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Rvinis qarTulad

dayeneba

ilia WavWavaZe, 1887 w.

(narkvevi)

თბილისი 2012

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winasityvaoba

ilia WavWavaZis, wminda ilia marTlis, narkvevi - "Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba" namdvilad naTeli orientiria qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineobis sferoSi.

winamdebare broSura Cveni Tanamemamulis - ioseb wiklau-ris mxardaWeriT gamoica da igi saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTs atarebs. broSura gadaecema saqarTvelos biblioTekebs, meve-naxeoba-meRvineobis dargSi momuSave adamianebs, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, eklesia-monastrebs, skolebs... raRa Tqma unda, gamocemis garkveuli nawili CaaRwevs ucxoeTSic, raTa igi gavrceldes qarTul diasporaSi, rac metad mniSvnelovania.

wminda ilia marTlis narkvevi - "Rvinis qarTulad dayen-eba" yvela droisaTvis mniSvnelovani naSromia. igia qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineobis erTgvari formula, riTac, Cveni azriT yovelma qarTulma Rvinis sawarmoma Tu maranma unda ixelmZRvanelos. saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba, samwuxarod, Tavis istoriul gezs ascda. Cven vfiqrobT, rom winamdebare narkvevi saqarTvelos mosaxleobas garkveul-wilad daexmareba aRniSnuli problemis daZlevaSi.

giorgi barisaSvili. mcxeTa 2012w.

broSura "Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba" (ilia WavWavaZe, 1887) moamzada, winasity-vaoba da ilustraciebi daurTo giorgi barisaSvilma.

dakabadoneba paata vardanaSvilis.

wyaro - ilia WavWavaZe, tomi VII. werilebi saxalxo meurneobis sakiTxebze. Tbilisi 1956. (pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT).

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I Cvens ekonomiurs yofa-cxovrebas rom kaci rigianad da

gonierad daakvirdes, bevrs sagulisxmos ipovis. erTi udide-si da upirvelesi saxsari Cvenis ekonomiuris cxovrebisa mi-waT-moqmedobaa da sxvagvari saxsari jer CvenSi TiTqmis arc ki daZrula, xelnaxlebic ar aris, mermiss elis. miwaTmoqmedebas ori sagani moaqvs Cvenis qveynis gasaZRolad, Rvino da yovel-gvari egredwodebuli sapure marcvali. am orgvars warmoe-bas didi xania vadgivarT da didi xania mis gzazed vSromobT da Tavs avad Tu kargad vikvebavT. Cven amas arafrad vagdebT, TiTqo am xangrZlivs warmoebas CvenTvis ara uswavlebia ra, araviTari gamocdileba ar moucia, TiTqos yovels mas, rasac dRes warmoebaSi vxedavT, araviTari sabuTi da mizezi ara hqo-nia, TiTqo yovelive alalbedobiT, ucabedobiT mogvsvlia. ai es, Cvenis fiqriT, riT aixsneba:

Cvenma Zvelma istoriam ar mogvacala, rom codna-swavlis gza gvekafna da Cvenis sulisa da gulis ZaliT mecnierebis axo gamogveRo umecrebis bardebiT da jagiT moculs aremarezed. am mxriT, Zalian CamovrCiT danarCens kacobriobas, romelic dReyovel codnisa da swavlis warmatebasa da winsvlaSi iyo. saxelovanma da saocarma namoqmedarma kacobriobis codnisam da swavlisam ise mogvaswro Cven, rogorc sabneleTidam uecrad mzeze gamosulsa! metis sinaTlisa da Suqisagan TvalT dagvib-nelda. Zalovanma mecnierebam, romlis naRvawi Cvens uvicobas xSirad saswaulad miaCnda da miaCnia, ise daibriyva Cveni Wkua da goneba, ise Tavbru daasxa, rom erTic da meorec yurmoW-ril ymad gaixada da rogorc tyve, gahbawra. aba, saca ucxenod da ukambeCod uzarmazaris saxlebis tareba moigones, saca telegrafma da telefonma sivrce gaabaTila da eleqtronma lamis Zveleburs Tilismobas gadaaWarbos, iq Cveni beCavi um-ecreba da uvicoba xmas rogorRa amoiRebda. rogor ar unda gvegrZno Cveni araraoba? rogor ar unda gveTqva: Cven rani varT? rac yofilan, isini yofilano! raki kacobriobis cod-na-swavlis saocarma Zlevamosilebam ase aSkarad dagvanaxva sxva qveynebis upiratesoba da warCinebuloba, Cven erTic da meorec kisrad unda gvedo da davdumebuliyaviT, rogorc Zlieris winaSe uZluri, mecnierebis winaSe umecari. swored egrec dagvemarTa: Cvenc davdumdiT da imodenad davdumdiT, rom raki kaci ucxo qveynidam movidoda CvenSi, swavlulia Tu uswavleli, Wkviani Tu suleli, amas aRar davdevdiT da pir-

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Ria SevyurebdiT, Wkuis maswavlebeli aba es ariso. garda ami-sa, sakmao iyo kacs eTqva, samzRvargared ese ariso, rom Cvenc migveRo ganusjelad, auwonlad, daufiqreblad. iqaurma xalx-ma es Cveni pirRiaobis ambavi kargad icoda da amitomac yvela isini, visac Tavis qveyanaSi vera gaekeTebina ra, Cvenken gamor-boda, Tan oriode mzad gakeTebuli da mogonebuli receptic mohqonda da mtvers agviyenebda xolme Tvalwin Cven umecrebs da ucodinarebs codnisa da mecnierebis saxeliTa. samzRvar-gared eseao, Tqvenc ese unda moiqceTo da Cvenc sxva gza ara gvqonda, unda dagvejerebina da vijerebdiT kidec. amas kidev ar gvakmarebdnen xolme: rac ki ram Cvens samSobloSi iyo, yve-las gviqolavdnen, Tqven ra iciT, briyvebi xarTo, aba kargi ra geqnebaTo. Cvenc viZaxodiT: marTali brZanebaao.

raki sxvagan Cvenzed gacilebiT didi ostatoba gamoiCina bevrma bevrSi, Cvenc davijereT, rom, bevri bevrSi ki ara, yve-lani yvelaferSi Cvenzed ukeTesni ostatebi arian. davijereT da mere rogor? Cveni aRaraferi viwameT, aRaraferi vigul-veT. is ki gonebidam gamogvepara, rom Cvenc gvicxovria, gvi-moqmednia Tavis sakvebad, CvenSiac yofila xeloba da osta-toba miwaTmoqmedebobisa, da Tu Cveni nacxovari, nakeTari da namoqmedari mecnierebamde ar agviyvania, angariSSi Casagdebi gamosaZiebeli da gamosakvlevi xom aris, rogorc nacadi didi xnisa, rogorc mravalis wlis moRvaweobiT Semowmebuli saqme da saqmianoba. es Cveni nacadi, es Cveni gamocdiloba gagvibaTi-la, gagviqarwyla saxelma da abrum ucxo qveynisam, romelmac yvelaferSi brmad CagviTria, radganac bevrSi samarTali da sabuTi miuZRvodaT, rogorc gacilebiT Cvenzed win mavalTa da warmatebulTa. am garemoebas erTi aravin Caufiqrda da ara sTqva: kaco, iqneba CvenSiac iyos erTi ram kargi, sxvisis sityviT yvelafers ratom ese xelaRebiT viwunebT!..

eg Cvenis umecrebis, ucodinarobis bralia. TviT msjeloba SegviSina ucxo qveynebis abruma, gambedaoba gamoacala. amis gamo Cveni veRara vikvlieT ra, veRara gamoviZieT ra. an ra-Ras vikvlevdiT, rom Cveni aRara gvjeroda ra. yovels mxares Cvenis cxovrebisas am gaubedaobam gonebisam Tavisi damRa daasva da dRes CvenSi ucxo qveyneli sulelic Wkvian kacad ga-dis da iqauri tyuili marTlada, mere rogori tyuili? iqav tyuilad cnobili da aRiarebuli. am tyuilma ise arsad ar iCina Tavi, rogorc Cvenebur Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi. aq aram-cTu ucxo qveynelebi gza-kvals gvireven, TviTon Cvenebic ki, maTis saxeliT da sityviT brmad gatacebulni da fexis xmis

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amyolni, imaTzed uaresad gvxveven mCvarSi. Cvenni Sinaur-ni ostatebi brZaneben, rom Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba groSad ara hRirso; Cven ar viciT verc erTnairis da gamZle Rvinis keTeba, verc Sampanurisa, verc koniakisa da sxva amgvar didfa-sian sasmelebisao. samzRvargared ki, mecnierebis SemweobiT, erTnairs gamZles Rvinos akeTben, Sampanurs, koniaks da sxva amisTana sasmelebs xom raRa Tqma undao. aqedam, am azrebidam wamosulni Cveni Sinauri ostatebi hcdiloben rogorme mog-varjulon Rvinis keTeba Segvacvlevinon evropielTa mixedvi-Ta da am cdas morjulebisas did samsaxurad gviTvlian. ras-akvirvelia, es Cveni Tavisianebi TavisiT arras amboben. eseni Segirdebi arian ucxo qveynel ostatebisa, da rac maTgan gau-giaT, ganusjelad gauzepirebiaT, da fiqradac ar mosvliaT, rom maTi ostatebi SesaZloa styuodnen, SesaZloa maTma os-tatebma bevri ara icodnen ra. es ki gonebis Tvalisagan mohsx-letiaT, rom Rvinis keTebas CvenSi mTeli aTasis wlebis isto-ria aqvs da, maSasadame, aris ram mizezi, romlis ZaliTac Cveni eri Tavisebur Rvinis keTebas hrCeobs da evropiuls ufrTxis da erideba dResac. vin icis, iqneba es mizezi pativsadebia, Wk-vad misaRebia? amas gamoZieba, gamokvleva unda da uamisod Cvenebur Rvinozed wunis dadeba, Rvinis Cveneburad keTebis abuCad agdeba, moSlilis wisqvilis raxunia da tyuilis os-tatobis Tavgazviadebuli sibriyve da kadnierebaa. nuravin nu ifiqrebs, viTomc Cven amiT imis Tqma gvinda, rom Cvens keTe-bas da dayenebas Rvinisas ara aklia ra. Cven amas ver vityviT. bevri ram aklia, amas Tqma ar unda. mxolod igi nakli Cvenis Rvinisa, romelsac Cveneburs Rvinos wunad uTvlian CvenSi Sinaurni Tu gareulni ostatebi, swored igi nakli Rirsebaa Cvenis Rvinisa, da Tu Cveni Rvino odesme gzas gaixsnis saqveyno bazrisas, swored am Rirsebis wyalobiT gaixsnis, Tu Zalad-amacxovne Sinaur ostatebis zedmosevas da qadagebas RvTisa da Tqvenis wyalobiT gadvurCiT.

Cven vecdebiT Semdegs werilebSi es Cveni azri sagulisxmo sabuTebiT SevamowmoT.

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Cven minam moviyvandeT Cven mier wina werilSi dapirebul sabuTebs Cveneburad Rvinis keTebis Sesaxeb da aqedam Cvenis Rvinis avkargianobazed gamovikvlevdeT rasme, saWiroa avR-nusxoT, ra wunsa sdeben Cvens Rvinos da ra wamals gvirCeven; maSin davinaxavT, sadamde midis marTali da tyuili. sazoga-dod unda vsTqvaT, rom Cven yvelaferSi CamorCenili varT sx-vebzed, da raki yvelaferSi ukana varT, Rvinis saqmeSiac ukan unda viyvneT, maSasadame, Cveni, rac kia, ar unda vargodes. am sabuTiT SeiaraRebulni sakmarisad hxedven marto zogadis frazebiT wunis dadebas da amiT iolad wasvlasa. erTs amisTa-na magaliTs warmogvidgens erTi patara wignaki, romelic SarSan daibeWda moskovSi rusulad am saxeliT: О главнейших нуждах и потребностях Кахетии. pativcemuls avtors, raki Cvenzed hlaparakobs, hgonebia, rom rac ki unda sTqvas Cveneburis Rvin-isa da venaxebis keTebis Taobazed, sul marTali iqneba, oRond qeba da mowoneba risame ar iyos da amitomac brZanebs:

“Кахетинские виноградники доходны, что главным образом обусловливается неудачных выбором места для виноградников и патриархалъным способом обработки виноградной почвы”.

gamodis, rom b-n avtoris azriT, Cven arc adgilis SerCeva gvcodnia savenaxed da venaxis keTebac adamisJmuri gvqonia. aq arc erTis dasamkicebeli sabuTi ar aris moyvanili. an ra saWiro iyo! gana sakmarisi ar aris, rom qarTvelebma ar ician ra da, maSasadame, arc es ecodinebaT. erTi es fiqrad mainc rogor ar mouvida b-ns avtors, rom ramdenime saukunea, rac saqarTveloSi venaxobas misdeven, da ra RmerTi gagviwyrebo-da, adgilis amorCevac ver gveswavla. Cven ki gvgonia, rom ad-gilis amorCevazed Cven abuCad veravin ver agvigdebs. Cvens ve-naxebs ukeTesi adgilebi uWiravT. amas amtkicebs is garemoeba, rom saca dRes venaxebia, im adgilebidam kargi Rvino gamodis da venaxebis didi xnis warsulic gvemowmeba amas. Tund egec ar iyos, b-nma avtorma aiRos romelime sofeli da migviTiTos imisTana adgilzed, romelic im adgilebzed ukeTesia, saca dRes venaxebia. magas ver izams, aTasSi erTsac ver gvaCvenebs. es magaliTi nuTu imis momaswavebeli ar aris, rom adgilis amorCeva venaxebisaTvis viciT da arc SesaZloa ar gvcodnoda, imitom, rom venaxis keTeba CvenSi guSindeli saqme ar aris da

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kargis arCevanisaTvis ramdenisame saukunis gamocdileba xel-Ta gvaqvs. vinc cotaodnad mcodnea Cvenis venaxis patronobisa, is gvimowmebs, rom TiTqmis arc erTi venaxis patroni glexi ar aris CvenSi, rom am saganzed Wkvad misaRebi darigeba da rCeva ar mogceT. am mxriT Cveneburi glexi evropiel mecniersac ki ajobebs, imitom rom miwaT-moqmedobaSi saerTod da venaxobis saqmeSi calke gamocdileba didi ram aris, da Cveneburi glexi evropiels mecnierzed gamocdilebiT metismetad win iqneba imitom, rom adgilis kacia. tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami, adgi-lis kurdRels adgilis mwevari daiWerso. Secdoma mosvlia pa-tivcemuls avtors, am gziT ar gamouZiebia saqme da marto imas dasjerebia, rom aba amaT saidam ra ecodinebaT, yvelaferSi CamorCenilni arian da amaSic CamorCenilni iqnebiano. am sax-iTve mohqcevia b-ni avtori venaxebis Cveneburad keTebis saqme-sa. ras gviwunebs b-ni avtori? garkveviT da CamoTvliT aras gveubneba. marto amas ambobs, rom venaxis miwas adamisJmur wesiT akeTebeno. TviTon vazis movlis wess ki srulebiTac ar ixseniebs. Cvenc am vazis movlis saqmes Tavi davaneboT da miwis keTebis saqmes SevudgeT.

raSi mdgomareobs es adamisJmuri wesi, arc amas gveubne-ba, usaTuod imav mosazrebis ZaliT, rom Zveli xalxia, ukan CamorComili, da ra didi lari da xaziRa unda, rom ad-amisJmuri wesi eqmnebaTo. miwis keTeba venaxisaTvis barva da Toxvnaa da amazed damokidebuli gawmenda venaxisa, dawvena da damuxlva vazisa; sxva ra aris, gvibZanon. avtori rom venaxis miwis keTebas gviwunebs, nuTu amiT imisi Tqma unda, rom bar-va da Toxvna da maTze damokidebuli muSaoba venaxis miwisa CvenSi jer saWirod cnobili ar aris? an Tu cnobilia, nuTu hgonebia, barva da Toxvna ar viciT, rogorc rigia? yvelafer-Si SeuZlian mCvarSi gagvaxvios kacma, magram sTqvas ki, rom qarTvelma kacma barva, Toxvna, gawmenda venaxisa, vazis damux-lva da dawvena ar icodes, es mTqmelis mtknari umecroba iqm-neba da ara Cvenis xalxisa. marTalia, CvenSi egredwodebul "plantaJiT" momzadeba miwisa venaxisaTvis ar aris jer SemoRe-buli, da Tu aris, kantikuntad, da arc larzed Cayra vazisaa CvenSi gaxSirebuli, magram sxvafriv venaxis miwis keTeba da movla, romelic arsebiTs saWiroebas Seadgens venaxis kargad keTebisas, CvenSi sakmaod kargad ician, imodenad kargad, rom romels evropielsac es Cveneburi codna win ar waumZRvarebia da Tavis WkuiT ukeTebia CvenSi venaxi, gaSenebulic ki amovard-nia. amisi magaliTi dResac Tvalwin gvidga zogs alagas da mx-

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olod dasaxeleba ara gvsurs.Cven amiTi imis Tqma ar gvinda, rom viTomc Cveneburad venax-

isaTvis miwis keTebas sanatreli aRara hqondes ra. eg tyuili baqiaoba iqmneba. Cven marto is gvindoda gveTqva, rom Cveneburs keTebas miwisas venaxebisaTvis bevri Tavisi sakuTari mizezi da sabuTi aqvs, gamocdilebiT Semowmebuli da mecnierTaganac Wkvad misaRebi. eg wesi miwis keTebisa CvenSiac igivea, rac sx-vagan, da zogjer sxvagan is ar aris, rac CvenSia. magaliTebr, vazis gadawvenasa da CamuxlvaSi Cven bevri aravina gvjobia da bevrs SeuZlian Cvengan iswavlos ramec. amis gamo gadaWarbe-buli Tavmowoneba ar iqneba vsTqvaT, rom Tu zogi ram aklia Cvens xalxs venaxisaTvis miwis keTebis saqmeSi, zogic imisTana ram icis, rom sxvasac aswavlis. urigo ar iqneba msurvelma is-wavlos eg zogi ram da tyuilis abruTi gazviadebuli ar iZax-odes: adamisJmuri wesiao. ara, batonebo, TavidaTavi tkivili Cvenis Rvinis saqmisa iq ar aris, saca ese advilad hpouloben Cveni sxvisiT molaparake mecnierni.

