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25. 4 ' i 1 i.. BACKGROUND ~ 4....tt...11 ~I ~":n a..~ tytJ .., 100/0 60;0 : 10% s 6% ;.)JiJt ~"i~ UJ.a..a 3 Impedance of Dower transformers ~"'l u.p.l ~ ~'J.."..,. J..t;J ~.J'" ill 4 (J~ Monitorine: the loadtne ofdistribution Trs > 1250;0 U'-H ~ 125./0 ~:1A ~d-M~"u~ ~~"i~~~ie ~ Maximum loading on distribution Trs 40% ~I ~tJii ~I VaJii ~I~"il ~,JA11 ~ 5 Primarv conductor loadine: ~~J.J3a~i 6 Secondary system maximum length >112 Km 1/2 Km 1/4 Km urban areas ~~ >3/4 Km 3/4 Km 1/2 Km rural areas ~ ~ Ua.1..S1 ,:JJ;,U cJ' ~ J~IJ ~'.,..J 7 ." Standards and specifications SOU1'e:e : Ref. ( 21 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

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37. :~~~~~~~(4) ".;.i. ~:~ ~ ~~ ~ J,i~ ~,JA3 ~ Jl~ ~~, ~ 9J;~ ~"=~ 4.i~1 4) 11 kv $ ~J.a 22 kv u ....n ~ ~, M~'i' Uiln J~ Li Qo4. ~' fi t"r .. f ~ ;.,....J..) ~.).J~, u'~ ~ o.)J1n ~J~ ~ 1987 f'1.e.~.J 1980 ft&. c,) o.)JiJ ~'J"u. ~ (1- 4) JJ~ ~~ ... ~.JJS1' u1# -: (Ji ~~ ,~ ~ ~...J ~W ~ ~'J~ Ji; '~..H ~ ~'J~ ~i (I) ~ ~ &:.103 t A .......... -.i JW ~ ~ .JlJ .. ...i .. ..)~~J. U . ~~ 3% u-D 4..10% ()4 lj.aW ~ (, o~ o~ ~ , ~J~ ~ '?J.)J~' Jb..t"'i JJJ.J 4d~~ ~ 4lUa.U ~'o3~ (1- 5 ) ~~ ~ ~.).i:l JJ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~'J~ ~ (1- 6 ) ~ ~.JdJ w~,J D~ ~ ~ ~J JUt ~~ ~'J~ (1-6) J,J~ ~ ~~ .~ ~~JfoSJl uJ' uU.jS...t ~ -UU:.a.nJ o..)J11 U'J~ ~~.)A ( World Bank Energy Department )~ ~ U~ ~ ....~ JJ~ ~,JA1l.J 4a1y~ ~~ ~U~ ~ .u~J i..)Ji.U bd1J,;.U.a ~,~~ (1 -7) -'f- ~;~ 4j1..bj ~ ~ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

38. 1987 1980 v-~ . ~ 4.w.l.iS ""'~(JoIl (J>A b~ .;J~ b.JJi3 ';J~ t....)t~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ %from %from %from %from circulated total circulated total power sources power source 5..37 5.24 5.98 5.82 L.-UI 4.94 4.69 4.74 4.52 ~ CUA.>F 9.04 9.89 8.74 ~ 6.45 6.05 7.26 6.61 ~~~ 7.19 6.49 7.16 6.46 ~~ 6.65 6.33 6.47 6.57 l-i.,>i 7.95 7.34 7.41 6.98 ~.H1I 10.09 9.48 8.4t 7.92 ~ CUA.>F CUA .>F 8.95 8.48 ~l 10.56 9.89 10..38 9.68 I~...H CUA.>F CUA.>F 10.95 10.61 JW.,HlI 6.33 5.77 6.83 5.69 l-o.!) 9.31 8.88 9.27 8.83 ~ 7.83 7.60 8.40 8.30 ~ 7.84 7.35 8.08 7.56 I~ 3.20 3.00 4.34 4.10 ~11.rl.J:. 9.46 8.91 9.80 9.34% ~...H . .Source: ElectriC power Iaternational , Sep , 1992 -H- ~'4~ Ul.bJI ~ .WI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

39. t.ft.}ii.l J~~ J.JJf ~jiJl ~ l.dJ~ ( 1~5) J.J~ ( Twh ~ ~ ) 2010: 1980 ~~ ~ ~ 2010 2005 :!OOO 1996 1995 1990 1980 5.65 5.80 sm 6.31 6.47 6.4 7.16 ~ 5.08 5.06 5.05 5.05 5.03 5.43 5.66 ~ 3JJ4 3.95 4.10 4.00 4.26 4.10 3.99 ~W 6.63 6.52 6.42 6.90 6.53 7.14 8.79 ~..)W.iJ1 9.40 9.12 9.30 8.34 8.41 9.42 9.71 '+a~i 3.69 3.86 3.97 4.28 4.35 1 4.65 5.76 I 'iji! 7.36 7.52 7.43 7.47 7.40 7.61 6.92 ...uj,j 8.52 8.49 8.26 8.15 8.25 8.92 7.31 .J~(J .. 9.35 9.33 9.22 9.66 9.15 9.23 11.58 1J,il I..>= 7.0 7.0 6.99 6.43 6.74 6.98 8.86 ~l.. .., 1.59 1.69 1.79 1.96 1.96 2.27 2.7 [~ 3.37 3.43 3.46 3.85 3.91 3.97 4.19 I.M1JA 10041 10.98 10.96 11.33 11.26 12.75 H.76 JW~ 5.06 5.14 5.22 7.08 7.09 6.65 8.71 j.j~l 8.50 8.73 8.73 8.61 8.62 8.05 8.16 l~l 6.23 6.56 6.54 6.5 6.57 6.66 6.92 .h ....jW f Y,Jj JJdJ I Source: (6) http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

40. o 1960 +--~---+---iT-.......-......-.....-+--r--+-----'I -r;. ~ 1970 , Cio I I I o( I - :t , I f ~ 1980 _i_ Cf.:. 'L.c- ~ 1990 I [, !- i I I l~ 'l-f I i I --y--- -+ -""'"0) 2000 -~ -,,- 44J6SJ1 4.iLb.l1 ~ J1iJ1 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

41. w'~ ~ ~ ~lJl1l~ Ji.U u~ ulJ.jii..t ( 1-6) J.J~ ~ DJ..J~ ~'J~ ~ ~tJ~ ~ Ji,iJl Ji,l1 (%)~.JjUtJ (%)~.JjUtJ 6.0 '~-J*M 4.0 ~ (Switzerland) (Japan) 6.4 ~ 4.0 ~~J.1 (Sweden) (Denmark) 7.0 o~ ~'"i."n 4.0 ~ (United State) (Germany) 7.0 ~} 4.0 U&. (United Klnzdom) (Ghana) 7.0 Dt~ 4.0 o~~ (Taiwan) (Singapora) 7.4 ~I 4.5 ( tSJt.fJ1 ~ ) ~I~ (Italy) (Guam) DJJJ (~t Io:'~) j.SA 8.3 (London) 4.81 (~,.H3 o~ ~) (Macau) 10.0 ~ 5.4 I.tJJS (Malaysia) (Korea) 10.3 ~U 5.9 l-i.,>i (Thailand) (France) (tSJt+U ~ ) ~ JJ:!. WI ~10.52 ' 6.0 ~~ (Fiji) (Australia) 12.0 ~",JJ 6.0 ~ (Indonesia) (Canada) 14.0 ~ 6.0 ~ (Mexico) (China) 15.0 foi.,s ~~ 6.0 ~J'~~ (Hom! Kong) (South Africa) Source: World Development Report 1997 , and London Electricity of UK -- 'V-- ~t:~ 4.i~t ~ ..w.n http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

42. $ ~'4~ ~~, ~u~ ~ ti~J i..)~ ~J.,u.. ~,~.;. (1-7) JJ~ UUa1lJili i.;Ji3l Jii Ener2~ losses Demand .losses t~~ u~ C~~ u.lfJ ~~JS..o Maximum to be Target level Maximum to be Target level ~4~ tolerated 0/0 0/0 tolerated % 0lc ~W~Ja~..9~u..... 0.66 " 0.33 ' 1.0 , O.S '" EHV Transmission & stations 1.66 0.83 2.50 1.25 ~~'.b~Jw~ ~BV Transmission & stations .~ 5.4% 2.6tlo )- 80/0 }- 4% ~.;i3IJa~ I ~ Subtransmisston < :~ 2.7 1.30 4.0 2.0 ,Substations ~,J.1lw~ ~. ,"J' 0.36 .J 0.18 .J 0.5 J 0.25 oJ .....~~,~ 3.3 } 2.0 } 5.0 } 3.0 }4% MV Distribution 4.60/0 2.61c 7% ~~, ~J~ w'l.,:w1.32 0.6 2.0 1.0 Distribution transformers & L.V Distribution Source: (2J http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

