სამაგისტრო ნაშრ ომი

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

saerTaSoriso samarTlis instituti

Mmagistraturis IV semestris studentis

akaki beriZis naSromi Temaze:

erovnuli amnistiebi da simarTlis komisiebi rogorc sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis damabrkolebeli

garemoeba

naSromi wardgenilia magistris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

Temis xelmZRvaneli: qeTevan xuciSvili, Tsu, sruli profesori, saerTaSoriso samarTlis

doqtori.

Tbilisi

ivlisi, 2013 weli

sarCevi

abreviaturebis CamonaTvali ................................................................................................................ 2

Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................ 4

E1. erovnuli amnistiebi da simarTlis komisiebi .................................................................................. 5

1.1 simarTlis komisiebi ........................................................................................................ 5

1.1.1. simarTlis komisiaTa cneba da funqciebi ......................................................................................... 6

1.1.2 simarTlis komisiebi, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis alternatiuli

meqanizmi ................................................................................................................................................. 7

1.2 erovnuli amnistiebi ......................................................................................................... 7

1.2.1 erovnuli amnistiis saxeebi ................................................................................................................ 8

1.2.2. saerTaSoriso samarTlis midgoma amnistiebis mimarT .................................................................. 9

2. damnaSaveTa dasjis valdebuleba .................................................................................................. 11

2.2 damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba ........................................................................................ 11

2.2.1 რომის სტატუტით გათვალისწინებული დანაშაულები ..................................................... 12

2.2.1.1. saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi .............................................................................. 12

2.2.1.2 saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlidan momdinare valdebulebebi ............................................. 13

2.2.2 adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebi ........................................................................................ 15

2.2.2.1 adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli sistema ........................................................................................ 16

2.2.2.2 gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti ........................................................................................... 17

2.2.2.3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasmarTlo .................................................................................... 17

3. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis kriteriumebi .................... 18

3.1 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos Seqmna da misi kompetencia.................... 18

3.2 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis kriteriumebi ........... 19

1.2.1 romis statutis me-17(1) muxli komplementarobis testis pirveli nawili .......................................... 19

1.2.2 romis statutis me-17(2) muxli, komplementarobis testis meore nawili .......................................... 21

1.3 samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisia ............................................................................... 23

4. Eerovnuli amnistiebis “nebadamrTvel” normaTa ganxilva....................................................... 25

2.1 prokuroris diskrecia .......................................................................................................... 25

2.2 uSiSroebis sabWos roli romis statutis me-16 muxli......................................................... 27

gamoyenebuli literatura ..................................................................................................................... 30

abreviaturebis CamonaTvali

UN

United Nations

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly

UNSC

United Nations Security Council

ECOSOC United Nations Economic And Social Counsil

UNCHR United Nations Commission on Human Rights

ECHR European Court of Human Rights

ICC

International criminal court

ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia

ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

IMT

International Military Tribunal

Inter-Am.C.H.R Inter-American Court of Human Rights

PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice

ICJ International Court of Justice

HRC Human Rights Committee

erovnuli amnistiebi da simarTlis komisiebi rogorc sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis damabrkolebeli

garemoeba

Sesavali

meoce saukunis Sua xenabi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis

gadamwyvet etaps warmoadgenda. amis mizezi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxridan,

adamianis uflebaTa dacvisadmi mudmivad mzard yuradRebaSi unda veZioT. mas Semdeg,

rac ,,abstraqtuli subieqtebis” Sesaxeb gancxadebam saxelmwifos qmedebis doqtrina

daamarcxa da meore msoflio omis damnaSaveTa pirveli sasamarTlo procesebi Sedga,1

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali, iseve rogorc sisxlis samarTlis tribunalTa wesdebebi

gamudmebiT viTardeboda da ixveweboda, sanam es procesi mudmivmoqmedi sisxlis

samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SeqmniT ar dagvirgvinda.

sasamarTlos Seqmnis istorias Tu gadavxedavT, naTeli gaxdeba misi arsebobis

mTavari mizani, romelic agreTve ganmtkicebulia romis statutis (SemdgomSi statuti)

preambulaSi kerZod, saerTaSoriso danaSaulTa Cadenisas dausjelobis aRkveTa.2 analogiur

mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlos sistemac, romelic moqmedebs komplementarobis

principis dacviT da morgebulia iseT SemTxvevebs, sadac saxelmwifos ar surs an ar

SeuZlia dasajos damnaSave.3 komplementarobis principi Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs imas,

rom konkretuli kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, erovnul doneze ganxorcielebul

process eniWeba upiratesoba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiqciasTan

mimarTebaSi. swored am ori umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris, arsebobis Sedegia TiTqmis

sasamarTlos Seqmnis dRidan mimdinare aqtiuri akademiuri mimoxilva sakiTxisa, Tu

ramdenad unda warmoadgendes saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis

miRebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli amnistiebi da Sewyalebis aqtebi sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dauSveblad gamocxadebis safuZvels. aRniSnuli Temis

aqtualobam kidev erTxel Segvaxsena Tavi sasamarTlos mier ugandis situaciis gamoZiebis

konteqstSi,4 ramac ganaaxla debatebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.5 romis statutis

SemTxvevaSi gaugebrobas amwvavebs is faqti, rom aRniSnuli dokumenti naTlad da

calsaxad ar awesrigebs amnistiaTa sakiTxs da ufro metic mocavs normebs, romelTa

interpretaciac urTierTsawinaaRmdego suraTs iZleva.

Sesabamisad, winamdebare naSromis mizans warmoadgens, statutis Sesabamisi

normebisa da terminologiis interpretaciis safuZvelze, imsjelos sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias

daqvemdebarebuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi amnistiis miniWebisas, erovnuli

procedurebis unarze komplementarobis principidan gamomdinare daabrkolos saqmis

dasaSveboba da garkveulwilad naTeli mohfinos sakiTxs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens simarTlis 1 IMT, The Trial of German Major War Criminals, naw.22, gv. 466, (1950) 2 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2002), preambula, para.5. 3 Ibid. me-17 muxli. 4 ICC Press Reliese (2004/01/29), “President of Uganda refers situation concerning the Lord’s Resistence

Army (LRA) to the ICC.”

xelmisawvdomia

http://www.icccpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200204/press

%20releases/Pages/index.aspx (ნანახია, 2013/0707). 5Dwight G. Newman, “The Rome Statute, Some Reservations Concerning Amnesties, and a Distributive

Problem”, American University International Law Review, Volume 20:293(2005) gv.356; Thomas Hethe.

Clark, “The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Amnesties, and the "Interests of Justice":

Striking a Delicate Balance”, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Volume 4:389(2005)

gv.391.

http://www.icccpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200204/press%20releases/Pages/index.aspx

http://www.icccpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200204/press%20releases/Pages/index.aspx

komisiebisa da erovnuli amnistiebis SerwymiT miRebuli gardamavali marTlmsajulebis

meqanizmebi, sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobaze. am miznis misaRwevad, kvleva

ganviTardeba Semdegi mimarTulebiT: naSromis pirveli Tavi mieZRvneba rogorc

amnistiebis, ise erovnuli simarTlis komisiebis cnebisa da saxeebis ganxilvas. naSromis

meore TavSi amnistiebis sakiTxis gadawyvetis miznisaTvis ukiduresi relevanturibidan

gamomdinare saubari iqneba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi arsebul damnaSavis dasjis

valdebulebaze. mesame Tavi mieZRvneba romis statutis me-17 muxliT dadgenil,

sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis standartebis interpretaciis gziT erovnuli procesisadmi

wayenebuli moTxovnebis identifikaciaze da imaze Tu ramdenad pasuxobs zemoaRniSnuli

gardamavali marTlmsajulebis meqanizmi am konkretul moTxovnebs. xolo naSromis

ukanaskneli Tavi mieZRvneba gamoZiebis dawyebisas prokuroris diskreciis ganxilvas da

imis gansazRvras sworad aris Tu ara miCneuli statutis 53-e muxli marTlmsajulebis

alternatiuli meqanizmebisadmi romis statutis “pativiscemis” demonstrirebad.6

E1. erovnuli amnistiebi da simarTlis komisiebi

aRniSnul TavSi saubari iqneba erovnul amnistiebsa da simarTlis komisiebze.

Uupirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am cnebaTa erTian konteqstSi ganxilva

gamowveulia im saxelmwifoTa praqtikiT, romlebmac simarTlis komisiebisa da erovnuli

amnistiebis dakavSirebiT SeimuSaves erTgvari gardamavali marTlmsajulebis meqanizmi,

romelic Tavad misi Semadgeneli nawilebis bunebidan gamomdinare yvela SemTxvevaSi

individualuri da gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad, sanam visaubreb erTian suraTze, romelic

SesaZloa Seiqmnas simarTlis komisiebisa da amnistiis kombinaciiT da mis SesaZlo

Sedegebze sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis

miznebisaTvis, gonivruli iqneboda aRniSnul institutTa bunebis ganxilva.

1.1 simarTlis komisiebi

simarTlis komisiebi, romlebic saxelmwifoTa mier araerTxel iqna gamoyenebuli

rogorc marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis alternatiuli meqanizmi, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod

samarTlebriv aramed socialur konteqstSic, Tumca Cemi naSromis miznebisaTvis

mizanSewonilia ganvixil iqnes mxolod simarTlis komisiaTa mandate, maTi unari

Caanacvlon erovnuli sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo meqanizmebi. Sesabamisad am

SemTxvevaSi SevCerdebi mxolod simarTlis komisiaTa samarTlebriv mxareze da

vimsjeleb im sakiTxze SesaZloa Tu ara simarTlis komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli procedura

CaiTvalos gamoZiebad.

6 Cameron, Jurisdiction and Admissibility Issues Under the ICC Statute" in McGoldrick et al (eds), The

Permanent International Criminal Court: Legal and Policy Issues (USA: Hart Publishing 2004) gv.91.

1.1.1. simarTlis komisiaTa cneba da funqciebi

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (SemdgomSi gaero) mier simarTlis komisia

ganmartebulia rogorc droebiTi arasamarTlebrivi instituti, romelic orientirebulia faqtobrivi

garemoebebis gamovlenaze, rasac ganaxorcielebs konkretuli periodis ganmavlobaSi

adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis gamoZiebis saSualebiT.7

komisiaTa Seqmnis procedura da maTi mandati mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan, magaliTisaTvis, isini SeiZleba Seqmnili iyos rogorc aRmasrulebeli da

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis, ise saerTaSoriso panelis mier, romelic xels uwyobs konfliqtur

mxareTa Soris molaparakebebis warmoebas. miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa simarTlis

komisiebis Sesaxeb dRes arsebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, SesaZloa moxdes komisiaTa

saerTo Tvisebebis identifikacia, kerZod priscila heineri mis cnobil naSromSi, 15 simarTlis

komisia ayalibebs konkretul maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic saerTos yvela mis mier ganxiluli

komisiisaTvis.8 am maxasiaTeblebidan Cemi naSromis miznebisaTvis yvelaze

mniSvnelovans warmoadgens is, rom rogorc avtori acxadebs, simarTlis komisiis ZiriTadi

mizania adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis zogadi suraTis aRwera da igi ar aris orientirebuli

specifiur movlenaze, Sesabamisad simarTlis komisiebis ZiriTad funqciebad avtorebi

asaxeleben warsulSi Cadenil danaSaulTa gamoZiebasa da gamoZiebis Sedegebis formlur

gaSuqebas, komnfliqtis mxareTa Serigebas da momavalSi darRvevebis Tavidan acilebas,

daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis gakeTebas da ase Semdeg.9

Sesabamisad, simarTlis komisiis samiznes warmoadgens faqtebi da ara individebi.

faqtebis mimarT mimdinare process, sisxli samarTalSi ewodeba gamoZieba da moicavs ara

mxolod faqtebis kvlevas, aramed damnaSavis identifikaciasac. simarTlis komisiis mier

ganxorcielebuli procesebi sruldeba faqtebis Sesaxeb simarTlis gamovlenisa da ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi damnaSaveTa identificirebasTan erTad da rogorc wesi gvirgvindeba

simarTlis komisiis daskvniT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebas Seityon simarTle

warsulSi Cadenili danaSaulebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, simarTlis komisia ar moicavs

sisxlis samarTlis procesis Semdgom etaps, kerZod sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas, romelic

gamoZiebisagan gansxvavebiT mimarTuli ara faqtebis, aramed individis mimarT da

emsaxureba misi pasuxismgeblobis arseboba-ar arsebobis dadgenas. swored

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis mandatis ar arseboba ayenebs eWvqveS

simarTlis komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli procesis Sesabamisobas pirovnebis dasjis

mizanTan. logikuri iqneba Tu davaskvniT, rom saxelmwifo, romelic uqvemdebarebs

danaSauls simarTlis komisias da ar aniWebs mas damnaSavis dasjis mandats, amgvari

dasjis mizani ar gaaCnia. Ees gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa im ASemTxvevaSi, rodesac

komisiis funqcionirebis paralelurad saxelmwifoSi iqmneba amnistiis kanonmdebloba.