III erTi juris ostatebi xom venaxis miwis keTebas gviwuneben,

Cvens codnas da gamocdilebas amis Sesaxeb Caladac ar agde-ben, meore jurisani TviTon Rvinis dayenebas da keTebas Cvensas abuCad igdeben. arc am juris kacsa aqvs zedmiwevniT gamokvleu-li, risTvis ras ambobs! yovelis keTebis avkargianoba nakeT-arma unda gamoaCinos. ramodenadac nakeTaria kargi an cudi, imdonad keTebac kargi, an cudi iyos. es aSkaraa erTma rom kar-gi uremi gaakeTos, meore ver etyvis, gamkeTebels urmis keTeba ara scodniao. Cvenis Rvinis ostatobis damwunebels rom Cveni Rvino esinja da mis avkargianobisagan gamoeyvana wuni, maSin, ra Tqma unda, sityvas ver SevubrunebdiT, magram ese ar iqceva. mas unaxavs, an gaugonia, rom evropaSi sxvadasxva ostatobaa Rvinis keTebisa da dayenebisa, da radganac magave ostatobas aq vera hxedaven, marto amiT swunoben Cveneburs Rvinis keTe-bas. magaliTebr, safrangeTis ministrma qimikosma Saptalma aRmoaCina, rom SesaZloa mJave Rvinos simJave daukargos kacma Tu fxvnili marmarilo Caayara, simJaves marmarilo Seisvams da mere Zirs daileqebao. mere marmarilos magierad amisaT-visve TabaSirs (Гипс) dauwyes xmareba da am TabaSiriT nakeTo-bas safrangeTSi Platrage-s eZaxian da TviTon sistemas ki "San-

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talizacias". doqtorma ludvig galma Tavis mxriT, sxva ram moigona. amisis azriT, Rvinis sikeTe imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramodena sitkbo aqvs yurZnis wvensa, ese igi, ramodena Saqari, da Tu yurZnis wvens es aklia, unda gangeb Caematoso. amas "gallizacias" eZaxian. garda amisa Rvinos feris misacemad sandals uSvrebian, Wiafersa, lilas, alublis wvens, anwls da sxva aTasgvar wamalsa, magaliTebr, Sabsa, rkinis arjaspsa, spirtsa da erTgvars Senarevs tyviisas, romelsac "proto-qsids (Corbonate) tyviisas" eZaxian. erTgvars nivTierebasac xmaroben Rvinis saferavad da am nivTierebas fuqsini hqvian da zogjer zed dariSxanasac umateben, amas "fuqsinizacias" eZax-ian. marTali ki unda sTqvas kacma, rom yovels amas evropaSi didis mecnierobiT, ostatobiT da xerxiT axerxeben, magram gana kargia yovelive es? nuTu es sakiTxavi da gamosaZiebeli ar aris!

raki yovelive es evropaSia da raki amisTana abruiani saxelebica aqvs, rogoc "Santalizacia", "gallizacia", "fuqsini-zacia", Cvens ostatebs Rvinisas Tavbru unda dasxmodaT. aba Cvenma kacma rogorRa Sehbedos gamoZieba, sityvis Sebruneba, mere visa? evropas da evropis mecnierebas! sCans yovelive es kargia, radganac evropaSia miRebuli, da radganac CvenSi, jer RvTis madliT, SemoRebul ar aris, arc Rvinis keTeba gvcodnia da arc rigiani Rvino gvqonia. ai, razea aSenebuli azri Cvenis mwurTvnelisa Sinaurisa Tu gareulisa. ratom aRar ikiTxaven, rom am ostatobiT da mecnierebiT keTeba Rvinisa Rvinis sun-sRa arCens yurZnis wvensa? ratom ar ikiTxven, egred nakeTebi Rvino Rvinod CaiTvlebaRa, ese igi im margebel sasmelad, rom-lisvTvisac buneburi, marTali Rvinoa daniSnuli?

yovels sasmels, Tu saWmels, yovelT uwinaress is upirve-lesi Rirseba unda hqondes, rom agebulebisaTvis margebeli iyos da maincdamainc mawyinari ara. yurZnis wvenis sxvadasxva ostatobiT mecnierTagan aRmoCenil wamlebiT gadasxvaveba nuTu ise brmad mosawonia, rom imis mixedviT daiwunos kac-ma Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba, romelic marto imazea miqceuli, rom yurZnis wvens ara ra Seerios da Rvinos Tavisi buneburi, Seureveli Tviseba hqondes! eg raRac "Platrage"-ia da "fuqsiniza-cia", Zalian gavrcelebulia Turme samxreT safrangeTsa, is-paniasa da italiaSi. nuTu es sakmaoa, rom Cvenc imaT avyveT da margebeli sasmeli mawyinarad da adamianis mosawamlavad gadavaqcioT. ai, am fuqsiniT Sezavebul Rvinozed ras ambobs erTi mecnieri hussoni: "erTi Wiqa davlie Tu ara, maSinve yeli

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gamiSra da SemekumSa, tuCebzed da tuCis kuTxeebSi raRac uge-muroba vigrZeni ase, rom iZulebul gavxdi eniT mesvelebina wamdauwum. gemo SabiT nakeTebs Rvinos ugvanda. ena da tuCebi cotaodnad SemeReba, gulis zidili vigrZen ufro imisagan, rom magisTana Rvino unda damelia".

es fuqsiniT nakeTebi Rvino iseTi mawyinaria, rom, ukacraod ar viyoT Sardsa wiTlada hRebavs da adamians tanSi hxsnis; modiT da amas iqiT gviTxariT, ratom fuqsiniT Rvinos ar akeTebT!.. ratom "fuqsinizacia" es maRalxmovani sistema, miRe-buli ara gaqvTTqo!.. iqneba bevrSi cudad veqceodeT Rvinosa CvenSi, magram amas ki vityviT, rom cudad nakeTebi Rvino marge-beli da umjobesia, vidre kargad nakeTebi da mawyinari. amazed dawvrilebiT SemdegSi vecdebiT movilaparakoT da iqneba co-tad Tu bevrad davajeroT vinme, rom Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba ise abuCad asagdebi, ise mCvarSi gasaxvevi ar aris, rogorc zo-gierTsa hgoniaT, evropis mixedviT Tavbru dasxmulTa.

IV

jer minam SevudgebodeT imis garCevas, Tu romeli keTeba Rvinisa umjobesia, Cveneburi Tu sxvaeburi, da erTisa da meo-ris avkargianobas erTmaneTs pirSi wauyenebdeT utyuaris gan-aCenis dasadgenad, saWiroa vicodeT, raSia WeSmariti Rirse-ba Rvinisa. ra Tqma unda, Rvino, rogorc sasmeli, romelsac marto adamiani hxmarobs, unda gaisinjos imisda mixedviT Tu, ragvar uxdeba, ragvars Semweobas uwevs adamianis agebulebas, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, ra unda moeTxovebodes Rvinosa.

am saganzed ai ra azria gamoTqmuli mecnierTagan. Rvino sakvebavi ar aris adamianis agebulebisaTvis; igi agebulebas sazrdos ar aZlevso; igi marto sanelebelia da yvelazed ukeTesi sanelebelic, romelic Zalian kargad moqmedebs ada-mianis ZarRvebsa, gunebasa da gonebazeda. amisTana Tvisebam Rvinisam iseTs aRtacebaSi moiyvana Zvels droSi asklepiadi, hipokratis mimdevari, rom man Tavis TxzulebaSi sTqva: "Rmer-TTa Zlierebama ara mgonia imodena hqmnas, rac Rvinis sike-Tem da sargeblobamao". es asklepiadi pirveli iyo, rom sxva-dasxvagvars sneulebas ufro RviniT swamlobda. mis magaliTs ahyvnen bolos mkurnalni sidenhami, sviteni, hufelandi, gran-ti, huqsami da dasasrul, brounica, romelmac mTeli skola mkurnalobisa Seadgina inglisSi da misi RviniT wamloba

11

dResac cnobilia misisave saxeliT "brounizmi". mkurnali stokesi dublinSi saxads da saofles RviniT arCens, fodere wiTelas marto RviniTa swamlobs, lebenstein-lebeli TiTqmis yvela sensa marto RviniTa hkurnavs.

es Rvinis margebloba damtkicebulia mecnierTa gamocdilebiTa. magaliTebr, zRvaSi Relvis dros ori gemi momwydeuli yofila, erTi ingliselebisa da meore frange-bisa, orsave gemSi gaCeniliyo erTgvari avadmyofoba, romel-sac CvenSi piris tkivils, da ufro gaZlierebuls, vgonebT, elqans eZaxian, da mkurnalobaSi "skorbuti" hqvian. frangis mexomaldeTa, romelTac Rvinos asmevdnen Turme, am saSinel-ma sneulebam ara daaklo ra, ingliselebi ki arays asmevdnen da kinaRam ar gawydnen. rodesac pariJs gars ertya germaniis jari da gasvla-gamosvla aRaravis SeeZlo, zemoxsenebuli seni saSinelis simZlavriT gaCnda. maSin mkurnalma bruadelma Rvino ixmara wamlad da amiT arCina sneulni. amasac amboben, viTomc cieb-cxelebaSi cxroebas anelebs Rvino da sazoga-dod agrilebs adamianis agebulebasa. erTi safrangeTis mw-erali Turme amtkicebs, rom im qveynis eri, saca Rvino modis, ufro gonebiT swrafia, moswrebulia, maxvilgonieria, vidre im qveynisa, saca sasmelad ludsa (pivas) hxmarobeno. es iqneba germanelTa mtrobiT mosdis frangsa, iqneba yovels amaSi co-tad Tu bevrad gadaWarbebac iyos, magram is ki ueWvelia, rom zomierad miRebuli Rvino Zaliana hrgebs adamiansa; amRerebs da aRonierebs ZarRvebs moqmedebisaTvis, adamianis agebule-bas, kuWsa hSvelis kargad moxarSvas da monelebas saWmlisas da yovel amiT aZlierebs Zalsa sacxovrisas. am saxiT, ambobs erTi mwerali, Rvino margebeli sanelebelia, yvela sanele-blebzed gacilebiT umjobesi da upatiosnesi, imitom rom yvelazed ukeT aRamaRlebs xolme adamianis Wkuasa da gulsa. erTi ylapi kargis Rvinisa gamoaxalasebs moxucsa da gamoa-cocxlebs sneulsa, igi Rones moukrebs xolme dauZlurebuls da dasustebulsa.

ra hxdis Rvinos esoden margebelad, esoden sasargeblod! marto erTi yovladSemZlebeli, Seucdomeli, gabrZnobili ostati, romelsac buneba hqvian. marto buneburs Rvinosa sWirs esodeni sikeTe, esodeni madli.

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V

Cven Rvinis keTebis avkargianobis gamo wina werilSi vsTqviT, rom Rvinos margebel da sasargeblo sasmelada hxdis marto erTi buneba da veravin ver gvetyvis, rom aq, Rvinis keTebaSi bunebas kacma ajobos. bussengo, romlis Rvinis analizebi uka-naskneli sityvaa mecnierebisa da romelic am saqmeSi avto-ritetad iTvleba, Tavis moxsenebaSi ambobs, rom Tumca mec-nierebam am ukanasknels droSi bevri ram axali aRmoaCina, magram Znelad iTqmis, rom SesaZloa iyos bunebur Rvinis ms-gavsi ram gangeb gaakeTos adamianis ostatobam da xelmao. eg imitomao, rom buneburis Rvinis gemo, suni (buketi) da janis Sesaxebi keTilmoqmedeba, damokidebulia imisTana nivTiere-bazed, romelic jer Cvengan gamocnobili da mignebuli ar ari-so. germaniis rjuldeba pirdapir da cxadad ambobs, rom Rvino marto imasa hqvian, rac marto yurZnis wvenisagan keTdeba da sxva ara ra gangeb Careuli da Camatebuli ara aqvs rao. marTa-lia, sxvadasxvagvari ostatoba Rvinis keTebisa, magaliTebr, Saptalizacia, gallizacia, petionizacia da sxva akrZaluli ar aris, magram am ostatobiT nakeTebi sasmeli ar SeiZleba kacma hyidos, Tu WurWelzed zed warwerili ar iqneba, ra gziT aris nakeTebio. safrangeTis kanonebi wyalis Camatebasac ki RvinoSi falsifikacias eZaxian, ese igi yalbi Rvinis keTebasa.

CvenSi am saganzed Tavis dReSi araviTari rjuldeba ara yo-fila, da Tu yofila, Cven arsad Segvxvedria. magram es ki vic-iT, rom Cveneburi xalxi Zalian hTakilobs RvinoSi yurZnis wvenis meti sxva raime Caurios, da visac eg kantikuntad sadme gaubednia, yovelive RonisZieba uxmaria, aravin Semityoso, esoden sircxvilad da codvad miaCnda CvenSi yvelas wminda wveni bunebisagan mocemulis yurZnisa waewymida da SeebRala riTime TavisgniT CamatebuliT da CareviTa. am sifrTxiles zneobiTis Tvisebisas, sxva sifrTxile da SiSic mosdevda, imitom rom arc erTi vaWari, arc erTi siraji imisTana ka-cis marans arc ki miekareboda, axloc ar gauvlida, da roca amqrobas Tavisi Zala hqonda, Sehkravda kidec marans, rom aravis gaeWaWana. eseTi pativi hqonda CvenSi buneburs Rvinos, da Tumca eseTi pativi ara aqvs dRes evropaSi, magram iqac ki mainc Znelad moipoveba kaci, rom wminda Seurevel, xelTuqm-nels Rvinos yovelTvis win ar ayenebdes xelTqmnilzed. maSas-adame, WeSmariti sagani Rvinis keTebisa, amisi Tavi da bolo, buneburis Rvinis Seqmnaa, ese igi yurZnis wvenis daRvinebaa im

13

gziT, ra gziTac TviTon buneba yurZnis wvens saRvinoed amo-qmedebs da bussengo ambobs, rom araviTari adamianis mier mogonili Rone amas ver SesZlebso, Tumca mecnierebam bevri axali iaraRic misca xelSio. mecnierebam bevri ram aRmoaCina qveyanazed: magaliTebr, Rvinis daferva Tu ginda, rkinis Sa-biamani Caurie RvinoSio; an roca RvinoSi wyals asxam, rom es ar SeemCnios, gogirdis mJave (серная кислота) Caasxio; da gana igive mecniereba ar iZaxis, erTic, meorec da mesamec mawyinar-iao! kacs wyalis gasaReba unda Rvinis saxeliTa da siyalbes gogirdis mJaviT hmalavs, kacs wamlebiT SeuRebavs Rvino da amiT muStaris motyueba hsurs, es Rvinis keTebaa?!

ara, Sors Cvengan amisTana Rvinis keTeba! yovels imas, ras-ac kaci TavisgniT yurZnis wvenSi umatebs, wyalia, Saqaria, Tu gadawmendili arayi da an sxva ram, Cven Rvinis waxdenad CavTv-liT da amas cotad Tu bevrad davinaxavT, roca imis garCevaSi SevalT, ras iTxovs buneba, rom buneburi Rvino Seiqmnas, da ras moaswaveben is sistemebi Rvinis keTebisa, romelnic Camatebasa da Serevnazed arian dafuZnebulni da Seelizaciad, Saptal-izaciad, gallizaciad da petionizaciad saxelganTqmulni.

VI

ori juraa Rvinis muStrisa da TviTveuli maTgani Rvinis-agan imasa hTxoulobs, rac sakuTrad misTvis sarfaa da sax-eiro. am sxvadasxvaobas muStrisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, imi-tom rom am sxvadasxvaobis mixedviT sistemac Rvinis keTebisa ornairia. erTgvari muStari Rvinisa Rvinis pirdapiri mxmare-belia, ese igi kaci, romelic hyidulobs Rvinos imisaTvis, rom TviTon svas, TviTon gamoiyenos da moixmaros; meore Rvinis vaWaria, ese igi kaci, romelic hyidulobs Rvinos marto imis-aTvis, rom hyidos. pirvels Rvinis saxeliT imisTana sasmeli unda, rom aramc da aramc mawyinari ar iyos, da amisTana sas-meli, rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, marto buneburi, Seurevneli, wminda yurZnis wvenis Rvinoa. meore ki, ese igi Rvinis vaWari, marto imas daeZebs, rom sasmeli erTnairis ferisa, erTnair-is gemosi, erTnairad gamZle iyos yovels SemTxvevaSi da imod-enad hgvandes Rvinosa, rom pirdapirs mxmarebelzed gaasaRos xolme Rvinis saxeliTa. yovelive es SeuZlebelia bunebur Rvin-isaTvis, Tu wamlebiT SekeTebuli da Serevnili ar aris. amas mere vnaxavT da exla ki vityviT, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi

14

sasmelis uwyinaroba ukan aris dayenebuli, rogorc imisTana bargi, uromlisodac SeiZleba iolad wasvla, maSin rodesac pirvels SemTxvevaSi am uwyinarobas pirveli da ukanaskneli adgili uWiravs. Cveneburad Rvinis keTebas Rvinis pirdapiri mxmarebeli hyavs saxeSi da evropiulad keTebas ufro Rvinis vaWari. am orSi romeli keTebaa Rvinisa ufro marTali, ufro kargi, ufro samjobinari da mosawyeni Tavisis azriTa da ganz-raxviTa eg advilad gamosacnobia.

Cven jer SevudgebiT imis aRweras Tu igi sistema, romelsac saxeSi hyavs pidapiri mxmarebeli Rvinisa, raSi mdgomareobs da rogor uZRveba Tavis daniSnulebas. eg sistema imaSi mdgo-mareobs, rom kacma moaSoros yovelive is, rac TviTon bunebas uSlis yurZnis wvenis bunebur Rvinod srulad da savsebiT Se-qmnasa da im yurZnis wvenSive arsebulTa da moqmedTa ZalTa bunebisasa xeli Seuwyos, xeli moumarTos. magram minam saqme amazed midgeba, Rvinis damyenebelma unda icodes, ra adgilma ragvari Rvino icis, da ragvari Rvinoc hsurs, imgvars Seur-Cios savenaxe adgilica buneburi Rvino sxvadasxva aris da eg sxvadasxvaoba damokidebulia miwis sxvadasxvaobazed. mZime, ese igi Rrmad saxnavs Tixians miwas mohyavs Rvino moWirebulis ferisa, Zlieris suniTa, gemrieli da gamZle. qviSians adg-ilzed Rvino ise magari ar aris, sunic naklebi aqvs da ufro naklebad gamZlea. kirreul miwaSi Rvino ufro tkbilia da suniT ar aris Zalian gamoCinebuli. mSralis qvianis adgi-lis Rvino tkbilia, magari, did xans gamZle da Zlieri suni ki ara aqvs. havasac, rasakvirvelia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs Rvinis sikeTisaTvis. humboltis sityviT, orTa Sua temperatura unda iyos 9,50 reomurisa. amasTan zamTris orTa Sua temperatura ar unda iyos 0,50-ze ufro civi da zafxulisa 180-ze ara nak-lebi Tbili. yurZnis wvenis sitkbozed didi keTilmoqmedeba aqvs mziansa da Tbils darsa RvinobisTveSi. ra Tqma unda, rac havas, dars, sicxe-sicives wlisas Seexeba, aq adamiani yovlad uRonoa Svela ram gauwios bunebasa, minam yurZeni daukrefa-via, magram miwis amorCeva da ganoyiereba-gaRoniereba ki mis xelT aris. Rvinis avkargianobazed zedmoqmedeba aqvs TviTon sasuqsac. Zroxis pativi venaxis sasuqad yvelazed ukeTesad cnobilia. Zalian kargad moqmedebs Zvlebis fxvnilica, mJave fosfori, mJave kirica, romelsac Zvlebisaganve akeTeben da fosformJave aqvs. CvenSi sasuqs iSviaTad sadme hxmaroben. kax-eTSi TiTqmis sul ar ician, zogan ki, magaliTebr, qarTlSi da somxiTSi ar eridebian. CvenSi am saganzed erTob is azri aqvT,

15

rom sasuqi Rvinos gemos aZlevs da axdenso. marTalic aris: zogierTi sasuqi, raSiac erTnairi nivTiereba "ammoniaki" me-tismetad Warbad urevia, an sxva ram Zlierad sagrZnobeli ynosisaTvis, hvnebs Rvinosa. raki esea, Cveneburi kaci, kargis Rvinis damyenebeli, erideba sasuqis Setanas saerTod, ra gva-ris sasuqic unda iyos. aqac, Tu gnebavT, igiv TanasagrZnobeli azri moqmedobs, rom kacma TavisiT ara gaurios ra, ara Cau-matos ra Rvinosa da es uvicobad aravin ar unda CamoarTvas, imitom rom Tu Cveneburma kacma superfosfatebis gakeTeba ar icis, Zroxis pativiT gapativeba xom icis sayaneebisa, da ra dauSlida amave Ronis xmarebas venaxebis gapativebisaTvisac, Tu ar is azri, rom eg Rvinos avnebso.

rasakvirvelia, adamianis xeliTve aris, TviTonve yurZnis dakrefasac dro SeurCios, da amasac Rvinis sikeTisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. CvenSi da yvelgan sxvaganac RvinobisT-vis naxevramde daiwyoba xolme yurZnis krefa, zogjer cota gvianac, radganac, Tu kai daria, yurZeni ufro keTdeba, da amas evropaSi cnobuloben sxvadasxa iaraRiTa da RonisZie-biTa, da CvenSi ki gaWyleten marcvals TiTebSua, da Tu TiTebi wvenis gamo erTmaneTs ewebeba da es dawebeba dRedadRe ufro matulobs, amboben, yurZens jer kidev "webo" ematebao da da-cla, daxaneba undao imitom, rom am webos metnaklebobazed damokidebulia Rvinis sikeTe. am or RonisZiebaTa gamo mar-to is iTqmis, rom evropiuli ufro xerxiania da meore ufro sada da ubralo, yurZnis kargad damwifebis da Semosvlis sa-codnelad ki orive gamosadegia. ra Tqma unda, rom Cveneburma kacma is evropiuli iaraRi SemoiRos, ukeTesi iqneba. xolo eg imas ara hniSnavs, rom Cveneburad Rvinis keTebaSi daviwyebuli iyos, an ar vicodeT igi wesi, igi moTxovnileba, romelic gveu-bneba, rom yurZnis dakrefas dro unda SeerCioso.

yurZnis dakrefis dRidgan Tavdeba movaleoba venaxis mkeTe-belisa da iwyeba saqme da movaleoba Rvinis mkeTebelisa. Cven venaxis keTebazed bevri ara vsTqviT ra. imitom, rom aq Cven bevrs veravin ras dagviwunebs, visac ki codniT da winadauRe-belis azriT es saqme CvenSi uswavlia. kidevac gavkadnierdebiT da vityviT, rom venaxis da nametnavad vazis movlaSi Cveneburi kaci sxvas aramc Tu Camouvardeba, zogSi sxvas aswavlis kidec. Cven abuCad agdebulni varT marto Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi. dRes gazeTSi uadgilobis gamo Cven SevdgebiT im mijnazed, saca Tav-deba venaxis mkeTebloba da iwyeba mkeTebloba Rvinisa.