43. ~ 4.P ~JJ~ ~J~ ~J ~ ~ (1) ~ 4tsJI ;~tJ.sJ1 ~ CD ~~ o.)J",n ~Ij 4.a..JI~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~.j.iS:iJI ~I~I /I) (combined cycle) ~J11I (boilers) ~ JJji 1& ~J11I ~...)I~ ~J.1"..J (up rating) ~ ei.J /Jl ;4:!~ 4liJ!j.)~ ~1~Uw"i1 ui~ ;,,00 yj ~ 'l:l?'uAi'l t"~1 4} ~Ji1I (turbines) ~lJ:l.J.JJ1'I JI~ 4} :Ji.l1 .h~ t.::.IJ.jUA ~J ~ (2) .. ,liotI .. u"" - l...I.IS" /I) 11I.;-' ~- ... .)d ~~I .,JfolJI ~ o.)Ji3 Jij Ii) ~.JjU ~~ c.:aJji.i.J! ~J ~ (3) o.)~ ~ws.. ~~ ~~ ~11.a", ~11.a ~ljoG (.jt5.A1' .)~ (ring system )~ t'Ui.i3I t"~' ~ ~U ~u...n J.jl2~ t"~1 ~W.J ~'l~ ~ ~ .WI ~~'" (load factors) J,&;JI ~aJ ~ (,)Il~.J ~I~ (loss factors) - ~ ~~ 4,iU1Jl ~ .WI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

45. olin uWt.r o. JW utL~ b.l~I~ ~~ ~J ~ ~WI ~~ (jA .1&1 ~~ '":I4311~ ~ :~~/li~w.. 4'. "'" _ lIP 1) Electric system loss : Total electric energy lossesin the electric system. It consists of transmission, transformer, and distribution losses between the supply and receiving points (IEEE 100 - Dec. 20(0). ~4J4-Sll ~ Jii : ~~ ~ ~IJ~ jj IEEE 100 ~ ~~ &:d~I.J&ll ~ ~IJ~ o~ ~ ~t..J+S31 ~ ~ ~Jf5J1 4lU2.U 4tsJl ~IJ~ ~ ~1.J.Jf-S.U ~':lI.J JI~':l1 u=aw ~ ~.J.Jl1IJ ~':l~.J JAd3I ~ ~IJ~ (jA 2) Energy losses: A general term applied to the energy that is converted to a form that can not be effectively used ( lost) during the operation ofan energy producing, conducting, or consuming system. : 4.it.b.n ~~J~ ~~ ~ ~~ r~':l ~ ~ J~ ~I 4Jthll f"~ f"ls:. ~ ,JA r~ ~':lI.J Ji,UlJ 4lU2Jl [.:jJ1 3)Energy loss: The difference between energy input and output as a result of transfer of energy between two points (IEEE -1(0) : 4.iLbJI .w . 0-:U~ 0 4.ilJa.ll.t. -:t ~ ..:. .tl':' W 4.iUa 0 :: .al AlA ~ ~ fJ"...:1""""'. ~ [.;- J fJ"O O:I!'J c.;- .:r -n- http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

46. 4) The energy loss: is the time integration of demand losses in successive time interval. : 4.il.b.1l .iii Ulst.l.a 4...a.lo ~l .':1t ~u ~ 0 .l11l ~ 1.1 ~. t..S.:j ~ ~..).J""'" 1,jA..J*'. ..) 6ol,JM.4 V"" ..r 5)Percent energy loss :is simply a ratio ofpower consumed internaJly in equipment to the total energy input. 6)Demand losses (power losses) : Demand losses are the summation of the product of square of the load current in each circuit element of the distribution system, at the instant of the system maximun demand, multiplied by the resistance of the circuit element in which it is Oowing. : i..)~ ~'J~ ~ ~ A':tI ~ A,'.e , ,Ie' ,.1l t......:iJt ~l...La '-I' ,I,..,t.:. e ....A ~. f' '" ~ '" I.r..) ~ .:.Y" .l)I4 4J"6I ~~ lor UJ1.4 JS3 ~ ~ ..)W 4.4JI.i.43l ~ 4J~ ' f'1JalU ~ ~i ~JJa. ~ -H- tu", .e't1 UUa11 JiiJl~ ..Jt-I ~ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

47. 7)Technicallosses : are standard operating losses due to physicatmechanisms inherent in the design of the distribution circuits. This includes, for example, line heating and leakage current due to improper grounding of equipment. Circuits that are out of balance or have significant phase angles will also show technical losses ~ 4.Ill ~': tt ~Itt 4.a..",w u ."..:tI 6!1~''U' l.ot. ~ ~I.lu.tI U.Li'II_ ". f...J-ftd(S'" .JAI"..,. ~J ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~1j.;JJJ:.:i~ .t;"p....., , ~ ~ ~ , I~ ~ ~.JjI.1I ~1JJ ~ .j14Jjl&SIJi. .;JJ.1I uti ~I o~ ~t..M3I Ji:. ~.lll ~ ~~ ~ ~'J.."u.. ~.uw.... .;I.jJ:It l:!1.jJ l+1 ~ 8) Non -Technical losses : are all the remaining types of losses, such as lossesdue to power theft : 4lU JF ..:.a'J~ ,,4jfoSJ1 ~iJ4'l.dlP; ~IJ,JiWI &.- ~IJ~ ~41lel.jol)t1 ~ ~ - y,. - ~.Jf-S.1I 'JUUt ~ JWI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

48. 9)Load losses : ( power and distribution transformers) Those losses which are incident to the carrying of~,specified load G load losses include I2R loss in the windings due to load and eddy currents ~ stray loss due to leakage fluxes in the 'windings, core clamps, and other parts, and the loss due to circulating currents ( if any) in parallel wiadings , or in parallel winding stands (IEEE 100 - Dec 20(0)" :~~J~ ~"'J~ ~~ ~tJ~ If,,a1A IEEE-tOO ~ ~~ ~~t.,.JJ ~ 41 ~ ~~ ~ ~'J~ C9~ 0 i.).1M ~l1~J ~ (; ~tJJJt:.a'.Jt+mJ ~ ~'..J~ 41Jii ~~~ I 2R ~ ~ ~'J~ ~ ''''J:3;; ~~J CJAJ (; ~.iW1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~, QtJ+iJl JiiJ o (.$~~' g:.'~~' ~J ' ~ J ~~ u~ ( ~~J w' )~J.1 ~'..J~ ~ ~,.) ~lJ~ ~'J II ~,~ ~WAJ' ~b.J 10)Load losses: Losses that are caused primarily by the resistance ofthe winding conductors to the current tha! flows through them" These losses can be reduced by lowering the resistance of the windings and by lowering the temperature rise ofthe transformer" :~u'J~ ~ ~.;W .;l;lU ~~ ~~ ~j1.14 ().t ~~, ~~ ~ ~'J~ ~ ",,+.;J ~ OJ~ ~j ~lJ..W 4.AJt1.4 ~ ~'J~ o~ ~ ~ ~ iJ'..J'a - Yt - ~'4.Jf5J' UUa3 ~ Ji.iJ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

49. 11) Load losses: lVbich arise from the resistance of the,windings, when the transformer is in use, and from the eddy currents which flow both in the windings and the transformer housing due to stray flux. Sometimes referred to a copper losses, or short circuit losses, as they are measured by shorting the windings. ~IJJ3I ~I.;~ y..J' J~ J.aiM ~ ulJ.1.J 4..aJL i.J.ll Ul.l~ 3~ ~~ J';~ ~ ~~lj J~ MJ ul..i.Wl ~ JS .,} ~ ~J uaW ~IJ ~ o.;JIJ ~IJ~ Jt ~.::;.l1I ulJ~ !dlJ~ 3~ u~ ld~1 .~~~~ 12) No- load lo-sses : Those losses that are incident to the excitation of the regulator. No load losses include core loss, dielectric loss, conductor loss in the winding due to exciting current, and conductor loss due to circuitlating current in parallel windings. These losses change with the excitation voltage. ( IEEE-tOO) : ~ uJji..Ll : ~ ~ ~IJ~~' ~ b~1 ~ Uiji,j ~IJ~ !I~ ~.jo41I ~J ' oJ.t"'i1 .;.jd ~ ~')I ~1J.W4~.jo41I ~ , JjLII oW , ~1 .w ~ ........ ~IJ AU.I o:tA ~. '1 .':t1 ~t.iJ." .~ l1.lJ1 l..WI ~.....,-:- ..)!lI-J r,;-- ~, ..r-:-- i.$';..,..., ir: /.SJJ .;. ( IEEE - 100 ~~ ~~I~ ~ ~JJ) f#';~' -"&1- http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

50. 13) Core Loss: Losses that are mainly caused by the resistance of the iron core to the magnetie flux .J)lagnetizingit these losses can be reduced by lowering the flux density, using higher - grade steel and careful assembly procedures. ~~ ~ ($J.jJ:lJ ~ tc.,liA u.- I..al..al ~~ ~ ~IJ~ ~ l.w......u ..~.JltI ~US ..~.&':'':. ~lJu.t1 o~ ..~.&.:.,: .'.< ~ ~ fIA .;J~J ~~, ~~ "4~ ~ ~U~ ~ ~ wI." OJ,*" ~l ~ 14) No - Load losses or Iron losses : Which result from energtsing the iron core. These are incurred whenever the transformer is coupled to the nerwork, even if no power is being drawn. : J:.Al ~,,,,,,u.. .ji ~ ~,,,,,,u.. J,p.aJl ~.; ~ I~ ~~ ~tJ:..t4 J:!w ~ Jl~1 V- ~1.l1l -:aIJ~ ~ J~ V- o.;.i ~ ~ .j1." uA' ~ -n- ~'U .d 4l1.J:U1 Jii.U~ .Jt""'" ~ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

