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karl marqsis sociologia Sinaarsi

1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri 2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia 3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi 4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba 5. istoriis materialisturi gageba 6. meTodologia 7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria 8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia 9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria 10. Semecnebis sociologia 11. daskvna

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi Sroma, gaucxoeba, istoriis materialisturi gageba, sazogadoebrivi yofiereba da cnobiereba, warmoebis wesi, sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bazisi da zednaSeni, sazogadoebrivi formaciebi, socialuri revolucia, klasebi da klasobrivi brZola, ideologia.

1. karl marqsi, pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri karl marqsi XIX s-is yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani socialuri moazrovnea. mis ideebs TiTqmis saukune naxevari iyenebdnen da axlac iyeneben yvelaze gansxvavebul socialur moZraobaTa programebSi dedamiwis sxvadasxva raionebSi. zogierTma totalitarulma reJimma marqsizmi aqcia erTaderT ideologiad, romelsac arsebobis ufleba aqvs, gadaaqcies ra igi saxelmwifoebrivi religiis saxesxvaobad. o. kontma gamoacxada Tavi axali religiis pirvel mRvdelTmsaxurad, magram sinamdvileSi ver iqca aseTad. marqsma ki, piriqiT, gamodioda ra religiis, rogorc aseTis winaaRmdeg, gaxda axali saero kultis fuZemdebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT misi sakuTari pirovneba gadaiqca sakralizaciis (wmindanobis) obieqtad, xan dadebiTi, xan ki uaryofiTi niSniT. marqss aRiqvamdnen da aRiqvamen, xan rogorc mesias, xan ki rogorc eSmakis mociquls. cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi marqsis, rogorc mecnieris ganxilva Zalian Znelia, miT ufro, rom TviTon igi sakuTar saqmianobas ar yofda mecnierul da praqtikul mxareebad. miuxedavad amisa, mas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs socialuri mecnierebis istoriaSi, amitom am mecnierebaSi misi wvlilis Seswavla aucilebelia, magram es rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes saWiroa gamovyoT marqsi _ mecnieri, marqsi _ politikosi, winaswarmetyvelisa da ideologisgan.

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k. marqsi daibada 1818 wlis 5 maiss germaniis qalaq trirSi (prusiis raionis provinciaSi), advokatis ojaxSi, rabinTa STamomavlis, romelmac 1816 wels miiRo protestantoba. karlis mama iyo liberaluri Sexedulebebis adamiani da frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebis mimdevari. marqsis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina misma momavalma simamrma _ ludvig fon vestfalenma, romelic aseve iyo ganmanaTleblobis mimdevari. trirSi gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg 1835 wels, marqsi jer swavlobda bonis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, Semdeg berlinis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, sadac igi swavlobda samarTals, istoriasa da filosofias. amave dros igi xdeba e.w. `doqtorTa klubis~ monawile, sadac Sedian radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrda hegelianelebi: Zmebi bruno da edgar bauerebi, maqs Stirneri da sxvebi. am wreSi diskusiebma Rrma gavlena iqonies marqsis azrovnebis Sinaarssa da stilze. 1848 wels marqsi amTavrebs universitets da Semdeg iRebs ienis universitetSi filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxs. misi sadoqtoro disertaciis Temaa: `gansxvaveba demokrites naturilosofiasa da epikures naturfilosofias Soris~. Tavdapirvelad marqss surda mecnieruli saqmianobisaTvis moekida xeli. ganzraxuli hqonda daekavebina bonis universitetSi docentis Tanamdeboba, magram swrafadve gaigo, rom misi ganzraxva ganuxorcielebeli iyo: misi Sexedulebebi upirispirdeboda maSindel prusiis feodalur-represiul reJims da konfliqtSi modioda masTan. amave dros misi politikuri mebrZolisa da romantikosis temperamenti, romelic miiswrafvoda sinamdvilis praqtikuli gardaqmnisaken, SeuZlebelia dakmayofilebuliyo wminda akademiuri saqmianobis CarCoebiT. ai, nawyveti axalgazrda marqsis leqsidan `grZnobebi~, romelic mowmobs imas, rom ukve adreul asakSi igi Tvlida, rom bedniereba brZolaSia:

`ar SemiZlia sicocxle simSvideSi, Tu mTeli suli cecxliT iwvis, ar SemiZlia sicocxle brZolisa da qariSxlis gareSe Zil-RviZilSi. Cemi xvedria brZolisadmi swrafva, CemSi duRs maradiuli sicxe da cecxli, Cemi sicocxlis sazRvrebi viwroa da xels miSlis mdinarebis mixedviT curvaSi~.