16

VII

SevudgebiT ra Rvinis keTebis saqmis aRwerasa, saWiroda vracxT gavixsenoT, rom mecnierebam Tumca bevri RonisZieba aRmouCina kacs yalbis Rvinis keTebisaTvis, magram imav mec-nierebam bevri sxva Ronec misca adamians, rom buneburi Rvino jerovanad keTdebodes. Cven marto jer am ukanasknel RoneTa CamoTvliT da masTan erTad vecdebiT davanaxoT mkiTxvels, ramodenad axloa Tu Sorsaa Cveneburi Rvinis mkeTebeli im-azed, rasac am mxriT mecniereba gvirCevs.

raki yurZeni daikrifa im darisa da drois SerCeviTa, rac wina werilSi vsTqviT, kaci unda ecados, SeZlebisamebr, marcva-li yurZnisa moaSoros klertsa da gadaarCios. klerts rom CvenSi ar aclian yurZensa, amazed imas amboben, rom klertiT marcvali ufro kargad da Cqarac isriseba fexqveS da wurvas am gziT hSvelis da uxdebao. garda amisa klertis SerCena imis-aTvisac saWiroao, rom dawmindavebis dros, roca Rvinos quds gautexen da daureven, klerti Zirs Cadis da leqi Rvinisac Zirs Caaqvso, amis gamo Rvino male dawminddavdeba xolmeo. es ar viciT, ramodenad marTalia da amas marto gamoZieba gamo-aCens. xolo es ki cnobilia mecnierTagan, rom klertzed da-duRebuli Rvino pirsa hblandavs, Tumca esec ki marTalia, rom klertzed daduRebuli Rvino, ese igi Cveneburi Rvino, ufro adre da male dawminddavdeba xolme, vidre uklerto. Rvinis sabazro sagnad gaxdomisaTvis erTi upirvelesi saWiroeba misi dawmendilobaa. rom Cveneburi kaci hzrunavdes, Rvino male aqcios sabazro, savaWro sagnad, eg advilad misaxvedria da Sesawynarebelica. Cvens fuliT xelmokle kacs male unda nake-Taris fulad qceva, rom Semdegis samuSavosaTvis da cxovrebi-saTvis saxsari da Rone iqonios. imas Tanxa ara aqvs, rom xeli moinacvlos. Tumca ese xeldaxel Semzadebuli Rvino didxans ara sZlebs, magram Cveneburi bazari amas ar ufrTxis, rad-ganac iq, saca Rvino iSviaTi sanugbari ar aris da Rvinis sma TiTqmis saWiroebad aris gadaqceuli, rogorc CvenSi, Rvino male saRdeba da didxans Sesanaxad aRar uxdeba saqme sirajsa. sul sxvaa evropasa da ruseTSi. erTgan da meoreTganac Rvinos marto mdidari xalxi svams da mdidari xalxi yvelgan cotaa. saamaTod gamZle Rvinoebi unda, rom gza aitanos da muStars elodos da ucados. xolo iq, saca, magaliTebr safrangeTSi, Rvinos ufro bevri Sinauri msmeli hyavs, maSasadame, muStrad TviTon Tavisive xalxi eguleba, rogorc CvenSi, iqac hcdilo-

17

ben axali Rvino male momzaddes da gamZleobisas amisTana RvinoebisaTvis bevrs arafers dagideven. iq amisaTvis bevrs gvars ostatobas hxmaroben da amis gamo, magaliTebr pariJSi, sayoveldReo xalxisaTvis sasmel RvinoSi imodena marTali yurZnis wvenia xolme, ramodenadac wamlebiT SekeTebul kvr-inCxis wvenSi. es ostatoba iq Zalian kargad ician da, Cvenda sabednierod, jer Cven ar viciT. maincdamainc, Cvenis fiqriT, gemosaTvis uklertod Rvinis dayeneba sjobia, Tumca Cveneburs xalxs Zalian uyvars is piris mblandveli Tviseba Cveneburis Rvinisa da umagisod Rvinos gangeb nakeTebs eZaxis. kacia da gunebao, naTqvamia, da Cveneburs kacs rom Tavisi sakuTari guneba hqondes am SemTxvevaSi, vin rad unda sZraxos. Tu dasZ raxavs, igi daarRvevs im evropiuls andazas, romelic gviqad-agebs: De gustibus non est disputandum, ese igi, gemos Taobazed kacs sityva ar Seebrunebao.

yovel amiT imisi Tqma ar gvinda, viTomc CvenSi klertis gamocda ar icodnen. ician, magram sakvirveli is aris, rom marto im adgilebSi ician, saca Rvino maWrobaSive iyideba TiTqmis dauwmendavi, magaliTebr, kaxeTis soflebSi Saqrian-sa, faSaansa, turiscixesa da zegaanSi, saca Rvino maWrobaSive iyideba. ra wamsac daswuraven xolme, maSinve WaWidam gadaar-Ceven klertsa da uklerto WaWazed daaduReben Rvinosa. am adg-ilebis maWari gaTqmulia da vaWaric dawurvisve umal etaneba. gansxvaveba aq marto is aris, rom klerts CvenSi dawurvis Sem-deg aclian da saduRarad an sul ar aZleven, an Zalian cotas. ra Tqma unda, rom amas sCadis marto SeZlebuli kaci, imitom rom klertis gadarCevas dro da xarji unda. urigo ar iqneba, Cvenma mecnierebma Tavis tyuils abrus cota xans Tavi daanebon da gamoiZion: Cveneburi xalxi, roca yurZnis wveni saRvined unda, ratom ar aclis klertsa da roca ki samaWred maSin ki rad aclis? es miT ufro sagulixmoa, rom Cveneburma kacma klertis gacla zog SemTxvevaSi icis da zogSi ara da raki esea, umizezo ar iqneba, saRvine wvens yurZnisas klertzed aduRe-ben CvenSi yvelgan gamoukebliv, roca ki marTlad Cveneburad ayeneben Rvinosa. vin icis, iqneb klertzed naduRari Rvino ufro gamZlec iyos. amas gvaniSnebs is ambavi, rom saRvine wvens yurZnisas uklertod ar aduReben da samaWres ki aduReben; sCans aq saqme Rvinis gamZleobazea mimdgari da iqneba klerti am gamZleobas rasme hSvelodes. ra Tqma unda, amisi gadaWriT Tqma gamouZiebliv Znelia da meti ar iqneba, rom gamoZiebul iqnas klertis Tviseba am mxriT.

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VIII

evropaSi aramc Tu yuradRebas aqceven, rom yurZnis marcvals klerti moaSoron da ise swuron da daaduRon Rvino, aramed zogierTs saxelovans venaxSi dakrefis dros zed mtevanzedve makratliT amosWrian xolme gafuWebuls da dagolvils yurZnis marcvlebsa winadve, minam dahkrefen da-sawuravad. CvenSi balRic ar moipoveba iseTi, rom ar icodes, ra kargia RvinisaTvis gadarCeva yurZnisa. da Tu yurZnis gad-urCevlobas vinme codvad gviTvlis, es Cvens uvicobas, arcod-nas ar unda mieweros. aq sxva mizezia da didad pativsadebica. egred gadarCeva karga dros, jafasa da xarjsa hTxoulobs da Cvenis Rvinis fasi ki dRevandels bazarSi iseTi dabalia, rom uamisodac Zlivs ayenebs sazogado xarjsa, rac magis garda Rvinis keTebas unda. rasakvirvelia, magisTana jafas da xar-jsa ar moerideba, magaliTebr, Satodikebis patroni markizi lur salusi, romelsac boTli Rvino TiTqmis oTx-xuT manaT-ad usaRdeba. amisTana fasi ras ar SeaZlebinebs kacsa! aki esec aris. am markizis venaxSi ufro Sorsac midian, magaliTebr TviTveul mtevnisagan marto damwifebul da kargad Semosuls marcvlebs Camoaclian xolme da Semousvlels zed vazzedve danarCenis mtevniT stoveben dasamwifeblad. modiT da amis mnaxvelma usayvedureT Cveneburs Rvinis mkeTebels, ratom Senc ase ar iqceviTqo. aba oTxisa da xuTis manaTis magier boTlSi erTi manaTi mainc aRuTqviT Cveneburs mkeTebels Rvinisas, Tu amanac Tavisi codna yurZnis gadarCevis Taobazed saWirod ar dainaxos da saqmeSi ar gamoiyenos. saqmeSi arxmarebuli cod-na ucodinarobas ar hniSnavs. vin ar icis CvenSi, rom gadarCe-va yurZnisa kargia, da ufro ukeTesia marcvleulad darCeva Tund markiz salusisamebr! mere sarfaa, xeiria CvenSi egeTi mZime da Zviri jafa da garja, Tu am codnis saqmeSi gamoyeneba zaralis mets aras miscems kacsa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi Rvi-nos siZviriT aravin miekareba... CvenSi vin oxeri iqneba Tavisi qoneba zed gadaayolos Rvinis keTebasa, romlis saekonomio mniSvneloba marto sarfa da gamorComaa da sxva ara ra.

yurZeni raki moikrifa da gadirCa, SeZlebisaebr, da-sawuravad midis. amisaTvis CvenSi an xis navia, an qvitkiris saw-naxelebia, kargad galesili. evropaSi sxvagvari sawnaxelebia. iq ficrisagan Sekrulia erTi uSvelebeli oTxkuTxiani ujra, romelsac oTxkuTxiv gverdebi amaRlebuli aqvs. rogorc CvenSi, ise evropaSi amgvar sawnaxelebSi fexiTa swuraven.

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iqneba fexiT wurva, romelic CvenSi yvelgan xmarebulia, sasacilod aigdon! marTalia, evropaSi yurZnis dasawuravad exla saqajavsac (Пресс) hxmaroben, magram es kidev sabuTs ar aZlevs Cveneburs mecniers, cxviri zeviT aiwios. jer xom Tvi-Ton evropielnic bevrgan fexiTa swuraven da maSasadame, iqac ise yofila. amas Cveni mecnierebi evropielebs ver gaubedaven, metad TvalsaCino tyuili iqneba. meore isa, rom TviTon mar-Tlad mecnierni evropielni amtkiceben, fexiT wurva yurZnisa bevriT sjobnis saqajaviT wurvasao. imaTis sityviT, fexiT wur-visagan ufro Tanabarad isriseba yurZnis marcvali da wipwa marcvlisa, ese igi kurka yurZnisa, ar iWylitebao. saqajavs uam-isod veras gziT ver gadaurCeba wipwao da gaWyletili wipwa ki Rvinos wklartavso da amwarebso. es fexiT wurva zogierTs RviniT gamoCenils adgilebSi ise pativcemulia evropielTa-gan, rom pirvel mtevnebs venaxis patrons qals miarTmeven xolme da igi mourideblad xalxis winaSe gaixdis fexsacmel-sa da sakuTaris fexiT swuravs morTmeuls yurZensa. Tumca esea, magram am ukanasknel droSi yvela SemZlebeli kaci hyid-ulobs saqajavsa marto imis gamo, rom saqajaviT ufro male, ufro uxarjod iwurveba yurZeni. saqajavebi CvenSi didi xania SemoRebulia, magram xalxi ara hxmarobs pirvel gadawurvi-saTvis; mxolod fexiT nawur WaWas gaatarebs xolme saqajavSi danarCenis wvenis gamosawuravad. marTalia, Cveneburi saqa-javi iseTi ostaturi ar aris, rogorc evropiuli, magram arc ise Zviria, rogorc iqauri. aSkaraa, CvenSiac scodniaT, rom SeiZleba wurva saqajaviTac, da erTi vikiTxoT, ratom saqa-javiT wurva ar dauwyviaT?! vsTqvaT evropiuls saqajavs imitom ara hxmaroben CvenSi, rom Zviria, an moxmareba ar icis Cven-eburma kacma, ratom Sinauri saqajavi mainc ar uxmariaT, es xom arc Zviria da arc Zneli mosaxmarebeli? sCans amas sxva mizezi aqvs da im mizezTa Soris ukanaskneli adgili ar uWiravs mas, rac fexiT wurvis sikeTezed Cven zeviT movixsenieT. aq xarji, siswrafe muSaobisa kidev imisaTvis Seuwiravs Cveneburs kacsa, rom RvinoSi wipwis iotic ar gaerios, ese igi sxva gareSe ram. amas Zalian erideba Cveneburi Rvinis keTeba, rogorc winadac vsTqviT, da es SiSi da sifrxTile TanasagrZnobelia.

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IX

raki yurZeni daiwureba xolme ase Tu ise, tkbils miuSveben xolme boWkaSi. TiTqmis yvela evropielni Rvinis WurWlad am SemTxvevaSi da sazogadodac, boWkasa hxmaroben. rasakvirve-lia, Sesanaxavad sxva saxis boWkaa da saduRarad sxva saxis, da am ukanasknelT rusulad hqvian "Cani". CvenSi ki ufro bevr-gan pirdapir sawnaxelisa Tu navis milidan qvevrSi miuSveben xolme. xolo am bolos xanebSi zogan "Canebsaca" hxmaroben da Sig "CanebSica" swuraven kidec, gansakuTvrebiT wiTels Rvi-nosa. arsad ar Segvxvedria amogvekiTxa, rom evropaSi tkbili ramdensame wverad gahyon da ise calcalke WurWelSi aduRon. CvenSi ki ician: visac didi mosavali mosdis, sawnaxelidamve gamosuls tkbils sam wverad dahyobs da calke-calke qvevrSi miuSvebs. erTi wvero igia, rac muSebis pirvel gavlaze wveni wamova sawnaxelidam. amas calke miuSveben da amboben, amisi dabali Rvino dadgebao, radganac rac WuWyi, mtveri Cahyolia yurZens da rac meti wyali aqvs, am pirvel nawur wvens gahyve-bao. am wvenis feri TiTqmis mRvrie wylis feria. wveni amis Sem-deg male icvlis xolme fersa, ase rom kaci TvaliT advilad SeamCnevs. raki es moxdeba, axla wvens sxva qvevrSi miuSveben; nabolovarad wveni erTxel kidev icvlis fersa, ufro moWire-bulis ferisa Seiqmneba, ufro sqeli da weboiani, da maSin mesa-me qvevrSi miuSveben. ra Tqma unda, amas marto didis mosavlis patroni iqms. saqme is aris, rom am sam wverad dayofas tkbili-sas Tvisi cxadi azri da sabuTi aqvs. amgvarad gancalkevebas sxvadasxva siwmindisa, ferisa da sisqis tkbilisas, cota Tu bevri zedmoqmedeba unda hqondes Rvinis sikeTezedac.

amas marto erTi nakli aqvs, Tumca advilad mosaSorebeli, magram sakmaod yurs ar aTxoveben CvenSi. am SemTxvevaSi TviT-veul wver tkbilisaTvis qvevri imodena unda iyos, rom erTis dRis nawurma tkbilma saduRarad mohyaros qvevri. Tu qvevri imodenad didia, rom ramdenisame dRis sawuri saduRarad Zlivs mohyris, maSin tkbilis meore da mesame dRes Camate-ba duRils axanebs, agvianebs: duRilis male gaTavebisaTvis saWiroa erTisa da imave drois nawuriT erTsa da imave dRes qvevri, Tu ram sxva WurWeli, imodenad aivsos, ramodenadac qvevrs Tu WurWels duRilisaTvis avseben xolme.

raki tkbils, ese igi wvens yurZnisas, qvevrSi Tu raime sxva WurWelSi Caayeneben, mas mermed daiwyeba is buneburi moqmede-ba, romelsac CvenSi duRils eZaxian. yvelazed metad, Tu ar mT-

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lad, am bunebur moqmedebazea damokidebuli Rvinis siavkarge, imitom rom yovelisfriT erTisa da imave yurZnis wvenisagan SesaZloa sxvadasxva Rvinoc dadges, Tu duRili sxvadasxva ga-remoebaSi mosvlia, sxvadasxva gvarisa da xarisxisa hqonia.

saWiroa WaWa da klerti Caayolon tkbilsa, Tu ara? Cven duRils buneburi moqmedeba vuwodeT, imitom rom duRili aq kacis xeliT micemulis wamliT, Tu nivTierebiT ar aRiZvris xolme; nivTierebas Tu wamals TviTon buneba aZlevs yurZen-sa. gamoCenilma pasterma daamtkica, rom igi nawevri, romlis gamoc tkbili aduRdeba xolme, zed yurZnis marcvlis kanzedve aris mtversaviT, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, haosaviT. pasterma gangeb sacdelad didi sifrTxiliT wveni ise gamowura yurZnis marcvalsa, rom hao ar Caayola;

nawuri minis WurWelSi Caasxa da haeri ar miakara, imitom rom haerSiac yovelTvis aris is samikroskopo sxeuli, romel-sac amaduRebeli Tviseba aqvs. yurZnis wveni minaSi ar aduRda da roca is mtveri, Tu hao, yurZnis marcvlis kanisa CauSva, marto mas Semdeg daiwyo wvenma duRili. aqedan ra gamodis? ras gvaswavlis, ras gveubneba es magaliTi? amis pasuxs Semdeg nomerSi mogaxsenebT da am pasuxisagan aixsneba, ris maqnisic aris WaWa da ra saWiroebas Seadgens Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi.