51. 15) Eddy current Bosses: are losses caused by the current induced in the iron by the alternating magnetic field .. As the magnetic flux changes with the alternaring current in the coil, a current is induced in the iron that flows at right angles or cross - sectionally to the magnetic flux e : ~t.JJ3l ~:.()~ utJ~ .':...,u, ... II JJ" .....t.~fl_ ~ ~ ..l.l.bJLa ~JW .1.":tl ~''''~.A ...A ~'~...J ~~ u~ ... " . ~'~~ ~ .-i JJ ":A~ J ,":tj 0., ....t...~ ~ ~t~r.~ ~ ~~ ~ JS,J. ~ J' ~1l ~lJj o~1 ~ ~ tSln,., J;..bJ ~ ~~ ...t.Ui...tJl ..~ .n ~ ~ ~. I) 16) Stray Load loss ( synchronous machines) : The losses due to eddy currents in copper and additional core losses in the iron, produced by distortion ofthe magnetic flux by the lood current, and including that portion the core loss associated with the resistance drop (IEEE 100) . : J~~Jii J).JJ1 ~ .ui cJ.i ( IEEE. 100 ) ~ ~t:i3 ~~1~ ~ ~~t~n ~ ..:a'J~J UMWSi ~ 4+e',J.11t ~I..)~ ~ ~..>.! (~'jl;JI ~'i5U ) te. '" '" ,L_ tl La:la ...."'.&.oJ) ..~ .It, 0 ""'. "'... -m ,J..l~. j I.r'" tS~.J u--..) ... ~ U-:-' ~ (Jo4 ~ ",,",.j ". t.:r 4..A,Jl1.J.b~ t'j:JLtJ ~l Jii ~ ,.~ - YV - ~~Jf5J 4,iu,.n ~ .w.n http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

52. 17) Stray loss : Can be define as the loss due to stray electromagnetic flux in the windings , core clamps, magnetic shields, enclosure or tank walls (IEEE C 57,,110..1986) : 4)J.;W:J u'J~ ~ JS ~ .).;W ~Ui..4.J~' ~ ~ ~.) .iii ~~ up ~'J~ ~ Jt CJ'j&J1.La.....J1~J ' ~~ ~ ~J ' ~ ~l..J~Q.J ;; ~.J ~Lil.tJ (IEEE C 57 ~ ~~ ~~,~ ~ f.ill~J) II ~ 18) Hysteresis loss (power and distribution transformers): The energy loss in magnetic material that results from an alternating magnetic field as the elementary magnets within the material seek to align themselves with the reversing magnetic field ( IEEE - 100 )" ( o..)J1ll u~~.J ~.JjUl u'l~ ) ~, J1i ~ ~. ".. ....L.Ui..A tI ... - .".eo ~1JJ ~Ui...t.n JW. -.i 4.iUa.n Jii ..A v-~~ U~V-" J.... !) u- vr- II ~~~~~~~~l:Y~~u.n~~~ ( IEEE - 100 ~ ~t.L.a'"..n ~ 4tUj,J) - YA- ~"4Jf-SJ 4!t.h1, ~ *! http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

53. 19) Field 12R loss: The product of the measured resistance, in ohms, of the field winding, corrected to a specified temperature, and the square ofthe field current in ampers, ( IEEE .. 100 ) " : ~12R Jii 4.JJ ~ ~, ~ ~, ,..J~'-4 ' 4..w.li..3 4...tJtL.n l.:'~ J,..,.1~.J' o ,J:HA'llj ~ e:J.)A.J ' oJJ:ll...4 oA". ( IEEE .. 100 ~ t.:a1J.,.a1~ ~ ~j.,) 20) Armature 12R loss ( Synchronous machine) The sum of the I2R losses in all armature current paths" Note: The 12R loss in each current path shall be the product ofthe resistance in ohms, as measured with direct current and corrected to a specified temperature, and the square of its current in amperes (IEEE -100 ) (4.l.';;" ~~~') ~ ~ 1 2R iii p...3' ~ ~ J.idIt ~';'" ~ 1 2R ~'J~e~ ~ ~ ~.J (-J'I4 "'-,Jli..3t ~~ J-ola. ..fA .H ;.....JS3 1 2R .1W : ~ J:HA'i4 j.,{JJ ~.)t4.J ' OJ.b.A 1I.;t..fA ~.;J JJl;. a...",a .J ,JJ.4-t (IEEE - 100 ~~ ulLa'~ ~ ~jJ) - ,11 - ~~~U~~JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

54. 21) Auxiliary losses: are losses caused by the use of cooling equipment.such as fans and pumps to increase the loading capability of substation transfomers : ~$~ ~.~ ~~.J CJI.,JAJI ~ ~":l~ .tl~ ..:a1A.a f't~t ~ ~~ ~tJ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~":l~ ~ .4..J..."..,.., o.sl.".J da~ 22) Utilization time for losses : The total duration time needed at maximum peak power consumption to give the same total energy losses as for the normal load duration curve. : .w.u ~'JI (jAj ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ oJ.)~ ~J ~ I"~ ~ f'IJ~ vej .,. ($JWl Ja=JlI"IJJ ~ ~ 4iUUl -:"IJ"u.. http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

55. ~1.sJl.J ~~ ~,.,JU .':. HI .. II _ .. tI .ua.&dJ ~,,~ ~ ~" ""41' ( Demand ) ~1-1 ~~"I ) 4..4~ ~ ~ ~~ "'-t~ ( l+M,j.+,,) 4.A~ ~ U..Af OJA.6 ~j ~~ ~ ('+M A JI KW JI KVA : ~ ..:.tt.1:b.J J.-tA.44.4,,~u~~...HUI~'+iI~ KVA f'1~1~ o.)JA31 ( Demand time ) ~ ~jJI Jw:aWI- 2 JSJ, ~ ~I" ~ l4S ~~.",:wt t..jiJ1 ~ ~ ~ ~jJl .;WI ~ ( 3-1) ( Diversity ) D.ilfiJl ~t.e. - 3 ~I ~1,J ~'JI ~ ~ JS1 J.;LWI ~I ~I e~ ~ ~ .Yo ~I ~IJlI ()A.):ISI ,JII.J,J~ D.i1.+'l31 ~~ ~ JS.S JI,Aa.'J1 4.~ ()41j'l4~'JI~~~I~I..t~ UJ,..jU1II~ (3-2) JS.J.~.J:/,J Dl+D2+D3+ +Dn Ds (Equivalent hours) or (running time) tit.s...ll ut.e.l...J1 - .:8 ~ ~I ~ '4~1 ~.ktI4-s ~ ~ ~I,J ~ ~1 u~l..... J~ ~ :~ 4JJIJt..J.1 ~ ult.Jl ~~I...JI ~ ~ ~ oJ~ ~j OJJJ Total Energy (KWH) Equivalent hours= - - - - - - - - - Peak demand ( KW) (KWH)~.u1.J:l.ll (KW)~~1 - ,., - ~~~ 4.iWI c"i JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

56. J-JI J-JI 1.,JJo ""'1) ..,..u.JII.....1 _ (Ut''' 30) .,.JLo.,....' - - (:1.&1...) ..,..u.."""1 __ (3 - 1) fi:. Ds (3-2) ~ - r'l' - 4l:R .ut.WI ~ JoWl 2 3 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

57. (Losstime ) or (Loss equivalent hours) J.UU U1.S..4J1 &:.a~t..JI_ 5 (Hourly demand)2 Loss equivalent bours= (peak demand)2 2(~Lw.JS ~) ( average demand ) ~ Ja....u~ - 6 ~I ~ 4,,~ 4i1Ja1l ~ ~ 4S~I.j oJ~ ~J ojliJ ~~ ~I ~ OJ~~Jo.JJJ~ : .4JJt.a..J11.l1+i ~I ~.jl4 ~ ~ ~~ Total Energy (KWH) Average Demand = Total hours (KWH) ~ UUtJI ( Load factor) LF ~ J,.~ - 7 J...=. ~'.j (average load ) ~I J..w."':;" ~ ~I 4..i~ ~I J,.~ u~ OJ~~jofl~ J$. ~ ~j ..;.i ~ KWH O.'l:t.~ 4iUtJI ~ ~ ()4 J...=JI Ja....uji.4 ~.J :w' 4S' ~j11 oJ&il1 &:.a~k. Energy during Period in KWH Average load = - - - - - - - - - - Hours during Period - 'ff - ~'t.JJfSJl UU:a.11 ~ JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

58. Average load in KW (KW) ~.b.w,ji.t LF= = Peak Load in KW ( KW) ~ ~i Or LF = Actual energy (KWH) Peak demand (KW) *Total hours = ~"i~1 Jlo ~ ~ u,s.... JS.1lS~ J,uJI J,.l&. 'T~ [~ ..0 41.C. : ,,"'JIS ~l-a. ~ lS~l.J ~lSJl.J J,.l&. ~ ~ ~ (3-3) Js.J.~ t....s ~I.w 24 OOW~,J;3t ~I ~ ~ (I ~l J...=JI LFD = Daily Load Factor 24 2: (hourly demand)/24 _n=1 (peak demand) (11 +1 2 +__+1 24)/24 lav = =- 1 P - rt - 4a'4~ Uu"n ~ .wJl http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

