leemann, Yvonne/Leiprecht, Rudolf (2001), Von kul-turalistischenzupluriformenAnstzen.Ergebnissedesniederln-dischen Forschungsprojekts Interkulturelles Lernen in der Klasse, in: Auernheimer, Georg/van Dick, Rolf/Petzel, Thomas/ Wagner, Ul-rich (Hrsg.), Interkulturalitt im Arbeitsfeld Schule. Empirische Un-tersuchungen ber Lehrer und Schler, Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 178-195., (2005), . - , : . , (2007), : , , . 9, 79-106.Roth,HansJoachim(2000),AllgemeineDidaktik,in:Reich,Hans/Holzbrecher,Alfred/Roth,HansJoachim(Hrsg.),Fachdidaktik interkulturell. Ein Handbuch, Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 11-53.Tiedt,Pamela&Iris Tiedt(2006),,. , : .27 - . --, -, - , - . ,-(, episteme)(,phronesis) , - (Kessels & Korthagen, 1996). - , -, (Altrichter .., 2001). - -- , , , , (Carr& Kemmis, 1997). 29H-Dewey(1933), (refective action) - (practitioners) (inquiry oriented) -: -, (, 2001: 48-50). ,Zeichner(1996) , , -, -(informedpractice)-. , , - 19331945, -, (McNiff, 1988: 19). Carr & Kemmis (1997: 215 ..), - , . , - , , (Hitchcock & Hughes 1998:31-32). - (McNiff 1988:26) o - , -,, (Corey 1949/1988: 63-64, lliott 1978: 121). , - , , . - , : (-,,.)-30, (Grundy & Kemmis 1981/1988: 322). : , , - (Elliott 1978:121-122, Grundy & Kemmis 1981/ 1988:322). -:, , - , , , (Cohen & Manion 1997:262, Altrichter 2001: 22,118). , - , . :1), , . - . - , -, , . - (Kemmis 1991).2)(Carr&Kemmis1997:241). (,,, ) . -,- , ,,(Elliott1978:121-122, Collin & Kemmis 1985/1993:17).3) E - , - .- 31, -. -, .4) - , . , -,, (discourse) , - (Grundy & Kemmis 1981/1988:328-329). , (Kemmis 1994:44). ,- . , - , -. , - , . , - , . , ( -), , - (Cohen & Manion 1997:262-263). , , - , . , Stenhouse (Carr & Kemmis 1997:37,&2003:126..). - - , -, (McNiff 1988:25-26). - 32 . , , , , (Grundy & Kemmis 1981/1988:329, Kemmis & McTaggart 19883). - - . -., , (self-refection)., . , , - . - , - . , , . (Grundy & Kemmis 1981/1988:323-329). , , . - - : 1) .2) , , , .3) , - .334) , (Dana & Silva, 2003: 5-6). 2006-2007 - - . - ,- . , , . : .-( Altrichteretal., ). . -(.., , , ). - , - - . , . . --:, , -.34 , . . -, , , --., , (Crowther et. al., 2001: 1-9, , 2005). -, . (2007), - . , , ., . (2001), -, , . . / . (2003), . , , ., . (2005), , , .Altrichter H. / P. Posch / B. Somekh (2001), : , . . , , .Carr, W. / S. Kemmis (1997), , . . -, . & . -, -, .Cohen,L./L.Manion(1997),, . . / . , ,.Corey,S.(1949/1988),Actionresearch,fundamentalresearchand educationalpractices,:KemmisS./R.McTaggart,Theaction research reader, Victoria, Deakin University Press, 63-65.Crowther,J./.Hamilton/L.Tett(2001),Powerfulliteracies:an introduction,:Crowther,J./M.Hamilton/L.Tett,(eds), Powerful Literacies, Leicester, NIACE, 1-9.Dana,N.F./D.Y.Silva(2003),TheRefectiveEducatorsGuideto 35ClassroomResearch.LearningtoTeachandteachingtoLearn Through Practitioner Inquiry, Thousand Oaks, Corwin Press.Elliott,J.(1978),Whatisactionresearchinschools?,:Kemmis, S./R.McTaggart,Theactionresearchreader,Victoria,Deakin University Press, 121-122Grundy,S./S.Kemmis(1988[1981]),Educationalactionresearchin Australia: the state of the art (an overview), : Kemmis S. & R. McTaggart, The action research reader, Victoria: Deakin University Press, 321-335. Hitchcock,G./D.Hughes(1998),Researchandtheteacher:a qualitativeintroductiontoschool-basedresearch,London, Routledge.Kemmis,S./R.McTaggart(19822),Theactionresearchplanner, Victoria, Deakin University Press.Kemmis, S. / R. McTaggart (19883), The action research reader, Victoria, Deakin University Press.Kemmis,S.(1991),Improvingeducationthroughactionresearch, :Zuber-Skerritt,O.(ed.),Actionresearchforchangeand development. Aldershot, Avebury, 57-75.Kemmis, S. (1994), Action research, : Husn, T. / N.T. Postlethwaite (eds),TheInternationalEncyclopediaofEducation,Oxford, Pergamon, 42-48.Kessels, J. P. A. M. / F.A.J. Korthagen (1996), The relationship between theoryandpractice:Backto theclassics, Educational Researcher, 25, 3: 17-22.McNiff, J., (1988), Action research: principles and practice, London: MacMillan.Zeichner.(1996),Teachersasrefectivepractitionersandthe democratization of school reform, : Zeichner, K. / S. Melnick / M. I. Gomez (eds), Currents of reform in preservice teacher education, New York, Teacher College Press, 199-214. 