X

wina werilSi moviyvaneT gamoCenilis pasteris nacadi, rom yurZnis marcvlis kanzed aris erTgvari mtveri, Tu hao, romel-ic aduRebs yurZnis wvensa da uromlisodac wveni srulebiT ara hduRs. aqedam ra gamodis? is gamodis, rom vinc WaWas ar Caayolebs tkbils, igi imas aklebs, rac duRilsa hSvelis da xels umarTavs, imitom rom, Tumca nawurs tkbils nametnavad fexiT nawurs, igi amaduRebeli hao gahyveba, magram ufro meti ki zed WaWas SerCeba da amitomac uWaWoba unda auZlurebdes duRils da miT agvianebdes da axanebdes. iqneba kidec es iyos mizezi im yvelasagan cnobil ambavisa, rom uWaWod naduRi tk-bili gvian dawmindavdeba, gvian daRvinovdeba xolme, radganac adre dawmindaveba Rvinisa adre daduRebazea damokidebuli. ra Tqma unda, rom WaWis micema tkbilis kargad da male aduRe-bisa da daduRebisaTvis egre mecnierulad ar aris mignebu-li CvenSi, rogorc pasters miugnia, magram gamocdilebiT ki ucvnia Cveneburs kacs, rom Rvinis kargad aduRebisaTvis WaWa

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saWiroa.garda amisa WaWa TeTri yurZnisa, Tu Savisa, sxva samsaxur-

sac uwevs Rvinosa: igi fers aZlevs, hRebavs Rvinos. TviTon evropielni wiTelis Rvinis dasayeneblad Savis yurZnis Wa-Was aZleven duRilis dros, ise rogorc CvenSi viciT, imitom rom saferavi Tu saRebavi yurZnis marcvlis kanSia. es saf-eravi, rogorc Savs yurZensa aqvs, isec TeTrsa TavTavisdag-varad. am saferavebiT TeTriT TeTrs da SaviT Savs Rvinosa vferavT xolme, roca WaWazed vaduRebT tkbilsa, imitom rom duRilis dros marcvlis kansa tkbili gamoswovs xolme saf-eravsa da iRebeba, Tu nametnavad kani kargad gasresilia. es viciT da WaWas sxvaTa Soris amisTvisac CavayolebT xolme tkbilsa. xolo es ki zogjer gvaviwydeba, rom raki Rvinos da-vurevT da WaWa Zirs wava da daileqeba, mas Semdeg WaWa aRarc Semdegis Cumis duRilisaTvis aris saWiro, aRarc saferavad, da Tu ar axdens, aRara hSvelis. axla gvetyvian: rad gindaT rom TeTrs Rvinosac hRebavTo? Cven kidev amas vetyviT: kacia da guneba. Tu WaWis gamo wiTeli Rvino ara hxdeba, radganac TviTon evropielni wiTelis RvinisaTvis tkbils usaTuod WaWazed aduReben, TeTris Rvinis WaWazed dayeneba rad unda gveyvedrebodes da arcodnaSi gveTvlebodes! TeTri moWire-buli feri Rvinisa moswons Cvens xalxsa da dRevandels ba-zars, ise rogorc Savi moWirebuli feri wiTelis Rvinisa. es-eTi mowoneba iqamde gaZlierebulia CvenSi, am bolos xanebSi sirajebi siyalbesac ki aRar eridebian da sxvadasxvagvar wam-lebiT TeTrs, magram mcqral Rvinos, gangeb moWirebul fers aZleven.

klerts rom ar aclian da tkbils Tan Caayoleben CvenSi, amasac Tavisi sabuTi hqonia da aqvs imis garda, rac winad vsTqviT. klerti Rvinos keTil sunnovanobas hmatebs da gam-Zleobis Rones aZlevs Turme. klertSi erTgvari nawevaria (Дубилъное вещество), romelic am samsaxurs uwevs Rvinosa. uami-sod keTilsunnovaneba da gamZleoba imodenad ar gamohyveba Turme Rvinos. amas TviTon mecnieri RvinismkeTebeli tardani amtkicebs da Tu amas davujerebT, Rvinis gemosac ki ufro sasi-amovnoda hxdis is simJave, romelic enasa hkbens da klrtisagan warmosdgebao. gamodis, rom im sikeTis garda, rac klertzed winaTa vsTqviT, es sikeTenic klertis wyalobiT hqonia Rvi-nosa. ar viciT, es ramdenad marTalia da Tu marTalia, mar-Talni yofilan Cveneburi Rvinis damyenebelnica, romelnic uklertod Rvinos ar aduReben. Tqma ar unda, rom yvelgan

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saWiroa zomiereba. zomas gadametebuli puris Wamac ki mawyi-naria. CvenSi kargma Rvinis mkeTebelma da damyenebelma kar-gad icis, ramdeni WaWa da klerti misces da zomas Tavis dReSi ar gadaacilebs. CvenSi kargad ician, rom gadaWarbebuli WaWa da klerti Rvinos avnebs. amazed ityvian xolme, "daswvavso" Rvinos. maSasadame, Tu esea, rom klerti Rvinis gemos aramcTu afuWebs, akeTebs kidec, da amas garda sxva sikeTec moaqvs raRa sabuTi aqvT wuni dasdon Cvens Rvinis keTebas am mxriTa! Tu es klertis Cayoleba Secdomaa da Tu amisTanebSi imisTana mecn-ieri hcdeba, rogorc tardani, Cven es Secdoma rad unda gveki-Jinos abrugazviadebul gabedviT da kadnierebiTa!

XI

sawnaxelidam yurZnis wvenis gamoSvebis Semdeg iwyeba sxva axali xana Rvinis keTebisa da am xanas yvelazed meti mniS-vneloba aqvs Rvinis sikeTisaTvis. eg xana igi droa, rodesac tkbili duRilSi Sedis. evropaSi duRilisaTvis qvis WurWelic aris da xisac, rogorc magaliTebr, "Cani" da "boWka", da yvela is WurWeli haerzed dgas sardafSi, an maranSi. CvenSi TiTqmis yvelgan qvevri ician, miwaSi cotad Tu bevrad Rrmad Caflu-li. am qvevrsac gviwuneben. Semdeg naxavT, zogierT mcireoden uxerxobasTan, ramdeni saxerxo da samjobinari sikeTe sWirs Cveneburs qvevrsa da ramodenad eggvari WurWeli Seferebu-lia masTan, rasac duRili iTxovs da Senaxva.

kargis duRilisaTvis, garda imisa, rom kargad damwifebu-lis yurZnis wveni unda iyos, saWiroa siTbo ara nakleb 100-isa da ara umetes 150-isa reomuris TermometriT. evropaSi, ma-ranSi, anu sardafSi, saca tkbili hduRs, Tu 100-zed naklebi siTboa, an "Cans" namjas Semoaxveven garSemo, an cecxls aanTe-ben gangeb amisaTvis gakeTebul buxarSi da oTaxsaviT aTbo-ben ramdenic saWiroa, da Tu 150-zed metia, gangeb agrileben. maSasadame, sardafi an marani gangeb am or SemTxvevisaT-vis aSenebuli unda iyos. aseTi marani, Tu sardafi, Zvirad daujdeba kacs; amazed rom kaci zed gadaegos CvenSi xeiria da gamorComis imedic imodena unda hqondes, rom Rvinom, Tavis sakuTaris xarjis garda, sardafzed, an maranzed daxarju-lis fulis Tavni da sargebeli Tavis drozed cotcotaobiT daubrunos patronsa. zogan aris kidec CvenSi amisTana Zvir-fasi marnebi, magram ufro saxelisaTvis, vidre saxravisaTvis

24

da gamorComisaTvis; winadaca vsTqviT, Rvino CvenSi jer Zlivs aayenebs xolme Tavis xarjis fassa da im mcireodens gamorCo-mas, rasac yoveli kaci yovelis mrewvelobisagan samarTli-anad moelis. maincdamainc amisTana marans marto SeZlebuli kaci Tu Sewvdeba da amisTana kacebi CvenSi marto oriodea, umravlesoba ki uRonoa amisaTvis. amitomac CvenSi ufro bevrgan farRalala marnebia, xSirad marto walmiT daxu-ruli, bevrgan ukedleboca. maSasadame, pirvel SexedviT kaci ifiqrebs, rom CvenSi ara scodniaT haeris siTbo-sigrilis mniSvneloba duRilisaTvis. aba farRalala maranSi, ra Tqma unda, Tavisuflad imuSavebs civi Tu Tbili haeri da amitom arc mets siTbos eSveleba da arc mets sigrilesa. Sescdebian, vinc ase ifiqrebs: daakvirdiT, WurWeli, raSiac CvenSi tkbils aduReben, ra adgilas aris. igi Rrmad Casmulia da gared haer-zed ara sdgas. ratom? sxvaTa Soris imitom, rom verc gareTi sicxe Caatans miwas ise male da xelaRebiT, verc sicive. miwa inaxavs qvevrs erTsa da imave siTbo-sigrileSi da gareTi ha-eris cvlileba magodenad ara swvdeba qvevrsa da aqedam tk-bilsa, romelica qvevrSi hduRs. ityvian, rom radganac qvevri awowvilia, ese igi, maRali, amis gamo sxvadasxva wels tkbili-sas sxvadasxva siTbo-sigrile eqmnebao: TavSi, miwis zedapirze axlos tkbili erTs siTbo-sigrileSi mohyveba, qveda pirSi sx-vaSio. es cotad Tu bevrad marTalia, magram eg imodena Ta-bauTs ara iqms, rom xelCasakidebel mizezad gaxdes qvevris dawunebisaTvis. gadametebul sicxes Znelad Tu Sexvdeba kaci, radganac kai venaxis patrons mouxdeba Rvinis daduReba an en-kenisTvis bolos an RvinobisTvis dasawyiss, roca magrerigad ara cxela da CvenSi am xanebSi iSviaTia iseTi sicivec, rom miwa 100-zed nakleb siTbozed Camoaxdinos. saqme is aris, rom am 100 da 150-s SuaTanabari siTbo-sigrile hqondes WurWels garSemo, da qvevrs, miwaSi Cveneburad Cafluls, usaTuod es Tanabar-oba eqmneba, radganac, aki vambobT, cvlileba gareTis haerisa miwas magrerigad ver Caatans xolme da mis siTbo-sigriles egre advilad ver Sescvlis. Tu kacma TermometriT gasinja mi-wis siTbo-sigrile qvevris miwis Tavidam bolomde sxvadasxva siRrmezed, ara gvgonia rom enkenisTvis dasasruls da Rvino-bisTvis dasawyiss Termometrma 110-120-zed naklebi aCvenos da 150-zed meti, Tu Zalian iSviaTs weliwads ar SevxvdebiT. CvenSi gadametebulis siTbosi ufro hSinebiaT, rogorc etyoba, im-itom rom kargi damyenebeli Rvinisa TrTvils elis da mere hkrefavs venaxsa. TrTvili dasawyisia sicivisa, aqedam sCans ga-

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dametebulis sicxis SiSi ufro hqoniaT. marTalia, es imiTac aixsneba, rom TrTvili yurZnis marcvals hkumSavs, cotad aW-knobs da, amboben, mets wyals acliso, magram am patara sikeTes ar anacvlebdnen im dids sikeTesa, rac RvinosaTvis duRilia, Tu Tan imisi imedi ara hqonodaT, rom enkenisTvis bolos da RvinobisTvis dasawyiss duRilisaTvis meti sicxe ufro safiqrebelia, vidre meti sicive. xSirad asec aris, nametnavad kaxeTSi.

garda amisa, erTs rasmes kidev vityviT. vin ar icis enkenisT-vis damlevs da RvinobisTvis dasawyiss dRis siTbo-sigrile ramodenad icvleba RamRamobiT CvenSi. es cvlileba imdenad didia, rom yvela WurWels Seatans, haerzed mdgomares, ase rom WurWels dRisiT rom 120-s siTbos scemdes, RamRamobiT 90-da 100- siTbo dahkravs, Tu ar kidev naklebi. esodeni cvlileba gana ar imoqmedebs amgvars WurWelSi Rvinis duRilzed? mere Sekruls sardafsa da maranSi xom wminda haerisaTvis sam-uSavod sadme an fanjara, an kari Ria hqondes, rom naxSirJan-gis buRma kaci ar daarCos. aSkaraa, am metnaklebobas siTbo-sigrilisas am SemTxvevaSi Znelad ram eSveleba da WurWeli, raSiaca hduRs tkbili, dRisiT mometebul siTboSi iqneba da RamiT naklebSi. qvevrs ki amiT an sul ara dauSavdeba ra, an Zalian cota ram, imitom rom miwaSia, da gareTis haeris cv-lileba ise advilad ver Caatans da, maSasadame, ver Sescvlis miwis siTbo-sigrilesa.

Cvenis marnebis farRalalobas erTi sxva sikeTe sWirs: amisTana marani uSiSia adamianisaTvis da amas ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mieqces. daxuruls, yovelis mxriT Sekruls marans, Tu sardafs, duRilis dros sifrTxile unda, Torem SeiZleba kacic Seiwiros. roca tkbili dids duRilSia da buy-buyebs, maSin zemoT burcebs anu qafs moigdebs. aqedam erT-nairi buRi gamodis, romelsac naxSirmJaves eZaxian mecnierni. es buRi rom CaisunTqos kacma Zalian advilad dairCoba. rom daxuruls da Sekruls maranSi, Tu sardafSi, kacs es ar dae-marTos duRilis dros, xSirad unda amisTana sardafsa, Tu maranSi wminda haeri amuSavos da atrialos, rom is buRi ga-vides da wminda haeri Sevides. evropaSi amis asacdenelad kar-gad damwvars kirsac hxmaroben: sardafsa Tu maranSi, mohfenen xolme kirsa, da radganac naxSirmJaves Zalian izidavs kiri, amitomac, ramodenadac amodis duRilis gamo, imodenad kiri sWams, Tu ese iTqmis.

Cveneburs kacs gamocdilebiT ucvnia es viTareba duRilisa

26

da rom meti jafa da sifrTxile ar aekviatebina, samjobinarad daunaxavs Ria marani, saca yovelTvis naxSirmJavesac gamosava-li aqvs da wminda haersac Sesavali; asaduReblad saWiro siTbo-sigrilis TanabarobisaTvis qvevri cotad Tu bevrad Rrmad Causvams miwaSi da amasTanave aucilebeli saWiroeba Rvinis keTebisa Tavis jibis metnaklebobisaTvis Seuferebia. aq, rogorc vnaxeT, magrerigad arc mwvadi iwvis da arc Samfuri.

XII ra yurZenic gindaT aiRoT, misi wveni, mecnierTa gamokvlev-

iT, erTisa da imave nawevrebisagan aris Semdgari, gansxvaveba marto nawevrebis met-naklebobaSia. es nawevrebi arian 1) Saqari, romelsac zogjer asSi ocdaaTi wili uWiravs, ese igi, 30% da 14%-ze naklebi ki ar varga rom iyos; 2) azoti, romelic duRils hSvelis, 0,2% - 0,8%; 3) peqtini da sxva webos momcemi nawevrebi; 4) sxva nawevarebi, romelnic jer gamocnobilni ar arian da romelnic Rvinos gemosa da suns aZleven; 5) iurga-niuli simJaveni da marilebi tartarisa da 6) iurganiuli: fosforis simJave, xlori kalciiT, patasi, magnezia rkiniTa da Savi qviTa.

wveni yurZnisa, Tbil dReSi dakrefilisa, dawurvilisa, TiTqmis maSinve mohyveba duRilsa da erTis dRisa Tu dRenax-evris ganmavlobaSi hmatulobs imisdagvarad, ramodena siT-boa maranSi. TviTon duRili aTbobs wvens zogjer reumuris Termometris 280-dan, magram duRilma rom Tavis rigzed im-uSavos, saWiroa wvenis siTbo 220 -230-mde mainc avides. Tu 290-s gadascilda siTbo, maSin Saqris alkogolad gadaqcevas xeli eSleba da TviT alkogolic cxare duRilSi naxSirmJaves gas-devs. Saqris alkogolad gadaqcevaSia umTavresi da upirvele-si mniSvneloba duRilisa.

duRilis xangrZlioba imazea damokidebuli, Tu raodeni Saqari aqvs wvens da ramodenad Tbila, amis gamo zogan didx-ans hduRs Rvinoebi zogan ara, ase rom sul naklebi oTxi dRea, da meti or kviras Znelad gadascildeba. xani duRilisa orTa Suad miRebulia rva dRidgan xuTmet dRemde. kaci ad-vilad Seatyobs, roca duRili gaTavdeba xolme. duRilis ga-Tavebis Tavis drozed Setyobas Tavis mniSvneloba aqvs da es mniSvneloba Cveneburma kacmac icis, ise rogorc evropielma. jer TvaliTac Seetyoba duRilis gaTaveba. raki buybuyi aRar

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ismis da burcs, romelSiac naxSirmJavea, aRar ikeTebs wveni, didi duRili gaTavebulia. yuri ki rom daadoT qvevris pirs, anu "Cans", romelSiac evropielebi tkbils aduReben, Signidam mainc SiSini mogesmis. es patara duRilia. TandaTan es SiSin-ic ufro nakleb da nakleb ismis da bolos srulad miswydeba. amis Semdeg, WaWa zeviT wamova da Tavzed ise magrad Seikvris, rom ketiT gasarRvevi gaxdeba xolme. amas rogorc CvenSi, isec safrangeTSi, quds eZaxian. rogorc CvenSi, isec safrangeTSi am qudsa stexen da daureven. duRili xelaxlad Tavs iCens. am duRilSi zemod moqceuli WaWa da Txle TandaTan Zirs Cadis da Rvino iwmindeba. amasobaSi Rvinos siTbo TandaTan akldeba ase, rom Sig RvinoSi oTxi-xuTi gradusi siTboRaa meti gare-Tis haeris siTboze. yvelazed utyuari maCvenebeli misi, rom duRili gaTavda erTi niSania: ramdenadac Saqari alkogolad iqceva, imdenad sisqe Rvinisa hklebulobs da Txeldeba. es kle-ba sisqisa duRilis klebis maCvenebelia; amisaTvis erTnairi iaraRi aqvT evropielebs, romelsac "areometrs" eZaxian, amas CauSveben RvinoSi da Tu 12-is saaTis ganmavlobaSi cvlileba ara aCvena ra, utyuari sabuTia duRilis gaTavebisa. marTa-lia, Cven am iaraRs ara vxmarobT da sasurvelia, rom xmarebaSi Semovides, magdonadac Zviri ar aris da advili mosaxmarebe-lia, xolo aqedam is ar gamodis, rom raki magas ara vxmarobT, arc is viciT, rom duRilis gaTavebas Tavis drozed Setyoba unda da SetyobisaTvis cotad Tu bevrad gzac ar vicodeT.

am qudis gatexis da darevis Semdeg Rvino dasawmendad mi-iqceva xolme. Cveneburi kaci TviTon Rvinis bunebas miendoba xolme am SemTxvevaSiac da dawmendisaTvis arafers wamals ara hxmarobs. raki WaWa-Txle Zirs wava da Tan Caitans Rvi-noSi gauxsnel nawevarebsac, Semdeg amisa Rvinos simJave akl-deba, eZleva suni, da maSin ityvian, Rvino dadga, maWari daRvi-novdao. raki Rvino am donemde mivida maSinve unda gadaiRon, nametnavad Tu WaWa da klerti micemuli aqvs, imitom rom WaWa da klerti amis Semdeg swyens Rvinosa da aRarafersa hSvelis.

CvenSi amas yurs ar aTxoveben xolme, imitom ki ara, vi-Tomc ar icodnen, rom WaWa da Txle dawmendis mermed swyins Rvinosa, Tu xani dascalda, aramed imitom, rom CvenSi axlad dawmendils Rvinos muStari uCndeba TiTqmis maSinve da amis lodinSi Cveneburi gaWirvebuli kaci ara hCqarobs Rvinis ga-daRebas, miT ufro, rom WaWa-Txlezed Rvino ufro gemoiani, sunnelovani da wmindaa xolme da muStars advilad moawonebs Tavsa. amitomac imis magier, rom giorgobisTveSi gadaiRos

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Rvino da xelaxlad ucados imis dawmendas muStrisaTvis, igi didxans Txle-WaWazed inaxavs Rvinos, da Tu moucda lodini, mainc Tebervals da marts aRar gadaacilebs da gadaiRebs xolme. mets Znelad Tu vinme ayovnebs, imitom rom, Tu gad-aRebaSi siTbom moaswro, SesaZloa Rvinom xelaxlad duRili daiwyos da am gvians duRils Rvinis waxdena mosdevs. es Cven-Siac ise kargad ician, rogorc evropaSi, da amitomac, minam siciveebi gava, Rvinos usaTuod gadaiReben xolme. raki Rvino gadaRebisaTvis mzad Seiqmneba, am dRidam Rvinis dayeneba Tav-deba da iwyeba Tadarigi Rvinis Senaxvisa.

XIII

Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis yvelazed uwinares saWiroa, rom TviTon yurZnis wvensa hqondes unari gamZleobisa bunebiT dayolili. CvenSiac da evropaSiac es Zalian kargad ician. aqac da iqac isic Zalian kargad ician, rom gamZleoba buneburis Rvinisa sxvasxva wamlebzed ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed imazed, Tu ra juris yurZenis wvenia Rvinod gardaqmnili da ra miwazea gaCenili TviTon yurZeni. CvenSi, magaliTebr, miRe-bulia, rom rqawiTeli, mwvane, romelTac xSirad ferisaTvis mcvivans ureven, an mcvivanis yurZnis WaWazed aduReben, TeTrs gamZle Rvinos iZleva, agredve wiTels gamZle Rvinos wminda, Seureveli saferavi. es kidev sakmao ar aris, rom Rvinis gamZ-leobis imedi iqonios kacma. didi saqmea isic, Tu romels da ra Tvisebis miwazea moyvanili yurZeni. Tu rqawiTeli, mwvane an saferavi mZime, Rrmad mosaxnav Tixian miwazea, amaTi wveni ufro gamZle Rvinos iZleva, vidre igive yurZeni qviSians mi-wazed mosuli, es CvenSiac ise kargad ician, rogorc evropa-Si. amitomac tyuili cdaa, yovel juris da miwis yurZnis Rvi-nos gamZleoba mianiWon, Tu ar sxvadasxva wamlebiT, da maSin bunebur Rvinozed xom xeli unda aiRon.