59. ~ ~ (3-4) ~~ w (~.H ~~i) ..r~'il ~I ~ ~(.:I ..r~'il ~ J.a~ "-i.e LF w = Daily peak variation factor over the week 7 I (daily peak demand) 17 0=1 = (peak of week) (I +1 .. + ............. +1)/7 I = 1 '" _--!!..... (1 ) -. p p ~ ~ (3-5) JtJ.'" lAS( ~ ~ ~I ) 41.>f.JJ1 ~ ~ ~ (-+ 41~ ~ J.e~ olio LF m= Monthly peak variation factor over the month 12 ( I monthly peak demand )/12 n=1 = (annual peak) (I +1 2 + ............ +1) /12 I_ 1 _ av - (1 ) 1 p p J.a~~~(J : ,,"'its. &S~ ~I LFv=LFd* LFw*LFm jSl..)A~ve~-'4.p~"lI-'~~~"lI~~~J~lfu...J .~I - T'o - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

60. I I, I, i) 4 1,. . . 1 :z 3 4 J-JI 24 hr J-JI . r1 2 3 4 5 6 12 month IS~I J-JI ~ (3 - 5) J. - ,., - ~~.JtS3 ~U:a3 ~ ,W3 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

61. ( Loss Factor) LsF .wJ1 J.al&. - 8 Vs)$,: ~~ ~..J u~ i",.1iJI ~ "lS l.it 4JLW .iii ~~ JU31 J.al&. r~ : J+l4.u.a..J= KWH of loss during a specific period LsF = (hours in time period) (Peak KW Joss) OJ~ 4WJ oJii ~ (KWH) 41LhJ1 Jii = (KW J1S ~i ) ( 4&.~ ~jSl 0jiiJI) (l.to' Square ofall actual demands LsF = Square ofpeak demand on 100% of the time L (hourly demand) 2 n LsF% = *100 n(peak demand)2 2( ~L..u JS ~1~1,Ji3 ~) e~ = 2( ~ ~i) ( ~I,I.JJI J~) - fV- ~~Jf53t UU:UI ~ JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

62. : ,,""iiS. ~~ tI-JJ ~ ~ ~ JSJ .wJ1 J.a~ ~t....&:t. ~ .w.n J.e1J:, ~ ~ (3-3) ~ ~ W'~lw 24 .~J.t.1 ~~ J.t.:tJ1 ~ ~ oJ< : ,,""its tr.H31 Ls Fd = daily loss factor 24 L (hourly demand) 2 n=l =------- 24 (peak demand)2 2 1 2 I 2II ;r 2 ;r1- 24 =------------- 24(1' p)2 ~ /.t(34) ~ ~ W ( !+oa.J:f J,.a. ~I ) ~.).Wl'1' ~I ~ ~ * : uP~"i1 .wJI Ja~ L sFw = (daily peak)2 variation factor over the week 7 L (daily peak demand) 2 n=l LsFw = 7 (peak ofweekl 2 1 2 12I. + 2, + + 7 = ---------- 7(1 p)2 ~/.t(3-5)~uAW(~J-a~I)($~~~~* ($~ JiinJa~ - fA - ~"4JfoS3' ~WI ~ JWl http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

63. LsFm= (monthly peak):! variation factor over the month 12 r(monthly peak demand) 2 n=1 = 12 (peak of month)2 1 2 1 2 21 + 2 + +112 = 12 (t Ii : ",~lS ".jlWJI JWI ~t;. ~ ~ LsFy=L sFd* LsFw* L sFm ~I 4...~,J~,J y~'iI,J~,J:f!I ~'il 6A~~ ~I ~ o ~ jSlj'Il ~ U4 "".a..Jl ~ J,als;. 'T1.wJ ~"'" ~t:iaS,J1..a ~"'" ~ .iWt J,.~ 'T~ oJjSl..S1 ~~t (.)1 ~ ('I~I ~ ~~ ~,J ( J,..aJI .J' ~1J:ltI ~ ) ~I.:JfSJI t::!t~l (J.

64. Total hours . 0jAU ,.1,J4J1 ~Ii.u

65. ~~ 1~~/~IAf 4&.L.Jl (KW)~ ~I...JI (KW)..,.,J.blI 12:00 AM 1:00 AM 10 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 13 1:00 AM 2:00AM 8 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 15 2:00 AM 3:00AM 6 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 16 3:00 AM 4:00AM 7 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 19 4:00AM 5:00 AM 8 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 21 5:00AM 6:00AM $) 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 24 7:00AM -6:00AM 10 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 21 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 12 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 30 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 15 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 28 9:00AM 10:00 AM 14 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 23 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 13 10:00 PM 11:00 PM 19 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 11 11:00 PM 12:00 AM 13 I:371 kwh -t- ~"JfoSJ 4.!U:I3l ~ .wJI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

66. 30 25 20 51.5'lI> Ofpoak J-/I.&....... -----------------IS J5.45kW 10 5 Mid night 210864 4 6 8 10 ( r~J1 J)I.,;.. ) .::.Lt.L.. ",l- 24Jy..;.. (kW) o,)..illl ~ (3 - 6) ~ 2Mid night http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

67. ( Load duration) ~ f"JJ ~ 9 ~t o~ ~';J OJ~ ~j i,)JJ ~ ~.f'JJ .J) ~1:J'~ ~~ :~Y'~e~'~ ( ~, ti N1 )WOw~...-ti&....U'"vaa 1.1''' J':""iJ ~ .. ..) rr. 'jJ ( ~ JSJ ~~ U~..w, .ue. J'~ J~J ) ~ ~ .;~ J~ ..l.Plt' caS''; ~ =~~~ ( 4>"ljil' oJii u"-~ t~ ~ .J'.fidJ' rS'Ji ~ ).JJS:lS' ~,~ ~ ~ ..Ap.:ul x 2 ( ~, ) := ~1 e:JJA (2)~ ~ f'JJ~~.)' ..w.u&Ui~1 u1&.LwJ1 ~'.J 1 ~..) JliJ : J:J1 oJ.JSW ul~' f.l:U JIA.} ~ f'lJJ ~ (3-7) JSJ.J (3..2) ~~~..H y1J:U~.)A ~ ~ ~,,)'J o~' ~ ~.~.)A ~~ J..ab. ve )~~.)A ~t.aa. ~ J~ ~l ~ (3-2) JJ~ ~ t.ia~S JW! .ui.S.J1 u.c:.U1 ~ ~ ( J'JS.lt' Loss equivalent hours (Hourly demand )2 (peak demand)2 _ 6849 KW2.Hr - 900 Kw2 =7.61 hr. -1f - ~~~ ,ut.bJt uA .w.n http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

68. ~~ ~J1t ~JA ,.sl~~ 4J . ,.sl~ Demand.~ .,lI,;S:iJI (kW) ~ ..llfiill ~"" JfidSI ~ lS"...un (kW) 7.3 900 4.2 100% 'I 1 30 6.38 784 8.3 93.30% 2 'I 28 5.93 729 12.5 90% 3 1 27 4.68 576 16.7 80% 4 1 24 4.3 529 20.8 76.60% 5 1 23 3.59 441 25 70% 6 '1 21 3.43 722 33.3 63.30% 8 2 19 2.08 256 37.5 53.30% 9 1 16 3.66 450 45.8 50% 11 2 15 1.59 196 50 46.70% 12 'I 14 4.12 507 62.5 43.30% 15 3 13 1.17 144 66.7 40% 16 1 12 0.98 121 70.8 36.70% 17 1 11 1.63 200 79.2 33.30% 19 2 10 0.66 81 83.3 30% 20 1 9 1.04 128 91.7 26.70% 22 2 8 0.39 49 95.8 23.30% 23 1 7 0.29 36 100 20% 24 1 6 6849 -u - ~'4JfSJI ~l131 ~ .1W http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

69. vajS! ~ ~ ~j4 ~ ~ (3-8) ~ ~,JoI..J "li ~ 4il.b1l Va 15% ~~.4.!1Jal1 Jii "I t.iA.J.# 4iUal ~ =energy loss = 0.15 * 371 =55.7 KWH J~ ~ t..s) ~ ~j4 ~ 24 hr ~ .H ~ ~,J -1' - ~~ UUtJI ui Jii.tI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

74. ( % ) J.UJI J,at.c:. ~I J,al&, B~e~ ~ lS~1 % 4.2 4.2 4.2 o 4.2 4.2 4.2 5 4.5 4.7 6 10 6.8 8.1 10.1 20 8~7 10.1 13 25 11.1 13 16 30 14.1 16 19.6 35 11.6 19.4 23.2 40 21.6 23.8 21.8 45 26.1 28 32 50 31.1 33.1 37 55 36.7 38.2 42.8 60 42.8 44.7 48.8 65 49.4 51.5 55 10 56.5 59.1 62.6 15 64.2 66.5 70 80 72.3 75 77 85 81 83.9 85.5 90 90.3 90.4 90.5 95 100 100 100 100 -~. - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