36H , - . , ( ..: 27-86). - - , . ; , - , (Kesidou 2004). , , ( 2005), (&-37 2005: 58) , - , ( 2000). , : - - . , , - 2006-07. (- & 2003: 50-56). - :1.-., -. , ,-. - , , (-1998,2002:101-107,2005:103-115, Frankenstein 2007). 2. - . - : , , , . , - 38 , - ( 2002). 3. , , . , -: , - , , ,, (phantom student) (Good & Brophy 2000: 348-9, De Vecci 2000: 182). 4. - - . , , - -, (Kougl 1977).,, - . :I., , . , , , - , , - ( 2005: 305).II. (, -,), - , ( 1987). 39III. - - -. , , , (, -, , -, ,-,-) (Gardner1983). - - , .IV. , , , , (Bruner 1961: 78-88, 2004). V. , , , - (, , ..). ,- , ,, ,, (Kougl 1977: 137-158, De Vecci 2000: 71-93). , - , , , , , - (UNESCO 2002). -, , 40 - , - , -. - , - , - . , (1997:57-64), , , , (Kougl 1977, 1997). :1. 2. (project)3. 4. - 5. - 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. : Synectics12. () (brain storming)13. , : .- , -. 41,, . , . -,,,-,,, . :, , ,, (, .., ) - (, , , , .) , , ,, . , , , .. , - , -..(Kougl1977,1987,Meyer1987,Pont1996, 2000). - , ,, ..(2005:314-336). ,- . - , , - .. : , , , ..42 .,- , (as if), (Kougl 1977: 262-266). ,-. , . , - : , , , , , - , , . , , , , -,, , , - - , , . - ( : empathy). , , .- ( , , ..), , - , (Joyce & Weil 1986: 239-257, 2000). : - : - , , . , ,, (, , , -..)(2001). 43 , , - , : .. , , - (.. ). , (Kress & Van Leeuwen 1996, ress 2004). , -. -. , , (- & - 2005: 39-41). , , , , -, -(2002,2003, 2005, 2007). , , -, - . , , - - . , 44 . , (- 1991) - ( 1999), - (Kress & Van Leeuwen 1996) ( 2003) (. . 1: ). :, ,,.. - - (Coelho 2007: 528). , , /-, - , , - , , , , .. ( 2007). , - (, , , ..) , . .2: :-,-.:-, . :- ; ()45- - : - - . 3: , : (3,5 7,8 .) 1937, ( ). : , 2000 . , - . : - ; - . ;- . ; - ; - ;- -;-; - ;- ;. 4: UNICEF: : - . . : - - - (. . ).5:(- ) : -46.-() . : - ; - - , - . -; - -; ( ) - ;- ;- : . ;. 6: Unicef ( ) : . . : - ( ). - -. - . - . . 7: , :. , , , , . :- ; ()- . ; ; ;- ; ; ( )47- . ; (-)-(. - )- , , - ; - . - . . 8: : . 2005 : 9 1945. , - . , - (, . 223): : . . (hibakusha:- , , ). , -,( 2005). :- . ; ; -; ; ;- ; ; ;- ( -); , , , ; (. : ) ( 2003)- ; ; - ; ; () 48- . ; ; - ; - ; ; ; - ; ; ; - ; (Demand picture, Kress 1996) ()- - : , (-, )-:! ; ( , ) ,,- , -, , . , - - (Siegler 2002: 331- 350), - , (Coelho2007: 410- 412) - , ( 2007, 2005). - ( . 1998), , - ,, - . , (Carr & Kemmis 2002) - . 49Bruner, J. (1961), H . . . . , Carr W. & Kemmis S. (2002)4, . -, . M. . - , . & . - . , Coelho,.(2007),-. , De Vecci, G. (2000), , . . . -. , Frankenstein, M. (2007), Quantative form in arguments. . -&., .,, ,177- 198. Gardner,H.(1983),FramesofMind:theTheoryofMultiple Intelligencies. N. York, Basic Books Good, T. L. / Brophy, J. E. (2000)8, Looking in classrooms. New York, LongmanJoyceB./WeilM.(1986)3,ModelsofTeaching.London:Prentice- Hall Kesidou, . (2004), Intercultural Education: Main Aims and Practices, In N. P. erzis (Ed. ), Intercultural Education in the Balkan Countries. EducationandPedagogyinBalkanCountries4(pp.97-105), Thessaloniki, Kyriakidis. Kougl, K. (1977), Communicating in the Classroom. Illinois, Waveland PressKress, G. / Van Leeuwen, Th. (1996), Reading Images: the Grammar of Visual Design, London, RKP. Kress, G. (2004), Literacy in the New Media Age. Oxon, Routledge.Massialas, B. (2002), Creativity in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning throughdiscovery,::-.,18-20 1998, , . 121- 141. , . Meyer, E. (1987), . . , . Pont, T. (1996), Developing Effective Training Skills. A practical guide to designing and delivering group training, London, McGraw- Hill. Siegler, R. S. (2002), . . . , . . , , Gutenberg50UNESCO (2002), , . - 21 Jacques Delors. .: , : Gutenberg. . (2004), . -. : . : , . . (2005), . , 7. 8. 2005, . 6-7,.(2005),- . . - (.), , . 119- 129. : cannot not design. ,.(1997),. . : Gutenberg . & , . (2003), . - . : ,.(2001), . :- . , 30. 03- 01. 04. 2001, . 438-446. ,.(2004),-: ,- 12, . 93-103, . (2007), -: . . & . -(.), /. , , . . . . , - , - , . 196-223. : University Studio Press, . (2007), . - . . & . , . , . 109- 125. -: ,.(2007),.-: 51, . & , . (2005), . . (.), . (. 44- 62). : . , . (1997), 2, . : ,..(1987), (). (. .) ., , . & , . (2004), - . . - . : (www. TheatroEdu. gr, . 26. 11. 2007) - , . (1991), . -: Gutenberg. ,.