7UN Secretary-General Report S/2004/616 (2004/08/23), “The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict

and post-conflict societies”, gv.17.

xelmisawvdomiahttp://daccessddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/395/29/PDF/N0439529.pdf?OpenElem

ent (ნანახია,2013/0707). 8 Priscilla B. Hayner, “Fifteen truth commissions-1974-1994 comparative study”, Human right Quarterly,

Volume16:597(1994) gv.604. 9 Priscilla B. Hayner, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocities (London: Routledge

2002) gv.24.

http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/2004/616&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC

http://daccessddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/395/29/PDF/N0439529.pdf?OpenElement


1.1.2 simarTlis komisiebi, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis

alternatiuli meqanizmi

simarTlos komisibis zogadi maxasiaTeblebisa da mandatis ganxilvis Semdeg,

mniSvnelovania agreTve Sefasdes saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma am institutebis

mimarT.

zogierti avtoris azriT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi procesis gziT marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebis alternativas SesaZloa warmoadgendes iseTi institutebi rogoricaa simarTlis

komisia.10 sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisa da danaSaulTa upirobo dasjis

momxrenic ki Tanxmdebian imaze, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gamarTlebuli

iyos marTlmsajulebis aRdgenis kreatiuli gza.11 Sesabamisad, zogierti avtori Tvlis, rom

konkretuli kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi simarTlis komisia SesaZloa

CaiTvalos legitimurad. aseT kriteriumebs daakmayofilebs iseTi komisiebi, romlebic

magaliTisaTvis, Seqmnilia demokratiulad arCeuli xelisuflebis mier, aris miukerZoebeli da

damoukidebeli organo, gaaCnia farTo mandati, romelic saSualebas aZlevs Caataros

srulfasovani gamoZieba da ar iyos SezRuduli konkretuli danaSaulebiT, gaaCnia

uflebamosileba Caataros sajaro mosmenebi, hqondes msxverplTaTvis reparaciis

miniwebaze rekomendaciebis gakeTebis uflebamosileba da SeimuSavos amomwuravi

moxseneba gamovlenil faqtobriv garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT konkretul droSi.12

Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba ar uaryofs im faqts, rom konkretuli tipis

simarTlis komisiam SesaZloa daakmayofilos marTlmsajulebis alternatiuli meqanizmis

kriteriuebi da zogierT SemTxvevasi ukeT emsaxuros marTlmsajuleis aRdgenis mizans.

rogorc gaeros yofilma generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloze saubrisas aRniSna, sasamarTlom erTveba mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifos ar surs an ar SeuZulia gamoZiebis Catareba,

ramdenadac mis mizans warmoadgens imis uzrunvelyofa, rom damnaSaveebma sakuTari

politikuri mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT Tavidan ar aicilon pasuxismgebloba.Man agreTve

xazi gausva, rom aseTi viTareba aRar arsebobs samxreT afrikaSi, sadac danaSaulebrivi

reJimi, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo adamianis uflebaTa mZim darRvevebisaTvis, aRar

arsebobs da Zalaufleba msxverplTa xelSia.13

1.2 erovnuli amnistiebi

rogorc avtorTa umravlesoba aRniSnavs, termini amnistia warmoadgens berZnul

sityvas da niSnavs patiebas.14 Aarsebuli literaturidan ikveTeba, rom amnistia ar

10J.E. Alvarcz, Altcrnativcs to Criminal justice in Antonio Cassese (ed), The Oxford Companion to

Interalanal Criminal justice (Oxford University Press 2009) gv.25. 11 Robin Perry, “The Nature, Status and Future of Amnesties under International Criminal Law“, Australian

International Law Journal, Volume 18:77(2011) gv.89. 12 John Dugard, “Dealing with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?” Leiden Journal of

International Law, Volume 12:1001(1999) gv.1005; 13 Charles Villa-Vicencio, "Why Perpetrators Should Not Always Be Prosecuted: Where the International

Criminal Court and Truth Commissions Meet", Emory Law Journal, Volume 49:205(2000) gv.222. 14 Michael Scharf, “The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court” Cornell

International LauwJournal, Volume 32:507(1999) gv.507; Ben Chigara, Amnesty in International Law: The

Legality under International Law of National Amnesty Laws (London: Longman, 2002), gv.8.

warmoadgens axal instituts da igi Seiqmna kanonis SeqmnasTan erTad.15 Ppirvelad

amnistia gamoyenebuli iqna Cvens welTaRricxvamde 1286 wels da mas Semdeg arsebobs

rogorc danaSaulis patiebis saSualeba.16

Aamnistia gansazRvrulia, rogorc kanonmdebloba, romelic icavs damnaSaves

samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan warsulSi, politikur konteqstSi

Cadenili danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi.17 swored es specifiuri xasiaTi ganasxvavebs

amnistias misi msgavsi efeqtis mqone institutis, Sewyalebisagan.18

Aam or instituts, agreTve ganasxvaveben maTi miznebidan gamomdinare,

ramdenadac amnistias, rogorc wesi gaaCnia mSvidobis damyarebis mizani.19

magaliTisaTvis, samxreT afrikis konstitucia pirdapir iTvaliswinebs amnistiis gamoyenebas

am konkretuli miznis misaRwevad.20

Yyoveli konkretuli tipis amnistiis xasiaTis detaluri Seswavla scdeba winamdebare

naSromis farglebs, Sesabamisad am SemTxvevaSi Cems mizans warmoadgens garda

zogadi maxasiaTeblebisa da tendenciebisa, romlebic amnistiis institutTan mimarTebaSi

vlindeba erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi, ganvixilo misi adgili saerTaSoriso samarTalSi.

1.2.1 erovnuli amnistiis saxeebi

amnistiis saxeebis mravali dayofa arsebobs, yvelaze zogads warmoadgens misi

dayofa ori tipis amnistiad: 1.egreT wodebuli blanketuri. blanketuri amnistia warmoadgens

iseTi tipis amnistias, romelic uaryofs yvelanair moTxovnas misi mimRebis mimarT da

zogierT SemTxvevaSi faqtebis gamoZiebis aucileblobasac.21 2.pirobiTi amnistia, romlis

misaniWeblad saWiroa konkretuli pirobis Sesruleba an kriteriumebis dakmayofileba

magaliTad rogoricaa danaSaulis aRaireba, simarTlis gamovleba, simarTlis komisiis winaSe

wardgoma da ase Semdeg.22

amnistia SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli konkretul periodSi Cadenili danaSaulebisaken,

amnistia SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT damnaSaveTa mdgomareobisa da maT mier danaSaulis

CadenaSi Setanili wvlilis mixedviT. amnistia SeiZeba iyos avtomaturi, faravdes konkretuli

klasis warmomadgenel yvela damnaSaves, an eniWebodes individualurad. konkretuli

pirovnebis mimarT miniWebuli amnistiebis SemTxvevaSi misi pirobobebi SesaZloa iyos

gansxvavebuli, magaliTad individs moeTxovebodes an ar moeTxovebodes mis mier

Cadenil danaSaulTa detaluri aRwera da aRiareba.

15 Robert Parker, “Fighting the Siren’s Song: The Problem of Amnesty in Historical and Contemporary

Perspective”, Acta Juridica Hungaria, Volume 42:96(2001) gv.76. 16 Andreas O'Shea, Amnesy for Crimes in International Law and Practice (New York: Kluwer Law

International 2002) gv.5-6. 17 A. O'Shea, “Amnesy for Crime in International Law and Practice (London: Kluwer Law International,

2002) gv.1; Bryan A. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary (United States of America: West Group, 1999) gv.83. 18 Faustin Z. Ntouband, Amnesty for Crimes Against Humanity Under International Law (The Netherlands:

Koninklijke Brill NV 2007) გვ.10. 19 A. O'Shea, “Amnesy for Crime in International Law and Practice (London: Kluwer Law International,

2002) gv 2. 20 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act No. 200 (1993). 21 Meintjes G. Méndez J.E., Reconciling Amnesties with Universal Jurisdiction International Law Forum du

droit international, Volume 2:75(2000) gv.85; Kristin Henrard, The Viability of National Amnesties in View of

the Increasing Recognition of Individual Criminal Responsibility at Iternlationlal Law, Michigan State

University Jurnal of International Law, Volume 8:598(1999) gv.630 22 Gwen K. Young, All the Truth and as Much Justice as Possible, U.C. Davis Journal of International Law &

Policy, Volume 9:209(2003) gv.213.

amnistia SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos mxolod sisxlissamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobisaken an moicvas, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebriv, ise

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSeuxebloba konkretul danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi.23

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebas amnistiis safuZvelze

SesaZloa mohyves raime tipis alternatiuli dakmayofileba msxverplisaTvis.24

1.2.2. saerTaSoriso samarTlis midgoma amnistiebis mimarT

ramdenadac winamdebare naSromis mizans warmoadgens ganaviTaros msjeloba imis

Sesaxe SeiZleba Tu ara erovnuli procesi, romelic dasrulda amnistiis miniWebiT gaxdes

sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis damabrkolebeli

garemoeba, mniSvnelovania Seswavlili iqnes saerTaSoriso samarTlis midgoma am

sakiTxis mimarT.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis midgoma erovnul amnistiaTa mimarT metad

winaaRmdegobrivia. amnistiebsa da adamianis uflebebze debatebi aqtiurad gvxvdeba

meoce saukunis Sua xanebSi, rodesac axla Seqmnili arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis propagandiT moiTxovdnen patimarTaTvis amnistiis

miniWebas.25 dResdReobiT am praqtikis mowinaaRmdegeTa simravle nawilobriv

ganapiroba laTinuri amerikis konfliqtebis dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma, sadac

adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebSi damnaSave reJimebis liderebma

pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, guluxvad mianiWes sakuTar Tavsa da maT

momxreebs amnistiebi. laTinuri amerikis konfliqtebis konteqstSi sxvadasxva tipis

amnistiebma moicva mravali qveyana. aRniSnuli praqtika imdenad farTomasStabiani iyo,

rom mas erT-erTma avtorma amnistiebis epidemiac ki uwoda.26

amnistiis mowinaaRmdegeTa gancxadebiT, misi gamoyeneba adamianis uflebaTa

mZime darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebs.27

Sesabamisad, gansxvavebiT warsulisagan, rodesac amnistia politikis warmarTvis

saSualebas armoadgenda, dResdReobiT demokratiul mTavrobaTa arsebobis pirobebSi,

romlebic SezRudulni arian kanoniT, amnistiis miniWebis sakiTxis garkveul

kanonmdeblobas eqvemdebareba.28

mraval avtors aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kriteriumebs unda

akmayofilebdes amnistia imisaTvis, rom miCneul iqnas validurad, magaliTad amnistia

unda iyos ukanaskneli saSualeba erovnuli konfliqtis dasasruleblad da mSvidobis

dasamyareblad.29 agreTve gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom saWiroa kriteriumebis

23 Amnesty Act 2000 (Uganda). 24 Kent Greenawalt, Amnesty's Justice, Robert I. Rotberg, Dennis Thompson(eds.), Truth v. Justice: The

Moralty of Truth Commissions (United Kingdon: Princeton University Press 2000) gv.195. 25Orlaith Minogue, Peace vs. Justice: The Utility of Amnesties, Criminal Justice Ethics, Volume 29:306(2010)

gv.306. 26 Mahnoush H. Arsanjani, The International Criminal Court and National Amnesty Laws, The American

Society of International Law, Volume 93:65(1999) gv.66. 27 Human Rights Watch, Algeria:Amnesty Law Risks Legalizing Impunity for Crimes Against