75. % 100....-------. 175 .~ ~ 50 9 25 ~ Load type A AJ-JI t,? o 2 10 15 20 24 "-L, %100 ,... 175 .~ Load type B ~ 50 BJ-Ilt,? 9 25 ~ 0 2 10 15 20 24 "-L. (3-9)~ - 0' - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

76. 120 100 J 80 .9 .9 .J ';fj 60fj - .. ;i~.~ ~ 40e 20 B~e.,.; 0 0 Q Q Q Cl Cl Cl Cl e e Cl ..... 'I M "it tI) CD .... co 0) Cl .... % J-JI J,..r- (3 =10) ~ 120 100 J 80 =!~ flfj 60 ~.~ ~ 40e 20 0 Q Q Q Cl Q Q Q Q Q Q Q .... 'I M .., tI) CD .... co C1> Q .... % J-JI J.t'" (3=11 )JiJ, - oy - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

77. (Demand Joss multiplier) ~I J.ii "rl,J~- 12 ~I J1i.J:w.ji.. ~ ~,J.)ltI ~,jJi J.l:. ~ J1iUH ~ ~ demand loss at peak Demand Jossmultiplier average demand loss ( 4) Jti. ~ .iii "rl.J~,J .iUtl J-att.J ~ J,slaJ ~ ~ ( 3-5) J.J~ ~,J:f :~ e.~ 4U3ldl.l.31 Peak demand == 365 MW Energy generated == 12789860 MWH Energy loss == 217423 MWH ~I ( O,J.).iJ1 6ji! 3 .U ( Distribution peak responsibility factor) ~ ~'il t!:JA Ji'~ ~ ~t 4J WJS; wi ~ ~, J.,tWi 1~ ~ ( DPRF) .~ .,t ,.t1llU ~ ~i ~J04 J.'~ ~ ~ ~~ 4ij! ~ ~ PRF ui (, ~ bdLi~ o II II (, ~ u1i;:h; I> t lkU u,~ ~ ;J~ 0095 u-n 0.,3 ~ DPRF ~~ 4'09;@11 uU~ ~ ~'"i o~ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

84. ~i ~ Ijl SPRF == 1.0 di. ( ~ + JS~) o~.j14 c.J'dUJl ~)I ~ ~J j ..;a.T~. f>~ oJJj ~i ~JA v.J ~ ~ ~~ J~ ~ ~i ~ 4.dt J~ ,~ 0,- Di ' AIJ~...,jJj ~ &t ($~ AI.,9 dol~ 4 Jii ~ ~ 3JJj ~J ~J u.J.i 3 ~ ~ ~.>" fd'i~ SPRF ~ ~f (3-7) JJ~ ~Jll ' (l'UilU ta+i PRF .,uPi.! ~DSI.4I SPRF ~ 4Ji.i (3-7) JJ~ SPRF2 ,.tAUl ~'il ~~ J.1s=. e~ SPRF 1.0 1.0 ~JOAJ Generator set up 0.81 0.9 JiJ3I ~ Transmission substation 0.64 0.8 ~~ Distribution substation 0.56 0.75 ~~J~ Distribution Transformer Ijl S;PRF 2 4.1'i~ ~ oJJiJ ":'IJ,JiLa Di' J..;&:&'il ~ ~ SPRF d ~J Jii J'dol SpRY.u D! ~j ~J ' ~ i~ ~ J.doll Jii ~ Dts ~I.a.JlJ ~.,:w I.f:iiWa'i ~Ua; J6 dol SPRF 2 c)J I~J I"UilU ~ ~i JJc:. 6 ~IJ~ o~ ~j&jJ Ji ~ -'. - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

85. (Distribution Factor)DF ~~t J,.tJ;, -16 ~.J$i ~ ~ JJJjJ I> p~W J:W ~ ~ o.;J1JJl ~'j,;iLa eJJlj Lt 'JJU ~ ~ J,..e. ~ ~ ~ ~.Jji ,.t't .>.fJ1'jJJ ~ ~ t.$lnJ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~..lJlll J.elG- '":l~ r~ e,;i ~~ ~ 4.it~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~, ~~ ~~ bi'J~ fLI:W1T e.lJ.4 ~ ($ ~ : ul-i ~ ~ ~ ,~ ~ 1 2R ~'J~ ~t ~iJ.3.i 1=1$ +(IR -Is~L Peak sending-end current ~.,JAJ1 ~lfJ .)~ ~, = Is Peak receiving-end current ~, ~~ JL{J ~i =II' :~ "A,h' ~ U'J~~' "ti Peak3-ph losses =3 J~I2rdX J~ o..:a..J JSl ~.Jt:iAl, = r ~'~JJJ:a= L Peak 3-ph losses = 3rJ~[(IS +(IR - IS )XIL)2dx I = rL(I; +lsIR +I~) ( I 1 2 J=I'Ll; 1+-.!!.+ ~ Is Is =I'L Ii(1 +b + b 2 ) ~ I I I I I I b=~ Is Is dx IR X I L -" - ~1.:~ ~lW u.i JWl http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

86. .),~ ~ .;;aJ"u..~ ~ .J (DF) ~~ J..~ uti b ~ ~,~~ :~~.S~ DF=Distribution Factor =(1+b+b2 ) :. Peak 3-phase losses = rLI; (DF) uaLw.t ~ (DF ) ~ J,.G. ~ ~ .. ~4~ ~ (3-13) ~ ~~ tJ=J ~ ~.JA ~...J ~ u.- ~ J:ii ~ UJS.4 ~ ~~ u ~) ( DF ) ~.JJlS' Jaw. dJ IotUj ~J .. ~ ..# 4:..lwa. ~ ~ uts j .)JIS UD ~ CJ' ~jj,ll ~ -,,. - ~a~ 4.Lb3 ~ .wJ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

87. 10.8 b= IR Is 0.60.4 ; 0.2 "l //1 2.5 +--------+-!--f---J /1/ j I . / ! I 2 -t-------+--t-l-.-/-/-1- 1~ / I ~r / i ".P I 1 I...... ' o IJ.. o - 'if - l~ .sJl.J:lJ ~ .w.l http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

89. ~')t '":'~ 4.itLU.J i JJin "" JW Power and Energy Losses (Power Losses) c.)Jil ~J~ Jii Wi. ,)J1:i /f'Ji R 4..4J.L ,,:' (~4~ e;JjiJ Ji.j .1a5..Jl ) ~1.JJfS 0&4 ,,'I : ($J~ Pr ~I o,;~ S 1=-- .s S = apparent power =~W i,JJi31 P = active power = Ua.i.ll i,;Ji1l Q = reactive power = Ua.i.lI ~ i,;JiJI Pr = active power loss = Ua.i.lI i,;Ji1 Jii ()!.Ij, ~~ J~ ~U:a (,)4 ~J o,;l.p. ~ 4Ja.i3I iJJi1 ~'JjiL J,~ OA.,H (reactance) X 4&a~ ~4J+S.11 ~~J J1i ~ JI ~.:~I o~ : "J~ Qr ~ .;#:- o,;JiJ Jii D! ,;~/(AJI o. =3XI 2 o, =X{~)2 =X{~)2+x{~r -,,0 - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

90. ~'jdJ ~~'il J'J....-i. ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~U:a ~~ H .,i (Shunt capacitors ) ISJ'$U ~ J{ ( Synch'ronous machines) , ( Capacitive generation oftbe lines ).Li~ ~ tJJ~ ~ 4JlaJJ Ji:, i.;Ji.1l ..:.aJ."u.. JJ;d J' ~ l1~ (.11~ ()4 o..S~ ~ UA ~"U1 ) ~ .>F oJJiS ~ (4-1) JS.J. ~~ .~J~~~~ J'~'~.J AtJ ~ ojJU uJ.,jiAtt : ,J~t ~J A~ ~ ~ ~ uJ'l ~~ ( JJla:U ~ Ji ~ ",,... ) R ~JtL '+tJ ~ ~~ ~ .. ~ ~}iJ ~ (;HI J~ : ( Single ..phase line) A.JS' ~ ..~ ~ ~ R 4AJ.Lo ~ J~ .;..... ~ J-NJ R ~Jli.. J:j.i. V- ~ ~ .)4m ~ : tS~ i,)Jin Jii ut tSt : ( 3-phase system) ~ ~ fUiaJ u.:. uA ~1 (Jt ~J 113 ,J.JJa JS.1 ,)L..iAJ1 ~ ~ ,)~'J 41 ~ ~ .H ~1 ~J ' ~ tS~ ,).jl:lt ~ ~J.jJJ ~~""J' ~ CJi ~ .~~ IAln Jii .0..e , f u.r: J )2 I2.R 1 Po =32 .R.3 =-3- =6 .Pn ~ ~ r~ iJ~ ~ u~t 6 tSJ~ ~ ISJ~t rUiU o,).al Jii (Jt tJi .~ o~ ~ ~'J (JJi f".:- ~ ~J CJjl.t -"" - ~1.J 0.0

91. 40 80 120 160 200 240 (KV).If+l1 I 140 I 120i I I 100 I ~ 80 . ! ~1i ~~ 60 40 20 0 0 L.-.- . ..._ .. . ... ~1.JfJ1 ,1,~ 4JIl11 ..>#:- o,)J111 (4 - '1) ~ ~I J~l u~ ~ o.lljWl 4.:I",..,..J1 A,p ( Source: Ref. (11) ) - 'IV- '4-l4~1 4.i~1 ~ J.WI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