(1998),. . : Gutenberg- , . & , . (2005), -,.:.-- (.), (. 37- 50). : cannot not design. ,.(2000),.: ,..(2002)2,. . . -- . : Gutenberg. , . (2003), . : -2 - , . , , 9- 11 2003, 402- 410. ,.(2005),. . : , . & , . (2003). -. , . -: , . (2000), . -, ., , . , , . (.). -(.21-36). : . 52, . (2003), . - . . : . . . . - ( . 26.11.2007). ....-(2004). ( : ). : . [ - o o: , . 37-39]. , . (2002), - : -.: .,18-20- 1998, . : , . 13-45, . (. .), Curriculum. - . : ,.(2005), : , . : . & . (.), - , . 35- 52. : ,.(1999),-. 1 (1), 115-118. 53 - ... . , ... , , , . 2 , . , , - . 3 . 30 5 . 30 8 (27%) 3 2 . ( . ) : . cd player. ( ). : , . 55 : - . : . .( , -)..,. ,-. ( , - . . ). 1 8. 10.O B . , . ! . . - ; . - ; . . - , . - . 190 , . -, . ; . ()- (. ). : ... ( ), -... , . , , - - 56- - . ... . : , . : - :- - :( , . ). - . - . - ( -, ). . . , ( , - , ) , . ( ).,...-. : 1. . (. , 1999, 50)2. ( , ) : - 57- : ; ; : - - - -(, ) - - - . 3. ( ) : K ; - . , . -... ; : ... ... . . . Michel: . Michel . . . (. 2005, . 232), . ., , . , - (. 2005, . 241 242). : ; (-58, ). - . . , , . : :Invisiblechildren; ; : , , . . . - - - . , . ;; ; ; ;: , . (.. , ;) . . ., . ,, . : . . .- . , , . 59,30 . 2 feedback, . , , . (. . , , , ). , - . : - - (-) : . . , . , , . , , . . ( , ). . ( ) , . .. . . ( - )60 . 100%. , , . . . : ; ( -). . . . ( ). ; ( - ). ; ( ). ; ( ). ; ; ( -;) . , . : ;:-. ,(., 1994, . 44); . . 2 : ; . . , . ( ) 9 9 - . , -, , , , . . 61 :- , . - - - , . . . , To,( 100%).- 3 33. - . - ( , ) (. , 1999, . 51). . - - - - . . , . - . : , ( ) ; ( . , , ). : . :62 . , . , . ( ). -, -, , . - ( ,- , ). - - . (. , 2006, . 20). , , . - . , . ,, , . . . . 63643 . . : . , . - . (-,,-, (. - . , 1998, . 54)). :: . : 8 . : . ( ( . , 2001 . , . 19)). . ., ( ) . - . - (. , 2005, . 242); , . -, , ,(.. , , Michel ). , - : - , , , . .-, . 65 . : (.. ), (.. ), (.. -). , (. , 2001, . 23); ; ( 7 ), - : - . - ... , . AltrichterH.,PoschP.&SomeckB.(2001),(.). . . : . . . . () (2004) - ... . : - . . . . (1995). : -. 57. . . () (1999) -. : . . (2003). . -. . : . . (2006). ( ). . (1993). . : . 66. , . (1998). . : . .,2004.:. : (. ). - . 1 , . 75 83.. (2005) . . - . : . A..(2005).,.. : . . (1999). . . http://www. unicef. gr/symbs. php ( 2/12/2007)http://www. unicef. gr/reports/alko/street. php( 2/12/2007) ( ) LYRA - ().:. . .(.38,61),.(.68,101),. (. 8), . (. 72), . (. 100), . (. 79),. (. 56)67 1990 . , , . 1. - . 2. - -, . -, . 3. , . ,, -, . ,-69 :

. 2006- 2007 - . -&- (). 1. : . ,-. . - 1990, -- . . -(.2007,Koutsogiannis 2007) , 14- 16 - , .- - ( - ), ( 2003: 25-26). , , , . : 70 - 14- 16 -(&, 2007). -, -, (Heath 1983, Halliday, 2007). ,,- , - . . - ()-. , - , , - . . : - , . ,- . . . , , . . - () - , . -, . 711.1 , , - ( ) - , - , , . , - . , NewLiteracy Studies (Gee 2006), - , . , ,/- , , , - . , - , (Gee,1996). ( ) - , Heath (1983), ways with words and ways of taking , - . 1970 ( . Adger, 2001:507- 510). , ., ,- . -,-, 72 . , , - , , -. ,, . : - - , ,- / . - , -, -. (Lankshear& Knobel, 2003), . -, , (Social constructivism)., (Vygotsky,1978). . - , - - . , - , -., . . 731.2 , . , : - , , , . , - . , , , , , . - , - . , ,, : , , , , . ,, (-, .), . - (Hodge & Kress 1988) - , (Halliday2007). , , , - - . ,. , register (Halliday 2007), - . - , - . 74 , . 1.3 . - , (NCTE, 2007). - - , - , (. Baker, 2000, Cummins, 2003). , /, - .,-/ , , . 2. - , , . , - . - , -, . - . . 752.1 . , ,(-, , , .) (Fullan 1991, 1993). 2.2 -, , / / / -. - , : ,- (, 2005, Tsokalidou, 2005) -- -. : (, 2007). , , . - , . 76 -(Wenger1998),, - . / . , , / / . , . , - , . , - . Adger,C.(2001).DiscourseinEducationalSettings.InSchiffrin,D., Tannen,D.andHamilton,H.(eds).TheHandbookofDiscourse Analysis (504- 517). Oxford: Blackwell. Baker,C.(2000).Thecareandeducationofyoungbilinguals.An introduction for professionals. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Cummins, J. (2003). - (.. ), . . ), : Gutenberg. Fullan, M. (1991). The New Meaning of Educational Change. London: Cassell Educational Limited. Fullan,M.(1993).ChangeForcesProbingtheDepthsofEducational Reform. The Falmer Press. Gee, J. (1996) Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses (2nd ed. ). London and Bristol: Taylor and Francis. Halliday, M. A. K. (2007) [1991]. Language and Education: v. 9 (Collected WorksofM.A.K.Halliday).NewYork:ContinuumInternational Publishing Group LtdHeath,S.