Humanity(2005/04/14), xelmisawvdomia http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/04/13/algeria-amnesty-law-risks-

legalizing-impunity-crimes-against-humanity (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 28 Helmut Gropengieber and Jorg Meibner, Amnesties and rome Statute of international criminal court,

International Criminal Law Review, Volume 5:267(2005) gv.271. 29 Michael Scharf, “The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court” Cornell

International LauwJournal, Volume 32:507(1999) gv.512.

http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/04/13/algeria-amnesty-law-risks-legalizing-impunity-crimes-against-humanity


SemoReba amnistiis ara mxolod mopovebis, aramed SenarCunebisTvisac, garda amisa,

unda arsebobdes amnistiis miniWebaze zedamxeveli saxelmwifos xelisuflebisagan

damoukideblad moqmedi organo.30 avtorebs Camoyalibebuli aqvT dasaSvebi amnistiis

mravalricxovani kriteriumebi.31

mniSvnelovani ganviTareba rac ukve calsaxad naTelia aris is, rom blanketuri

amnistiebi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRar aris misaRebi.32 mniSvnelovnad mxardaWerilia

is idea, rom blanketuri amnistiebi saerTaSoriso danaSaulebisa da adamianis uflebaTa sxva

mZime darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis iurisdiqciis

gavrcelebis damabrkolebel garemoebas. rogorc antonio kasese acxaebs, saerTaSoriso

danaSaulebi warmoadgens Tavdasxmas saerTaSoriso Rirebulebebze da arcerT sxelmwifos

ar aqvs ulebamosileba Tavidan aacilos damnaSaves misi qmedebebis Sedegebi.33 rac

Seexeba pirobiT amnistiebs, saerTaSoriso samarTali maT calsaxad ar krZalavs, Tumca

mravali e.w rbili samarTlis dokumenti acxadebs, rom igi dauSebelia adamianis uflebaTa

mZime darRvevebisa da saerTaSoriso danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi.34 erT-erTi avtori, sierra-

leones da aRmosavleT timoris situaciebis ganxilvis safuZvelze mivida im daskvnamde,

rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenili gaeros saxiT, zogjer

xedavs amnistiis saWiroebas, Tumca uars ambobs aRiaros legitimurad adamianis uflebaTa

mZime darRvvebis SemTxvevaSi amnistiis miniWeba erovnuli xelisuflebis mier.35

Mmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSne amnistiis mimarT saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebis midgoma winaaRmdegobrivia rac gulisxmobs imas, rom amnistiaTa

miniWebis praqtika iseTive farTomasStabiania, rogoric maTi akrZalvis saWiroebaze

TiTqmis universaluri Tanxmoba.

amnistiis momxreTa azriT, misi arsebobis pirobebSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZiebis

Catareba axangrZlivebs da arTulebs konfliqturi situacias,36 meore mxriv amnistiis

mowinaarmdegeebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom aRniSnuli praqtika xels uwyobs dausjelobis

propagandas.37 miuxedavad am sirTulisa Sesaloa davaskvnaT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali

viTardeba amnistiebis akrZalvis mimarTulebiT.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rTulia dadgindes amnistiebisa da simarTlis komisiebis

adgili saerTaSoriso samarTalSi da Sesabamisad maTi relevanturoba sisxlis samarTlis

30 Mark Freeman, Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice (United Kingdom: Cambridge

University Press, 2010) gv.71. 31 Robert O.Weiner, Trying to Make Ends Meet: Reconciling the Law and Practice of Human Rights

Amnesties, St.Mary's Law Journal, Volume 26:857(1995) gv.871; Ronald C. Slye, The Legitimacy of

Amnesties Under International Law and General Principles of Anglo-American Law: Is a Legitimate Amnesty

Possible? Virginia Journal of International Law Association, Volume43:173(2002) gv.247; Helmut

Gropengieber and Jorg Meibner, Amnesties and rome Statute of international criminal court, International

Criminal Law Review, Volume 5:267(2005) gv.278-280. 32 Neil J. Kritz, Coming to Terms with Atrocities: A Review of Accountability Mechanisms for Mass Violations

of Human Right, Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 59:127(1996) gv.129; John Dugard, Dealing

with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?, Leiden Journal of International Law, Volume

12:1001(1999) gv.1015. 33 Antonio Cassese, International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2003) gv.315. 34Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction(2001),

xelmisawvdomia http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/princeton.html (nanaxia 2013/07/07); 35 Diba Majzub, Peace of Justice? Amnesties and the International Criminal Court, Melbourne Journal of

International Law, Volime 3:247(2002) gv.272-276. 36 Thomas H. Clark, The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Amnesties, and the "Interests of

Justice": Striking a Delicate Balance, Washington University Global Studies :aw Review, Volume

4:289(2005) gv.404. 37 Michael P. Scharf, The Functions of Justice and Anti-Justice in the Peace-Building Process, Case Western

Reserve Journal of International Law, Volume 35:161(2003) gv.176.

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/princeton.html

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos miznebisaTvis, saerTaSoriso danaSaulTa da adamianis uflebaTa

mZime darRvevebisas damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebis arseboba-ar arsebobis ganxilvis

gareSe, Sesabamisad Semdegi Tavi mieZRvneba saxelmwifoTa dasjis valdebulebis

ganxilvas.

2. damnaSaveTa dasjis valdebuleba

sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis winapirobas ar

warmoadgens saxelmwifos mier damnaSavis dasjis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi

valdebulebis darRveva, Sesabamisad erovnuli amnistiebis legaluroba saerTaSoriso

samarTalSi sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis miznebisaTvis, samarTlebrivad

ararelevanturia.38 Miuxedavad amisa, safuZvels moklebuli ar unda iyos varaudi, rom

sasamarTlo ar cnobs dasaSvebobis damabrkolebel garemoebad iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac

saxelmwifo arRvevs piris dasjis valdebulebas.39 amis mizezi martivia, romis statutis

preambulis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo mowodebulia ebrZolos dausjeobas. dausjelobis

praqtikis arseboba-ar arseboba unda dadgindes iqidan gamomdinare Tu ramdenad arsebobs

dasjis samarTlebrivi da moraluri molodini. Sesabamisad damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebis

arseboba samarTlebrivi gavlenis ar qonis miuxedavad, met-naklebad mainc

gasaTvaliswinebelia sasamarTloSi saqmis dasSvebobis dadgenisas.

Ggarda amisa, amgvari dasjis valdebulebis darRveva martivad SeiZleba iqnes

interpretirebuli, rogorc saxelmifos mxridan danaSaulis gamoZiebis survilis ar arseboba, rac

Tavis mxriv romis statutis me-17 muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis

erT-erT winapirobas warmoadgens.40

Sesabamisad, vfiqrob romis statutis mier winaaRmdegobrivi normebis ganmtkicebis

pirobebSi, romlebic ar iZleva saSuelabs gaices calsaxa pasuxi kiTxvaze unda aRiaros Tu

ara sasamarTlos simarTlis komisiebisa da amnistiebis Serwymit miRebuli gardamavali

marTlmsajulebis modeli, saqmis dasaSvebobis damabrkolebel garemoebad, mniSvnelovani

iqneba ganxiluli iqnes iseTi faqtorebi rogoricaa damnaSaveTa dasjis valdebuleba.

2.2 damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba

aRniSnuli TavSi ganxiluli iqneba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma saxelmwifos

mxridan damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebis arsebobasTan mimarTebaSi.

damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ganxiluli unda iqnes

saerTaSoriso samarTlis tradiciuli wyaroebis kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad gansaxilvels

sakiTxs warmoadgens saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, rogorc saxelmwifoTa valdebulebis

38 Anja Seibert-Fohr, The Relevance of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court for Amnesties

and Truth Commissions, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 7:553(2003) gv.564. 39 Gerhard Hafner et al, A Response to the American View as Presented by Ruth Wedgwood, European Journal

of International Law, Volume 10:109(1999) gv.111. 40Carsten Stahn, Complementarity, amnesties and Alternative forms of justice: some Interpretative guidelines

for International Criminal Court, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 3:659(2005) gv.703.

wyaroebi da saerTaSoriso Cveuleba, romelic qmnis valdebulebebs konvenciuri samarTlis

ar arsebobis miuxedavad.41

Sesabamisad damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba ganxiluli unda iqnes yoveli konkretuli

danaSaulis mimarT, am SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqciidan

gamomdiare saubadi iqneba genocidis, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa da

omis danaSaulebze.42

2.2.1 რომის სტატუტით გათვალისწინებული დანაშაულები

arsebobs TiTqmis universaluri Tanxmoba imis Sesaxeb, rom romis statutiT

gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebi warmoadgens universalur iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul

danaSaulebs.43 Tumca, ar unda moxdes universaluri iurisdiqciis areva damnaSavis

gadacemis an dasjis CveulebiTsamarTlebriv valdebulebaSi, radgan universaluri iurisdiqcia

gulisxmobs damnaSavis dasjis uflebas da ara valdebulebas.

gamomdinare iqidan, damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba ganxiluli unda iqnes yoveli

konkretuli danaSaulis mimarT, am SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis

iurisdiqciidan gamomdiare saubadi iqneba genocidis, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

danaSaulTa da omis danaSaulebze.

2.2.1.1. saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi

Aarsebobs Tanxmoba imis Sesaxeb, rom romis statutiT gaTvaliswinebuli

danaSaulebi warmoadgens saxelmwifoTa valdebulebas. aRniSnuli upirveles yovlisa

Sedegia genocidisa da omis danaSaulebis amkrZalavi konvenciebis TiTqmis universaluri

ratifikaciisa.

saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi Cveulebisagan gansxvavebiT warmoadgens

kodificirebul valdebulebebs, romelTa darRvevac saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb

venis konvenciis Sesabamisad ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT.44

Sesabamisad saxelmwifo sakuTar kanonmdeblobas, romelic iTvaliswinebs amnistias

konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis, ver daayenebs damnaSavis dasjis saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv

valdebulebaze maRla.

Kkonvenciebis umetesoba iTvaliswinebs egreT wodebul gadaeci an dasaje princips,

romelic realurad eqstradiciis samarTlis nawilia, Tumca igi xSirad analogiuria dasjis

valdebulebisa. es pirvel rigSi gamowveulia imiT, rom im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar xdeba

damnaSavis gadacema, rac praqtikaSi arcTu xSiria, saxelmwifo valdebulia dasajos

41 Statute of the International Court of Justice, 38-e muxli (1945). 42 Statute of the International Court of Justice, me-5 muxli (2002). 43 The Ptinceton Ptincples on Universal Jurisdiction (2001), Principle 2(1). 44 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 27-ე მუხლი (1969); PCIJ, Series B, №17, Greco-Bulgarian

"Communities", para.32 (1930); PCIJ, Series A/B, №44, Polish Nationals in Danzig, para.24 (1931); PCIJ,

Series A/B, №46, Free Zones Case, para.167 (1932).

damnaSave.45 arniSnuli principi warmoadgens saxelSekrulebo samarTlis nawils da

dResdReobiT ganmtkicebulia mraval konvenciaSi.46 Oomis danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebaze saubrobs 1949

wlis Jenevis konvenciebi da 1977 wlis pirveli damatebiTi protokoli.47 wiTeli jvris

komentarebis Sesabamisad, aRnisnuli valdebuleba absoluturia.48 aRsaniSnavia, rom zog

emTxvevaSi, sowred Jenebis konvenciebia moSveliebuli omis danaSaulebze amnistiis

gavrcelebis ideis mxardasaWerad, kerZod, avorebi xSirad akeTeben konvenciebis meore

damatebiTi protokolis me-5 muxlis interpretacias ise, TiTqos is eweodes amnistiis

propagandas, Tumca aRniSnuli midgoma ar miiCneva marTebulad, radgan am normis

mizans warmoadgens arasaerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi kombatantTa dacva da ara omis

damnaSaveTaTvis amnistiis miniWeba.49 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es valdebuleba vrceldeba

Jenevis konvenciebis mZime darRvevebze mxolod saerTaSoriso konfliqtis dros da

Sesabamisad faravas romis statutis me-8 muxlis meore punqtis a nawils da ar iTvaliswinebs

aseT valdebulebas sxva omis danaSaulebTan mimarTebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad zRuravs im

omis danaSaulTa raodenobas, romelTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSic saxelmwifos gaaCnia

damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba.50 gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac amnistiebis praqtika

umetes SemTxvevebSi swored saSinao konfliqtebSi gvxvdeba.

