1. 1. . . http://www.iwp.ru/person/vavilin-vahttp://www.iwp.ru/person/vavilin-va , , 28 , 2015.
2. 2. , . , , : : : ADM1 . Cemagref. . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3. 3. , , , , 10-16 10-10 1 1010 1020 , 10-10 10-7 10-4 10-1 102
4. 4. . , . , .
5. 5.
6. 6. ,)(, 0 tk eStSkS dt dS == , N-{ } ,)(, )1/(11 0 nnn ktStSSk dt dS == 1-
7. 7.
8. 8. t dS SS St ( ) 0 )(S dt dS = (S) ,
9. 9. VdSe/dt = qSin qSe V (Se) +/- )( eS eS in S q V T == 0= dt dS V, ; q, , Sin, Se ,
10. 10. -: V , S(x) S(x+ x) V S(x) = q[S(x) - S(x+ x)] t - V (S(x)) t t x , 0, S t u S x S x ( ( )) u = q/A, V=A x A,
11. 11. ,
12. 12. ,
13. 13. I II
14. 14. 1951. . 1959. .
15. 15. ( 30- )
16. 16. 1961. . 1964. .. , .. ..
17. 17. 1966. 1- , 8
18. 18. .. (1967) .. -
19. 19. . . (): 2001.
20. 20. 2
21. 21. - . (BZ)-. - , -
22. 22.
23. 23. ,)(, t 0 eNtNN dt dN == )/1( KNN dt dN = , , ][ )( t 00 0 eNKN NK tN + = ,)/1(2 2 KNN x N D t N + = Malthus, 1798 Verhulst, 1838 Fisher, 1937 Kolmogoroff et al., 1937
24. 24.
25. 25. 20- , -,
26. 26. - (N2) (N1) , 211 1 NNN dt dN = , 221 2 NNN dt dN =
27. 27. -
28. 28. , , .
29. 29. (c 60-x ) . 70- , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .
30. 30.
31. 31. . , (), . ( ), .
32. 32. (Monod, 1942) B S , ,Bk Sk S B dt dB d S m + = , Sk S B Ydt dS S m + = = ; kS = ; Y= ; kd = m
33. 33. . ,
34. 34. , , . Scr. , , SSk SS B dt dB crS cr m + = , SSk SS B Ydt dS crS crm + = = ; kS = - ; Y= m
35. 35. ( ) , . , pH, . , , .
36. 36. Graef & Andrews (1974) Hill & Barth (1977) Kleinstreuer & Powegha (1982) Moletta et al. (1986) Smith et al. (1988) Hill (1982) Mosey (1983) Bryers (1985) Pullammanappallil et al. (1991) Costello et al. (1991) Angelidaki et al. (1993) Siegrist et al. (1993) . (1993) ADM1 (2002)
37. 37. (ADM1) (2002.) (IWA) 4- ,
38. 38. Scientific and Technical Report No. 13 Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) Edited by IWA Task Group for Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Wastewater Processes D.J. Batstone J. Keller I. Angelidaki S.V. Kalyuzhyni S.G. Pavlostathis A. Rozzi W.T.M. Sanders H. Siegrist V.A. Vavilin
39. 39. ADM1 10% 30% Inerts 10% 30% 30% 30% Proteins 30% Lipids 30% 1% 29% MS 31% AA 30% LCFA 29% 13% 16% 2% 29% 12% 20% 9% 20% 12% 6% 9% Acetic 64% H2 26% 90% Carbohydrates HPr, HBu, HVa CH4 Composite Particulate Material (100%) Disintegration Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis
40. 40. ADM1 (Kastanienbaum, Switzerland, February, 2000)
41. 41. , Web of Science, ( 2004 . ). ADM1 800 !
42. 42. 90- , www.methane.da.ru .. .. .. ..
43. 43. += ++= += += pressurersgasPartial P P TRSTRS V RT T P ionsconcentratsubstrateDissolvedTRSVSSq dt dS V ionsconcentratbiomassActiveVBqBq dt dB V ionsconcentratsolidSuspendedVXqXq dt dX V T l n n lg l jSjjFjf j BiiBXFif i XkkBXFkf k , ,)( , , XFk, BFi = ; qf = ; qBX = , ; Xk, Bi, Sj = , ; V = ; TRSj = ; T = (K); PT = ; Vg =
44. 44. , - : (Parkin et al., 1990), : (Vavilin et al., 1994)
45. 45. (- , )
46. 46.
47. 47. , . ,
48. 48. . (Soddy, 1910; Fajans, 1913; Aston, 1921), . , , ( , ). . (), (N), (S), (H) (O), ,
49. 49. Le centre rgional dAntony emploie 130 personnes et comprend 3 units de recherche (HBAN, GPAN et TSAN) Lunit Hydrosystmes et Bioprocds (HBAN) mnent ses recherches dans des domaines tels que lpuration, le stockage et le traitement des dchets ou encore sur limpact des micropolluants Cemagref Antony ( )
50. 50.