[leqsis amgvari TargmnisaTvis bodiSs vixdiT]. es mocemulia 40-e tomSi, gv.372 marqsi xdeba Jurnalisti, ufro zustad, politikuri publicisti. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi igi TanamSromlobs avtorisa da redaqtoris saxiT evropisa da aSS-s sxvadasxva gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi, uTavsebda ra publicistis Sromas mecnierul da politikur-praqtikul saqmianobas. 1843 wels marqsi qorwindeba Tavisi bavSvobis megobarze Jeni fon vestfalenze, romelmac mTeli sicocxle masTan erTad gadaitana siZneleebi da gaWirveba. marqsis mravalSviliani ojaxi gamudmebiT siRaribesa da gaWirvebaSi cxovrobda. mis Jurnalistur honorarebs da misi megobrisa da Tanamoazris engelsis mier gaweuli materialur daxmarebebs ar SeeZloT uzrunvelyoT misi ojaxis normaluri arseboba. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi,

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erT-erT werilSi marqsi aRiarebda, rom Tu mas mouxdeboda xelaxla cxovrebis dawyeba, igi xelaxla, kvlav airCevda Tavis cxovrebieul gzas, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo siRatakesa da gaWirvebasTan, magram arasodes ar daqorwindeboda, raTa ar gaewira Tavisi ojaxi satanjvelad. man meuRlesTan erTad gadaitana 3 mcirewlovani bavSvis sikvdili. igi mudam xetialobda, icvlida sacxovrebelsa da qveynebs. axalgazrdobidanve marqsi cxovrobda emigraciaSi da mudam gaZeveba emuqreboda: prusiidan, safrangeTidan, belgiidan, bolos da bolos misi meore samSoblo gaxda inglisi, sadac igi cxovrobda 1849 wlidan sikvdilamde. k. marqsi gardaicvala 1883 wlis 14 marts. kidev ufro metad, vidre konti, marqsi iyo marginaluri pirovneba. irwmuneboda ra kapitalizmis gardauval kraxze, igi winaswar metyvelebda da amzadebda revolucias im sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic cxovrobda. amiT igi avtomaturad xdeboda maTTvis ucxo. marqsi imyofeboda oficialuri akademiuri mecnierebis sazRvarze: erTis mxriv, igi iyo ase Tu ise masTan dakavSirebuli da bunebrivia, arc SeeZlo mTlianad misTvis gverdis avla; meore mxriv ki mkacrad akritikebda mas, rogorc `burJuaziis~ laqias da upirispirdeboda mas. `mecnierulad~ daasabuTa ra momavali oqros saukunis _ komunizmis rwmena, igi amave dros Tavs acxadebda RmerTis winaaRmdeg mebrZolad, RvTis mgmoblad da uaryofda yvela arsebul religiur rwmenebs. eTnikurad, warmoSobiT ebraeli, marqsi ar Tvlida sakuTar Tavs ebraelad da ganekuTvneboda `ebraelad Tavisi Tavis CamTvleli~ pirovnebis moZule adamianTa kategorias. Tumca igi ar SeiZleba darwmunebul antisemitad CavTvaloT, igi zogjer gamoTqvamda antisemitur msjelobebs adamianebze, romlebic ar moswonda. kerZod f. lasalis Sesaxeb. Tavis megobar hainrix hainesac igi rogorc Cans ebraelad ar Tvlida, rogorc sakuTar Tavs. SromaSi `ebraelTa sakiTxisaTvis~ (1844), igi baZavs hegeliseuli gadmocemis stils, sakmaod bundovani formiT asabuTebs friad martiv azrs imis Taobaze, rom ebraelebis arseba-raoba vaWrobasa da fulis kultSia, romelic gavrcelebulia mTels sazogadoebaSi. Sesabamisad ebraelebis problema, gauqmdeba maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba SesZlebs ebraelobis empiriul arsebas, vaWrobasa da mis wanamZRvrebis gauqmebas. marqsi uwinares yovlisa germanelad Tvlida Tavs da drodadro vardeboda kidec germanul nacionalizmSi (Tanac zogjer arc germanelebze ambobda kargs), miuxedavad amisa, misi damokidebuleba samSoblosTan Zalian rTuli iyo, ris gamoc igi iZulebuli iyo mis sazRvrebs gareT ecxovra. marqsi mudmiv konfrontaciaSi iyo sxvadasxva politikur mimdinareobebTan, Tanac ara mxolod burJuaziulTan, aramed muSebTan da socialistebTanac ki. sabolood, igi upirobod, aRmoCnda marginali klasobrivi azriTac: gamosuli iyo ra SeZlebuli socialuri fenisagan, igi gabeulad gamodioda mis winaaRmdeg, acxadebda ra proletariatis diqtaturis aucileblobas. marqsis politikuri radikalizmi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli misi pirovnebis iseT TaviseburebebTan, rogoricaa Zalauflebis moyvareoba, msjelobaTa uapelacio xasiaTi da sxva Sexdulebebis mouTmenloba, Seuwynarebloba. anenkovis sityvebiT `am demokratiuli diqtaturisaTvis~ principulad ucxo iyo dialogis Janri, igi aRiarebda mxolod polemikas, konfrontacias, brZolas. marqsis mraval TxzulebebSi polemika gadadis Cveulebriv lanZRva-ginebaSi, ironia ki borot sarkazmSi. igi miekuTvneba mamxilebel moazrovneTa