genocidis danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba momdinareobs

genocidis konvenciis me-6 muxlidan.51

rac Seexeba kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebs, am SemTxvevaSi

SedarebiT rTulia gavadginoT damnaSavis dasjis valdebuleba, radgan ar arsebobs

konvencia, romelic daakisrebs saxelSekrulebo tipis valdebulebas saxelmwifoebs.52 Tumca

es ar gulisxmobs imas rom konkretuli qmedebebi, romlebic Sedis kacobriobis winaaRmdeg

mimarTul danaSaulSi ar warmoadgens saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTliT regulirebis

sagans, magaliTad wamebis danaSauli, gaTvaliswinebulia gaeros 1984 wlis wamebis

sawinaaRmdego konvenciis me-4 muxSi.53

2.2.1.2 saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlidan momdinare valdebulebebi

45 Miles M. Jackson, The Customary International Law Duty To Prosecute Crimes Against Humanity: A New

Framework, Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, Voume. 16:117(2007) გვ.127. 46 Convention for the Supression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, me-7 muxli, (1971). 47 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 49-e muxli (1949); Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked

Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 50-e muxli (1949); Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of

War, 129-e muxli (1949); Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 146-e

muxli (1949). 48 Theodor Meron, Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law (USA:Oxford University

Press, 1991) gv.215. 49 Gerhard Hafner et al, A Response to the American View as Presented by Ruth Wedgwood, European Journal

of International Law, Volume 10:109(1999) gv.111; Tristan Garcia, Amnesties and the Tome Statute-A

Legitimate Bar to Prosecution?, Australian International Law Journal, Volume 10:188(2006) gv.192. 50 Michael Scharf, “The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court” Cornell

International LauwJournal, Volume 32:507(1999) gv.516. 51 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, me-6 muxli (1951). 52 M. Cherif Bassiouni, "Crimes Against Humanity": The Need for a Specialized Convention, Columbia

Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 31:457(1993-1994) gv.457-494. 53Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, მე-4

მუხლი (1984).

rogoc marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, saerTaSoriso Cveulebis

CamoyalibebisaTvis saxelmwifoTa mier valdebulebis arsebobis Segnebasa da

aRiarebasTan erTad (e.w Opinio Juris), saWiroa arseobdes saxelmwifoTa praqtika.54

rogorc ukve aRiniSna konvenciuri samaTali adgens valdebulebebs mxolod

xelSekrulebis wevri saxelmwifobisaTvis, Tumca arsebobs TiTqmis universaluri Tanxmoba

imis Sesaxeb, rom romis statutiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis dasjis valdebuleba

agreTve ganmtkicebulia CveulebiTi samarTliT. amas adasturebs mravali egreT wodebuli

rbili samarTlis dokumenti magaliTisaTvis gaeros sxvadasxva organoebis rezoluciebi.55

Ggenocidis danaSaulisa da omis danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania

ganxiluli iqnes saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTlis CveulebiT samarTlad gardaqmnis

tendencia. met-naklebad universaluri ratifikaciis mqone konvenciebis normebis

moqmedebis farglebi scdeba maT wevr saxelmwifoebs da CveulebiTi samarTlis saxiT

vrceldeba agreTve arawevr saxelmwifoebzec. dResdReobiT genocidis danaSaulis

dagmobisa da Jenevis konvenciebis universaluri ratifikaciis fonze, saerTaSoriso

sazogadoeba garkveulwilad Tanxmdeba imaze, rom genocidis da omis danaSaulebis dasjis

konvenciuri valdebuleba gaxda CveulebiTi samarTlis nawili.

kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis Camden pirTa dasjis valdebulebis

arsebobas farTo mxardaWera aqvs saerTaSoriso samarTalSi generaluri asambleis

rezoluciebis saxiT,56 romlebic am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT relevanturia, radgan rogorc

marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom generaluri

asambleis rezoluciebs savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCnia, am organos warmomadgenlobiTi

xasiaTidan gamomdinare, misi rezoluciebi SesaZloa warmoadgendes opinion juris

arsebobis gamoxatulebas.57 am konkretuli sakiTxis miznebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavia 1973 wlis rezolucia,58 romelic sruli umravlesobiT iqna miRebuli da calsaxad

acxadebs, rom arsebobs omis danaSaulebisa da kacobriobis winaarmdeg mimarTuli

danaSaulebis dasjis valdebuleba. Ggarda amisa aRniSnuli valdebulebis arseboba

ganmtkicebulia akademiur naSromebSi59 da saerTaSoriso tribunalebis

gadawyvetilebebSi.60

avtorebi agreTve xazs usvamen romis statutiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauleibs

akrZalvis specifikur xasiaTs, rogorc jus cogens normebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv qmnian

damnaSavis dasjis an gadacemis erga omnes valdebulebas.61 Jus cogens normebi

warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wesebs,62 xolo erga omnes

valdebuleba Tavi mxriv gulisxmobs valdebulebas ara konkretuli saxelmwifos, aramed

zogadad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe.63 Sesabamisad, danaSaulebi, romelTa

54 ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), para.77 (1969). 55 UNGA Res. 3074(1974); UNSC Res. 1315(2000); UN Commission on Human Rights Res. 2002/79;

UNCHR Res. 79(2002). 56 UNGA Res. 3074; UNGA Res. 2312; UNGA. Res. 2712; UNGA Res. 2840; UNGA Res. 2312; UNGA

Res. 1989/65; UNGA Res. 47/133. 57 ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons advisory opinion, para.70 (1995). 58 UNGA. Res. 3074. 59 M. Cherif Bassiouni, Searching for Peace and Achieving Justice: The Need for Accountability, Law and

Contemporary Problems, Volume 59:9(1996) gv.17-18. 60ICTY Case No IT-95-17/1-T, Prosecutor v Furundzia, para.l51-157, (1998). 61 M. Cherif Bassiouni, International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes, Law and

Contemporary Problems Volume 59:63(1996) gv.63; ICJ, Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention

and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, para.23 (1951); ICJ, Application of the Convention on the

Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, para.31 (1996). 62 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 53-e muxli (1969). 63 ICJ, Case concerning the Barcelona traction, para.33 (1962).

akrZalvamac jus cogens normis statuss miaRwia Tavis TavSi moicaven maTze universaluri

iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis SesaZleblobas,64 rac gulisxmobs imas, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo

uflebamosilia dasajos misi damrRvevi. xolo meore mxriv, jus cogens normebi, romlebic

icavs ara konkretuli piris an saxelmwifos, aramed mTlianad saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sikeTes, darRvevis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos, romlis

iurisdiqciaSic imyofeba damnaSave akisreben misi dasjis erga omnes valdebulebas.

gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, am ori wesis Serewyma iwvevs jus cogens normebis

darRvevisas damnaSavis dasjis an gadacemis valdebulebas.65

Sesabamisad zemoarniSnuli msjelobidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am sakiTxTan

mimarTebaSi damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebis Sesaxeb opinion juris arsebobs.

Tumca rogorc ukve aRiniSna CveulebiTsamarTlebrivi normis CamoyalibebisaTvis,

mxolode saxelmwifoTa mier konkretuli valdebulebis Segneba ar aris sakmarisi, aramed

agreTve mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoTa praqtikis Seswavlac, romelic am mxriv metad

winaaRmdegobrivia. kerZod saxelmwifoebi ganagrZoben saerTaSoriso danaSaulebis

Camden pirTaTvis amnistiis miniWebas,66 rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs imas, rom

miuxedavad generaluri asambleis rezoluciebis msgavs arasavaldebulo dokumentebSi

gamoxatuli TiTqmis universaluri Tanxmobisa, saxelmwifoebi jer ar arian mzad aRiaron

saerTaSoriso danaSaulTa Camdeni pirebis dasjis da Sesabamisad amnistiebis akrZalvis

CveulebiTsamarTlebrivi valdebulebis arseboba.67 es midgoma gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa

bolo droindeli movlenebis fonze, rodesac masiurad xdeboda amnistiis miniWeba

konfliqtebis regulirebis mizniT.

romis statutiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis ganxilva ar gvaZlevs imis saSualebas

SevafasoT arsebobs Tu ara konkretuli danaSaulebis dasjis CveulebiTsamarTlebrivi

valdebuleba, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli arcerT konvenciaSi da

Sesabamisad CveulebiTsamarTlebrivi valdebulebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, arc

SezsRuduli raodenobis saxelmwifoebisTvis Seqmnis saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs.

Sesabamisad gansakuTrebiT kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulebTan mimarTebaSi,

relevanturi iqneba ganvixiloT adamianis uflebaTa sxva mZime darRvevebi, romlebic

SesaZloa warmoadgendnen romis statutis me-7 muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul

qmedebebs.

2.2.2 adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebi

winamdebare qveTavSi saubari iqneba adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebis

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoTa mxridan damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebis Sesaxeb. Aam

konteqstSi ganxiluli iqneba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis sferoSi arsebuli

sami ZiriTadi dokumenti da maT Sesrulebaze sazedamxedvelo organoTa mier maTi

64 ICTY, Prosecutor v. Furundzija, para.156 (1998). 65Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International

Criminal Law and Procedure (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007) გვ.60. 66 Michael P. Scharf, Swapping Amnesty for Peace: Was There a Duty To Prosecute International Crimes in

Haiti, Texas International Law Journal, Volume 31:1(1996) gv.36; 67 John Dugard, “Dealing with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?” Leiden Journal of

International Law, Volume 12:1001(1999) gv.1002.

interpretaciisas dadgenili standartebi, ramdenadac rogorc marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTlos wesdebis 38-e muxli acxadebs, sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebi SesaZloa

miCneul iqnes saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyarod.68

2.2.2.1 adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli sistema

Aadamianis uflebaTa amerikul sistemas safuZveli Caeyara 1948 wels, rodesac

amerikis saxelmwifoTa organiaciam miiRo adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia.69 aRniSnuli

procesis gagrZelda 1959 wels adamianis uflebaTa inter-amerkuli komisiis SeqmniTa da

mogvianebiT adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvenciis miRebiT, romelic ZalaSi Sevida

1978 wels da romlis bazazec dafuZnda adamianis uflebaTa inter-amerikuli sasamarTlo.70

aRniSnuli sasamarTlos praqtika metad mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso amnistiisadmi

saerTaSoriso samsarTlis midgomis kvlevisas, ramdenadac sasamarTlom mravaljer ganixila

amnistiis sakiTxi laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoTa konfliqtebis konteqstSi. magaliTisaTvis,

sasamarTlom ganixila Semdegi saxelmwifoebis erovnuli amnistiis kanonmdeblobis

Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebaTa inter-amerikul konvenciasTan: urugvai,71 peru,72

argentina,73 el salvadori,74 Cile.75

amnistiis konteqstSi sasamarTlos msjeloba ZiriTadad efuZneboda adamianis

uflebaTa inter-amerikuli konvenciis sam muxls. kerZod, erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom konvenciis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvruli adamianis uflebaTa

pativiscemis uzrunvelyofisl movaleoba moicavs agreTve iseTi Sidasaelmwifoebrivi

sistemis Seqmnis valdebulebas, romelic samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyofs konvenciiT

gaTvaliswinebul adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa srulyofil dacvasa da pativiscemas,

rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs imas, rom am valdebulebis aRebis Sedegad, saxelmwifoebma

unda ganaxorcielon adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis prevencia, gamoZieba da dasja.76

Pirveli muxlis konteqsSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania inter-amerikuli sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba, sadac man ganacxada, rom amnistiis kanonmdeblobis ZaliT,

sisxlissamarTlebrivi procedurebis Catarebis SeuZleblobam eWvqveS daayena msxverplTa

68 Statute of International Court of Justice, 38-e muxli (1945). 69 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948). 70 American Convention on Human Rights (1978). 71 Mendoza et. al. v. Uruguay, Cases 10.029, 10.036, 10.145, 10.305, 10.372, 10.373, 10.374 and 10.375,

Report No. 29/92, Inter-Am.C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.83 Doc. 14 at 154 (1993). xelmisawvdomia

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/29-92-URUGUAY.htm (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 72 Barrios Altos v. Peru, Judgment of November 30, 2001, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 87 (2001).

xelmisawvdomia http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/iachr/C/87-ing.html (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 73 Consuelo et al. v. Argentina, Case 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262, 10.309, 10.311 Report No. 28/92, Inter-

Am.C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.83 Doc. 14 at 41 (1993). xelmisawvdomia

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/28-92-ARGENTINA.htm (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 74 Monsenor Oscar Arnulfo Romero and Galdamez v. El Salvador, Case 11.481, Report N° 37/00,

OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106 Doc. 3 rev. at 671 (1999). xelmisawvdomia

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/37-00.html (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 75 Carmelo Soria Espinoza v. Chile, Case 11.725, Report Nº 133/99, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106 Doc. 3 rev. at 494

(1999). Xelmisawvdomia

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/133-99.html (nanaxia 2013/07/07).