(1983).Wayswithwords.New York.CambridgeUniversity Press. Hodge, R. & Kress, G. (1988). Social semiotics. Cambridge: Polity Press. 77Koutsogiannis,D.(2007).APoliticalMulti-layeredApproachto researchingChildrensDigitalLiteracyPractices.Languageand Education, 21 (3): 216- 231. ,.(2007). ().[www.greek- language. gr]. ,.(2007).--. . [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/studies/ict/education/educators/index. ht, . . (2007). : . -: : ; , 1- 2 -. Lankshear,C.andKnobel,M.(2003).Newliteracies.Changing KnowledgeandClassroomLearning.OpenUniversityPress: Buckingham- Philadelphia. NCTE (2007). Supporting linguistically and culturally Diverse Learners in English education. (http://ncte. org/groups/cee/positions/122892. htm). Accessed 19. 7. 2007. Tsokalidou,R.(2005)RaisingbilingualawarenessinGreekprimary schools.InternationalJournalofBilingualEducationand Bilingualism, 8, 1, 48- 61. ,.(2005). 3/2005, 37- 50. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher mental processes (M. Cole, V. John- Steiner, S. Scribner and E. Souberman, Eds). Cambridge, M. A. : Harvard University Press. Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice. Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 78 : - , . , , . 50 , , - , . - , . , , . , ,-. - , , - 79 , , , - , .,, . . -.- , ., 33. 23. , , , 6 2 . -., - . , -. , - , , . 8 10 1 2 , . , , - . , , ; : ; 80 ; , , -; - . - , - , , . , - . - , . . - ; , , , -.,, .,. , - , , , -. , , . , , -: . , , , , , . :, 81 - (- ) . - , , . , - , - , ,. , -, - . , , ,5, ,- . 5 , 3 , , , -, , - . . 30 . , . - . . .-82, , . - , . , , - . . 6 . . , , . - , . , , , . , - . - . , -. 3 ., , , , -, , - ( ) (-). , , 83 - . , , ,. - , . . , ... 10 - . -. , -, . , , . , - - , - . -. , , - , , , , - . . , : , - , . - , , -, . , , , , . 84 , . , . - - . , - -, . . -. , - . :,, . . -, . , . -. , ., , , ., . 85 - . 90% - , . , , , . , . , , - . . ( )- . , ,, .,- . - , . ( ). :) . . ) -, , . ) - . - . -,. -86 . , , , . , , , ; , . . -, -, . , -,. , -. -. , , . , . - . , , .- , . , - , , , ,,.. . -, . 87- . -, , - , , ., . ., , -. . , -,. -, , . , . , - . , , , . - . , , -. , -. , - . , , 88. , . . , . , - , , , . . , -, . - . , ., . ., cd -, . . , - . ., . -, , -. .,- , . , . . -89 , . . - - . -., , . . ,., ,,, , . ,-,.- (, ) . , - - . ,,, - , ,, ,- -. 90 1 2 1 - 14. 14 . - . 2 -., , - 14 . . . . . - , . . - , . . () , . 91 21. E - : ) A , , ,, , , . ) - . ) -,,,. ) K , ,, , . , - .T- , . O .. , - -, . H .. -H 95, I . , ,- , , . , ,-19 20 . M , UNESCO, ( .. A, , N, ) KI. UNESCO , ,150 . T , . . . 20 , -, : ) - (. . , -).,, , . ) B , - - , , , , . ) K 1980 - , - - 96.-:- , , .. , , - . )1990-B.K- . -, , -,,- B. , , , . , , , - . , , - . E , , , , , . 2. , 1970 , A . , , - (, ) , - 97. , 1992,KB-E,T- A . , . - , , , M I (A, B, E, M T). T . , . - . , , . . M . , , , , . , , . O , - 1980 1990, - : ) H .:T-E-, B- E (B, , K), :-,-.) O , - , - 98 . ) , . (, ,,,).)- , -, , -. ) , . , - , , , . , , . B .H- - , , . E - , ,. , , . -, . 3. O - , - , , , :), 99,- .) , - . ) K - - , (..,,) ( ). K - ( , , - .) , . -, -,,- . , . . K - - . . T . - , , , -.M , -100 E E - . T - (), . . O -,- , - , OEB , I. Fritzsche, K- P.: T , : E, 17/1992, . 173-181. Hpken,W. (Hrsg. ): l ins Feuer? Oil on Fire? Schulbcher, ethnische StereotypenundGewaltinSdosteuropa.Textbooks,Ethnic Stereotypes and Violence in South- Eastern Europe, Hannover 1996: Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung. I, A. & . T: H I-,:M, 10/ 2002, . 39- 50. K, A. & . X: . , A 1995: M. K,A./K.M/A.(.):H-/,A 2000: T - . . M B A: - , / 1995: A K. -, 18- 20/ 10/ 2001, : M, 10/ 2002. . 3-112. ,.&. T:KB E, / 2000. Xochellis, . & F. Toloudi: The image of the other/neighbour in the school textbooks of the balkan countries, Athens 2001: T- . . 1011. , , - . , (2002), : 1.- 2007. ,, , -.- , 1990 . , . , , - (), , - . , - , , - . , .103 1: -,- 2. - , , - - . , 3 - , , 4, - , 5. -, -, , ,:) ) 6. - . 16.2 - . , , 2....., (.....) (...) , 2002, . 1, . 3.3. . . ... , . ., . 5-9. 4. , . 8.5. , . 3. , . , . 3, 5. - - . . . & . , , 10/2002, . 61.6. , . 5.104, 7. , ,, - 8. , , , -, 9. . 