51. 51. - , , ,
52. 52. FISH (Vavilin et al., 2008; Qu et al., 2009) : Eub338-fitc (green,Bacteria); Arc915-Cy3 (red, Archaea) Methanosarcina sp. 20-th day 62-nd day 184-th day
53. 53. , . , .
54. 54. Cloning transformation Sequencing Molecular fingerprints SIP-RNA/DNA PCR Amplification FISH/nanoSIMS Extraction 13 C- methanol injection Anaerobic hood Microcosms Functional diversity
55. 55. Nano SIMS: Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
56. 56. , (Vavilin, 2010): P, dP/dt, B, dB/dt , (S) (P) + (B) P P f C P 13 = B B f C Bio 13 = S S f C S 13 = 13 C , , , { }PSprodP CCCP ff P dtdP f dtdP dtPd P dtdP dt dP P P dt Pd Pdt df == / / //1 13 2 1313 { }BioSgrowthBio CCCBio ff B dtdB f dtdB dtBd B dtdB dt dB B B dt Bd Bdt df == / / //1 13 2 1313
57. 57. 13 CH3OH
58. 58. 13 CH3OH CH3OH+2H2O=3H2 +H2CO3 ( =+23 kJ/mol) H2+0.25H2CO3=0.25CH4+0.75H2O ( = -136 kJ/mol) '0 G '0 G CH3OH= 0.75CH4+0.25H2CO3+ 0.25H2O ( = -315 kJ/mol) '0 G CH3COOH+ H2O=CH4+H2CO3 ( = -31 kJ/mol)'0 G
59. 59. ( ). , H2/H2CO3, . : (Vavilin, 1910); : (emagref) 13 C/C : NanoSIMS-ISH (Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry In Situ Hybridization).
60. 60. ( , ). , 13 C/C : NanoSIMS-ISH (Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry In Situ Hybridization).
61. 61.
62. 62. 13 /12 , 0,01, , ( ) Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) carbonate , 13 1000]1 )/( )/( [)/( 1213 1213 13 = PDB CC CC oooC
63. 63. (PDB) 13 (13 C/12 C=0,0112372), delta C , , 12 . (, .) 13 02
64. 64. , . 2 : 5 8 o/oo : 3 +1 o/oo
65. 65. AB (Hayes, 1993): 1000 1000 + + = B A BA ,A B - . (Whiticar et al., 1999; Conrad, 2005): 1000 1000 4 13 2 13 + + = CH CO C C C H2/CO2 . , 2/2, - 065.1>C 055.1
66. 66. (1896), , () : - )1/1( 00 )( = CCRR tt 0R tR - 0C tC -
67. 67. 1- Ck td Cd = heavyheavy heavy Ck td Cd = heavyheavyheavy Ck Ck Cd Cd = C Cd k k C Cd heavy heavy heavy = 1kk 00 0heavyheavy heavy C C CC CC = / / / lightheavy CCR /= 0light0heavy0 CCR /= 0 t C C f = heavylight kk /= )/( / 11 0t fRR = Rt / R0 ; f = Ct / C0 , , Ct , C0 ; - lightheavy CCC += CCC lightheavy = 0551c .app <
68. 87. 0.18/ : 13 CH3COOH 13 CH4+H2CO3 13 CH3. . Methanosarcinaceae (=1.01) Methanosaetaceae (=1.01) : Cemagref (Grossin-Debattista, 2011)
69. 88. Methanosarcinaceae Methanosaetaceae , MS1414-Cy5: Methanosarcinaceae MX825-Cy3: Methanosaetaceae Inocula 0.18 / 1.44 /
70. 89. 3.6/. : Methanosarcinaceae (=1.01), Methanosaetaceae (=1.01), (=1.065) - (=1.02) . 75% : Cemagref (Grossin-Debattista, 2011)
71. 90. Methanosarcinaceae Methanosaetaceae 3.6 / MS1414-Cy5: Methanosarcinaceae MX825-Cy3: Methanosaetaceae
72. 91. 5.4/. : Methanosarcinaceae (=1.021), (=1.065) - (=1.02). Methanosaetaceae . 55-60% : Cemagref (Grossin-Debattista, 2011)
73. 92. Methanosaetaceae 5.4/ MS1414-Cy5: Methanosarcinaceae MX825-Cy3: Methanosaetaceae
74. 93.
75. 94. , , , , ,
76. 95. , pH (3-5) . , , . . , .
77. 96.
78. 97.
79. 98.
80. 99. . , ,
81. 100. Cellulose Glucose Acetate Hydrogen CO2 Hydrogen CO2 Hardly degradable CH4 CH4 Canonical pathway Non-canonical pathway
82. 101. , 1:1 ( Galand et al., 2010) ,
83. 102. (CH3F), ( Galand et al., 2010) - , . , CH3F 4 13 CH
84. 103. ( ), 1:2 ( Galand et al., 2010) . .
85. 104. CH3F ( Galand et al., 2010) .4 13 CH
86. 105. 13 ,12 , : H2/CO2
87. 106. , ( Qu et al., 2009) f . , f, 13 CO2 -
88. 107. , ( Qu et al., 2009) f . H2/CO2
89. 108.
90. 109.