Garay Hermosilla et al. v. Chile, Case 10.843, Report No. 36/96, Inter-Am.C.H.R.,OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc. 7

rev. at 156 (1997). xelmisawvdomia

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/1996/chile36-96.htm (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 76 Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Case, Inter-Am.Ct.H.R. (set. C), No. 4,.Judgement (1988), para.166.

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/29-92-URUGUAY.htm

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/iachr/C/87-ing.html

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/28-92-ARGENTINA.htm

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/37-00.html

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/133-99.html

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/1996/chile36-96.htm

uflebebi samoqalaqo sasamarTloebSi.77 Garda amisa, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom

konvenciis pirveli muxlis safuZvelze aRebuli valdebulebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos

yvela organo unda funqcionirebdes adamianis uflebaTa damrRvevTa identificirebisa da

dasjis muzniT.78

garda admaianis uflebaTa inter-amerikuli konvenciis pirveli muxlisa, sasamarTlom

amnistiis konteqstSi agreTve aqcenti gaakeTa konvenciis me-8 da 25-e mulebze. kerZod,

sasamarTlos azriT, erovnul amnistias SesaZloa eWvqveS daeyenebida konvenciis me-8

muxliT gansazRvruli msxverplTa uflebebi gansakuTrebiT im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac

erovnuli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs msxverplTa monawileobas samarTlebriv

procesebSi.79 rac Seexeba konvenciis 25-e muxls, romelic ganamtkicebs adamianis uflebas

mimarTos efeqturi tribunals an sasamarTlos misi konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis

darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom igi gamoiyena erovnuli amnistiis kanonmdeblobis

inter-amerikuli knvenciiT nakisr valdebulebebTan Seusabamobis damadasturebel

normad.80

Sesabamisad sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebidan ikveTeba, rom adamianis uflebaTa

inter-amerikuli konvenciis darRvevisas mis Sesrulebaze zedamxedvelobis organo

miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT damnaSaveTA dasjis valdebuleba, romelic

ikiTxeba konvenciis konkretuli normebis interpretaciis Sedegad.

2.2.2.2 gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti

Ggaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma romelic warmoadgens 1966 wlis adamianis

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebaTa paqtis Sesrulebaze zedamxedvel organos, ganaviTara

analogiuri midgoma adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi damnaSavis dasjis

valdebulebis mimarT.

Kkomitetis gancxadebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoaRniSnuli paqti ar moicavs

individis uflebas moiTxovos konkretuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi dasja, saxelmwifo

valdebulia ganaxorcielos adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis gamoZieba, rac agreTve

moicavs damnaSavis identificirebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis

valdebulebas, romelic daafuZna paqtis 2(3) muxlSi ganmtkicebul uflebas.81

2.2.2.3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasmarTlo

77 Garay Hermosilla et al. v. Chile, Case 10.843, Report No. 36/96, Inter-Am.C.H.R.,OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc.

7 rev. at 156 (1997). პარაgrafi.66. 78 Garay Hermosilla et al. v. Chile, Case 10.843, Report No. 36/96, Inter-Am.C.H.R.,OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc.

7 rev. at 156 (1997). პარაgrafi.111. 79 Consuelo et al. v. Argentina, Case 10.147, 10.181, 10.240, 10.262, 10.309, 10.311 Report No. 28/92, Inter-

Am.C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.83 Doc. 14 at 41 (1993) paragrafi.34 80 Garay Hermosilla et al. v. Chile, Case 10.843, Report No. 36/96, Inter-Am.C.H.R.,OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc.

7 rev. at 156 (1997). პარაgrafi 63. 81 Bautista Arellana v. Colombia, Communication No. 563/1993, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/55/D/563/1993

para.8(6) (1995); Ana Laureano v. Peru, Communication No. 540/1993, U.N.Doc. C(PR/C/56/D/540/1993

para.10 (1996).

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, romelic warmoadgens adamianis uflebaTa

evropul konvenciaze sazedamxedvelo organos,82 agreTve mxars uWers konkretul

danaSaulebTan mimarTebaSi damnaSavis dasjis valdebulebis arsebobas. kerZod,

sasamarTlo aseTis valdebulebis arsebobas aRiarebs wamebis danaSaulis Cadenis

SemTxvevaSi.83

3. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis

kriteriumebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos damfuZnebeli

dokumenti moicavs normebs romelTa interpretaciam SesaZloa gansxvavebuli suraTi

mogvces sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobaze msjelobisas. kerZod, romis statutis

preambula mxars uWers im ideas, rom arsebobs dasjis valdebuleba da Sesabamisad

gamoZieba, romlis warmarTvis manerac ar axdens am valdebulebis Sesrulebis miznis

demonstrirebas ver CaiTvleba Sesabamis gamoZiebad statutis me-17 muxlis

miznebisaTvis. meore mxriv, konkretuli normebi, magaliTad statutis 53-e muxli tovebs

imis SesaZleblobas, rom sasmarTlom aRiaros iseTi erovnuli procesebi rogoricaa

marTlmsajulebis alternatiuli meqanizmebi. zogierTi avtoris azriT, am gaugebrobis mizezs

warmoadgens is faqti, rom aRniSnuli normebi Seiqmna sxvadasxva samuSao jgufebis

mier.84

3.1 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos Seqmna da misi kompetencia

romis statuti warmoadgebs pirvel saerTaSoriso dokuments, romelmac Seqmna

saerTaSoriso danaSaulTa gamoZiebisa da dasjis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi baza.

sasamarTlos iurisdiqca gansazRvrulis romis statutis me-5 mulSi da Semoifargleba oTxi

danaSauliT. Miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlos Seqmnis procesSi amnistiis sakiTxi

dasmuli iqna amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier,85 romis statuti ar Seicavs arcerT normas,

romelic moixseniebs amnistias.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna romis statutis Seqmna Sedegi iyo meoce saukunis Sua xanebSi

dawyevbuli procesisa, romelsac biZgi misca meore msoflio omis dros momxdar adamianis

uflebaTa mZime darRvevebma Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis arsebobac ki

xSirad gamarTlebuli iyo dausjelobis aRkveTis lozungiT. Aaqdan gamomdinare gasakviri ar

unda iyos, rom romis statutis preambula gamoxatavs aSkara mxardaWeras sasamarTlos

iurisdiqciiT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulTa represiis ideisadmi da acxadebs, rom yvela

83 ECHR, Aksoy v. Turkey, para.98 (1997). 84 Sharon A. Williams & William A. Schabas, Article 17, Issues of Admissibility, Otto Triffterer (ed.)

Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers’ Notes, Article by Article

(2d ed. 2008) gv.605-611. 85Naomi Roht-Arriaza, Amnesty and the International Criminal Court, Dinah Shelton (ed.) International

Crimes, Peace and Human Rights: The Role Of the International Criminal Court (Transnational Publishers,

2000); Ruth Wedgwood, The International Criminal Court: An American View, European Journal of

International Law, Volume 10:93(1999) gv.96.

saxelmwifos gaaCnia valdebuleba dasajos am danaSaulTa Camdeni pirebi. Ggarda amisa

preambula gamoxatavs statutis xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa srul mzadyofnas dausvan wertili

dausjelobis praqtikas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebis preambulas Sesasruleblad savaldebulo Zala ar

gaaCnia, mas ukiduresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba xelSekrulebis interpretaciis dros,

ramdenadac igi warmoadgens xelSekrlebis miznisa da obieqtis identificirebis saSualebas.86

analogiurad romis statutis iterpretaciisas mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes

preambulis gancxadebebi,87 romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi naTlad gamoxatavs,

dausjelobis aRkveTis mizans da Sesabamisad SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom sisxlis

samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier erovnuli amnistiebis pativiscema,

ewinaaRmdegeba sasamarTlos arsebobis ZiriTad miznebs.

3.2 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis kriteriumebi

romis statutis me-17 muxli, romelic awesrigebs sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis

sakiTxs, iTvaliswinebs or kriteriums komplementaroba da danaSaulis simZime.88

komplementaroba romis statutis Seqmnaze molaparakebebis warmoebisas

warmoadgenda ara mxolod axal da jer ar arsebul princips, aramed axal terminsac.89

komplementarobis principi gaCnda jer kidev saerTasoriso samarTlis komisiis mier

SemuSavebul proeqtSi.

komplkementarobis, rogorc terminis kvlevisas erT-erTi avtori mivida daskvnamde,

rom komplementaroba gulisxmobs Sevsebasa da srulyofas Sesabamisad sisxlis samarTlis

saerTasoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia srulyofs erovnul iurisdiqcias da moqmedebs mxolod

maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos ar surs an ar SeuZlia Caataros gamoZieba.90

1.2.1 romis statutis me-17(1) muxli komplementarobis testis pirveli nawili

egreT wodebuli komplementarobis testi, romelic sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTlosi saqmis dasaSvebobis Semowmebis erT–erT safexurs warmoadgens, SeiZleba

daiyos or nawilad, 1.erovnuli samarTlebrivi procedurebis arseboba, romelic unda

moicavdes rogorc danaSaulebriv qmedebas, ise konkretul damnaSaves,91 radgan

sasamarTlos precedentulma samarTalidan irkveva, rom saxelmwifos umoqmeboda sisxlis

samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli danaSaulis Cadenisas

86 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 31-e მუხლი (1969). 87 Michael Scharf, “The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court” Cornell

International LauwJournal, Volume 32:507(1999) gv 522. 88 ICC, ICC-01-04-01-06-8, Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on prosecutors applicatio for warrant of arrest,

para.29 (2006). 89 Johan D. van der Vyver, Personal and Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, Emory

International Law Review, Volume 14:1(2000) gv.66 90Jo Stigen, The Relationship Between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions the

principle of Complementarity (Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2008) გვ.190. 91 ICC, ICC-02/05-01/07 Prosecutor v. Ahmad Harun and Ali Kushayb, Decisio on the prosecutor’s

application under article 58(7) of the Statute, para.21 (2007).

garkveul SemTxvevebSi avtomaturad iwvevs saqmis dasaSvebobas.92 2.erovnuli

procedurebis warmarTvis teqnika da mizani, ramdenadac nebismieri Sedegi rac mohyveba

arsebul gamoziebas ar unda momdinareobdes saxelmwifos uunarobis an survilis ar

qonisgan ganaxorcielos gamoZieba an sisxlissamarTlebivi devna.

romis statutis me-17 muxlis pirveli nawili ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan danaSaulis

gamoZiebisa da devnis stadiebs. aRniSnul muxlSi ganmtkicebuli komplementarobis

principi asaxelebs sam SemTxvevas, rodesac saqme dauSvebelia sisxis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi. pirveli SemTxveva exeba mimdinare gamoZiebas, kerZod

saxelmwifoSi, romelsac aqvs iurisdiqcia konkretul danaSaulze, am danaSaulTan

mimarTebaSi mimdinareobs gamoZiebis procesi.93 meore SemTxveva exeba iseT

viTarebas, rodesac danaSaulis gamoZieba ukve dasrulebulia da saxelmwifo wyvets ar

ganaxorcielos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna damnaSavis mimarT,94 xolo mesame

SemTxveva exeba iseT situaciebs, rodesac dasrulebulia rogorc gamoZieba, ise pirovnebis

devna da damnaSave eqvemdebareba Sesabamis sasjels. Uukanasknel SemTxvevaSi

moqmedebas iwyebs ormagis dasjis akrZalvis principi, (ne bis in idem) romelic

ganmtkicebulia romis statutis me-20 muxlSi.95 ormagi dasjis akrZalva warmoadgens erT-

erT umnisvnelovanes sixlissamarTlebriv princips da ganmtkicebulia mraval adamianis

uflebaTa konvenciaSi.96

Ppirveli da meore SemTxvevis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansaxilvel sakiTxs warmoadgens

gamoZiebis arsi da misi interpretacia romis statutis miznebisaTvis.