Cven Rvinoebs swamoben, rom gamZleoba ara aqvso, male hfu-Wdebao. es bevrSi marTalia, magram es ucodinarobis brali ki ar aris, aramed imisi, rom ufro bevri Rvino CvenSi im miwis venaxebisaa da im juris yurZnisa, romelnic bunebiTad gamZle Rvinos ar iZlevian, Tu raime wamlebiT ar Seazave da am gziT adre da male ar gaafuWe, ese igi, buneburi Rvino wamlebiT na-keTeb Rvinod ar gardahqmen. Cven rom vsTqviT, gauZleoba Cvenis Rvinisa bevrSi marTaliao, imitoma vsTqviT, rom zogSi mar-

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Tali ar aris. CvenSiac aris gamZle Tvisebis Rvino, saca jura yurZnisa da Tviseba miwisa amas xels umarTavs da Seswevs. ara erTi da ori venaxis patronia CvenSi, romelsac ucdia, rva, aTi da meti weliwadic Seunaxavs Rvino, da unaxavs, rom mis Rvinos gauZlia didxans da am gaZlebaSi ufro gakeTebula yvelafriT. amisi magaliTi ara erTi da ori yofila da aris CvenSi dResac. ratom yvela Rvino ar aris amisTanao, amis Tqma, da imisi, ra-tom yvela kaci bismarki ar ariso erTi da igivea. ufro Wkuas axloa kacma es ikiTxos: Tu egrea, ratom didi xniT Sesanaxavad Rvinos sulac ar ayenebeno sabazrod? imitom rom sarfa ar aris, radganac, rac dReisamde bazaria CvenSi, siZvires amgva-ris Rvinisas ver aitans da arc muStari hyavs.

aba aiReT, magaliTad, Semdegi angariSi. Sevinaxe da gamovay-ene, vsTqvaT, aTis wlis Rvino ricxviT oTxasi Tungi, ese igi erTi kaxuri uremi; imisTana Rvino, romelic Sesanaxavad gamodgeba, cotad Tu bevrad kargi Tavi Rvino unda iyos; amisTana Rvinos, sul cota rom vsTqvaT, ormoc Tumnad gahyidiT adgilobriv, axlobaSive, ese igi, boTls erTs abazad. vinaxe es Rvino aTi we-liwadi, jer martivi sargebeli, Tund eqvsi rom viangariSoT, aTs weliwadSi ormoc Tumanzed ocdaoTxs Tuman Seadgens; aRaras vityviT rTuls sargebelzed, romelic Tavns TiTqmis uswordeba rva weliwadSi, ese igi aTs weliwadzed adre. jer am gziT aTs weliwads ukan igi erTi uremi Rvino samocdaoTx Tumnad unda damijdes. axla amisi movla am aTs weliwadSi, Rvinis dakleba gadawmend-gadmowmendaSi, xarji, WurWelis daxafreba, WurWelis recxva da sxva amisTana, erTs amodenas Tu ar mets esec Seadgens da am saxiT aTs weliwads Semdeg Cemi ormocTumniani Rvino ass Tumnad mizis da Tu boTli adgilo-brivve aTs Saurad mainc ar gavyide, me verc Cems gasamjelosRa aviReb, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi mTels aTs weliwadSi sul Tormet Tumans vangariSob, verc sargebels da Tavnzedac Zliv-ZlivobiT gamoval. aba erTi ikiTxeT: romeli suleli iqneba, dRevandeli ormocTumniani Rvino aTi weliwadi inaxos, rom ass Tumnad daujdes da, maSasadame ass Tumnadac rom gahyidos, TiTqmis ara moigos ra. Tund amisTana suleli iyos vinme, axla amas aRar ikiTxavT: sad aris amisTana Rvinis msyidveli? maSin, rodesac Cveneburi bazari amav Rvinos axlobaSive boTls erT abazad hyidulobs alagobriv da Tu TviTon aTs Saurzed na-kleb gahyida, hzaralobs kidec, imedia gana TviTon es bazari aTs Saurad boTls iyidda alagobriv? aT Saurad alagobriv nayidi boTli xom manaTnaxevrad unda gahyidos, an sul cota

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manaTad mainc, rom gamorComa hnaxos rame. vin aris CvenSi am Zviris Rvinis msmeli? erTi oriode kaci, isic sagangebod da ara sayoveldReod. suleloba da ugunurobaa oriode kaczed gaangariSebuli, daimedebuli, saero mrewveloba rame, magali-Tebr amisTana, rogorc CvenSi Rvinis mrewveloba aris. an ra Wkuaa, kacma aTis wlis Rvino svas mamasisxlad sasyidi da ax-lobaSive sasiamovno da gacilebiT iefs Rvinos ki Tavi daane-bos! es ueWveli Sormxedveloba aqvs Cveneburs Rvinis mkeTebel-sa, marto Cveneburs bazarzed dRevandlamde damokidebuls da Rvinos ise akeTebs, rom male iyos sasiamovnod sasmeli, rad-ganac aq CvenSi Rvinos TiTqmis mTeli eri svams da amis gamo did xans dgomas ar hsaWiroebs, male, TiTqmis meore mosavlamdeve hsaRdeba. mTeli Cveni Rvinis vaWroba am winad danaxuls azrzea agebuli da amitomac arc erTs sirajs, arc erTs vaWars Rvinisas imisi samzadisi ara aqvs, rom Rvino mis sardafSi ori, sami da oTxi weliwadi inaxebodes. raki amdens xans Rvino gausyidavi ar daurCeba, ra xelsayrelia amisTana samzadisi?

am bolos xanebSi Cveneburma Rvinom fexi Sedga ruseTis bazarSi. es garemoeba, rasakvirvelia, Rvinis gamZleobis Tav-darigs gaaZlierebs CvenSi, radganac im siSorezed gadatanas Rvinisas exlandelzed mometebuli gamZleoba unda hqondes da vaWroba Rvinisac iq, saca, rogorc ruseTSi, Rvinos marto SeZlebuli kaci svams, unda imedovnebdes, rom daxanebuli Rvino imis sardafSi ar gafuWdeba gauZleobis gamo. nurvin ifiqrebs, rom am Tavdarigs ver Seudgeba Cveneburi kaci uvi-cobis, ucodinarobis gamo. Rvinis xeli am SemTxvevisaTvisac Zalian kargad icis Cveneburma kacma da Tu Camouvardeba ev-ropiels raSime, marto imaSi, rom margebelis Rvinis wamlo-biT sawamlavad gardaqmna gamZleobisaTvis ar icis da madli RmerTsac, rom egrea.

am saxiT gabedviT davarwmunebT yvelas, rom Tu Cveneburs kacs buneburis Rvinis Senaxva hsurs did xans, Zalian kargad icis, rom jer TviTon Rvino unda airCios Sesaferis juris yurZnisa da im venaxisa, romlis miwa am unars aZlevs yurZnis wvens bunebiTad. amas garda isic icis, am SemTxvevaSi ra gziT aris saWiro xelis Sewyoba, da isic icis, bunebur ZalTa Rvini-sas ra gaubrundebs xolme gzasa da ra uSlis maTs Tavisufal moqmedebasa Rvinis gasamZleod, am codnas gamoiyenebs kidec, Tu dainaxavs sarfas, am erTaderTs saekonomio sanatrels yovelis mrewvelobisas.

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XIV

Cven is dagvaviwyda gveTqva, rom CvenSi, rogorc evropaSiac, ornairi duRili ician Rvinisa, da radganac es Tavis adgilas ar movixsenieT, bodiSs vixdiT, rom xelaxlad am saganzed Cam-ovagdebT saubarsa. erTnairi duRili daxurulia da meore axdili. CvenSi daxuruls duRils misdeven ufro alaznis mar-jvena mxares, nametnavad siRnaRis mazris soflebSi, da axdils ki ufro gaRma mxareSi, alaznis marcxena mxaris adgilebSi. saca daxuruli duRilia, iq raki Tavis zomis WaWas miscemen tk-bilsa, qvevris yelSi jvaredinad joxebs gasWeden sakmaod xSir-ad, rom, Tu vinicobaa WaWam duRilis gamo qudis gasakeTeblad Zalian amoiwios, qvevrs sarqveli ar axados da ar amovides. agre gawyobils qvevrs daxurven sarqvels da miwas miayrian. duRilisagan amomxdars buRsa, magaliTebr naxSirmJavisas, am gziT gamosavali aqvs imodenad sakmao, rom Sig ar hgubdeba da gareTis haeris mikarebas ki am gziT cota ar iyos dabrkoleba eZleva, radganac daxurulis duRilis erTi mizezi es aris, sx-vaTa Soris. axdilis duRilisaTvis ki sarqvels xSirad ara hx-uraven, da Tu hxuraven, miwas aRar ayrian, ase rom tkbili zeze hduRs da zogjer mduRari tkbili qvevris napirebzedac gad-mova xolme. roca tkbili didis duRilis Semdeg ukan Caiwevs, joxebs qvevris yelSi maSin ukeTeben, mas Semdeg dahxurven da miwas miayrian. rva-cxra dRis Semdeg WaWa zeviT amova, miebjine-ba joxebs da quds ikeTebs. am quds, minam gastexen da daureven, jer zemo pirs moswmenden didis gulmodginebiT iqamde, vidre mSrals WaWas mTlad ar amoiReben da svelzed ar davlen, da amis Semdeg daureven. amas amitom Svrebian, rom simSralisa-gan damJavebuli da ZmarSeparuli WaWa, WaWisa da Rvinis WuW-yi ar Caayolon. Rvino, rasakvirvelia, darevis Semdeg kidev cota wamohduRdeba, WaWa TandaTan Zirs wava da TxlesTan er-Tad daiZireba. amas xani unda da am xanis gavlis Semdeg ki ax-dian qvevrsa, da Tu qvevrs wipwa ram, anu prke, anu raime qafi zed mougdia, amas yovels bejiTad amoswmenden, da Tu aburcu-li yurZnis marcvlis kania, amas ki xelaxlad dasresen xeliT da tkbils miscemen. mere gadavsebis Tavdarigs Seudgebian, gadavsebaSi dids sifrTxiles hxmaroben, rom erTierTmane-Tis feris, simagris da gemos Rvino miuyenon. xSirad srulad gavsebas qvevrisas dromde aqac eridebian, radganac ician, rom Rvino Cums duRils didxans ar moiSlis da eSiniaT an Rvinom ar amoiwios da ar gadmovides qvevridama, an qvevri ar gax-

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eTqos dautevrobisagan, Tu sxva gza ara aqvs. evropaSi daxu-ruls duRils, mxolod imodenad ki daxuruls, rom duRilis buRs gamosavali hqondes, amjobineben. Tu CvenSi zogan axdili duRilia, es uvicobas ar unda miaweron, radganac Cvenc viciT daxuruli duRili, da Tu zogan ar mivsdevT amnairs duRilsa da zogan mivdevT, raime pativsadebi mizezi unda iyos, an adg-ilzed, an havazed, an sxva razedme damokidebuli. Cveneburni mecnierni, imis magier, rom xelaRebiT mCvarSi gvxveven, isa jobia am mizezis gamoZiebas Sesdgomodnen. iqneba amiT sacod-neli Rirsi ram amoeCinad da imaTTvisac kargi iqneboda da CvenTvisac.

exla gadavideT, Rvinis gamZleobisaTvis ra Ronea CvenSi miRebuli. winadac vsTqviT, CvenSiac, rogorc sxvagan, yvelam kargad icis, rom gamZleobis unari, Tu TviTon Rvinos ara aqvs bunebisagan Tandayolili, uwamlod amisi aCena SeuZle-belia. eseca vsTqviT, rom aris CvenSi imisTana juri yurZnisa da imisTana adgilis Rvino, romelsac es unari bunebiTad Tandayolili aqvs. romelic Rvinis mowamvlas erideba da mar-to bunebur Rvinozea miqceuli, rogorc CvenSi, iman Zalian kargad icis romeli yurZnis wveni gamZle Rvinos iZleva da romeli adgili, da ragvarad kacma xeli unda Seuwyos, rom es gamZleobis unari Rvinisa ar daixSos. Cveneburma kacma Zalian kargad icis, rom amisaTvis marto erTaderTi Ronea imdenjer wmindad gadaReba Rvinisa, vidre Rvino leqis keTebas ar moiS-lis. amis Sesatyobrad ai ra aris saWiro: roca qvevrSi, Tu boWkaSi, Txle-WaWidam gadaiReben dawmendils Rvinos, maSin erTi boTli Rvino unda amoiRos kacma, kargad daucvas da amav qvevris Tu boWkis adgilas dasdgas. drogamoSvebiT inaxulos es boTli, da roca hnaxavs, rom Rvinos leqi gaukeTebia boTl-Si, usaTuod qvevrsa da boWkaSiac leqs gaikeTebda. qvevrisaT-vis es iseTi zedmiwevnili niSani ar aris, rogorc boWkisaTvis, imitom rom qvevri, radganac miwaSia, da boTli zeze haerzed, garemoeba erTisa da meorisa sxvadasxva aris siTbo-sicivis da sinaTlis sxvadasxvaobis gamo. amitomac SesaZloa, rom qvevrma ufro gvian gaikeTos leqi, vidre boTlma. aq marto dros metnakleboba iTamaSebs da amas gamocdileba aucile-blad daaswavlis kacs, romeli ikeTebs adre Tu gvian leqsa. am saxiT, raki boTlSi Rvinom leqi gaikeTa, maSinve unda gad-aiRon, da ese moiqcnen, vidre ukanasknelad gadaRebuli Rvino boTlSi leqs aRar gaikeTebs. leqi aRar eqmnebao rom vsTqviT, eg metismeti mogvivida, imitom rom, am gziT Zalian kargad

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gamoyenebuli Rvinoc ki, Tu Zalian didxans Seinaxa boTlSi, mainc leqs gaikeTebs Tavis drozed, magram kargad gamoyenebu-lis Rvinis leqi erTs larzed anu xazzed keTdeba da garSemo kedlebs boTlisas ar gaekvris xolme, rogor es gamoyenebul-ma Rvinom icis. Rvinos zemoxsenebulis gziT gamoyenebas xuTi da eqvsi weliwadi undeba, da am xanSi leqis gakeTebis umalve gadaReba da gadawmenda usaTuod saWiroa, Tu gsurT, rom Rvi-no gamZle iyos.

raki ese mouareT xuTisa Tu eqvsis wlis ganmavlobaSi Rvi-nosa, mere ki boWkebidam Tu qvevrebidam Rvino boTlebSi unda Caisxas da gangeb arCeulis probkiT daicvas magrad. boTleb-is dawveniT Senaxvas ufro hrCeoben evropielni, radganac am gziT probka yovelTvis svelia, da Tu gaSra ki, rogorc ayen-ebuls boTls mosdis, Rvinis suni advilad gzas ipovis gamosas-vlelad. Tu amrigad dawvenilma boTlma garSemo kedlebze-dac leqi moikida, es imisi niSania, rom aCqarebulan da kargad gamoyenebuli Rvino ar CausxamT. ucodinarni ki swored am kedlebzed gakrul leqiT styuvdebian da uvicobis gamo iZax-ian - aba, kargad gamomdgari Rvino es ariso. sul sxvaa Tu boT-lma leqi gaikeTa marto im mxriv, romelzedac dawvenilia da marto am mxris erTis xazis gayolebaze; maSin iTqmis, rom Rvi-no kargad gamoyenebuli CausxamT boTlSi. marTalia, am gziT Rvinos gamZleoba eZleva da rac xani gadis, ufro da ufro keTdeba, xolo xans Rvinisas, mis gamZleobas, Tavisi sazRvari aqvs, da Tu Rvino am sazRvars gadascilda, ekargeba Tavisi gemo, Rirseba da fasi.

Cven Cvens mecadineobas boTlebSi gadaRebamde ara vWimavT, imitom rom saxeSi ara gvyavs, visTvis da risTvis avikviatoT amodena davidaraba da vai-vaglaxi. Cven Rvinis qvevrSi Senax-vis iqiT aRar mivdivarT, radganac Cvenis exlandelis bazris mixedviT eg meti cieb-cxelebaa. aba utkivars Tavs gangeb vin aitkiebs marto cariel saxelisaTvis, nametnavad imisTana saqmeSi, saca saxelTan erTad gamorComis imedic amoqmedebs kacsa, rogorc magaliTebr yovels saekonomio moRvaweobaSi saerTod da RvinisaSi sakuTriv.

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XV

Cven wina werilSi vsTqviT, rom Cveni Tadarigi Rvinis gamZ-leobis Taobazed qvevrSi Rvinis Senaxvis iqiT aRar midis. rad-ganac Cveni qvevri metad aTvalwunebulia CvenTa mecnierTagan, amitomac meti ar iqneba qvevris avkargianoba am mxriTac Se-Zlebisamebr gamoviZioT. jer yvelazed uwinares qvevris sikeTi-saTvis saWiroa kargi Tixisa iyos da kargad gamomwvari. ami-tomac Cveneburi kaci vidre qvevrs iyiddes, jer gamoikiTxavs, ra adgilis Tixisaa da sad aris gamomwvari. yvelam icis, sad da ra adgilis qvevria kargi. amas didis gulmodginebiT eZie-ben da amisaTvis fassac ki ara hzogaven. qvevrs Tu ar Cahkir-ven, ise ar Casdgmen miwaSi, visac ki weli misdevs. exla ki zogan SeuZleblobis gamo am xarjs aRar ewevian da es SeuZlebelnic survils imodenad ar sWimven, rom Rvinis sikeTiT Tavi viCi-noTo. kargs qvevrs, kargad Cakiruls da miwaSi Cadgmuls, rac unda kargi iyos, erTi didi wuni mainc aqvs da aqvs. es didi wuni Cvenis qvevrisa is aris, rom arc gamosaSvebi mili mouxerdeba, arc isea miwaSi Cadgmuli, rom sifoniT Rvinis gadaReba Sei-Zlebodes erTi qvevridam meoreSi, radganac sifoniT gadaReb-isas erTi qvevri maRla unda idges da meore dabla. sadamdinac dabla mdgomi maRla mdgomsa swvdeba, swored im xazamde gad-mova sifoniT Rvino maRalidam dabla da meti erTi cvaric ar gadmohyveba. amitomac saWiroa, rom erTis qvevris Ziri meore qvevris pirTan erTs larzed movides, rom sifoniT SesaZlo iyos mTlad gadaReba Rvinisa qvevridam qvevrSi. radganac Cveni qvevrebi erTs mwkrivzea xolme Casmuli miwaSi, da radganac mi-waSia, verc mosaSvebi mili gaukeTdeba, da amave dros jer sxva Rvinis amosaRebi manqana SemoRebul ar aris, amitom Cveneburi kaci iZulebulia xeliT da CafiT gadiRos Rvino. erTic da meo-rec male amRvrevs Rvinosa, didxansac undeba kaci. garda amisa, rom amnairs gadaRebas ufro meti xarji da dro unda, amnairi gadaReba Zaliana hlaxavs Rvinos, is efirebi da nawevarebi, romelic sasiamovno da Rirebuls suns aZlevs, ecleba da eka-rgeba, nametnavad Tu CafiT amoRebuls Rvinos RarebSi asxmen da ise miuSveben qvevrSi. haeridamac Rvino mavnebels nawevarebs da mtvers Caiyolebs xolme: Rvino metad azizi ram aris da yov-el amas mis sikeTezed moqmedeba aqvs.

iqneba bevrma ar icodes da CvenSi qvevris am naklzed ara erTi da ori dafiqrebula: cdac ki iyo am naklis mosaSore-blad. CvenSi iyo erTi T. gurgeniZe, romelic hcdilobda es na-

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kli qvevrisa rogorme aecilebina, da amas aq imitom vixsenie-bT, rom mis azrs am saganzed Tavisi sabuTi aqvs da adviladac Sesasrulebelia. gansvenebuli T. gurgeniZe im azrs daadga, rom Cveneburi marani sxvarigad unda aigos. igi ambobda, mara-ni sam kibed mainc unda CaiTxaroso, anu uked vsTqvaT, marans sami didi baqani (terasa) unda gaukeTdeso imodenad erTime-orezed maRali, ramodenic qvevrs simaRle aqvs, ase rom Sua baqanis qvevris piri zemo baqanis qvevris ZirTan modiodes da qvemo baqanisa Sua baqanis qvevris ZirTan. orTa Sua simaRle qvevrisa rom viqonioT saxeSi, klavmaRla gaWimulad awvdil kacis simaRlezed meti ar gamova, anu, uked vsTqvaT, ori ga-zandris adli. maSasadame, TviTo baqnis simaRles moundeba ori adli da sams eqvsi adli. TviTeuls baqans, rasakvirve-lia, imodena didi moedani unda hqondes, rom qvevri Tavisu-flad Caidgas da CaTxril gverdidam imodena siganis miwa SehrCes, ramodenadac cvlilebas gareTis haerisas gauZlebs da ar Seiyoliebs. es CaTxrili gverdia marto aq saSiSi, vai Tu aman ver gauZlos gareTis haeris cvlilebas, Sesaferi ur-Coba ver gauwios, cvlileba haerisa qvevrsac miswvdes da er-Tis gverdidam qvevrs erTis zomis siTbo-sicivem Seatanos da sxva gverdebidam sxva zomisam. maSin qvevrs Tavisi umTavresi mniSvneloba daekargeba, saxeldobr, isa, rom ise pirdapir mi-waSi Cadgmuls Tanabari siTbo-sicive artyia garsa, zafxulSi RvinisaTvis sakmaod grili, zamTarSi sakmaod Tbili, gareTs haers Tu SeadarebT, da es Rvinis gamZleobisaTvis didi ram aris. am mxriT, gvgonia, moevlebodes ram T. gurgeniZis azrsa, da Tu moevleba, T. gurgeniZis azri metismetad sayuradReboa da mCvarSi gasaxvevi ar aris. amnairad agebuls maranSi sifoni Zalian kargad imuSavebs Rvinis gadasaRebad da dids SeRavaTs da xeirsac aCvenebs amisTana marnis patrons. miT ufro, rom sifoni metismetad iefia da advilad saxmari.