92. ( Energy Losses ) ~Ua3 UJji.i... : ~~l.S ( Wr ) 4iWt ~J~ ~ ( Pr ) i.)J1n YJ~""J~ 2 Wr =Pfj .J( .S ) dt max 0 Smax p ( normalized load cJJW ~ (8JJ~.u.-J ~~ ~J Pmax 41J~ J~ ~ 4..&1' Cos 0= 1 ut 04~ duration curve) S =f(t) .u~ P =f(t) Smax Pmax 2 (. Squared .normalized t.S JWl(8'J...1) ~.)A ~~ ( S .J ,, t.S Smax :~""JlS t r JW.1 ~'it v-J ~ ~ 4.WJ duration curve ) T( SJ2Tf =f . .. .dt o Smax ' Wr= Prmax 1'r -,,, - ~1.:Jf5J ULh.lt ~ JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

93. : Ut..bn Jii "':i~ ~,~ 4JJa.JJ ~ ;~ Jii ~i ~, 2 Pf =~S~ax) (~j~ ~ ~J ~ )4i~.JL4 T (Ji ~J1J (4-5) JtJ. ()ot Tr ~ -- 2 4J.b.Jt 04 4ilbn Ji.i ~ -- 3 Wr=Rfmax. Tr -, 4l - ~'4~ UU1.1 ~ JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

94. 0 0 Il tnltn ~ I I .,. I c: II.. 1: I I t... I l !I I .,. I c: II.. 1: --~tnltn s- '-~ la -,J::>. I N - ~ - V. - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

95. 100 ,---r-~-- , 1" 80 ....} ~ 1'~ 60 '?f. .~ 40 20 0 Tt- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,.. ... N CO) .., It) CD ,.. CD CD (Hours) 4&>1...J1 - v - 44JfS3 ~U3S ~ J.W http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

96. &o~ % Of maximum load J-~ .... N .... Ol co I:) Co) Co) Co) I:) Co) en r.0 c 500 c:: ~ r 1000 ;;0 1500 ~ ~ t- 2000 .:= 't" ~ 2500 - r t 3000 r:t 3500- ..... 1 j 4000 e (;,. .t- ~ 4500 l:~ t 5000 ott 5500 .~ i: 6000 ~'t. f 'f: 6500 7000 - 7500". t ". 8000 -~ 8500 - VT - ~t,JfoS3l 4lWI u-i .wll http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

97. 3500 ~---....,-..-----...... 3000 2500 +----f--t____ i 2000 +---+---+---+----,0"+-----/ o ~ t: 1500 +---+---+--~.p---+--___l 1000 +---+--4'-~_+_--+---1 500 +---+-~'-+--_+_---+--__I 0f--+---+---;---r---1 o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 T (Hour) (r,)~IJ,JiW1 ~~I &aj (4 - 5 ) ~ (T) ~ ~I ()ej~ ~I~ ~u..a~1DJ~.~I~ (a) ~u..o~1 J.R'J~~I~ (b) ( Source: Ref. [11] ) - vV' - 4~.)fSJ1 411.k! ~ .WI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

99. ~W ~l~.n u'J3~ ui JW Generators Losses t..1iA UUD ~ .4"s"a~.l1 ~ ~ ~ ,~ ~ ~1..w,J41l (;1 ..J",~ v.- ~ o.,rU (Synchronous machines) .u.......ljW.U ~~11 ~ .~.)foS ~ ~ I~ ~I.S~ e)~ ]A.I ()4 ~ lU.l1,j , ~ ",.US,j ~~~ .~~~ i~ ~t:i.il (.$"p.~),j (MW) Uai o~ ~t:i.il c),j~1 , ~t U"ii"l;,j ~I.w~ (MVAR) ~ .Ji;. i.,)l...!~1 ~ - .t."......n - ~Ji1I jI'~ ~ (5- 1) ~ ~.H . (turbine - generator -exeiter system) i.t"..1l ~ &.;JilI ~ ( prime mover ~ ~I 4tt~ ,jl ) 4..l.HJi1I ~ , ~ ~,j , ]A.I 4Jai .,),d .t~ , ~Ji1I ~ f~ ~ 'J~ ~ , (field ~ .H '" ~ , (DC) ~ ).j:A ~ .,)~ '~~I ~ ~ ~ lU~,j Er .S"..1l ~I.tI Jf+1I .,)J..44 ~ ~ ~ (.$J~ current) V .t"..n~.;... ~ r,) ~ .,))~'11 ~ ~ J,1"..,u 4Ji1.S.61l o.)3tJ33 ~ (5- 2) JS,.:, ~.J:! ~ '1.l11,j (infinite bus)~~ ~ jl'UUJI ~ 4.:l-i,j (steady state) .u III r.JA+..)A JHoS ( ",Ui.UI ~,jl ') J,1"..J1 ~~ ~ ~ ik,j ~ ~~ ~ (.$Jl.w:l ~Ij -VII - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

101. - vv - 4~~1 4.:9LWI ~ JoWl http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

102. : ~ ~JlA.d v-Er J!~ ~ ~ ~,J (1) Xd :::: direct - axis synchronous reactance :::: ~~ ~I o~1 ~ ~1yJl tk:.tA...J a = power angle = iJAn~1j ~~ oJ~ ~.J (1) ~J 4JJl.LJJ ~~;i' ~.;t (5...3) ~ ~,J:!J : 4JJLJI ~ ( ab.ljJ1 ~ ) r~ 4.J~ * =V[EfLO-V]XdL90 VEf [VEr V2 ] =--sino+j --cos 0-- Xd X d xa =p + jQ -VA - 4...t..t'U .,4 .lJ.o~..):i ~li t.oljtl ~ ~ ~..J 0 ~~ (J.alj'iAJl.t,J4!l ~ ~ (MVAR) ~.>F o.;Ji3 ~ ~ e .).J.tI ~ ~'4~ .;~I ~l~ Er Jf+ll ~ ~ ~..J' Er Jf+3I (Generator Capability Curves) J.l,Jo41I 4.e~'Jl u~ uJII-J ' 4J.ai ~ "'JA ,.W&.t"i ~~':Il ~~ o.)HSJI ii.;lJ~ ~"i'il tr~ .J (lfW) ~ i.;JlU ~ ,-)1 4a.1-.. ~J";J:a ~ 4.i~ ~t.b'l.."il ~ ~ , ~ I~ ~ ,~ eJI 4bU ~ ~ J (MYAR)4JW!I .Ji;. o.;.iJI .4.:lt.~ J.filt~ J.,H+ JJJ:rJ.JMVA ~u= o,;Ji.,J 4.1...1jl.t .uw o.;ii ~~ JS ..1c::.. J.1".,J ,,",j~ ~~'il ~ (5-5) ~ ~~ JJi 4Jla.i.U .Ji, i.;Ji14 U,JL:! LaAAI , 4JIi1I .Ji. o.;.iiJJ (,HA ~J:I (MW) J..... Ji.w.I tJdJI .JF o.;Ji.14 U,JL:! ~':Il .J (overexcited) iJ,~.._"i1 J~ i.;-'3I G:~ ~U:a:&.w.I (Jli JS,J.SI ~ ~1.J .,. Lts,(underexcited) oJ,~-wm 4t"'l11 J.J~ OJ,JA.4 i~4.L.iJI ~ ~ A ,JI) (stator heating Iimit)~Wl ~ ~..l....:1. ( armature current limit J+Jl .;t[A A ,Jl) (rotor heating limit) .;I,J~ ~ ~ ~ (field current limit (stator end turn heating ~Wl ~ ~l.f.iJI wW ~ ~ ~ ( limit ~'ib. t.J ~Wl ~ ~ ~ J3jA11 i.;Ji..c ~ .t"...tl 4Jb.in .Ji;. ~~"il .)j:J ty"1.l .c:tt _~~tI IJI 1 "'- '11-:'11. w WI I a..,JI.aJI .I.: ....~tl . " .........' r--'" i.r .>lJd ("r--:J' .; J" ~, -Ao - http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

110. 350 E--I---I---+--+--+---I----I----1 300 E--I---I---I---+--+--I---l---=I 50 150 r--_~-~-~-~-~-~-~--1 250 I f.-.....; -ll'i"'--J -./ -~Z", 200 ~~!!!!!!!Bo,4..~~...J~~'---+-~f--J c.~T 7K~t> .1" .tt -~l ~ J1i ......(,,)M..J-' ""........... .. -+ (The loss due to brush contact resistance ) t!:i.t"il ~ Uo'IbJ Jii ~ UJS.J oj&' JW l~ . -H'- ~'4~ 3jWl ~ JU.ll http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

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119. Ra I http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