termini gamoZieba ganmartebulia rogorc procesi, romelic mimarTulia ara mxolod

danaSaulis irgvliv arsebuli faqtebis gamovlenisken, aramed agreTve damnaSavis

identificirebisken.97 Sesabamisad igi unda gamoricxavdes iseT procesebs, romlebic ar

akmyofilebs am kriteriumebs da emsaxureba mxolod simarTlis gamovlenas. zogierTi

avtoris azriT, aRnisnuli termini gulisxmobs, rom unda arsebobdes individualuri gamoZieba

konkretuli saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis mimarT.98 aranakleb mniSvnelovania

ganimarTos statutis me-17(1)(b) muxlSi moxseniebuli termini gadawyvetileba. Saubaria

erovnuli gamoZiebis Sedegad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnaze

uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. amgvari terminis arseboba metyvelebs imaze, rom amnistiis

miniWeba ar unda iyos gamoZiebis erTaderTi logikuri dasasruli, aramed gamoZieba

wrmarTuli unda iyos ise, rom misi dasrulebisas arsebobdes rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi

devnis ganxorcielebis, ise masze uaris Tqmis ori SesaZlo perspeqtiva, mxolod amis

Semdeg SeiZleba ewodos gamoZiebis Sedegs gadawyvetileba.99

Sesabamisad, romis statutis me-17(1) nawilis konkretul mniSvnelovan terminTa

interpretaciiT SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom arsebuli gamoZieba unda iyos mimarTuli ara

92 ICC, ICC-01-04-01-06-8, Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on prosecutors applicatio for warrant of arrest,

para.40 (2006). 93 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Romis statutis me-17(1) muxli (2002). 94 Ibid. 95 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Romis statutis me-20 muxli (2002). 96 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, me-14(7) muxli (1966). 97D. Robinson, Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal

Court, European Journal of International Law (2003). გვ.500. 98Robin Murphy, Establishing a Precedent in Uganda: The Legitimacy of National Amnesties under the ICC,

Eyes on the ICC, Volume 3:33(2006) gv.44. 99Darryl Robinson, Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International

Criminal Court' (2003) European Journal of International Law, Volume 13:481(2003) გვ.501-502; Carsten

Stahn, Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretive Guidelines for the

International Criminal Court', Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 3:695(2005) gv.712.

mxolod danaSaulebrivi faqtebis dadgenisaken, aramed unda moicavdes damnaSavis

identifikaciis mizansac.

1.2.2 romis statutis me-17(2) muxli, komplementarobis testis meore nawili

romis statutis me-17(1) muxlSi gansazRvrul terminTa srulfasovani interpretacia

SeuZlebelia amave muxlis me-2 nawili gareSe, romelic ganmartavs kriteriumebs,

romlebsac gamoZieba an sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebaze uaris Tqmis

gadawyvetileba. kerZod, erovnuli sagamoZiebo procesi da mis Sedegad miRebuli

gadawyvetileba ar unda momdinareobdes saxelmwifos mxridan amgvari gamoZiebis an

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis nebis an SesaZleblobis ar arsebobidan. am

konkretuli pirobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi Camoyalibebulia statutis me-17(2) muxSi,

kerZod, saxelmwifos nebis arsebobs fasdeba sami kriteriumiT: 1. emsaxureba Tu ara

erovnuli procedurebi romis statutis me-5 muxlSi gansazRvruli danaSaulebis Camdeni piris

pasuximgeblobisagan dacvis mizans. gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, amgvari miznis

arsebobis demonstracia SesaZloa iyos iseTi SemTxvevebi rogoricaa, saxelmwifosa da

eWvmitanils Soris saerTo interesis arsebobs, erovnuli procesis wamowyeba sisxlis

samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos prokuroris mier konkretul danaSaulebTan

mimarTebaSi yuradRebis gamovlenis Sedegad, sasamarTlo procedurebi, romlebic ar

pasuxobs saerTaSorisod aRiarebul standartebs da mimarTulia eWvmitanilisadi sargeblis

miniWebisken, sasamarTlo da sagamoZiebo proceseSi politikuri intervencia, romelic

ramenairad zRudavs gamoZiebis an sasamarTlo procesis warmarTvis Tavisuflebas,

magaliTisaTvis zRudavs sasmarTlos iurisdiqcias konkretuli danaSaulebiT, araadekvaturi

erovnuli kanonmdebloba, gamoZiebis an sasmarTlo procesis araadekvaturi Sedegi, kerZod

Cadenili danaSaulis simzimis gaTvaliswinebiT aSkarad araproporciuli sasjeli da ase

Semdeg.100

Mmeore kriteriums warmoadgens imis dadgena SeiniSneba Tu ara procedurebis

dagvianeba, romelic konkretuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare Seusabamoa piris

marTlmsajulebisadmi daqvemdebarebis.101 Dda bolos, saxelmwifos nebis dadgenisas

adreTve gasaTvaliswinebelia aris Tu ara erovnuli procedurebi moklebuli damoukieblobasa

da miukerZoeblobas, an warmarTuli ise, rom ar Seesabameba pirovnebis

marTlmsajulebisadmi daqvemdebarebis mizans.102 Ddamoukideblobis kriteriumi

gansazRvrulia rogorc, ara mxolod abstraqtuli damoukidebloba, aramed institucionaluric,

rac gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri erovnuli procesi, romelic mimarTulia martlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebisaken damoukidebeli unda iyos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan.103

zemoarniSnuli kriteriumebis Sefaseba garkveulwilad naTels hfens zemoad, nisnuli

terminebis ganmartebas magaliTisaTvis, me-17(2)(c) muxli naTlad adasturebs, rom

saxelmwifos qmedebebi ar unda iyos Seusabamo mis nebasTan dauqvemdebaros konkretuli

piris marTlmsajulebas. am konteqstSi agreTve mniSvnelovania termin marTlmsajulebis

100 Jo Stigen, The Relationship Between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions the

principle of Complementarity (Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2008) gv.263-288. 101 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Romis statutis me-17(2)(b) muxli (2002). 102 Ibid. me-17(2)(c) muxli 103 Supreme Court of Canada, Valiente v. Queen gv.2 (1985).

interpretacia.104 Tumca Tu vimsjelebT statutis preambulis meoTxe paragrafidan am

terminis interpretacia ise, rom moicvas ara sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajuleba TiTqmis

warmoudgenelia.105 Llogikuria, rom saxelmwifos qmedebebi am SemTxvevaSi gamoZiebis

procesi unda avlendes saxelmwifos mxridan am Sedegis miRwevis mizans. Sesabamisad

romis statutis me-17 muxlis mixedviT sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis

dasaSvebobis ganxilvisas relevanturia mxolod im tipis gamoZieba, romelic mimarTulia

damnaSavis dasjisaken an sul mcire avlens amis perspeqtivas.106 aqedan gamomdinare,

komplementarobis testis SefasebiT, sasamarTloSi saqme dasaSvebia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

gamoZiebis mizans ar warmoadgens marTlmsajulebis mirWeva konkretuli individis

pasuxismgeblobis dadgomiT, aramed mxolod simarTlis gamovlena.107

Sesabamisad sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis

damabrkolebel garemoebad SesaZloa miviCnioT iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac saxelmwifom

ganaxorciela srulfasovani gamoZieba da gadawyvita ar daiwyos sisxlissamarTlebrivi

devna, Tumca aRnisnuli gamoZieba unda iyos catarebuli damnaSavis dasjis mizniT, anu

gamoZiebis stadiaze da misi warmarTvis procesSi unda arsebobdes damnaSavis dasjis

mizani da perspeqtiva. Tu movargebT aseT situacios simarTlis komisiis mier

ganxorcielebul gamoZiebas, Tundac iseT srulfasovan gamoZiebas, romelsac atarebda

samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisias, simarTlis komisiebis bunebidan gamomdinare, misi

proceduris mizans ar warmoadgens pirovnebis dasja aramed upirveles yovlisa simarTlis,

anu faqtebis gamorkveva da meore pirovnebisaTvis amnistiis miniWeba im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu man daakmayofile amisaTvis gansazRvruli moTxovnebi. sesabamisad simarTlis

komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli procesis pirobebSi damnaSavis dasjis rogorc mizani, ise

perspeqtiva vlindeba mxolod maSin, rodesac pirs uari eTqva amnistiis miniWebaze.108

zogierTi avtoris azriT, miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli interpretaciisa, me–17 muxlis b

nawilis arseboba adasturebs, rom sasamarTlo ragac formiT mainc miiCnevs alternatiuli

marTlmsajulebis meqanizmebs misaRebad.109 Tumca, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

statutSi aRniSnuli muxlis arseboba TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom statutis Semqmnelebma

masSi gaiTvaliswines simarTlis komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli gamoZiebisa da erovnuli

amnistiebis kombinaciiT miRebuli gardamavali marTlmsajulebis meqanizmi, zogierTi

avtoris azriT arsebobs mravali mizezi, ramac esaZloa legitimuri gamoZiebis Semdeg

prokurorma miiRos gadawyvetileba ar daiwyos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.110 Aam

104Carsten Stahn, Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretive

Guidelines for the International Criminal Court', Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume

3:695(2005) gv.716. 105 Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International

Criminal Law and Procedure (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). გვ.132. 106 Carsten Stahn, Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretive


3:695(2005) gv.711-712.

Jo Stigen, The Relationship Between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions the

principle of Complementarity (Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2008) gv.203. 107 Diba Majzub, Peace of Justice? Amnesties and the International Criminal Court, Melbourne Journal of

International Law, Volime 3:247(2002) gv.268. 108 Jennifer J. Llewellyn, A Comment on the Complementary Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court:

Adding Insult to Injury in Transitional Contexts?, Dalhousie Law Joural, Volume 24:192(2001) გვ.203. 109 Robin Murphy, Establishing a Precedent in Uganda: The Legitimacy of National Amnesties under the

ICC, Eyes on the ICC, Volume 3:33(2006) gv.42. 110 Jo Stigen, The Relationship Between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions the

principle of Complementarity (Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2008) gv.309-314.

SemTxvevebSi aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba miRebulia srulfasovani gamoZiebis Catarebis

Semdeg, razec metyvelebs is faqti, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ar dawyebis

gadawyvetilebis miReba gamowveuli iqneba gamoZiebis Sedegad dadgenili pirobebiTa da

garemoebebiT da ara gamoZiebis dawyebamde, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTlos ar aqvs mizezi imisa, rom erovnuli gamoZieba ar miiCnios romis statutis me-

17 muxlSi gansazRvrul gamoZiebad, romelic mteli procesis ganmavlobaSi moicavs

damnaSavis dasjis mizans.

1.3 samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisia

imdenad ramdenadac aRniSnuli Tavi eZRvneba simarTlis komisiebisa da amnistiebis

erToblivad gamoyenebisas SemuSavebuli modelis ganxilvas, naSromis am nawilis

dasasruls minda vimsjelo erT-erT modelze, romelic mogeyebul iqna samxreT afrikis

xelisuflebis mier aparteidis reJimis dasasruleblad da mravali avtoris azriT warmoadgens

simarTlis komisiebis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul models.111

samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisia, iseve rogorc amnistiis kanonmdebloba

warmoadgenda politikur kompromiss, romelic miRweul iqna samxreT afrikis axal

xelisuflebasa da aparteidis reJimis liderTa Soris molaparakebebis Sedegad, romelic

dasrulda erovnuli erTianobisa da Serigebis aqtiT.112 aRnisnuli aqti dafuZnebuli iyo

samxreT afrikis konstituciis preambulaze.113 samxreT afrikis konfliqtis konteqstSi,

simarTlis komisiis SeqmnasTan erTad, amnistiis kanonis miReba gamoWveuli iyo

aparteidis reJimis warmomadgenelTa daJinebuli moTxovniT.