Cveneburs qvevrs erTs sxva wunsac sdeben Cveni mecnierni: mi-widam wyalsa da nests swovso da RvinoSi Seaqvso. es marTalia, Tu qvevri kargad Cakiruli ar aris da amasTan kargis Tixi-sa da kargad gamomwvari. es aris mizezi, rom roca zogierTs qvevrs cotad moakleb, isev ramdenisame xnis Semdeg aivseba xolme, Tu nametnavad maransa hrwyven. es mateba zogs qvevris sikeTed miaCnia, madliani, dalocvili qvevria da TviTon hma-tulobso, da imas ki ara hfiqroben, rom es utyuari niSania qvevris uvargisobisa: an cudis Tixisaa, an cudad gamomwvaria, an cudad Cakiruli.

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garda imisa, rac wina werilSi movixsenieT, sxva ra wuni aqvs Cveneburs qvevrsa? araferi, Tu kargad arCeulia, kargad mov-lili da napatronebi. jer erTi isa, rom TiTqmis qvad qceulia da boWkasaviT Rvinos im erTgvars nawevars ara hmatebs, rac muxis ficarsa aqvs da Rvinos zogjer metad mwklarts gemos aZlevs. es kidev araferi, radganac xSirad ar moxdeba xolme, nametnavad Tu Rvino Zalian didxans ara hrCeba boWkaSi da Tavis drozea gadaRebuli boTlebSi; Tu ara da boWkaSi Zalian didxans nadgoms Rvinos raRac kupris msgavsi gemo eZleva.

Rvino rom kargad Seinaxebodes WurWelSi, minam boTlSi gadasaRebi gaxdeba amisaTvis saWiroa arc metismets nestians adgilas idges, arc metismets mSrals adgilas. boWka rad-ganac zezea, verc nestisagan Seinaxavs Tavs, verc simSralisa-gan, roca an svelobaa, an golva. nestisagan boWkas obi ekideba, wel-sartymeli wneli ulpeba, hwydeba da xSirad ise moulod-neladac da anazdeulad, rom Rvinos daRvrisagan verc ki gadaarCenen xolme. es xSirad moxdeba xolme gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze, roca dRe da Rame erTmaneTs uswordeba. roca golvaa da mSraloba, maSin boWka Zalian iSrobs Rvinosa, ase, rom asormocdaaTs Tungzed Svid-rva boTls iklebs TveSi, maSin rodesac zomierd nestianobaSi ki marto orsa, da Tu gasWirda sams boTlsa. amis gamo, Tu mSralobaa, boWkas Tve-Si oTxjer da xuTjerac gadavseba unda, da Tu zomieri nes-tianobaa orjel maincdamainc.

Rvino iTxovs, rom misi WurWeli, raSiac sdgas, dids sicx-esac mocilebuli iyos da dids sicivesac, da maincdamainc iseTs garemoebaSi iyos, swrafad cvla gareTis haeris siTbo-sicivisa ver miswvdes.

mzis sxivis sinaTle ar unda swvdebodes WurWelsa, imitom rom mzis sxivi aTbobs da Rvinos afuWebs. yovels amas iseTi WurWeli, romelic boWkasaviT zeze unda idges, verasgziT ver aicilebs.

Rvinom rom Tavi daiWiros, saWiroa 100-zed naklebi da 120-zed meti siTbo ar erCodes. zeze mdgomels WurWels, romel-sac haeri axvevia yovelis mxriT, aucileblad xan meti siTbo eqneba da xan naklebi imisda mixedviT, ra siTbo-sicivea gareTs haerSi. maincdamainc Tanabreoba, siTbo-sicivis zomis igiveoba aucilebels saWiroebas Seadgens Rvinis kargad SenaxvisaTvis.

rasakvirvelia, Tumca boWkas amodena gansacdeli sdevs, ma-gram wamalica aqvs. radganac boWka imisTana WurWelia, rom arc erTs zemoxsenebuls gansacdels TviTon ver uZlebs da

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evropaSi esgvari WurWeli TiTqmis yvelgan xmarebulia, ami-tomac iq, rac WurWels aklia, imas TviTon marans, anu sardafs mosTxoven xolme. Cven ar gamovudgebiT imis aRweras, Tu rogors marans, an sardafs aSeneben. CvenTvis amJamad sakmaoa marto isa vsTqvaT, rom sardafs, anu marans, im windaxedulo-biT akeTeben, rom saWiro siTbo-sicivis zomac, sinaTlisa, Tu nest-mSralobisa, roca undaT, im donezed daayenon xolme, ra donesac dro da haeris cvlileba moiTxovs. am saxiT iq ma-rans, anu sardafs, akeTeben im windaxedulobiT, rom Rvinis WurWeli xsenebuls gansacdelebs moaSoron, da Cven ki TviTon WurWels Rvinisas vayenebT im mdgomareobaSi, romelzedac im gansacdelebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT.

Cveni kargi qvevri, imiT, rom TiTqmis qvadqceul Tixisaa da miwaSi hzis swored, im samsaxurs gviwevs, rasac kargi sardafi, anu marani evropiels. aba yoveli zemoxsenebuli gansacdeli CamosTvaleT da Cvenebur qvevriT Senaxvas Rvinisas zed miay-eneT, Tu yovels amaSi Cvenma qvevrma Tavi ar daiWiros, ar im-arTlos da boWkazed meti sikeTec sarTad ar daamatos, jer imiT, rom qvevriT gawyobili marani gacilebiT iefia, vidre evropiuli marani, romelic imdenad ufro Zviria, ramodena-dac bevri gansacdelia win dasanaxavi boWkis gamo. meore isa, rom Cveni qvevri ar iSrobs Rvinosa da boWka ki, rac unda kar-gad gakeTebuli da Zvirfasi marani iyos, usaTuod SeiSrobs da TveSi ukanasknelad orjel mainc gadavsebas hsaWiroebs. mesame isa, rom qvevri mTels saukunoebsa sZlebs da boWka ki ara. esec didi angariSia saekonomio saqmeSi. erTi es aris, rom qvevridam Rvinis amoReba ufro xarjiania, ufro cotad Tu bev-rad sazaraloa, rogorc zemoT vsTqviT, xolo igive qvevri, rogorc Rvinis saduRari da Sesanaxi WurWeli, Cvenis fiqriT, Tu ara sjobia boWkas, araferSi ara Camouvardeba.

rogor inaxavs Tanabrad siTbo-sicives Cveni qvevri es xom winadac vsTqviT, roca duRilzed vlaparakobdiT. isic vsTqviT, rom miwiT mWidrod garSemortymuli da sakmaod Rrmad miwaSi Camjdari qvevri zamTarSi imodena siTboSia, rac saWiroa, da zafxulSiac sakmao sigrileSia, radganac miwa zamTarSi gareTs haerzed bevrad Tbilia da zafxulSi bev-rad grili, da Znelad erTsac da meore SemTxvevaSiac siTbo 100-zed naklebi da 120-zed meti eqneba, nametnavad CvenSi. sin-estec gadametebuli ara aqvs CvenSi miwas. aq CvenSi metismeti simSrale ufro safiqrebelia, vidre sineste, da roca es aris, maransa hrwyven xolme. mzis sxivi xom veras gziT ver miekareba

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miwaSi Cadgmuls qvevrsa, da Cvena gvgonia, es sibnele, raSiac qvevri imyofeba, iqneba swyindes kidec Rvinos da erTi wunic qvevrisa SesaZloa es garemoebac iyos.

am saxiT erTi da igive saWiroeba Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis Cven-ganac imodenad cnobilia, ramodenadac evropaSi, da imod-enadve dakmayofilebulia, xolo sxvadasxva gziT ki. iq marans akeTeben imisTanas, rom Rvinis WurWeli gansacdels moari-don, Cven ki TviTon WurWels imisTanas vakeTebT da ise vinax-avT, rom umarnodac ara gansacdeli ar erCodes.

XVI

rac dRevandlamde werilebi iyo dabeWdili, imiTi vaTa-vebT bunebur Rvinis keTebazed saubars. rasakvirvelia, Cven aq yvelaferi ver CamovTvaleT, rac CvenSi bunebur Rvinis keTe-bis rTuls saqmes Seadgens. am rTulis saqmis yovelis codna TviTon xalxSi unda moiZebnos, da davarwmunebT, rom CvenSi bevrs imisTana kacs ipovian, romelnic amis Sesaxeb bevrs rasme aswavlian Cvens mecnierebs, bevrs imisTanas, rac gagonebiTac ar gaugoniaT da friad gamosayeni ki aris. es dawvrilebiT da ukeTesis codniT aRwera Cveneburad Rvinis keTebisa Cvenzed ufro mcodne kacs unda daeTmos, da Cven ki amJamad sakmaod davinaxeT gveCvenebina mkiTxvelisaTvis marto is umTavresi moqmedebani Rvinis keTebisa, movlisa da Senaxvisa, romelic aSkara magaliTi da sabuTia imisa, rom, rac bunebur RvinisaT-vis saWiroa, Cvenc imodenad viciT, ramodenac evropielTa. gansxvaveba Tu rameSia, marto imaSia, rom iqneba isini ufro saswrafos da xerxians Ronesa hxmaroben, da Cven ufro gvian-sa da uxerxuls erTsa da imave saWiroebisaTvis, xolo orsave Rones erTsa da imave sagnamde mihyavs. rkinis gziT momavali qalaqs da urmiT, orniv qalaqSi Camovlen. erTi male da gau-Wirveblad, meore gvian da gaWirvebiT, magram pirveli amis gamo ver ukiJinebs, Sen ar ici sad moxvidodio. esec ar unda daviviwyoT, rom rkinis gza xom kai gzaa, magram tfilisidam, vsTqvaT, lilomde aravin gaiyvans, imitom rom xarji meti iqneba mogebazed da aravin dagvZraxavs: "daxe, ra ucodinarni arian! maSin, rodesac evropaSi rkinis gzebi ician, aq ki amisi gagebac ara aqvT, auRiaT da tfilisidam lilomde urmiT da-diano". yvelas Tavisi mizezi aqvs, Rvinis keTebis saqmes Tavisi, da didad pativsadebica, imitom, rom Rvinis saqmis mizezni

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saekonomio mizezni arian da, maSasadame, iseTnive garduval-ni, rogorc TviTon bunebis moTxovnilebani. Cven iqneba bevrs raSime vcdebodeT, radganac Cveni codna Cveneburad Rvinis keTebisa Zalian fexmoklea im codnasTan, rac TviTon Cvenma xalxma icis. amaSi Cven aravis avuxirdebiT. xolo mTeli es Cveni gZeli saubari marto imazea miqceuli, rom zogierTs um-Tavress moqmedebas CvenSi Rvinis keTebisas, Cvenis SeZlebisame-br, mizezi avuxseniT da sabuTi vupoveT da vecadeniT dagvemt-kicebina, rom arc erTi da arc meore uvicobisagan ar aris warmomdgari. piriqiT, rac saWiroa buneburis RvinisaTvis, Cven igi yoveli gvcodnia, radganac Cveneburs TviTveuls moq-medebas iq mivyevarT, saca midian evropielni, roca buneburis Rvinis dayeneba hsurT. da Tu am svlaSi raime metnaklebobaa Cvensa da maT Soris, eg im rTul garemoebaTa bralia, romelTa krebulic xSirad codnas ukan ayenebs da gamorComisaTvis aT-mobinebs adgilsa. eseTi Zala aqvs saekonomio Zalasa.

davamtkiceT Cven yovelive es Tu ara, eg mkiTxvelis saqmea, da Cven ki mxolod amas vikmarebT, Tu Cvengan axsnili mizezni da sabuTni imdenad yuradRebis Rirsni aRmoCndebian, rom kac-ma zurgi ar Seuqcios da angariSi gauwios, roca Cveneburad Rvinis keTebis avkargianobazed hlaparakoben. Cveni drtvinva da Civili marto is aris, rom mizezTa da sabuTTa gaCxrekasa da gamorkvevazed ar aris damyarebuli CvenTa wunmdebelTa wuni. es metismeti kadnierebaa mTelis eris winaSe, nametna-vad, roca erisagan SeTvisebuls da warmoebuls saqmes mTe-lis aTasis wlis istoria aqvs da, maSasadame, mTelis sauku-noebis gamocdileba win udevs. Cven ar vityviT, rom amisTana SemTxvevaSi xangrZlioba yovelTvis simarTles moaswavebdes, magram imodenad pativsadebi kia cnobieris kacisagan, rom ga-nurCevlad, gamouZieblad uaryofas iucxovebs da ukadriso-bad CasTvlis.

XVII

rac Seexeba adamianis ostatobiTa da xeliT bunebur Rvinis gardaqmnasa, anu yalbis Rvinis Seqmnas, romelsa Cveni mecnier-ni mainc keTebas eZaxian, amaSi ki, unda gamovstydeT, evropiel-ni uangariSo manZilzed Cvenzed win arian. rac dRevandlamde mecnierebas am sagnis gamo aRmouCenia, sul yoveli xelTa aqvT evropielT ostatebsa. Tumca am TiTqmis yovlad SemZlebelma

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mecnierebam didi ZalRone mihmadla yalbis Rvinis ostatebs, magram amav piruTvnelma mecnierebam gamoaqveyna sayovel-Tavod yovelive eSmakoba, rac ki buneburs Rvinos, am margeb-els da sasiamovnos sasmels adamianisas, hryvnis, afuWebs da xSirad sneulebis mizezad da zogjer sawamlavadaca hxdis.

vidre amis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, saWiroa yvelazed uwinares erTs azrs, araerTxel gamoTqmuls CvenSi, pasuxi gavceT. miT ufro angariSSi mosatania es azri, rom igi SigniT tyuilia da Tvalad ki marTalsa hgavs. am azrs Zalian eWide-bian ostaturis Rvinis keTebis momxreni. igini amboben: mar-to umecari Tu ityvis, rom qveyanazed buneburi Rvinoao, gana buneba Rvinosa hqmniso? aq rac aris, kacia da imisi ostatoba da xelio! kaci rom ar iyos, gana buneba Rvinos Sehqmniso? aba magaliTi gviCvenono, sad akeTebs buneba Rvinosao?

am xuTmet weliwadis win venaSi Rvinis keTebis Taobazed gamovida germanuls enazed erTi patara wigni b-n berSisa. igi swored amasve ambobs, TiTqo Cvenebur mecnierTaTTvis yuri moukravs, amaTgan usesxnia igi zemodmoyvanili azri, da TuTiyuSsaviT imeorebso, ise saocrada hgavs imis naTqvami Cvenis mecnierebis naTqvamsa. b-ni berSi ambobs:

"yvelazed Zlieri da Tvalad gamWre xmali, romelic xelSi uWiravT Rvinis ostaturad keTebis mopirdapireTa, erTi yve-lasagan cnobili frazaa: " yovelive, rasac ki bunebur RvinoSi Caumateb, siyalbea, da sasmeli am saxiT Serevnili, Rvino ki aRar aris, nakeTi sasmelia, janmrTelobisaTvis mavnebelio", xolo eseTi azri uRonoa im sabuTis winaSe, rom egredwodeb-uli "buneburi Rvino" sulac ar arsebobs; rom rogorc gamom-cxvari puri, isec Rvino bunebis namoqmedari ar aris".

cota amas qvemod ase ganagrZobs:"yurZeni, Tavis anabarobazed migdebuli, Tavis dReSi ar

gardaqmnila Rvinod, swored ise, rogorc xorbali TavisTa-vad ar qceula Tavis dReSi fqvilad da purad".

yovelive es metismeti marTalia, magram tyuilia marto aqe-dam gamonaskuli azri. aqao da xorbali TavisTavad fqvilad ara qceula, gana aqedam is gamodis, rom fqvilSi kiris gareva Zalian kargia, an RvinoSi anwlisa? ra aris fqvili? igiv buneb-is namoqmedari xorbalia, fxvnilad qceuli adamianisagan. ra ari Rvino? igiv bunebis namoqmedari wvenia yurZnisa, sxva saxed qceuli misisave Tandayolilis bunebis ZalTagan, romelsac kacma marto Tavis nebisa da survilisamebr mimarTuleba mis-ca da romelTac marto xeli Seuwyo. roca kaci ityvis: es fqvi-

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li buneburia, amiT imisi Tqma unda, rom aq fqvilis xorblis meti ara aris ra. roca kaci ambobs: es Rvino buneburia, es imas niSnavs, rom aq yurZnis wvenis meti sxva ara aris ra. ese rom ar iyos da b-n berSis azrs avyveT, maSin gafcqvnili da daWrili vaSlic bunebis namoqmedari ar iqneba, radganac vaSli, Tavis anabarobazed datovebuli, Tavis dReSi ar gaifcqvneba da ar daiWreba im saxiT mainc, rogorc amas kaci izams xolme.

Tumca b-ni berSi aseTi Tavgamodebuli momxrea Rvinis os-taturad keTebisa, magram isic ki Tavs iWers da marto sams niv-Tierebas hxadis Sesawynareblad da marto am sams nivTiere-bazed ambobs, rom mxolod eseni SeiZleba Caematos Rvinis gabevrebisa da sikeTisaTviso, saxeldobr: wyali, Saqari da Seurevneli, gadawmendili WaWisa Tu Rvinis arayio (spirti). amis Camatebas igi imiT amarTlebs, rom es nivTierebani TviT bunebiTa aqvs miniWebuli yurZnis wvensa, Tu Rvinosa, da ami-tomac maTi Camateba bunebis garyvna ar ariso.

"gana sul erTi ar ariso, - ambobs igi - yurZnis wvenis Saqari TviTon yurZenma gaikeTa, Tu Saqris lerwamma da Warxalma, radganac wvenis duRilSi erTic da meorec erTsa da imave sa-gans iZlevao. am saxiTve gana sul erTi ar aris, alkogoli Rvinisa im Saqridam warmosdga, romelic yurZensa aqvs, Tu kartofilis Saqridamao. mTelis qveynis qimikosebi ver gam-oicnoben, alkogoli yurZnis Saqrisagan aris warmomdgari, Tu gangeb Camatebulis Saqrisagana. amas ver gamoicnoben, imi-tom rom araviTari gansxvaveba ar ariso".

jer TviTon am sityvebidam sCans, rom b-ni berSi ki hTaki-lobs, Znelad hbedavs, Cvenebur Rvinis Serevnasa, da radganac guli mainc Rvinis Serevnisaken miuwevs da igiv guli amave dros rogorRac eTanaRreba, Tavs imiT marTlulobs, rom wyali, Saqari, alkogoli, TviTon bunebiT dayolili Tvise-baa yurZnis wvenisa Tu Rvinisa da amiTi Camateba bunebis wi-naaRmdegi ar unda iyoso; roca, magaliTebr, amindma xeli ar Seuwyo, yurZeni ar moawia da wveni mJavea, maSin sCanso, ambobs igi, rom bunebam ver moaswro Sesaferis sitkbos micema, da rac bunebam daaklo, is Cven rom CavumatoT eg bunebis garyvna ki ar iqneba, naklis Sevseba iqnebao. wyals, rasakvirvelia, mar-to Rvinis gabevrebisaTvis hxmaroben, Saqarsac amisaTvisac da alkogolis SeqmnisaTvis, da gadawmendils arays simagrisaT-vis da ufro xSirad gamZleobisaTvis.

ai is Tavgamodebulni momxrenic im ostatobisa, romelnic marto amaebs ureven yurZnis wvenSi, razedac afuZneben Tavi-

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anTs azrsa da riT marTluloben Tavsa. Semdeg werilebSi jer am TviTveuls Sesarevs calcalke gavarCevT da mere imas, rasac sxva ostatebi hxmaroben metis yalbobisaTvis.