2. -- , , . : ) , 10, - , ) -, , , - . 7. , . 9.8. , . 7.9.. . . . . . -, (. . . . . ) (...), 2002, . 288- 297.10.- -, , , , , - .105 , , , - . ,, 11 , - - - , ,12- , , -. .,- , , - , () (). , 13, . 11. - . - , /- : , . , . . , 2005, . 166- 193 177- 179 183.- . . . (. ), .,, 2003, . 34 38.12. . . 179.13. ,.:D.Goleman,, . . , 1998.106 -14. - -, 15. 3. 163.1 , - , -, , . : : (2003). : (2003). : (2003). : (2003). : (2003). 14. (), (). - - . 15. . . . . , . ., . 3., http://www. eduportal. gr http://psychognosia. blogspot. com16. - - (). : -, , . - . . . . -..,:- (), . . . 2007, . 6-8. ( , ). 107 : (2003). : (2003). . (2003). . (2003). : : (... ) 3.2 :) , , 17. - , : . , , - . - - . 17., (project 7), 1980. . , - - . , , , , 16 (1989), . 75- 87. - , ,23/10/199512-13/3/1997.., . - , (. . ), 1999, . 45- 53. . , - . , 2002. . , .- - , 2004, . 99- 106. . , . 2201, . . . , 2004- 2005. . , . , 2005, . 220- 232. . , 1944- 1952: , , . . . 26- 28 2006, 2007, . 2, . 640. . , , (. . ), 2007, . 126- 129. . , , - (, - ), . . . 2007, . 6-7.108, , , o . ,- . - -, . , -,- . ) , , -,-., , , . - , .- . ) , , - , : 1. /1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10./10. . ) . 109,- 18, , - , :1. , . 2. -, -. , -, , . - , , 19. 4. 4.1 - . - - . . -18.2723353.5-. : (2003) - . . , , . 10.19. - . . , . ., . 240-258.110 . 1. : . , , . , , . , , - . , , ,, .(, , 32): , - , . - . 2. : , , , . -. ;( , (2), 90) . ; ; ( , (2), 10) ; ; ( , (1), . 80) : , . -, , . 1114.2 , - , . . , - . , - , . . : - 1.: - , . - . . , . - ; - 2-3 1-2 . . , -. . - ; - , : 78-84, - 82-81. . , . . - ; - 112; . ;(, , . 28): - :) , . : . ). . . : - . . ) ; - ; . ;:-, , . , - ( ) - . 2.: ; ; ; ; ;(, . 31): , , - , , , - . 113: 1.: , . .- . , , . . - , , -, . , , . (, , . 34): -- , -. , -, , ) ) . : - 1. : 114, ,;, 2500 . (, , . 24): - - . - . - - . 115 - - , - , , . . , - . -, . , , - . , , - ( 1997): ) ( , - , , ), ) (, , , -, , , ) ) 117 ( , , ,,- . . ). , - . , - . () - , , , , (,,..). , - , , . , , - , : , , . , , -,,- . , , . -, , : / (.. -, ..) ( , ) 118 // , - - . 1 - . , , . ; ; ( , 1, .80) , . - , , . ,- , ( ; ;). , . , , - , -, , .2 . ; ; ( , 2, 10)119 , , - . . . , , . , , , - . , , : , . , - , , . - .3 . , , - . , , . , -, . , - , , , (, , 32) . () - , . , -120 . , . - , , , - . . , . , ., , ., , ., , ., -, . , . ( ) ,:- - - (). , M. (1997) - . - - . : Gutenberg. 121 -, , . . , . , --.- : - - , , , , . : , - . -. ( 80 ) ,, 123 ,, - . , , , - . . , , .,, , , . . . , -, . ... (Laing, 1969: 81- 82). . - , - - . : ; - ; - , , . - , (, 1996, itley, 1982, Cummins, 1999, Fishman, 1991), , - . , , 80 , . 2000 , - , : ,124 , , , , , . (... 303/13-03-2003), -, , , - . -. , - - (.., . 3733). , -[] , , (.., . 3735). , , : . , ",-''" ". , , - [] , , , (.., . 3796). 125, , - , 1. , . , :. , . , -, . -, : , , ;., , : -, - -;, 2.. - . , . -. . . -., 1. , ., ., , . (2006) - , : .2. . (2001: 94) - , , , , - , . 126 . 8 : , , . . (1976), -, :,, , , . . (1939), - , - , . . (1937), . . , - (2000), - . . - 60 (1989), , 60. , -, , , , . , 4 : . (1925), - . (1779), - . 127 6 :., - , : , ( !). ( ,1998): , , . "" . : ' ("), . , 12 -: " " (1995): - , -, . , - . . " " (1995), , . , - , , - : 1 ( . ), -(1855)-128, , , . 5 ( ), . (1997) , -, , . , 7 ( ), - (1988) , . : - , - , , , , , - , - , , "", , - , - . , -, . , , . , , , , -.,- , 129-, , 3. . , -, . , , [] [] , , , (. . . . 129-30), . , , . , - , -, , . , - , - . , , , - . ,, . . , - , , 3. , , . -(imagology) , (. . : , . 417 [ ], 2001, . 107).130 , . , ( [ ] - ), - , , , , . ,, . - , , , . ,(.. , , , , -, . . ) . , - , - , ,. , , - , , . , , , 4, - - . . . ,-,.. :(),-(), 4. , - - , . R. Scholes, H , . . , , Gutenberg, 2005.131(, ), () .. - , .. , - , -, , - , , , , , , , - ( . -), ( . ), - , ( . ). , , -, , . , - , . , -132 , , , . , ,- , - - . , - , , . , , (, , - ), . . (. 130), , . (. 134). . ,-,, .- : (. 49), , (. 88), (. 107), : (. 47), (. 48),(. 92), (. 93),(. 94),133 (. 97), (. 97), (. 99), (. 99), (. 100), - (. 102), , '60 (. 107), (. 105), , ( ) -- (. 105),-- (. 151). , - ,, , - , , - . , , . , . (2001), , , ( ), . 417, , . 92-95. 134, . (2001), . , : . , . (1996), , : . , . (1997), . , - : , . Cummins,J.