AzemoaRniSnuli aqtis Sesabamisad, samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisiis miznebs

warmoadgenda aparteidis reJimis dros momxdari movlenebis gamoZieba, damnaSaveTa

identificireba da amnistiis miniWeba maTTvis, vinc daakmayofilebda aqtiT gansazRvrul

konkretul kriteriumebs.114 Kkomisiis mandati moicavda oTx ZiriTad saqmianobas kerZod,

1960 wlis 1 martsa da 1994 wlis 10 maiss Soris momxdari movlenebis bunebisa da

farglebis kvlevas, adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebis gamoZiebasa da pasuxismgebel

pirTa da organizaciaTa identificirebas da amnistiis miniwebas im pirTaTvis, romlebmac

srulad ganacxades aRniSnul movlenebTan dakavSirebuli maTTvis cnobili relevanturi

faqtebi.115

Aam mandatis gansaxorcieleblad, simarTlis komisiis bazaze Seiqmna sami organo

1.adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo gamoziebis warmoebaze,

2.amnistiis komiteti, romelic Sedgeboda damoukidebeli mosamarTleebisagan da

individualurad TiToeuli identificirebuli damnaSavis mimarT axorcielebda amnistiis

miniWebis sakiTxis ganxilvas, 3.reperaciis komiteti, romelic SeimuSavebda

111 Tama Koss, South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission: A Model for the Future, Florida Journal

of International Law, Volume 14:517(2002) gv.519. 112 National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No. 34 (1995) xelmisawvdomia

http://www.fas.org/irp/world/rsa/act95_034.htm (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 113Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act No. 200 (1993) xelmisawvdomia

https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/site_media/media/accords/Constitution_of_South_Africa_Act_200_of_1993.pdf 114 National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No. 34, muxli3(1) (1995) xelmisawvdomia

http://www.fas.org/irp/world/rsa/act95_034.htm (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 115 The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report, Volume 1, Chaptcr 4, para.32.

http://www.fas.org/irp/world/rsa/act95_034.htm

https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/site_media/media/accords/Constitution_of_South_Africa_Act_200_of_1993.pdf


rekomendaciebs saxelmwifos xelisuflebisaTvis konfliqtis Semdgomi reparaciis politikis

swori warmarTvisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis mizniT.

Aamnistiis miRebaze komisiisadmi mimarTva SeeZlo nebismier pirs, aqtis

gamowveynebidan 12 Tvis ganmavobaSi da amnistiis miniWeba damokidebuli iyo

Semdgom pirobebze: 1.aplikants unda Seesrulebina aqtis moTxovnebi, 2.danaSaulebrivi

qmedeba an umoqmedoba, romlis mimarTac iyo amnistiis miniWebis moTxovna

dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo politikur motivebTan, 3. Aplikants sakuTari danasaulis

aRiarebasTan erTad, srulad unda gamoevlina nebismieri misTvis cnobili relevanturi

faqtobrivi garemoeba.116

swored zemoarnisnuli kriteriumebi, kerZod amnistiis miniWebis sakiTxis

individualuri ganxilva da konkretuli pirobebis arsebobisadmi misi daqvemdebareba,

warmoadgens im umTavres maxasiaTeblebs, rac ganasxvavebs samxreT afrikis komisias

sxva simarTlis komisiebisagan.117 Ggarda amisa, komisia uflebamosili iyo ewarmoebina

gamozieba da Seegrovebina mtkicebulebebi. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom pirTa mimarT

amnistiis miniWebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, komisias unda gaeTvaliswinebina konkretuli

piris mier danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis sruli gamovlena, rac garda imisa, rom

emsaxureboda simarTlis dadgenis mizans, agreTve uzrunvelyofda detaluri da xarisxiani

gamoZiebis Catarebis aucileblobis arsebobas, ramdenadac winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlebeli iqneboda imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad asrulebs aplikanti amnistiis miniWebis

am konkretul winapirobas. nebismieri piri, romelic ar wardgeboda komisiis winaSe, am

romelsac komisiis gadawyvetilebiT ar mieniWeboda amnistia, rCeboda

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis obieqtad, rac warmoadgenda kidev aRniSnuli komisiis aseTi

warmatebis safuZvels.118

Aranakleb mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisia Seqmnili

iyo demokratiulad arCeuli xelisuflbis mier da moqmedebda misgan damoukideblad,

Sesabamisad misi gadawyvetilebiT Sedegad miniWebuli amnistia ar warmoadgenda iseti

tipis amnistias, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRveveSi damnaSave reJimebi

qmnian sakuTari Tavisa da maTi momxreebisaTvis dausjelobis uzrunvelsayofad.119

rogorc ukve aRiniSna samxret afrikis simarTlis komisia mravali avtoris mier

miCneulia rogorc gardamavali marTlmsajulebis erT-erTi yvelze warmatebuli modeli,

ramdenadac igi warmoadgenda miukerZoebeli da srulfasovani gamoZiebisa da amnistiis

kanonmebobis Serwymas. samxreT afrikis xelisuflebam nacvlad imisa, rom mieniWebina

blanketuri amnistiebi konkretuli damnaSaveebisaTvis, rac Tavis mxriv seriozul

dabrkolebas Seuqmnida komisias simarTlis Ziebis procesSi, airCia pirobiTi amnistiis

politika, sadac amnistiis miReba damokidebuli iyo simarTlis komisiasTan Sesabamis

TanamSromlobaze.

marTlac miuxedavad imisa, rom samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisiis mier warmoebuli

gamoZieba warmoadgenda amomwuravsa da miukerZoebels, igi orientirebuli iyo

danaSaulis faqtebis gamovlenaze da ara damnaSaveTa dasjaze, aRniSnuli prioritetze

metyvelebs komisiis muSaobis umTavresi principi, amnistiis miniWeba pirTaTvis, vinc

smarTlis gamovleniT is “daimsaxura”. Sesabamisad naTelia, rom komisiis mizans

116 National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No. 34, muxli20 (1995) xelmisawvdomia

http://www.fas.org/irp/world/rsa/act95_034.htm (nanaxia 2013/07/07). 117 Eric Blumenson, Issue 1: ICC Prosecution and Alternative Pesponses to the most grievous Crimes , Eyes

on the ICC, Volume 2:1(2005) gv.8. 118 Eric Blumenson, Issue 1: ICC Prosecution and Alternative Pesponses to the most grievous Crimes , Eyes

on the ICC, Volume 2:1(2005) gv.10. 119 Gwen K. Young, All the Truth and as Much Justice as Possible, U.C. Davis Journal of International Law

& Policy, Volume 9:209(2003) gv.217.


warmoadgenda ara im pirTa dasja, vinc ar gamoavlina misTvis nacnobi faqtobrivi

garemoebebi, aramed pasuxismgeblobis acileba maTTvis, vinc daakmayofila es konkretuli

kriteriumi. Sesabamisad sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis

damabrkolebel garemoebad Sesazloa miviCnioT iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac saxelmwifom

ganaxorciela srulfasovani gamoZieba da gadawyvita ar daiwyos sisxlissamarTlebrivi

devna, Tumca aRnisnuli gamoZieba unda iyos catarebuli damnaSavis dasjis mizniT, anu

gamoZiebis stadiaze da misi warmarTvis procesSi unda arsebobdes damnaSavis dasjis

mizani da perspeqtiva. Tu movargebT aseT situacios simarTlis komisiis mier

ganxorcielebul gamoZiebas, Tundac iseT srulfasovan gamoZiebas, romelsac atarebda

samxreT afrikis simarTlis komisias, simarTlis komisiebis bunebidan gamomdinare, misi

proceduris mizans ar warmoadgens pirovnebis dasja aramed upirveles yovlisa simarTlis,

anu faqtebis gamorkveva da meore pirovnebisaTvis amnistiis miniWeba im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu man daakmayofile amisaTvis gansazRvruli moTxovnebi. sesabamisad simarTlis

komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli procesis pirobebSi damnaSavis dasjis rogorc mizani, ise

perspeqtiva vlindeba mxolod maSin, rodesac pirs uari eTqva amnistiis miniWebaze.120

4. Eerovnuli amnistiebis “nebadamrTvel” normaTa ganxilva

wიnamdebare Tavsi ganxiluli iqneba romis statutis is nawili, romelic TiTqosda pativs

iTvaliswinebs erovnuli amnistiebisa da simarTlis komisiebis mSerwymiT miRebuli

meqanizmis aRiarebas da Sesbamisad iZleva im varaudis safuZvels, rom Sesazloa

sasamarTlom dauSveblad cnos saqme aseTi erovnuli procesebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

Aam kuTxiT mniSvnelovania ganxiluli iqnes romis statutis 53-e muxli, romelic

exeba prokuroris diskrecias gamoZiebis dawyebisas, da romis statutis me-16 muxls,

romelic gaeros uSiSroebis sawos aniWebs uflebamosilebas gaeros wesdebis me-7 Tavis

safuZvelze miRebuli rezoluciiT mosTxovos sasamarTlos warmoebis SeCereba.121

2.1 prokuroris diskrecia

romis statutis 53-e muxlisa da proceduruli wesebis 104-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sisxlis

samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos prokurorma gamoziebis dawyebis Sesaxeb

gadayvetilebis miRebisas unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdgomi kriteriumebi: 1.arsebobs Tu ara

gonivruli safuZveli imis varaudisaTvis, rom moxda sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias

daqvemdebarebuli danaSauli 2.iqneba Tu ara dasaSvebi konkretuli saqme romis statutis

120 Jennifer J. Llewellyn, A Comment on the Complementary Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court:

Adding Insult to Injury in Transitional Contexts?, Dalhousie Law Joural, Volume 24:192(2001) გვ.203. 121 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, me-16 muxli (2002).

me-17 mulis Sesabamisad 3.emsaxureba Tu ara gamoZiebis dawyeba marTlmsajulebis

interess.122

konkretuli terminologiis interpretaciaze gadasvlamde, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos,

rom zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebi ar warmoadgens kriteriumebs, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom

maTi dakmayofileba avtomaturad ar iwvevs gamoZiebis dawyebas, ramdenadac am

gadawyvetilebis miReba rCeba prokuroris diskreciaSi. Ggarda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom

garemoebebi ar unda iqnes ganxiluli rogorc kumulatiuri pirobebi da gamoZiebis dawyebis

sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetileba SesaZloa efuZnebodes mxolod erT maTgans.123

Sesabamisad savsebiT logikuria miviRoT situacia, rodesac saqme dasaSvebia statutis me-

17 muxlis Sesabamisad, Tumca ar xdeba gamoziebis warmarTva, radgan prokuroris azriT,

igi ar emsaxureba marTlmsajulebis interess. aRniSnuli cnebis orazrovnebidan da

bundovanebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs mosazreba, rom statuti aZlevs prokurors

SesaZleblobas gaiTvaliswinos alternatiuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi da ar warmarTos

gamoZieba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi Seaferxebs an eWvqveS daayenebs saxelmwifosSi

mSvidobis damyarebis procesebs.124 imis gansazRvrisaTvis Tu ramdenad marTebulia

aRniSnuli midgoma, aucilebelia moxdes terminis swori interpretacia romis statutis

Sesabamis konteqstSi, ramdenac swored amazea damokidebuli prokuroris diskreciis

farglebi.125

marTlmsajulebis interesis interpretaciis sakiTxi dadga statutis ZalaSi Sesvlis

pirvelive wlebSi. rogorc saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis norma, aRnisnuli termini ganmartbuli

unda iqnes saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb venis konvenciis 31-e da 32-e muxlebis

Sesabamisad. aRniSnuli konvenciis 31-e muxli acxadebs, rom xelSekrulebis terminologia

interpretirebuli unda iqnes misi Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT xelSekrulebis miznis

gaTvaliswinebiT. …..m termin marTlmsajulebis kvlevisas gamoiyena rogorc statutis

preambula, romlic acxadebs rom sasamarTlos mTavar mizans warmoadgens mis

iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul pirTa dasjis uzrunvelyofa da dausjelobisaTivis wertilis

dasma, agreTve statutis sxva muxlebi, romlebic moixseniebs termins marTlmsajuleba da

daadgina, rom aRniSnuli termini ar SeiZleba moicavdes amnistias,126 ramdenadac erT-erTi

avtoris gancxadebiT amnistia ar warmoadgens marTlmsajulebas aramed misgan

gamonakliss.127 miuxedavad statutis preambuliT aSkarad da TvalsaCinod gansazRvruli

miznisa, zogierTi avtoris azriT 53-e muxlSi gansazRvruli kriteriumebi, rogoricaa

magaliTad danaSaulis simZime da msxverplTa interesebi, adasturebs, rom arniSnul muxlSi

moxseniebuli termini scdeba mxolod sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis farglebs.128