XVIII

movawyineT Tavi Cvens mkiTxvelebs ase grZlad laparakiT Rvinis Taobazed. magram raki amisTana sayuradRebo saqmeSi SevtopeT, unda boloc gavatanoT da rac saTqmeli gvaqvs, yovelive vsTqvaT.

RvinoSi aris erTnairi nawevari, romelsac gcilerini hqvi-an. es glicerini ise cotaa RvinoSi, rom erTs boTlze erTi misxali Zlivs modis xolme. radganac am glicerins, sxvaTa Soris, is Tvisebaca aqvs, rom Rvinos gamZleobas aZlevs, ami-tomac xSirad umateben xolme. glicerini im zomiT, ra zomi-Tac buneburs RvinoSia, srulebiT mawyinari ar aris, magram boTls RvinoSi rom erTis misxalis magier xuTi iyos, maSin adamians swyins da Sards aklebs, da Tu aTsa da TerTmets misxals gadascilda, maSin iqamde vnebs adamians, rom sisx-lis Sardzedac gaiyvans. magram radganac glicerini Turme gamZleobas hmatebs Rvinosa, amitomac erTma kacTmoyvare meafTeqem, SeamCnia ra es Tviseba glicerinisa, daiwyo glic-eriniT Rvinis Sezaveba da keTeba. am vaJbatons Seeli erqva da amitomac mis sistemas Seelizacia daerqva, raTa kacobriobas ar daviwyeboda Zvirfasi saxeli misi, vinc Rvinis gamZleobis siyvaruliTa adamianis mowamlvasac ar moerida. amboben, Tu glicerinTan erTad alkogolic Camatebulia, maSin glic-erini ise ara swyenso da amitomac marto glicerinis micema RvinoSi sastikad asakrZalveliao ("enciklopedia sasmel-saW-melisa", tomi I).

garda amisa, aris kidev erTgvari mJave, romelsac sali-cinis mJaves eZaxian. am mJaves xmaroben Rvinis gamosakeTeblad da gasamZleod. yofilma ministrma safrangeTisam tirardma akrZala amisi xmareba, radganac metad mawyinarad icna ada-mianis agebulebisaTvis, da es bZaneba gamovida Tu ara bor-doSi, imodena Rvino aRmoCnda salicilis mJaviT nakeTebi, rom ministri iZulebuli gaxda paemani daedva im Rvinoe-bis gasasaReblad, Tumca mawyinarad cnobilni iyvnen. aseTi Zlieri iyo drtvinva da RaRadi Rvinis vaWrebisa, rom maTma jibis interesma sZlia danarCenis eris janmrTelobis inter-

43

essa. am Seundobelma sisustem ministrisam Rone moaklo misve kanons da salicilis mJaviT Rvinis mkeTebels sastikad devna veRar dauwyes. zogierTi sasamarTloebi amarTlebdnen kidec amaSi damnaSavesa. xolo sahigieno komitetma safrangeTSi scna salicilis mJavis xmareba uebar sawamlavad adamianis agebulebisaTvis da pariJis prefeqtma 23 Tebervals 1881 w. gamosca mTelis pariJisaTvis savaldebulo bZaneba, rom sali-cilis mJave ar iqmnas xmarebuli arc sasmelSi raSime, arc xo-rageulobaSi.

raki alkogolis CamatebiT Rvinos simagres hmateben da am simagres hmateben imisaTv is, rom Rvinom wyalis dasxma aita-nos, da am gziT erTi orad iqces, Tqma ar unda, rom Rvino fers dahkargavs. am borotebas da siyalbes zed mosdevs sxva siyalbe da boroteba, romelic imazea miqceuli, rom dakarguli feri daubrunon Rvinosa da siyalbe Tvalad SesamCnevi ar iyos. amis gamo Rvinos gangeb feraven. Rvinis dasaferavad bevrgvari wam-lebia evropaSi cnobili. yvelazed gavrcelebuli egreT wode-buli fuqsiniaa. fuqsiniazed laparaki Cven wina werilebSiaca gvqonda da aq meti iqneba ganmeoreba misi, Tu ramodenad mavne-belia eg fuqsinia da ramodenad Sesawynarebeli TviT sistema, romelic gaTqmulia fuqsinizaciis saxeliTa.

Cven aRar gamovudgebiT sxva mravalgvars mowamvlas Rvini-sas. TiTqmis uTvalavia sxvadasxva xerxi, sxvadasxva wamali, romlis wyalobiTac evropaSi Rvinoebs swamlaven muStaris mosatyueblad da mosawamlavad da gamorComas anacvaleben eris janmrTelobas. Cven aq moviyvanT pariJis samunicipalo laboratoriis gamokvlevas am saganzed da iqidam davinaxavT, ramodenad gavrcelebulia safrangeTSi, am Rvinis boRazSi, arabuneburi Rvinis keTeba. am laboratoriaSi gasinjuli iyo 133 WaSniki sxvadasxva Rvinosi da aRmoCnda, rom 130 WaSniki avis Tvisebisa iyo da marto 3 kargisa. Jurnal "voltaire"-Si 1883 wlis 15 noembers gamocxadebulia amave laboratoriis analizebi da ai, ra aRmoCenila: gausinjavT 650 WaSniki sxva-dasxva Rvinoebisa, romelnic wardgenili yofila labora-toriaSi da marto 60 aRmoCenila uwyinari. am analizebidam aRmoCnda, rom 871 sxvadasxva xerxi uxmariaT yalbobisaTvis da 281 SemTxvevaSi orjer gadauyalbebiaT erTi da igive. es Rvinoebi oqtomberSi usinjavT, dekemberSiac amave laborato-riaSi warmoudgeniaT 821 WaSniki sxvadasxva Rvinosi da amaTSi gauyalbebeli Rvino aRmoCenila marto 143 da yalbobis sxva-dasxva xerxi 968 dauTvliaT! aba ra qmnas muStarma, roca ass

44

sxvadasxva RvinoSi marto aTi urevia marTali Rvino? zogi iqneba isec mokvdes, rom Tavis sicocxleSi am aTs SemTxvevaSi erTi SemTxvevac ar ergos marTalis Rvinis syidvisa da iZule-bulia Zalauneburad svas yalbi da mawyinari Rvino da iwam-los nel-nela Tavi.

Cven amiT vaTavebT Rvinis keTebis Taobazed laparaks da marto isRa dagvrCa, rom ganvuziaroT mkiTxvels Cveni azri, ris gamoc saWirod davinaxeT ase gZlad laparaki Rvinozed.

XIX

wyalsa da Saqars hxmaroben evropaSi sxvagvaradac Rvinis gabevrebisaTvis. es rigi gabevrebisa moigona ludvig gallma da amitomac am rigs, anu sistemas eZaxian gallizacias. pet-ios sistema marto imazea miqceuli, rom erTisa da imave zomis yurZnisagan rac SeiZleba blomad wveni gamoxados Rvinis ms-gavs sasmelis dasayeneblad da amisaTvis Saqris wyals WaWazed asxams. gallis sistemas ki sxva saganica aqvs saxeSi: amiT gabev-rebasTan TviTon Rvinis gankargebaca hsurs da imav wamalsa hxmarobs. xolo gansxvaveba es aris, rom galli Saqarwyals uSvreba TviTon yurZnis wvensa da ara WaWasa. igi arafrad agdebs arc suns Rvinisas, arc sxvas mis Tvisebasa, da marto im-azeda hdgas, rom yurZnis wvens marto erTi ram unda moeTx-ovebodeso, ese igi is, rom bevri simJave ara hqondes da sakmao Saqari ki usaTuodao. roca an erTi metia, an meore naklebi, maSin cudi Rvino dadgebao da amitomac saWiroa Saqarwyali Caematos yurZnis wvensa; am gziT Rvino bevrdeba kideca da uke-Tesic dgebao.

gallis sistema ai ragvaria: vsTqvaT, rom kargis Rvinis dasayeneblad saWiroa yurZnis wvens asSi oci wili Saqari hqondes da 1/2 wili Tavisufali simJave. vsTqvaT, rom cudi weliwadi Sexvda, yurZeni ver moiwia sakmaod da yurZnis wvenSi aRmoCnda, rom ass wilSi marto aTi wili Saqaria da mTeli erTi wili simJave. aviRoT magaliTad erTi Tungi amisTana yurZnis wveni. ra unda hqnas Rvinis damyenebelma? galli am-bobs, rom erTi Tungive Saqarwyali gaakeTeT, ise ki, rom 70 wili wyali iyos da 30 Saqari; im erTs Tungs yurZnis wvens daasxiT da erTmaneTSi gadurieT; maSin erTis Tungis magier, romelsac marto 10 wili Saqari hqonda da erTi wili simJave,

45

exla ori Tungi wveni geqnebaT da am wvens 40 wili Saqari eqm-neba da erTi wili simJave. amgvarad TiTo TungSi ass wilzed mouva 20 wili Saqari da 1/2 wili simJave, ese igi imdeni, rac magaliTisaTvis saWirod vigulisxmeT. am saxiT Rvinoc er-Tiorad meti dagidgebaT da arc iseTi mJave iqneba, rogorc uamisod.

Cvena gvgonia, rom am gziT kvrinCxis wvenic SesaZloa Rvinod gardiqces, Tuki axirdebian da Rvinos daarqmeven. aki eseca hS-vrebian evropaSi: yovelgvar xilisagan, romelsac ki Saqari cotad mainca aqvs, Rvinos akeTeben; magaliTebr, apelsinisa, kriJovnikisa da smarodinis wvenisagan aseTs Rvinoebs ayeneben, rom Cveneburi mecnierni usaTuod aRtacebaSi movlen, Tu jer ar modian. b-ni berSi da misis moZRvrebis mimdevarni dagvki-Jineben da ityvian: radganac yurZnis wvenisagan TavisTavad Rvino ara keTdeba bunebaSi kacis Seuwevnelad, yurZnis wveni rom ar iyos da kriJovnikisa iyos, ra uSavso!

davaneboT am sasacilo sabuTs Tavi da isev gallis sistemiT Rvinis gabevrebasa da gankargebazed vilaparakoT. jer TviTon am sistemis saxelovani momgoni b-ni galli TiTqmis araviTars mniSvnelobas ar aZlevs im jer mecnierebis mier gamoucnobels eqstraqtuls nawevrebs, uromlisodac, TviTon b-n berSis si-tyviTac ki, ara Rvino ar gakeTdeba, ar Seiqmneba. b-ns galls RvinoSi TiTqos sxva ara daunaxavs ra, garda wylisa, Saqrisa da simJavisa. igi ambobs, rom kargis Rvinis dasayeneblad saWiroa yurZnis wvens as wilSi 24 wili Saqari hqondes 1/2 wili simJave da 75 1/2 wyalio. sxva nawevrebi? magaliTebr, nawevari cilasi, Rvinis marili, Rvinisa da vaSlis simJave, sunis mimcemi efirebi da is eqstraqtuli nawevarebi, uromlisodac Rvino Rvino ar aris da raRac yalbi xelTnaqmari sasmelia? vsTqvaT, galli am nawevrebsac gulisxmobs, da am SerevniT ra emarTeba im nawevrebs, romelnic Zvirfass Rirsebas aZleven Rvinosa, amas b-ni galli ar dagidevT. mis sistemiT erTi orad qceul RvinoSi, saca marto Saqarwyalia Camatebuli, xom es nawevrebi erTi orad naklebi iqneba, imitom, rom rac erTs Tungs yurZnis wvensa hqonda, exla ors Tungze gaiyofa, da, maSasadame, erTi orad naklebi sabuTi gveqneba, mis Rvinos Rvino davarqvaT.

aki vambobT, amas b-ni galli ar dagidevT da masTan erTad ar dagideven isinic, romelnic marTalis Rvinis magier naxe-var Saqarwyals da naxevar yurZnis wvens asaReben; amas amboben, rom es muStris motyueba ar aris, es siyalbe ar ariso.

maS, aba erTi muStars, vinc unda iyos, es uTxariT: wels

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metad mJave yurZeni iyo, Rvino cudi dadgeboda. Cven aviReT da rac yurZnis wveni iyo, imdeni Saqarwyali gavurieT, ase gavat-kbileT da ai, mSvenieri Rvinoa, iyideT; Tu asSi erTi mogekar-ebaT, didi saqme iqneba.

am b-nis gallis momxreni Tumca amboben, rom gallizaciiT gakeTebuli Rvino gemrielia da kargio, magram mainc iZule-bul arian sTqvan, rom yvela Saqari uwyinar Rvinos akeTebso. usaTuod yurZnis Saqari unda, Torem sxva, magaliTebr karto-filisa, duRilSi metad mawyinars alkogols iZleva da didad hvnebs adamianis agebulebasao; TviTon Saqris lerwmis Saqris Taobazedac ki gadaWriT ver iTqmis, rom uvnebelia, roca Rvi-noSia Careulio.

XX

xelTnaqmaris, anu ostatobiT namoqmedaris RvinisaTvis ramdensame Rones xmaroben evropielni. erTi im RoneTagan im-azea miqceuli, rom cota Rvino gaaebevron, ese igi erTsa da imave yurZnisagan rac SeiZleba bevri wveni daayenon da Rvi-nod aqcion. sxva Roneebs ki saxeSi marto isaa aqvT, rom Rvinis nakli gangeb Seavson da miT ganakargon.

Rvinis gabevrebisaTvis dRes aqamomde evropaSi cnobilia erTaderTi Rone, erTaderTi sistema romelsac petiotiza-cias eZaxian. es sistema, anu Rone, moigona da pirvelad ix-mara burgundiaSi 1854 wels erTma frangma, saxelad petiom (Petiot). es sakvirveli aRmonaCeni, romlis gamo b-nma petiom saqveynod saxeli gaiTqva, miT ufro sakvirvelia, rom aTa-dam-babadamve Turme aRmoCenili yofila da aris. mere sada da visgan? Turme Tu ityviT, saqarTveloSi da qarTvelTagan, magram radganac amas "RoniaSvilizacia", anu "qandaraSvili-zacia" ara hqvian, amitomac yuri aravis uTxovebia. petiom ki aRmoCenilis aRmoCeniTa qveyanaSi saxeli moipova. Cven amiTi imisi Tqma ar gvinda, rom petiom Cveni ram miiTvisa da Tavisis saxeliT gamoamJRavna. Cvena gvwams, rom igi TavisTavad mixvda, man TavisTavad miagno imas, rac CvenSi didi xania mignebuli iyo da aris dResac, da iqneba Cveni mignebuli ramdenisame sau-kunis xnisac iyos da evropam ki marto 1854 wels miagno.

razed aris dafuZnebuli petios aRmonaCeni? imazed rom WaWaSi imodena Rvinis nawevrebi rCeba kidev, rom SesaZloa RvinisaTvis wveni kidev gamoiwuros wurviT ki ara, wylis dasx-

47

miTa da Tu wyals SaqriTac SeazavebT da carielis wylis magi-er Saqarwyals daasxamT, ufro kargi iqneba. rasakvirvelia, yvela es zomiTi da sawyaoTi unda. wylis dasxma WaWazed Cvenc Zalian kargad viciT. zomac viciT ramdenic unda. isic viciT, rom wyaldasxmuli WaWa duRilsac daiwyebs, Tumca Zalian sus-tad. balRs ver ipovi CvenSi, rom am gziT Rvinis gabevreba ar icodes da amisTana Rvinis saxeli ar giTxras. amas CvenSi "Sa-mans" eZaxian da mdabio xalxi, muSa svams.

petio marto cariels wyalsa ara sjerdeba. igi Saqarsac umatebs da imdenad atkbilebs wyalsa, ramodenadac tkbil-ia marTali wveni yurZnisa. am gziT erTsa da imave WaWisagan samjer-oTxjer gamoxdis xolme im wvens, romelsac safrangeTSi "pikets" eZaxian da CvenSi ki "Samansa". petiom xelaxlad aRmo-Cena, rom ar dagvaswros ukve CvenSi aRmoCenilisa, aq saWiroa vsTqvaT, rom igi marto Savis yurZnis WaWisagan hxdis Tavis "pikets". sjobia Cven davaswroT da gamovacxadoT, rom CvenSi TeTris yurZnis WaWisaganac Samans akeTeben da amas iqiT Tu aR-moCena unda Cvens mecnierebs, esec aRmoaCinon.

axla vikiTxoT: ra gansxvavebaa Cvensa da petios Soris? isa, rom petio wyals Saqarsac uSvreba da Cven ki ara. saTave, safuZveli ki orsave moqmedebas erTi da igive aqvs. organve erTi da igive dedaazria, saxeldobr igi, rom WaWisagan wylis dasxmiT kidev SesaZloa Rvinis msgavsi ram sasmeli dadges. ra-tom ara vxmarobT amisaTvis Cven Saqarsa, rogorc petio, da marto wyalsa vjerdebiT? nuTu imisaTvis viTom, Cveneburma kacma ar icodes gatkbilebuli wyali ufro kargad aaduRebs da kargs Samans daayenebs? amis ucodinarobaSi balRsac ver daiWerT CvenSi. Zalian kargad viciT, mag dRemde mainca, vin giJi iqneboda Samanzed exmara is, rac xilad da wamladac ki sanatreli hqonda. es erTi, meore: visTvis unda gaewia es didi xarji Saqrisa? gana CvenSi dResac ki an erTi vaWari Rvinisa fexs Seadgams im maranSi, saca SaqarwyliT Rvinos akeTeben? an visac gindaT uCveneT petios Samani, auxseniT ra gziT aris na-keTebi, da Tumca yvelani amtkiceben, rom SaqarwyliT nakeTebi Samani mSvenieris gemosi, sunisa da magaric ariso, magram ara gvgonia, sasyidlad axlo gauaros vinmem.

gamoCenili qimikosi safrangeTisa Jirari, romelic parizis qalaqis laboratoriis ufrosia, ambobs, rom Tumca petios sas-mels simagreca aqvs, sunic da gamZlec ariso, da Tumca Rvinosa-ca hgavso, magram Rvino ki ar ariso. safrangeTSi akrZalulia, rom eg petios Samani vaWrebma Rvinos saxeliT hyidon, Torem

48

yalbobad da muStaris motyuebad CamoerTmevaT.mecnierni petenkoferi, forsteri da hilgeri amtkiceben,

rom petios SamanSi bevri Saqari hrCeba gauxsneli, alkogo-lad argadaqceuli. Saqari imisTana Tvisebisaa Turme, rom mTlad Seewoveba adamianis agebulebas sxvadasxva, duRiliT aragadaqmnil nawevrebTan erTad, grovdeba maTTan erTadve da agebulebidam arc Sardsa da arc gamonavals ar gamosdevs. raki zomas gadadis, gamosvlas hlamis, gzas eZebs, da saxsrebs xelisas, muxlisas, fexisas miadgeba, da radganac aq gza ara aqvs, simsivnesa da tkivils aCens. amitomac hfiqroben, rom egreTwodebuli rusulad "podagra" am mizeziT mosdis kacsa amgvarad nakeTeb Rvinoebisaganao. WkuasTan axloa es ambavi "podagra" SeuniSnavT evropiul Rvinis msmelTaTvis, ara mar-to imaTTvis, vinc uzomada hsmen, aramed imaTTvisac, visac zomierad yoveldRe, magram xangrZlivad ki, evropiuli gangeb SaqriT nakeTebi Rvinoebi usvams.

ra Tqma unda, rom Cven es "podagris" ambavi ise garkveviT da zedmiwevniT ver avxseniT, rogorc amas mkurnali iqmoda. xolo es ki ueWvelad cnobilia, rom gangeb micemuli Saqari zogi wili isev Saqrada hrCeba RvinoSi, gauxsneli, garduqm-neli, da amasTan sxva gauxsnel da garduqmnel nawevrebTan erTad abraleben egreTwodebul "podagrasa". CvenSi ki, saca TiTqmis yvelani Rvinosa hsmen da xSirad bevrsaca, es gvari sneuleba SemCneuli ar aris.

am saxiT, petiotizaciiT Rvinis gabevreba CvenSiac scod-niaT, magram Cven ufro uwyinari sasmeli gvikeTebia mag gziT, vidre gamoCenils petiosa, imitom rom Cvens Samans gangeb garedam micemuli Saqari ar urevia. Tu swored gvkiTxavT ki, Cveneburi Samanic da petios "piketic" oriv RmerTma Seinaxos, orive yalbobad migvaCnia Tumca Cven is simarTle migviZRvis, rom Samani Rvinis saxeliT gared ar gamogvaqvs gasasyidad da aravis vatyuebT.