120. 1 )I !;'-f1'U~i1f/idY'Pf1C;,IJ:!I'l~ loss ) Wi E6 f 4J L .~ Ls .tJl"'_.' iln ill Bnia~ . .J~, ~ ~ "-'~--" (Eddy curreat loss) ~'.JJJ ut.J,;m J1i W~ a B~axf ~J~ ~ ~ ~jj ( Frequency of magnetic reversals) ~l..ii...1 c.>"lSaJ ')J.]A =f ( Maximum Flux density ) ~ U~ ~t .. B max ( Mechanical losses ) 4JsJ~ ~'J~ (3) J.eW J,.aJ ~'J.."u.. C>A 20% ~ 10% Dot ~ ":"'J~ o~ :""'~'J~ o~ ~ ( Friction loss ) ~'l' Jii 4s._tl W ~ ~t"&.J _L.UI~' Au If~,i; Yla... 0 Ai ~ ~~, ~~r ft.J ... ~- ...,.... ..r ." . c...--------- ~ t.. 1".~. .. t_ ."fJ ~ .. ~tl "," 4.i ~ oJ..... , ~,.- .......,,,.. ( windage loss) --'.JfJ4 ~'l' Ji.i ~ ( ~ oJ' JW'..,' )~'..HJJ 41.a...,pJ ~ ~~ "(";''') ~ o,;eliU ~ .4lJ~ ~.J ~ ~~, ~ (,$' 4J ~ ~~ ,.,~ .ts~ ~ 1.4~ http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

121. (Losses ofsynchronous machines ) ~'jll ,,:'a':i~ ~J.ji.L. ~.p ~~ ~~ ~ tri, ~ : ~~ ~~ J' ~~ ,4.l..'~ 4J~ : ~~':l' o~ e'.Jd' CJA ' J3~ J'~ ~ JJ~ ~ (synchronous motor ) ~jln ~~ e 4.f ~~..J~ ~ JJ';~~.YJ' ~J' ~~ ~~ ~~.JA ~L'ii.A1t ~lkW J~.J ~~ (synchronous generator ) ~13U' JJ~ e ... j .0:. l.aa. .t.:.. .11_ A tl ...~Ui...t ~1..i.1.4 .t':~ ...~ , JJ '" ., .": J.1 a...a AA ~~ P&~U~'~ ~ ~~..,--..;ra o u .n.. _tl 'Pi' .:.. .tl JJ'" .t:.u:; ~ ~ ~ JJ a o~, ..:,...J--' iJd JId 0 ...,---..J ~ : ~ ~jltJ u"~f~ ut.,.ji.L. ~ (Exciting circuit loss) : ;~~, &jJJ ~1) (Field 12 R) ~ 12R J1i. (rheostat) (1) o~ 4...J1.a f'l'~' 4.P e=au Jii .. (brushes) ot.>i3l Jii (exciter) o).a~' ~ Jii ( Fixed Loss ) ~CU .wJ(2) (Core) ~ Jii ( bearing friction) (2) ~ ~jS ~, e (total windage) ~'JfJ4 ~ ~ J1il ~ ( brush friction ) ~~ ~'Jii ~4jfoS O';'J ~ J3.".s ~~ ~ji ~~." ~~ ~~ (~) 4l.jA3 (J4J+S fl~(l) i~ 4..a~ ~ ~ 4iWl J.J ~ .~ i';J.4.1 ~~l ~ 4dJJj ~~ JiS:! W!.;JJ ~ .J' J-bJA ~ ~.P (2) -~v - ~~Jf.S.3 A.ilJ=.t oJ ..Wl http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

122. (Direct load Ioss) ~~ ~ .w (3) ( 12 R loss in armature winding ) ~ ~~ ~ 12R..lii (Stray load loss) J..)LJJl .;1+iJ' J1i (4) (in iron) J;J.2J ~ J1i (in conductors ) ~~ ~ Jii : "="~ cs31 J).JJ J~ ~'JjiiA ~~ ~un ~ UA ~.A ~USt 4.;~JaJt ,.')!a~ ~ OJ.;t.J. t.:I':i~ e ~ ~.b..U Jii ~ ~.J ' ~t.i:w.U ~ .l2~ ~',JI JL+.e.D o~ ( teeth) uu.w.'1 ~.;3l ,.~ 4,J;; ~u.n ~ ~JA ~ ~'JJ.U ~,~ ':"'J~ ~'"I c,}(saturation)~ ~ (slots) ($~ ~ ~J ~ (turbo- generator )~,; - J.t,jAoJ ~'J"u...n ~ J1l. (5 -4) JJ~ ~J:! 0.8 o,;iiJ.la..t ~ 23.4 MVA i.;Jill ua.. (5-4) JJ~ (KW)~~ JWe~ 68 ( Friction loss) ~1 Jii 220 (Windage loss) ,.1.JfJt ~I .Iii 165 (Core loss) ~.Iii 62 ~ .,..-s.t f1 R Jii ( Stator IIR loss) 138 J;..:JI .HJl .Iii ( Stator load loss) 14 iJU'i1 ~ J1i ( Exciter loss) 96 (rotor 12 R 10ss);ljJ3I ~ 12 R Ji.i 763 ~ .'WI -"A - 4a1.:~ 4Jth3 ,.) JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

123. ~JLwJ ~4J' Jill' u~ u.i JijJ' Transmission Losses ~JA J..',pJ o~ ~ ,,~'J~ ~ ~ Ja~ iJA'l.e ~'$' ~~ Jil3' b.I~ t.:. .~.":tl UiY tt JL:ll. .. "~, ~ ~'.&4 tl~I fA (J": ,""--.-'Jd 1.S.Jlb J . (J"'J : ~ ul~ ~ ~.; ~t~ JSiJ'" '-F ,~ ~~Jf5Jl ~ ~'i~.J ~'J...J~ ~Jd ~ wi -i .iJ&.a ~ .. .1iJt .m~ ~ W1t c::.a'J AU ... e, ': t . . II ~...v,.. 0.) US"'... I..Jdd ~ Oflll"'S.J ~ ~ ~-. ~ ($JjS ~J ~ 4...Jt1a ;~ ~t1&J ~,j J:a~ ~.JA ~ -fmrJ .~~ c:.a'J~ ~ OJ.:j ~'W JJf+3' ~,j~.JfJ'.1la~ ~ .Ji:..J"bi...SJ ~ N' t~i-~ .UJJJSJ' ~'J,Jii.. ~ iJlD ~ : ~f~~ ~~J,41~ ~'J~ OJl.tj ~ (SJ,)'j JUD .b~ (Q) Wa.U ~ O.;J.....11 CJ~ -I Q ~ I ~ li.d ,t... (p2+Q2 )112 ~ LalSl ~t..ila ~ b..Wt'" ~ o~ '"":f'd"""J ~- J.. " .... .Jd4 UU'ill ." t.:.J.n ~'J ,~L l.Wt U-:11 LY.n W ..~ ,1': ": tj J ~~,,(Jd' "..,- VO t-r--f.J .) .. .. ~ (J"'~ S :J; (voltage drop) ~ ,l,~ ~ 4Jla.i.n ..Ji;. i J..tU ()~ (Ji u--l! ~ J~.,.u ~J ..;:a'J,Jii.A.U iJlt) ~J .;W .)~ iJltJ ~ tS~,J 4Jla.i.n ... JiJt "La .. ~ .LJY:." LiS ~ 0.) Ut.)4ld ~ ~.. .. ~f;. . .':.1:. r , ~ ~ .t.:. .~.":tl 01.i 4J ..~ ': Att 3 J.iJt. ..J ~ ~ - bI ~ ~ ""V"':"' ~I ,,~ ~I.) ~.).l.l.is;. n I KIn ~I~~ ~~ R20 ~ J:!:i.1l Lj,i.. ~ ~4J~~20oe X20 =conductivity at ze'c for cOPfcr 56 m ! n mm2 for aluminum 33 m ! n mm = u-ubJ....ll 56 m ! n mm2 tJ.J~~.J 20 0 e ~ (J) ~."..JI f'~.,w 33 mIn mm 2 fJJl.Jt.f~ q =conductor cross section mm2 =mm2 O.b.~ J.w:a.jo4J ~ ~ 4J.llL.tll 9 t.:. .~.':t1 ; I 4.:.. .t ta..Y D - t.. ~ ~ '" ~J ~I J"p> .~ Jl'dc J a 20 = temperature coefficient ofelectric resistance = ~'4~ ~Jt.L.U o.;l~ ~.).l J-at&..a = 0.00393 deg .J 0"b.ll1 = 0.00403 deg" ~~~ ...".ft.. ) ~~~I ).fJJl ~ji.l ~j J.l:..i t... ~JW ~Jol ~ ~ : ~~I (l) .~I ~t...... i.l3.j.J J~ i~.j.l iJWI ~~ iJjt....:Jj ( ~ 4..ju....l1 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