(1999),,., . , : Gutenberg. E. (1999). Unesco, (.). , . (), : Gutenberg. , . (1997), - , : Gutenberg. Fishman, J. A. (1991), Reversing Language Sift, Clevedon: Multiligual Matters. Fortin, J. (1998), -...,.(.) (. 93- 115), - . : . Foucault,M.(2002),,.-, ., : . Gardner, R. C. / LAMBERT, W. E. (1972), Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning, Rowley, MA: Newbury House. ,.(2002),:- HIRSH, E. D. (1987), Cultural literacy: What every American needs to know, Boston: Houghton Miffin Co. Lambert, W. E. (1974), Culture and languages as factors in learning and education, ABOUD, F. E. /MEADE R. D. (eds), Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon. Laing,R.D.,(1969),SelfandOthers.Harmondsworth,England: Penguin Books. Wragg, E. C. (2003), , . , : . , . 20- 21 2000, . . , . 74- 82. ,.(1997), , : . , ./, . (1999), ;, -: Gutenberg. ,..(1991),, . ., , : . 135OMalley, J. M. /Pierce, L. V. , (1996), Authentic assessment for English languagelearners:PracticalApproachesfortheK-12classroom. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley. , . (1996), . - : , . , . (2001), : ( ), . 417, . 107- 112. Scholes, R. (2005), H , . . , , Gutenberg. Titley,B.(1982)MultikulturelleErziehung.Konkurrierende Interpretationen und ihre Folgerungen, SWIFT, J. Bilinguale und multikulturelle Erziehung, Wurzburg. ,./,.(.), , : . , . (1996), , , : - , /: . , . / , . (1997), ; - - , : . ,.(1996), :;,:- , /: . 136- , . - - , , , . , -, , , : ) , ) , , ., , . - , -, , , , . -137 - , , , . - :. : , , , ., , - , , , , . : -, , -, , -. : , -, ,-, , , , , - . - , : : , - , , -138 ... , -,, , , - , . , , , - , . -. , (.. , )(.. - ). , , , . , -,,,.., . , . - ,. -,Eroica, (..,2006), , - 215: , - . , , , , 153 - , Kuro Siwo 193. , , - , , . 139 : - - , , , - , , . , - . , , ., , . , - . . - . ,(.,2006), ., . , , , -, . , ,(.,2006). . - (, 1992),,,-., . , . - . , - 74 , - 140 / / []- , . - . : - , - , , - . , -, . , (, .,2006). - : ) - , ):- , , -. ; (. 60) . ( .., 2006) - . : , 29, , - , -, 141 . , -40:- , . , , - . , , ; - . . , , , - , - . - , ( . , 2006). - , , , . , , . . , (,2000). , . , - -.200... , , -, , , ,. 142 , - . , -, , , , - , - . , . , . (1992), - , : , 111115.,.,,.,,.,(2006), , : - , 209214, 179181, 117119, 5860, 3640, 28-30.,.,,.,,.,(2006), ,:- ., . (2000), .. , , : -,.[.],,- , : , 9 - 27.143 ( -), ( ) ( ), ( -, ) -,,i. ,, , , , ii. - , iii. ,iv. , v. - , , , , -,,,vi. , .- , ,- . 145 - .- , . . - - , .,- , , - - - - . , : ) , -, . , - ) , - . ) - -, , . - , , , - , - , , . - , - . 146, , : -,,- , , ,- - - . , -,,,.., - , : - . - -, . , .,- , -.,-, , , , , - . , - , -., , . , - - . , - . , : ., , . -, , 147 , - : . . -, . , -,, , . , , / . -,,, . ) , , -, , -. , -, ,, (Dunn 1979), .,- , - , , /. , , : -, , , . , - , , . , , ,,, . 148,,-,, . , : , , , -, , - - , ,-, :- , ., ,,, --,, - 10% . , . , . , - - , , - , , , . , . 149 , --,, . , . , ,- , ,,-. , - , , . , . , -, . , - , - ,, , , , - , -. - , I, , : , , , 150 , - . .,. , . . . , , , , -. , - (1. , . 9 - 28) -// (2. , . 29 44). , (3. . -, . 45 62), (4. , . 63 - 86). , ,(4.- ,.871045. ,.105120). (7. : , , . 121 132), ,(8. , . 133 150). -.- , , . , - . , , ., , , -,, , -151 - , . , , - , : , / , / / / / / / / 5. - , -,. 188, , - . -, , , - (. . 87) , , : , , . (. - 5) , (. 6 ). , , (. 1: , , , 152 , . . : ;). (. 6). , -(.3).-(.24,3:56). , (. ). , , - , . , , .1, ,- , , -, (. 8: ,, , 5: , , -,, . , , , ). 1 , - (. . 26: , - . ; , ). , - . 153 , - , 2 -, (.7:, . 41) , -, , - . - , (. 3 ), (. 8 ). , . - . . . - : , - 133 / / / , , , - . . , . - , -, , - , . ( ) . - , , , . , (. 1.. , 3.. 154 . , 4..3. , 6..1. - , 7.. ), - -, (. 2..2.. - . , , , . 28-29). , , , - -,-, , , . - - , - (. . 44, . 1.: . -;), ,- , . - . -, - , . . , - , . . 155 , , - - . , . - -. -, , - -, . - , , -,. . - , , - , . , , -, , . - -,, . , - , - :. . . 156. , , . , , , . , . , . . - Lvi Strauss, , , -, , . : , -,, - - (. 13), ... ,- (, ) (. 38- 39). ( -). - . :- 28 , 20 , 500 (. 122), - , , . , . , . . , (. 41), , - : . - ( 13, . 1 ). -. . - () . 157 , : , (. 112). Durkheim, - , , - . . , . -: , (.12), . (.12), ,-, , -, . . . , . , - , , , , , (. 134). -,, , , ,.,-, -,-158 . : , (1797), .,- , - ( 1824, 1831, 1849, 1874)... , (-,,..) . 105. ,(), (. 98). , - . , , . : (. 