122 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, me-53 muxli; Rules of Procedure and Evidence(ICC),

104-e muxli. 123 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, me-53(1) muxli. 124 Cameron, Jurisdiction and Admissibility Issues Under the ICC Statute in McGoldrick et al (eds), The

Permanent International Criminal Court: Legal and Policy Issues (USA: Hart Publishing 2004) gv.91. 125 Jessiva Gavron, Amnesties in the Light of Developments in International Law and the Establishment of the

International Criminal Court, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Volume 51:91(2002)

gv.110. 126 Michael Kourabas, “Vienna Convention Interpretation of the “interest of Justive” Provision of the Rome

Statute, the legality of domestic amnesty agreements and the situation in Northern Uganda: "a Great

qualitative step forward” or a normative retreat?” Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, Volume

14:59(2007) gv.69-74. 127 Andreas O’Shea, Pinochet and Beyond: the International Implications of Amnesty, African Journal of

Human Rights, Volume 16:637(2000) gv.661. 128 Human Rights Watch, Polity Paper: The Meaning of the "Interests of Justice" iii Article 53 of the Rome

Statute, (2005) xelmisawvdomia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/06/01/meaning-interests-justice-article-53-rome-statute (nanaxia 2013/07/07)

http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/06/01/meaning-interests-justice-article-53-rome-statute

Tumca zemoarniSnuli kriteriumebi gansakuTrebiT ki msxverplTa interesi SesaZloa

sawinaaRmdegodac iqnes interpretirebuli. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zeviT ganxilul

sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic erovnuli amnistiis ukanonobas xSirad

danaSaulis msxverplTa uflebebis dacvis saWiroebiT asabuTeben, logikuri iqneba is

varaudi, rom am SemTxvevaSic sasamarTlom upiratesoba mianiWos danaSaulis

msxverplTa am konkretul uflebebs.

romis statutis 53-e muxlSi naTlad Cans, rom prokuroris diskrecia marTlmsajuelbis

interesis Sesabamisad gamoZiebis dawyebis gadwyvetilebis miRebisas Cveulebrivze metad

aris SezRuduli. kerZod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac prokuroris gadawyvetileba ar awaarmoos

gamoZieba efuZneba mxolod marTlmsajulebis interesis kriteriums, wina sasmarTlos

palatis mier misi gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli saxelmwifos an

uSiSroebis sabWos moTxovna, aramed aRniSnuli palata uflebamosilia sakuTari iniciativiT

gadaxedos prokuroris gadawyvetilebas. proceduruli wesebis 109-e muxlis Sesabamisad,

wina sasamarTlo palatas aqvs 180 dRe imis gadasawyvetad gadasinjavs Tu ara prokuroris

am gadawyvetilebas. garda amisa, prokuroris mier gamoZiebis Sewyvetis gadawyvetilebis

SemTxvevaSi, romelic efuZneba sxvadasxva statutiT gaTvaliswinebul mizezebs, wina

sasamarTlo palatas SeuZlia mxolod mosTxovos prokurors misi gadawyvetilebis

gadasinjva, xolo im SemTxvevasi Tu amgvari gadawyvetileba efuZneba marTlmsajulebis

interesis ar arsebobas, prokuroris gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi Zala damokidebulia wina

sasamarTlo palatis Tanxmobaze. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom mxolod am safuZvliT

moxdes sasamarTloSi gamoZiebis SeCereba marTlmsajulebis interesis ar arsebobaSi unda

darwmundes ara mxolod prokurori, aramed wina sasamarTlo palatac. aRniSnuli

gulisxmobs imas, rom unda arsebobdes amgvari gadawyvetilebis sasargeblo mniSvnelovani

argumentacia, romelsac statutis peambulis gaTvaliswinebiT naklebad savaraudoa

warmoadgendes ervnuli amnistia an Tundac saxelmwifoSi mimdinare gardamavali

procesebi.

2.2 uSiSroebis sabWos roli romis statutis me-16 muxli

romis statutis me-16 muxlis Sesabamisad, uSiSroebis sabWos aqvs uflebamosileba

gaeros wesdebis me-7 TaviT miRebuli rezoluciiT, SeaCeros gamoZieba sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSorso sasamarTloSi 12 Tvis vadiT, im SemTxvevaSi igi daadgens, rom sasamarTlos

Carevas SeuZlia safrTxe Seuqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas.129

aRniSnuli norma miCneulia erT-erT mtkicebulebad imisa, rom sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo eWvqveS ar unda daayenos erovnuli procesebi, romlebic

emsaxureba mSvidobisa damyarebis mizans. kerZod, samSvidobo molaparakebebis

SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli amnistia SesaZloa saxelmwifos xelisuflebisaTvis warmoadgendes

molaparakebebis warmoebis erTaderT berkets, xolo maSin rodesac sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSorisos sasamarTlo axorcielebs sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas iseTi piris winaaRmdeg,

romelsac gadamwyveti roli ekisteba samSvidobo moalaprakebebis warmoebisas,

sasamarTlos mier gansjis perspeqtivam SesaZloa daafrTxos damnaSave da Seaeferxos

129 Morten Bergsmo, The Jurisdictional Regime of the International Criminal Court (Part II, Articles 11-19),

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Volume 6:345(1998) gv.358.

SeTanxmebis miRweva,130 rac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvevs konfliqtis gaxangrZlivebas da zog

SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa mZime darRvevebis Cadenis gaaqtiurebas.131 naTelia,

rom am SemTxvevaSi, saubaria sasamarTlos muSaobis ara samarTlebriv aramed politikur

aspeqtze.

rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mxridan sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis

ganxorcielebis perspeqtivam konkretuli konfliqturi situaciaze SesaZloa moaxdinos rogorc

dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi gavlena.132 zogierTi avtori Tvlis, rom zog SemTxvevaSi erovnuli

amnistia warmoadgens erTaderT saSualebas konfliqturi situaciis CasaxSobad da adamianis

uflebaTa darRvevebis Sesasusteblad.133 sxvebi gardamavali martlmsajulebis konteqstSi

amnistiebis aRiarebas ufro globalurad uyureben da acxadeben, rom rom mZime

danaSaulkebisaTvis amnistii miniWeba ubiZgebs momaval Taobebs aseTi danaSaulis

Cadenisaken da eWvqveS daayenebs saerTaSoriso mSvidobas.134 garda amisa

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom damnaSavis dasja mizanSewonilia swored konfliqturi

saxelmwifoebisaTvis gardamavali martlmsajulebis konteqstSi, ramdenadac kanonis

uzenaesoba warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebis umTavres maxasiaTebels,

Sesabamisad damnaSaveTa dasja xels Seuwyobs Zlieri demokratiuli saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebas.135

Sesabamisad savsebiT naTelia da marTebulia is pozicia, rom sasamarTlos gamoZieba

did gavlenas axdens saelmwifos SigniT mimdinare ara mxolod samarTlebriv, aramed

politikur aspeqtebzec da statutis me-16 muxli warmoadgens imis naTel dadasturebas, am

dokumentis Semqmnelebma gaiTvaliswines viTareba sadac saxelmwifos SigniT arsebuli

mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos mier saqmis warmoebis dawyeba SesaZloa ar

iyos mizanSewonili, Tumca meore mxriv logikas moklebuli ar unda iyos is varaudic, rom

aseTi saWiroebis aRiareba aranair zegavlenas ar unda axdendes sasamarTloSi saqmis

dasaSvebobis normebze da Tavad me-16 muxlis arseboba qmnis am varaudis upirveles

safuZvels, ramdenadac gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, prokurorisa da sasamarTlos

movaleobas warmoadgens sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, xolo

saerTaSoriso mSvidobaze zrunva uSiSroebis sabWos prerogativaa.

Ddaskvna

130 Wilmshurst, The International Criminal Court: The Role of the Security Council, in Mauro Politi and

Giuseppe Nesi (eds.), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court - A challenge to impunity,

(Aldershot, 2001) gv.40. 131 Paul van Zyl, Justice without Punishment: Guaranteeing Human Rights in Transitional Societies, in

Charles Villa-Vicencio and Wilhelm Verwoerd (eds), Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (Zed Books, 2000) gv.42-43. 132Richard J. Goldstonet, Peace Versus Justice, Nevada Law Journal: Volume 6:421(2005-2006) gv.421. 133 Kenneth Roth, It's worth bringing tyrants to justice, The International Herald Tribune, 2005.

xelmisawvdomia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/08/10/its-worth-bringing-tyrants-justice (nanaxia 2013/07/01). 134 Diane F. Orentlichert, Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior

Regime, Yale Law Journal, Volume 100:2537(1991) gv.2542. 135 Luc Huyse, 'To Punish or Pardon: A Devil's Choice' in Christopher Joyner and M Cherif Bassiouni (eds),

Reining in Impunity for International Crimes and Serious Violations of Fundamental Human Rights

(Ramonville St. Agne: Érès 1998) gv.79-80.

http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/08/10/its-worth-bringing-tyrants-justice

Cems mier SesavalSi dasmuli miznidan gamomdinare, naSromSi Sejamebuli iyo is

zogadi faqtorebi, romlebmac SesaZloa zegavlena moaxdinos sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTloSi saqmis dasaSvebobis konteqstSi erovnuli amnistiebis sakiTxis

gadawyvetaze.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, romis statutma ar airCia erTiani midgoma erovnuli amnistiebis

sakiTxis mimarT da datova egret wodebuli “kreatiuli orazrovneba”,136 romelic mravalgvari

interpretaciis wyaro gaxda da Seqmna is realoba, rom sasamarTlom yovel konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris erovnuli amnistiebis pirobebSic Tavad unda gadawyvitos saqmis

dasaSvebobis sakiTxi.

zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom simarTlis komisiisa da

erovnuli amnistiebis SerwymiT miRebuli gardamavali marTlmsajulebis, bolo dro metad

aqtualuri da xSirad gamoyenebadi, modeli ver akmayofilebss statutis me-17 muxlSi

gansazRvrul erovnuli gamoZiebis kriteriumebs ramdenadac amnistiis, rogorc dausjelobis

raqtika ewinaaRmdegeba sasamarTlos arsebobis upirveles mizans.

naSromSi ukve xazi gaesva im faqts, rom Audaod didia is sargebeli romelic

aRniSnulma marTlmsajulebis alternatiulma modelebma SeiZleba moitanos saxelmwifoSi

mimdinare konfliqtis pirobebSi. rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos,

mis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli danaSaulebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos

mier gamoZiebis warmoeba nebismier SemTxvevaSi moaxdens gavlenas konkretuli

politikuri procesebis warmarTvaze da Sesabamisad politikuri Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis

saWiroeba sasamarTlos funqcionirebis ganuyofeli nawilia. magaliTisaTvis, sasamarTlos

mier sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivam SesaZloa biZgi misces

konfliqtis mxareTa Soris “Serigebis” procesis dawyebas, Tumca ramdenadac dadebiTia

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi gansjis perspeqtivis gavlena konfliqtis mxareTa Soris

molaparakebebis dawyebis survilze, imdenad uaryofiTia misi efeqti Tavad Serigebis

procesze, radgan sasamarTloSi mimdinare gamoZiebam SesaZloa saxelmwifos

xelisuflebas waarTvas molaparakebis warmoebis erTaderTi realuri berketi. Aqedan

gamomdinare SedarebiT axlad Seqmnili sasamarTlosaTvis ar iqneba marTebuli iseTi

praqtikis danergva, sadac misi funqciebi mxolod saxelmwifoTa mier molaparakebebis

sasurveli kursis warmarTvis saSualebad gamoyenebiT Semoifargleba, ramdenadac

sasamarTlos funqciuonirebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens damnaSaveTa dasja da ara

mSvidobis damyareba.

136 Carsten Stahn, Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretive


3:695(2005) gv.708.

gamoyenebuli literatura

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

2002

Statute of the International Court of Justice

1945

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

1969

Convention for the Supression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil

Aviation

1971

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in

Armed Forces in the Field

1949

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and

Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea

1949

Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1949

Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

1951

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

Punishment

1984

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

1949

American Convention on Human Rights

1978

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1966

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xelmisawvdomia

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aning-interests-justice-article-53-rome-

statute

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სამაგისტრო ნაშრ ომი

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Transcript of სამაგისტრო ნაშრ ომი