126. O"~,J f~,J3l ~~ ~ oJ.;a ..:;,1+.;-' JJ.I:, Re ~ (6-1) J.JJ+ ~.J:! 7~,aC & 60 Hz JJ.I:, UMWD ~t.s.1l ~ 4..JL 4 (6-2) J.JJ+ ~.J:! l!l1ls ( effective resistance) (J) S)j..tJ1 te,JlLJI F'~ o..JJi3 ..:;,l.l."u... "rt......:. ~ at.:. .&.-:11 .. I ~ -' ~ Wl4J.lI&.aJl L...... 1._- ~ -:1!~, o.).,p. . ; . . Q.lI ~ ....,.......... /.r"J Rae = R.le + AR Rae=: effective resistance ( n I km ) = ( n I kin ) o)~ 4..,JtLJl AR""" additional losses ( n I km ) = ( n I kID ) ~Wal ~""",Jli.t (multi - ~ O.l~ ~l1S AR 4iWa~I4..,Jli.43l ~ (6-1) JS,.....Ji~.J:! core) .;~ .l,J~,J ($,Ji3 ~l1S ~~ """,1.W1I ~~ """,u.. (6-3) J.JJ+ ~.J:! F'laJI J;llJ. .;ljJ ~~ ~1JJl ~ (Ji """,I.w.i ~ "r~,J """,ti.4 JSJ is .l~l : .)~~I ~ ~i.J ,( f"~ 30 ~~ ~1JJl ~ ) ~111~,Jl.aJI j4&JI u- Jill ~ ~ ~ oJ:j 2% & ~ JJA.4 5,/0 & J,.:a.U f,J~ ".....J JJ-A.4 2% 4ilJa1l ~~ ~I..,...u ~ C~ J:!jJI ~ Jii ~J~I J,J~ "i ~...J IEE18 J~ Ji.lll ~~ 4.t.a"l-,J 4...JL1. (6-6) ,(6-5) ,(6-4) J,JIJ...+Sl ~~ .~."..n ~,J el~ ~ ~jUI ~ 220 KV & 66 KV & 132 KV ~ ~ ~ ,JJ';'" H i.)lJ u- ~ ~.J u=m ~':il ~j1.o.lI ~ :i~.)4.1 .L.a~ (1) ~ ~.f ~1,jo1ll &:l1J:!.ill ~ Jiill r:P 4:>UlI ~ji..3I.f ~ .H-d3I ~j1.. (1.i"~)~J http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

127. ~ (WKm) ~o.J;a.~..)~~ ~c teJu..tl ~"..J1 200 e 25C JOC 35C 40C 45C mm1 CU AL CU AL CU AL CU AL CU AL CU AL ,~ 1.5 11.9 .... 12.1 ..... 12.4 ..... 12.6 ..... 12.8 -- 13.0 ..- 2.5 7.14 12.1 7.28 12.3 7.42 12.6 7.56 -12.8 7.7 13.0 7.84 13.3 4 4.46 7.58 4.55 7.73 4.63 7.88 4.72 8.04 4.81 8.19 4.9 8.34 6 2.98 5.05 3.03 S.15 3.09 5.25 3.15 5.35 3.21 5.45 3.27 5.56 10 1.79 3.03 1.82 3.09 1.86 3.15 1.89 3.21 1.92 3.27 1.96 3.33 16 1.12 1.89 1.14 1.93 1.16 1.97 1.18 1. 1.2 2.04 1.22 2.08 25 0.714 1.21 0.728 1.23 0.742 1.26 0.756 1.28 0.77 1.31 0.784 1.33 35 0.510 0.866 0.52 0.883 0.530 0.9 0.54 0.918 0.55 0.935 0.56 0.95 50 0.357 0.606 0.364 0.618 0.371 0.63 0.378 0.642 0.385 0.654 0.392 0.667 70 0.255 0.433 0.26 0.442 0.265 0.45 0.27 0.459 0.275 0.468 0.28 0.476 95 0.188 0.319 0.192 0.325 0.195 0.332 0.199 0.338 0.203 0.345 0.206 0.351 120 0.149 0.253 0.152 0.258 0.155 0.263 0.158 0.268 0.161 0.273 0.163 0.278 150 0.119 0.202 0.121 0.206 0.124 0.21 0.126 0.214 0.128 0.218 0.131 0.222 185 0.097 0.164 0.098 0.167 0.1 0.171 0.102 0.174 0.104 0.177 0.106 0.18 240 0.074 0.126 0.076 0.129 0.077 0.131 0.079 0.134 0.08 0.136 0.082 0.139 300 0.0595 0.101 0.060'7 0.103 0.0618 0.105 0.0630 0.107 0.0641 0.109 0.0653 0.111 400 0.0446 0.0758 0.0455 0.0773 0.0463 0.0788 0.0472 0.0804 0.0481 0.0819 0.0489 0.0834 500 0.0357 0.0606 0.0364 0.0618 0.0371 0.063 0.0378 0.0642 0.0385 0.0654 0.0392 0.0667 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

128. ~ (0 1Km) ~ 0J',;a. ~'+JJ ~ Ric ~Jl.i..J .~~, SOC 5SoC 60C 6SoC 70C mm2 CU AL CU AL CU AL CU AL CU AL 1..5 13.3 .- 13.5 - 13.8 - 14.0 - 14.2 -2.5 1.98 13.6 8.11 13.8 8.25 14.0 8.39 14.3 8.53 14.5 4 4.98 8.49 5.07 8.6 5.16 8.79 5.24 8.94 5.33 9.1 6 3.32 5.66 3.38 5.76 3.44 5.86 3.5 5.96 3.56 6.06 10 2.0 3.39 2.03 3.45 2.06 3.51 2.1 3.58 2.13 3.64 16 1.25 2.12 1.27 2.16 1.29 2.2 1.31 2.23 1.33 2.27 25 0.798 1.36 0.811 1.38 0.825 1.4 0.839 1.43 0.853 1.45 35 0.51 0.970 0.58 0.987 0.589 1.0 0.6 1.02 0.609 1.04 50 0.399 0.679 0.406 0.691 0.413 0.703 0.42 0.715 0.427 0.727 70 0.285 0.485 0.29 0.494 0.295 0.502 0.3 0.511 0.305 0.52 95 0.21 0.357 0.214 0.364 0.217 0.370 0.221 0.376 0.225 0.383 120 0.166 0.283 0.169 0.288 0.172 0.293 0.175 0.299 0.178 0.304 150 0.133 0.226 0.135 0.23 0.138 0.234 0.14 0.238 0.142 0.242 185 0.108 0.184 0.110 0.187 0.112 0.19 0.113 0.194 0.115 0.197 240 0.083 0.141 0.085 0.144 0.086 0.146 0.087 0.149 0.089 0.151 300 0.0665 0.115 0.0676 0.115 0.0688 0.117 0.0699 0.119 0.0711 0.121 400 0.0498 0.0849 0.0507 0.0864 0.0516 0.0879 (t0524 0.0894 0.0533 0.091 500 0.0399 0.0679 0.0406 0.0691 0.0413 0.0703 0.042 0.0715 0.0427 0.0727 http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

129. J1WI~j.i.o ..~~ n /1000 ft AWe or kcmil 0.780 8 0.489 6 0.309 4 0.195 :2 0.155 J 0.124 1/0 0.100 2/0 0.078 3/0 0.064 4/0 0.055 250 0.046 300 0.040 350 0.035 400 0.032 450 0.029 500 0.025 600 0.021 750 ** KcmiJ : Kilo circular mils emil : is the cross - section ofa wire of 1 mil diameter 1 emil ==506.7 * 10-6 mm 2 1 mm 2 == 1973 emil 1 mil == 0.0254 mm diameter AWG == American wire Gauge http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

130. ~ ,, "..... I'.. ...... I'.. I>. (1) Q. ~cr~ 25 35 I 50 , 70 o 95 8,120 ~ 150 SU85 "'240 ~300 ~400 :1. g ... 1t E .fa I> ~ l- It. 1. f. ~ C:;:. e '"'" E .fa..... 0 I --~ -.'- 4~~ 4l1.W1 ~ JW http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

131. 4S.;I.PJI ~ lSJ~I .)1+iJ JJJ::io, Economical Current Range J,w=,JotJI iJ"l.l.a lEE ~ji.S~ conductor size (Amp) ~I u-ihl mm2 (Amp) (Amp) 91 15 ..... 25 112 23 15 35 133 29 23 50 163 40 29 70 194 55 40 95 224 71 55 120 250 82 71 150 286 106 82 185 332 141 106 240 372 191 141 300 423 ..... 191 400 Source: http://www.cda.org.uk - ,. V - ~'4~ 4AUUI ~ JWI http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada

132. (2)~ ~ 4.."LiAJI susceptance n/Km n/Km J,..c."....J1 e.,.i (1) J.1SlKm (40C) 2.71 ().4J2 0.0835 ACSR 400 2.71 0.412 0.0835 AI 400 2.85 0.393 0.08 ACO 400 2.73 0.41 0.078 AI ;Zx236 2.73 0.41 0.078 ACO 2x240 2.71 0.412 0.0835 AI 2x300 2.71 0.412 0.0835 AI-weld 462 88.30 0.1344 0.0202 Cable 3xl000 132KV JilSI.b~ ~~ ~I~ (6-5) JJJ+ Ahlin w......n 4..JIJ.o.l susceptance reactance resistance J..o411 e.,9l O/Km JiSlKm O/Km (40C) 2.72 0.416 0.27 AI 120 2.85 0.388 0.10 AI 322 2.85 0.412 0.0835 AI 400 micro siemense ~ ~ (I) '{'..iiI ...~ 1Sj..d ,J,.a...,..J.r.~ ~.".n ~ ~ i..l:l." t.I" ~ IS.}>' 1""'i# If+I

الفقد فى الطاقة الكهربائية د.كاميليا يوسف

Engineering

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