84). , - . , -,., , , , . , , ,- : , , (.18).:. , . , . . , , , (. 15). 159 -: , - ( ) (.13), (. 39). -, . (. 81). - (. 18), , , (. 28). - . . . , , . , - , : , , . , , ,, , (. 121). , - , , ,, , , ... , -,:-, , , , , , - , , , , , . , 160. . , , , . () , (. 16). : - , , , , - (48). . .- , , , , , -, , , , . . , - , - . - : ,,- , . . -,(.33).,, , , : ,..- - . , , () - , , , , , , (. 121). , : -(.27) , , , : , , -161 , (. 27). . . 14 , - : - (.130), - ( ,,. .),(Greenpeace,WWF..),- ( ) . (. 140), , - , ,,, . , , , , (. 141). , : , , , , - ( 5, . 2) (. 110). --. , -(,,,...) , - . ,- , , -.- . -162 , , , . . , , - , , , -, , , . /- - . , , . ,,, ,1.1,1.2,1.3(.12-13) , -: . . , - . -: -, , . , , , -, , . -- . , /,/, . - , , - . - -163 : , - , , . - , . -, , (,,-) -. 1641. :- , --1 , - . - . , - . , 2 4 , -1. ( ) .2. ( ) , , -, , .165 : :1. , 2. - , 3. : 4. : -. : -3. 2. ,, . : , , , -. , , :1. . 2. . 3. . 4. , -. 5. -, . 6. - ( ). ,, 3. . . 166 . , - -.,- - - (Sheldon, 1987: 3) (Greenall 1984 Sheldon, 1987). , ( -, , .), , - . , -, , . 2.1 -4, - 5. (. 1, , 2006):1. - . 4. ( ) - , : , - .5. - .1672. ( , , :. . .(--). 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. , . 7. 8. . 2.1.2 Lickert,, (1 = 5 = - ). (McGrath, 2002: 26- 27): . - , . , , . , .-. , , , (Skierso, 1191: 440 McGrath, 2002: 27). 168 (Tomlinson, 2003) : , - - / . , 6, - . , - . 6. -, , .1692.1.3 - , (,2006)7 8 9(.2 ): 10 - 7.- / .8.Chambers,F.(1997), Cunningsworth, . (1995), Ellis, M. - P. Ellis (1987), Ellis, R. (1997), Garinger, D. (2001), McGrath, I. (2002), Richards, C. J. (2001), Tomlinson, B. (2003) - California Department of Education.9. Cunningsworth, A., 1995.10. (.. , , , , , ) - , .170 1712.2 - (. 1 2 ) , - . - , -, , - . ,,- , . - , -, , , (Richards, 2001: 258- 9). , . , , - . - . - , . , -, , , . -, , , , . 172 , , - . , ( ) - . , -: ( ). - . -- . , ,- , - - , . 3. , , . , . - , - . , . . 173 : ,, - . . . - , - . . 4. , . , , , . , . . , - , - . , - , , , -. , , : 174 ( ) - , , , , : - . , . - . , . , . -. - , - , . -, 175, : - (, .) . , - , : . . , , . - , , , . - , - , :. , -. , . , , :,. , . /. , , . . ( ), . 296176 , . - . -. , . , ,, - , -, . B, . 2006. - . - - ().CaliforniaDepartmentofEducation,2006.CriteriaforEvaluating InstructionalMaterialTheCriteriaforEvaluatingKindergarten- Through-Grade-EightForeignLanguageInstructionalMaterials http://www. cde. ca. gov/ci/f. /im/documents/fch8. pdf.Chambers, F. 1997. Seeking Consensus in Coursebook Evaluation ELT Journal, Vol 51/1. Oxford University Press. Cunningsworth,A.1995.Choosingyourcoursebook.Oxford: Heinemann. Ellis, M. and P. Ellis. 1987. Learning by Design: Some Design Criteria for EFL Coursebooks. ELT Textbooks and Materials: Problems in Evaluation and Development. ELT Documents: 126. Modern English Publications. Ellis,R.1997.Theempiricalevaluationoflanguageteaching materials. ELT Journal vol. 51/1. Oxford University Press, 36-42. Garinger, D. 2001. Textbook Evaluation. TEFL Web Journal. http://www. tefweb- j. org/v1n1/garinger. html.177McGrath,I.2002.MaterialsEvaluationandDesignforLanguage Teaching. Edinburgh University Press. Richards, C. J. 2001. Curriculum Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. SheldonE.L.1987.IntroductioninELTTextbooksandMaterials: ProblemsinEvaluationandDevelopment.ELTDocuments:126. Modern English Publications. Skierso,.1991.Textbookselectionandevaluation.InM..Celce- Murcia(ed.)1991(2ndedition),TeachingEnglishasaSecondor Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle and Heinle, 432- 453. Swales, J. 1980. ESP: The Textbook Problem, in ESP Journal, 1,1. Tomlinson,B.2003.MaterialsEvaluationInTomlinson,B. (ed.)DevelopingMaterialsforLanguageTeaching...London: Continuum. Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching by Principles. An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, Prentice Hall Regents.CaliforniaDepartmentofEducation,2006.CriteriaforEvaluating InstructionalMaterialTheCriteriaforEvaluatingKindergarten- Through- Grade- Eight Foreign Language Instructional Materials. http://www. cde. ca. gov/ci/f. /im/documents/fch8. pdf Ellis,R.