XXI

Rvinis simagrisa da gamZleobisaTvis evropaSi umate-ben alkogolsa, ese igi gadawmendils araysa. amas eZaxian alkogolizacias. am alkogols ufro maSin Caureven xolme maWarSi, roca pirveli didi duRili gaTavdeba. gamoCenili da Rvinis analizebSi avtoritetad cnobili qimikosi bussengo am-

49

bobs, rom Tu Rvinos 18% alkogoli aqvs, anu meti, igi bunebur Rvinod aRar CaiTvlebao, imitom rom amodena alkogoliani wveni yurZnisa duRilis unars hkargavs da wvenSi namyofi Saqari alkogolad aRar gadadiso. igi pirdapir ambobs, rom am simagris Rvino buneburi ar ariso.

amisda miuxedavad, mainc evropaSi Rvinos gadawmendils arays asxamen. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, yovlad wminda araysa hxmaroben, imisTanas, romelSiac alkogolisa da wylis meti sxva ara aris ra; bazarSi rom gadawmendili arayi (spirti) iyideba, amisaTvis bevrad gamosadegi ar aris, radganac im-odenad gadawmendili ar aris, ramodenadac nazi buneba Rvi-nosi iTxovs. yvelazed ukeTesi, WaWisa anu TviTon Rvinisagan gamoxdili da gangeb gadawmendili arayia. Zalian iSviaTi saSovaria amisTana arayi bazarSi, Tu gangeb amisaTvis gadaw-mendili ar aris. magram rac unda Zalian kargi arayi iSovoT amisaTvis, mainc gangeb Camatebuli arayi Rvinos ufro axdens, vidre akeTebs.

amis dasamtkiceblad ai ra mogvyavs. mecnierTagan gamokv-leulia, Tu arayi (spirti) Warbad mieciT Rvinos, magaliTebr 5%-6%, Rvino maSinve aireva, aimRvreva, rac unda wminda ankara Rvino iyos, Rvino, romelic minamde ankarasaviT wminda iyo, ZirSi leqs gaikeTebs da amasTanave fersac icvlis. qimiurad rom kargad gamoiZioT es leqi, hnaxavT rom is eqstraqtuli nawevarebi, uromlisodac Rvino Rvino ar aris, Rvinodam gamosula, gamoridebula da leqSi gamozidula.

cota arayi (spirti) rom CaumatoT Rvinos, magaliTebr 2%-3%, maSinac egeve ambavi moxdeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom pirvel xanSive ara. pirvel xanSi Rvinos am SemTxvevaSi ara daetyoba ra, arc aimRvreva, arc feri ecvleba. magram ramdenisame Tvis Semdeg, anu erTis wlis mermed, Tu qimiuri analizi moaxdineT, imav ambavs hnaxavT, rac winad Tqmuls SemTxvevaSi. gamoCenilma da saxelovanma qimikosma Sarl Jirarma bevrgvarad scada zemoqmedeba arayisa Rvinozed. amisaTvis aiRo burgundiis Rvino da 20 ivliss 1883 wels ana-lizi gaukeTa. analiziT aRmoCnda, rom am Rvinos aqvs 19,24% is eqstraqtuli nawevari, uromlisodac, vimeorebT, Rvino Rvi-nod ar iTvleba TviT bunebur Rvinis uarmyofelTaganac. es Rvino aiRo da Caasxa xuTs boTlSi. pirvels boTls marto 1% wminda arayi (spirti) Caumata, meores-2%, mesames-3%, meoTx-es-4% da mexuTes-5%. sams Tves Semdeg qimiuri analizi gaukeTa sams boTls romelTSiac 1%, 3% da 5% arayi iyo Camatebuli.

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RvinoSi, romelsac arayis Camatebamde 19,24% eqstraqtuli nawevari hqonda, es nawevari am zomisaRa aRmoCnda:

1% boTlSi - 16,40% eqst. nawevari; 3% boTlSi - 15,84% 5% boTlSi - 15,80%

am saxiT gamovida, rom pirvelma TiTqmis sami wili eqstraqtuli nawevari daiklo 19,24 wilidam, meorem da mesa-mem, cota metnaklebobiT, oTx wilamde.

danarCens ors boTls analizi gaukeTa erTis wlis Semdeg, da romels boTlsac 2% arayi hqonda Camatebuli, iq marto 15,30% eqstraqtuli nawevariRa aRmoCnda, da romels boTl-sac 4% arayi hqonda - 14,30%. Jirarma ifiqra, iqneba TviTon Rvinoc uarayodac TavisTavad ase icvleba da aq arayi arafers SuaSiao. amisaTvis 20-s ivliss 1884 wels wminda, Seurevel Rvi-nos analizi gaukeTa da isev im zomis eqstraqtuli nawevari aRmoCnda, ese igi ass nawilSi 19,24. es ar ikmara frTxilma mecnierma. ocis Tvis Semdeg kidev gaukeTa analizi Senaxuls boTls, romelsac 2% arayi hqonda Camatebuli da aRmoCnda, rom eqstraqtulis nawevaris zoma buneburis Rvinisa Camoxda 19,24-dam 12,76-mde. maSin ki sarwmuno sabuTi mieca am ambebidam jerovani daskvna gamoeyvana, da misda mixedviT Cven sarwmuno sabuTi gvaqvs vsTqvaT, rom rac unda wminda arayi CaumatoT Rvinos, Tund ass wilSi erTi, an ori wili, Rvino amiT ki ara keTdeba, aramed, rac dro gadis, ufro fuWdeba da fuWdeba.

safrangeTis mecnieri diuma ambobs, rom Warbad micemuli arayi pirvelSive afuWebs Rvinosa; zomierad da naklebad mice-muli ki nel-nela, TandaTan, droTa mimavlobaSio; rac unda cota arayi miematos, Rvinos Tavis dReSi ara hrgebso da adre iqneba Tu gvian, Zlier mavnebels cvlilebas moaxdenso.

arman gotiec amave azrisaa. igi ambobs, rodesac Rvinos um-ateben gangeb araysa, wyalsa anu sxvas rasme, Rvino xelmeored aduRdeba xolme da am udroo duRilis gamo RvinoSi imisTana sxvadasxvagvari wveni Cndeba, romelic didad mawyinaria ada-mianis janmrTelobisaTvisao.

parizis saeqimo akademiaSi daarsebulia senatis komisia saxelovan mecnierTagan da am komisias davalebuli aqvs gam-oikvlios, rarigad moqmedobs adamianis kargamyofobazed sx-vadasxvagvarad Sezavebuli Rvino. am komisiam didi xnis cdisa da gamoZiebis Semdeg sTqva, rom evropiis Rvinoebi, romelSiac

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ki ureven gadawmendils araysa (spirtsa), imodenadve mawyi-naria, im sneulebasve uCens kacsa, rasac cudi, dabali, gauwmen-davi arayi, imitom rom gadawmendili arayi afuWebs RvinoSi imas, rac Zlier sasargeblo aris kacis agebulebisaTvisao. mTelis safrangeTis, italiis, vengriis da ispaniis Rvinoebi sul gafuWebulia Rvinis mkeTebelTagan da amitom mawyinar-iao. es aris mizezi, rom is kacic, romelic cuds, gauwmendavs araysa svams, da isic, romelic am evropiis Rvinoebsa hxmarobs sasmelad, erTisa da imave seniT sneuldebiano.

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Cven gavsinjeT sami evropiuli sistema Rvinis keTebisa anu uked vsTqvaT, Rvinis Sezavebisa gangeb Camatebulis wyliT, SaqriT da alkogoliTa. es sami sistema miT aris SesaniS-navi, rom amis momxreni uarhyofen am SezavebiT Rvinis bune-bis gardaqmnasa im sabuTiT, rom wyali, Saqari da alkogoli buneburi kuTvnilebaa Rvinisa, da maSasadame, amaebis Camateba RvinisaTvis ucxo ramis Camateba ar ariso. Cvena vnaxeT, yove-live es ramodenad hvnebs TviTon Rvinosa da am cotad Tu bev-rad margebels sasmels es "buneburni kuTvnilebani Rvinisa" ramodenad scvlian savneblad adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis. am wyalsa, Saqarsa da alkogolis garda kidev ramdeni sxva sagani da nivTierebaa, romelTac evropielni hxmaroben Rvi-noSi sxvadasxva azriT. Tu isinic ki, romelnic "bunebur kuT-vnilebad" arian cnobilni, axdenen Rvinosa, raRa unda iTqvas im saganzed, romelnic am buneburobasac moklebulni arian?

Cvena vsTqviT, rom gallizacia Saqarwyals umatebs RvinoSi, Tu yurZnis wvens cota sitkbo aqvs da bevri simJave. am Saqar-wyliT Rvinos sitkbo emateba da simJave Tumca imodenadve hrCeba yurZnis wvenSi, magram sitkbos momatebiT simJave Tavis Zalas aRar iCens. xolo aris meore sistemac, romelsac saxeSi aqvs TviTon simJave pirdapir daaklos, gamohzidos yurZnis wvenisagan. am sistemas Saptalizacias eZaxian, radganac igi moigona yofilma safrangeTis ministrma Saptalma. am sistemazed gakvriT erTs wina werilSiac movixsenieT, xolo aq patara vrclad vityviT.

ai raSi mdgomareobs es sistema: ra wamsac saduRarad mohy-rian yurZnis wvens, Sig Caayrian an fxvnils TabaSirs (gipsi) an fxvnils marmarilos. TabaSirs is Tviseba aqvs, rom wvenis

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duRilis dros gaixsneba, amaduRebels nawevars gaauqmebs da amis gamo Rvino male daiwmindeba xolme. es sistema Zalian gavrcelebulia samxreTs safrangeTsa, ispaniasa, italiaSi da sxvaganac. am TabaSiris Camatebazed dafuZnebulia Saptaliza-ciac. fxvnili marmarilo, Tu TabaSiri, izidavs, isvams simJav-esa, Zirs midis da ileqeba. xolo imisaTvis, rom duRili ar dadges, Saptali Saqarsac umatebs; Saqari aZlierebs duRils da hmatebs Rvinos alkogolsa. am gziT TabaSirsa, Tu marmari-los, ekargeba is Tviseba, romlis ZaliTac duRils Seakavebs xolme da simJavis gamoklebis TvisebaRa hrCeba. ai ra wuni sdevs am sistemasa. rac unda TabaSirma, anu marmarilom, miiz-idos da Seisvas simJave da mas mermed Zirs daileqos, RvinoSi mainc hrCeba misgan sxvadasxva kireuli nawevarebi, marilebi, an gaxsnili RvinoSi, an mexanurad SeerTebuli, da es marile-bi mawyinarni arian, cuds gemos aZleven Rvinos da yovelive es Zalian Zneli gamosaclelia Rvinisagan. amitomac safrangeTSi iqaur samxedro saministrosagan akrZalulia SaptalizaciiT nakeTebi Rvino ixmaron samkurnaloebSi; Tu erTs litrs Rvi-noSi es TabaSiri ors gramzed meti aRmoCnda, amisTana Rvinos arc erTs samkurnaloSi ara xmaroben. Saqris Camatebis ambavi xom viciT. yovelive es rom saxeSi viqonioT, aSkarad davinax-avT, ra sikeTesa sZens es Saptalizacia Rvinosa.

rac rama vsTqviT Rvinis keTebis Taobazed, Tu yovels imas gavixsenebT da gonebis Tvalwin warmovidgenT, davinaxavT, rom Rvinis keTeba orgvaria: erTi yalbis Rvinis keTeba da meore buneburisa. buneburis Rvinis keTeba, igi xeli Tu ostatobaa, romelsac sagnada aqvs marto wminda, Seurevneli yurZnis wve-ni aqcios Rvinod da es qceva daamyaros marto yurZnis wvenis bunebur Tvisebazed. amgvars Rvinis mkeTebels marto pirda-piri msmeli Rvinisa hyavs muStrad saxeSi da pirdapiri msmeli yovelTvis wminda yurZnis wvenis Rvinos irCevs, vidre gangeb wamlebiT Sezavabuls da gakeTebuls, rac unda es ukanaskneli Tvalisa da gemosaTvis ufro samacduro iyos pirvelzed. ara gvgonia qveyanazed moipovebodes imisTana msmeli Rvinisa, romelmac, raki darwmunebuli iqneba, rom es Rvino wminda yurZnis wvenisaa, da meore gangeb wamlebiT Sezavebuli, mar-Tals Rvinos ar daavlos xeli, rac unda yalbs Rvinozed dab-ali iyos.

Cvena vnaxeT, rom marTalis Rvinis keTebisaTvis CvenSiac igive codnaa, rac evropaSi, da Tu amaSi cota ram metnakle-bobaa, imodenad RirsSesaniSnavi ara aris ra, rom kacma misda

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mixedviT an erTi aqos, an meore daiwunos. Tqma ar unda, rom didi bazari evropisa, saca marTals evropuls Rvinoebs didi fasi aqvT, dids Rones da SeZlebas aZlevs iqaurs mkeTebels marTalis Rvinisas ufro mometebuli Sroma da xarji gaswios, Rvinis keTebas ufro meti fuli moaxmaros, ufro ukeTesi ia-raRi da WurWeli axmaros, garemoeba ufro saxerxuli mouw-yos, rom marTals Rvinos mTeli Tavisi buneburi Tviseba da Rirseba SearCinos, rogorc sikeTisa, isec gamZleobisaTvis.

Tu am mxriT evropielni Cvenzed win arian, ese igi, Tu am mxriT evropielni Cvenzed ukeTes Ronesa, xerxsa da iaraR-sa hxmaroben eg marto saekonomio mizeziT aixsneba: iq dids xarjs keTebisas didi fasi hfaravs da mogebasac aZlevs; CvenSi ki Cveneburi Rvino, marto Cvens Sinaurs viwrod Semofarg-luls bazarSi momwyvdeuli, dids xarjs keTebisas ver aitans da zaralis meti ara gamova ra. amas unda mieweros zogierTi Cveni uxerxuloba Rvinis keTebaSi da ara imas, viTom ar vi-codeT, ra gziT SesaZloa Rvinis kargad dayeneba da keTeba. es erTi, meore mizezi, isev saekonomio Tvisebisa is aris, rom CvenSi Rvino sayovelTavo saxmari sasmelia: didi da patara, Raribi da mdidari, Cveulia Rvinis smasa. amis gamo aq, CvenSi Rvinis keTebis saekonomio angariSi ufro mravalTaTvis unda iyos daWerili, vidre evropaSi, saca Rvinos, nametnavad mar-Tals, marto mdidari kaci Tu svams da eRirseba. raki muStari Rvinisa eris simravlea, maSasadame ara mdidari xalxi, Rvino, Tu iefi ar aris, unda hSiSobdes, rom gausyidveli darCeba. rac unda didi vaWari iyos Rvinisa, Znelad iqmneba, rom aTs urems iefis fasis RvinosTan erTi uremi Zvirfasi Tavi Rvino gaasaRos. Cvens bazarSi Zvirfas Tavs Rvinos mdidari kacic Zliva hyavs muStrada da amisTana mdidari bevri ar aris, da isic, rac aris, Zvirfas Rvinos iSviaTad Tu hxmarobs iSviaTs SemTxvevaSi, roca didi da gamosaCeni wveuleba aqvs. amis gamo Cveneburma Rvinis keTebam marto imisTana Rones Cahkida xeli marTalis Rvinis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic Tumca xandisxan ux-erxulia, magram iefia da Zvirad ar ujdeba Rvinis mkeTebelsa. eg iefoba xarjisa nebas aZlevs Rvinis mkeTebels iefad hyidos Rvino imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi marto muStris simravlea Tavdebi, rom Rvino gausyidveli ar darCeba. mTels evropaSi verc erTs adgils ver gviCvenebT, rom wminda yurZnis wvenis Rvino, Seurevneli da sxvadasxva wamlebiT ar Sedgenili, ise iefi iyos, rogorc CvenSi.

exla Cvens Rvinos sxva bazaric exsneba. eg bazari ruseTia.

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Cveni guliTadi rwmena es aris, rom Cveni Rvinoebi am dids ba-zarSi fexs moikideben Tu Cveni Zveleburi patiosani sagani Rvinis keTebisa ar SevcvaleT. am bazarma guli unda daaje-ros, rom Cveneburi Rvino marTali Rvinoa; rom Cvens RvinoSi ara aris ra, garda yurZnis wvenisa. Cveneburs Rvinis keTebas dRevandlamde amis meti sxva sagani ara hqonia. Tu hsurT, rom ruseTis bazarSi Cvenma Rvinom adgili daiWiros da evropuls yalbs Rvinoebs ajobos da gza daaclevinos, es marto imiT SesaZloa moxdes, rom gasamklaveblad evropuls yalbs Rvi-nos Cveni marTali Rvino pirSi wavuyenoT. aq Cveni gamarjveba ueWvelia imitom, rom ar ari qveyanazed kaci, romelmac mar-Tali yalbs ar amjobinos, rac unda es yalbi samacduro iyos. Cvens Rvinoebs sxva imedi ar unda hqondes gauZlos evropul Rvinoebis cilobasa: yalbis Rvinis keTebaSi Cven evropas ver daveweviT, gaswrobas viRa ityvis. maSasadame, erTiRa dagvrCe-nia: marTlis Rvinis keTebas nu vuRalatebT; es raRac Saptal-izaciebi, gallizaciebi da sxva "ciebi" Sors Cvengan da Cvenis qveynis gared, rogorc SigniTac, marto marTali Rvinoebi gavitanoT bazarSi. evropam rom Rvinis keTebaSi siyalbe aRar ixmaros da marto marTali Rvino akeTos, es misi marTali Rvino meaTe nawilsac ver gaswvdeba, maSasadame, Cvens marTals Rvinoebs mazanda didi eqmneba da mocilec metad uRono ey-oleba marTalis Rvinis uqonlobis gamo.

radganac dRes saxelmwifo qonebaTa saministros fiqrada aqvs, Cveneburis Rvinis keTebas ukeTesi da ufro saxeiro gza misces da warmatebaSi Seiyvanos, amas Sors wasvla ar unda. amisaTvis, Cvenis fiqriT, marto ori ram aris saWiro: 1) azri da sagani Cveneburis Rvinis keTebisa arasgziT ar Seicvalos, ese igi buneburis Rvinis keTebas araviTari siyalbe ar Seep-aros, da radganac am azrisa da sagnis gansaxorcieleblad bevri kargi sxvadasxva Rone da saxsaria CvenSi Tu gared, am Ronisa da saxsris codnisa da daxmarebisaTvis sami skola mainc gaimarTos: erTi kaxeTSi, meore qarTlSi da mesame im-ereTSi; 2) kanonad daidvas, rom Tu RvinoSi garda yurZnis wvenisa raimea gareuli, an gasabevreblad, an dasawmendad, an gasamagreblad, an saferavad, an gasamZleod, Rvinis gamsyida-vi meduqne movale iyos Rvinis WurWelzed, boTli iqneba, Tu boWka, daaweros, rom es Rvino ama da am nawevariT Sezavebu-liao. es kanoni germaniaSi moqmedobs da ruseTSiac miRebuli rom iyos, dids Semweobas miscems Cveneburs Rvinosa.

Cven aq, rasakvirvelia, marto xelsamZRvani azri aRvniS-

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neT, igi azri, romelic, Cvenis fiqriT, safuZvlad unda dae-dos kanons Rvinis Taobazed, Tu hsurT, rom Sinaurma Rvinom gza gaikafos ruseTis bazrisaken da igi auarebeli fuli Sin, ruseTSive dahrCes, romelic evropuls yalbs da mawyinars Rvinoebzed exarjeba dResa, da amasTan uwyinari Rvinoc svas xalxma. am xelsamZRvano azrs bevri sxva saWiroebac mosdevs, rom survili kanonisa uqmad ar darCes. am kanonebis vrclad SemuSaveba Cven azrad ara gvqonia da amitomac amiT vaTavebT Cvens grZels laparaksa Rvinis Taobazed.