ยีน โครโมโซม...
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- 2412 Friendrech Mieseher)
- 2453 Albrecht Rossel
2 1. pyrimidine)
2. purine)
- 2492 Erwin Chargaff) DNA
A = T , C = G
- 2493 – 2495 (M.H.F. Wilkins)
DNA DNA (helix) polynucleotide
1
JAMES D.WATSON FRANCIS H.C. CRICK DNA
1. DNA 2.3.
(DEOXYRIBOSE) 4.5.
DNA ADENINE (A) THYMINE (TP) ( 2
CYTOSINE(C) GUANIN (G) ( 3
- 1
-
UAA, UGA
mRNA Terminating Codon- mRNA
Codon- tRNA
tRNA mRNA tRNAmRNA tRNA anticodon
codon GCA mRNA
Triplet Code3 Nucleotides
Codon
Amino acid
DNA replication)
semiconservative replication)
DNA
1. helicase) replication fork)
SSB (Single Strand Binding protein)
RNA RNA primer) RNA primase) DNA
deoxyribonucleotide-
DNA leading strand)
DNA leading DNA
-
origin of replication) Okazaki fragment)
lagging strand)
DNA - - exonuclease)
ligase) DNA
genetic information)RNA (single - stranded)
(copy) RNA genesRNA Synthesis
base pairs(structural gene / gene proper) DNA
** TranscriptionNon - sense strand
base RNA(Non-template strand Sense strand
1.DNA templatePromoterStructural gene(Terminator
2. RNApolymerase3.Ribonucleotides
Adenine triphosphate(ATP)Guanine triphosphate(GTP)Uridine triphosphate(UTP)Cytosine triphosphate (CTP)
**DNA Gene DNA
Promoter……gene proper....... Terminator(Coding region)
Transcription
InitiationInitiation RNA2.2.Elongation RNA3.3.Termination
Transcription 3 steps
InitiationElongation
Termination
-InitiationInitiation Transcription :** RNA polymerase promoter
promoter :* RNA polymerase DNA
-- Coding strand RNA polymeraseRNA polymerase ribonucleotide
Start point
– Elongation :** RNA polymerase ribonucleotides
RNA --ribonucelotides
RNA DNA RNA
– Termination :DNA gene
Terminatorterminator
Rho - independent termination RNA hairpin)
RNA polymerase -->2.2.Rho - dependent termination RhoRhofactor factor )
terminator
mRNA
tRNAAUG ’
tRNAmRNA
’ ’ tRNA
tRNAmRNA
UAA,UAGUGA tRNA
tRNA
DNA Replication Transcription
S phase Proteinsynthesis
DNA
T A G C U A G C
RNA primer
DNA polymerase RNApolymerase
’ 3’ 5’ 3’
Polynucleotide 2 Polynucleotide
- Friedrich Miescher
--
chromosome theory of inheritance - R. Feulgen
Fuchsin
-
“ ”
Walter S. Sutton )
-
Walter S. Sutton )
Walter Sutton)
chromosome theory of inheritance)
2 autosome sex chromosome
1.
2.
1.
1.1 XO
21
20 + XO2 10 + X
10 + O
(10 + X) X
(10 + O) autosome
1.2 XY
AA + XY 2 A+X
A+YX Y
AA + XX
A+X
1.3 ZW
XY XY
AA + ZZ
A+Z AA
+ ZW 2 A+Z
A+W
- . . 1922 autosome X
gene (genetic balance) gene 2 male tendency
gene autosome femaltendency gene X
autosome X
autosome / X chromosome = 1
1 (super
2.
diploid , 2n = 32
haploid , n = 16
meiosis
= 16 meiosis
= 16
32
2 1.
2
1.1
1 47
45 1 2
XX
XY
1) Down's syndrome)
-
-
-
-
-
Edward's syndrome)
-
-
-
-
- -
Cri-du-chat syndrome)
-
-
-
Cat-cry-syndrome
X Y
X
X X
XO
Turner's syndrome)
-
X
XXX XXXX
XXX XXXX Super
female)XXY
XXXY
XXY XXXY
Klinefelter's syndrome)
YY
Y XYY
XYYSuper men)
-
-
-
-
-
mutation
Mutation
chromosome mutation)
gene mutation point mutation)
1. chromosome mutation)
1)
2)3)
2. gene mutation point mutation)
radiation)
Ionizing Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation
colchicine)
dichlovos) paraquat)
Somatic cell)
Sex cell)
Genetic Engineering)
genetic engineering)
GMOs(genetically modified organisms)
GMO
DNA
GENE) GMO
GMO
GMO
GMO GMO
Generation)
2. 1.
2.1 Agro-Bacterium
2.2 GENE GUN)
DNA DNA
,
,
2539
GMO
GMO)--
-delay ripening)
-
- (Potato)
Bacillus thuringiensis
GMO
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
GMOs
1. GMOs
2. DNA
GMOs
3. GMOs
4. allergen)
6. 10.
11.
1. plasmid
2.
3. PCR
1.
2.
oocyte metaphase II
(recipient cell)
Wilmut1997
(dolly)
1.
2.
3.4.
5.