(1982).Informalandformalapproachestocommunicative language teaching ELT Journal, 36:2, January 1982.Chambers, F. 1997. Seeking Consensus in Coursebook Evaluation ELT Journal, Vol 51/1. Oxford University Press. Cunningsworth,A.1995.Choosingyourcoursebook.Oxford: Heinemann. Ellis, M. and P. Ellis. 1987. Learning by Design: Some Design Criteria forEFLCoursebooks.ELTTextbooksandMaterials:Problemsin Evaluation and Development. ELT Documents: 126. Modern English Publications. Ellis,R.1997.Theempiricalevaluationoflanguageteaching materials.ELTJournalvol.51/1.OxfordUniversityPress,36- 42. Finocchiaro,M.andC.J.Brumft(1983).TheFunctional-Notional Approach: From Theory to Practice, Oxford University Press.Garinger, D. 2001. Textbook Evaluation. TEFL Web Journal. http://www. tefweb- j. org/v1n1/garinger. html178Littlewood, W. T. (1981). Communicative Language Teaching Cambridge University Press.Mitchell, R. (1994). The communicative approach to language teaching: an introduction in Teaching Modern Languages Swarbrick A. (ed), Routledge in association with The Open University.Morrow,K..(1981).Principlesofcommunicativemethodologyin Johnson, K. and K. Morrow (eds) Communication in the Classroom, Longman Group Ltd.Raines, A.(1983).TechniquesinTeachingWriting,OxfordUniversity Press.Sheils, J. (1988). Communication in the modern languages classroom, Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Co- operation.SheldonE.L.1987.IntroductioninELTTextbooksandMaterials: ProblemsinEvaluationandDevelopment.ELTDocuments:126. Modern English Publications. SternH.H.(1983).FundamentalConceptsofLanguageTeaching, Oxford University Press. Swales, J. 1980. ESP: The Textbook Problem, in ESP Journal, 1,1. 179 180181 18211. ( .12. .13. - .183184 2 20 , - - . - ,2 . - ... ( ) . : 185 / / -: , - , - . - . , - (interferences) . / / . - (- ). . , ,- (pattern drills) / . . , /, . - , - , (, 1996: 35- 36). , -, , : /186 /; / -/ , -; ; ; (, 1986: 83- 87) 60 , , - , , . . -/ - , - . -. , . , . -- . , - . - . 187 - . .,- : . (- ,)(-,1999:41-42/,1986:103-105/Widdowson,1978:32- 35,64- 67). , . , , ) -) (Richards & Rodgers 2001: 153- 155). . Hymes, ,,- . Hymes . (Hymes 1972: 281) - Halliday - , - (Halliday 1970: 145). O Halliday , 188 Hymes Widdowson -, . , - , : - , -(Richards&Rodgers 2001: 160- 161). , ,, . Richards Rodgers, , : - - (Richards & Rodgers 2001: 161). Littlewood-: ) . -, . , .- , 189 . ), , -. , -., , - . , - (Littlewood 1981: 20- 22,43). , , . , , -. , - , (-,1999:41-42/,1986:103-105/Widdowson,1978:32- 35,64- 67). - - . - 90 . , - , . - /. , 190. . . - . ., . - : (. . , , , ). - - - . - , , , . , minimum . , , . (register) 191,//- . -, , . - . , , . .,- . , - . , - , . , , , - . Cunnigsworth(1995:15- 17) - . 1) -. / , - . 2) , , ,,-192. -, - . 3) -. , , , -., , . Lickert 1 5 -. - - . , . . - . , , , , , ,/, , , , . 4 ),, ,, ) , , - ) 193 -) , , , , /, ) , , , , - ), ,,- . . . ) , , - , - ) , ) , , - , - , - . - , /, - . , , .-, - . , . 194 , , , . // . , - . , -, - (, 2007: 5-8). . 2 () - . (13), , lickert - . , -1. 2. - - . 1. : , -, , , , -,,,, , , , .195 . -. - . . . , -, . - . . , , . , , . , / / -. . , - / / -. . . , , . . , -,, 196,- . . . , - , / / , -. . () , -,. - . . . . - . , . , , - , / / , , , . . -. -,-, drills, . - 197 , - . , , . , . , , . - . . . , . -, . . , - , -, . . 5 , - - , . - . , . . , -198 . /.- . ( ..). , -. , , . . , . , - . . , , . ,,- . . , , - , , - , . . . - , : , , -199,, . . , /, / , . , , - . - - . . . , - . - . . . - : , , CD CD . /. . , ,. . , , , - . 200. - . , . . (), . - , - . . . . - , (/ 11- 15 ), . -. , / . . , , , - . , / . . -,.-- . 201. , - . -/, - . . -, , . -. , /. . , , ... . ,, .- / - . - -. . . 202 . , , . . , ,- . , , - , . ,-- / . ,-, . . (2006) - , , ( )., . (1999). / -. .,.(1986)-: . : . .(1996) -, - 9 1995, : .Cunnigsworth,.(1995)Choosingyourcoursebook.Oxford: Heinemann.Halliday,M.(1970),Languagestructureandlanguagefunction. New horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Hymes, D. (1972), On communicative competence. Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.203Littlewood, W. (1981), Communicative Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Richards J. & Rodgers Th. (2001), Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Widdowson, H. G (1978) Teaching language as communication. Oxford University Press.204205206