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kategorias, romlebic niRbebs `xdian~, rogorc socialur institutebs, ise TavianT oponentebsac. rogorc es xSirad xdeba, mecnier kolegebTan urTierTobaSi, aseve TanamoazreebTan an mowinaaRmdegeebTan politikur brZolaSi avtoritaruloba da ukompromisoba, marqsTan erwymoda meuRlisa da Svilebisadmi gamoxatul sinazes, siTbosa da gulkeTilobas. marqsis damokidebuleba mis megobrebTan da TanamoazreebTan iyofa or tipad: esaa an maswavleblisa da moswavleebis urTierToba, an urTierToba yofil Tanamoazreebisa da megobrebisa, romlebic mtrad iqcnen imis gamo, rom ar moisurves gamxdariyvnen an darCeniliyvnen sxvis moswavleebad. am ukanasknelTa Soris iyvnen gamoCenili figurebic, romlebmac didi gavlena iqonies marqsze; Zmebi bauerebi, m. hesi, p.J. prudoni, m. bakunini, f. lasali da sxvebi. Seuwynarebloba imdenad Seerwya marqsis figuras da misi muSaobis meTods, rom pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gadaizarda misi moZRvrebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad. sabolood es Tviseba aiTvisa v. leninma da bolSevikuri interpretaciiT iTvleboda `WeSmariti marqsizmis~ damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad: `namdvili~ marqsisti, gansxvavebiT `oportunistisagan~, mudam unda iyos Seurigebeli da ukompromiso`ucxo~ ideuri mimdinareobaTa mimarT. gamonaklisi iyo marqsis megobroba fridrix engelsTan (1820-1895). engelsi iyo misi `alter ego~. igi arasdros da araferSi ar upirispirdeboda mas da mudam guwrfelad iyo aRtacebuli misi genialobiT. maTi megobroba daiwyo 1844 wels da gagrZelda mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. marqsma da engelsma erTad daweres iseTi cnobili nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `wminda ojaxi, anu kritikuli kritikis kritika~ bruno bauerisa da kompaniis winaaRmdeg (1845); `germanuli ideologia~ (1945-47 w, xelnaweri ar iyo dasrulebuli da pirvelad gamoqveynda sabWoTa kavSirSi 1932w. originalis enaze, xolo Semdeg, 1933w rusul enaze). `komunisturi partiis manifesti~(1848 w.) marqsis sikvdilis Semdeg engelsma moamzada zogierTi misi Sroma, romlebic mis sicocxleSi ar gamoqveynebula. arc mecnierul da arc politikur-praqtikul sakiTxebSi megobrebi araferSi ar wakamaTebulan. garkveuli azriT, engelsi SeiZleba CavTvaloT marqsis Teoriis Tanaavtorad, magram mTlianobaSi igi iyo gamoCenili propagandisti da populizatori. TviTon igi usvamda xazs marqsis prioritets istoriis materialisturi gagebis SeqmnaSi. Tavis politikur brZolebSic marqsi aseve mudam gamodioda engelsTan erTad. marqsma miznad daisaxa proletariatis SeiaraReba komunisturi moZRvrebiT, rameTu swored proletariatSi xedavda igi materialur Zalas, romelic mowodebulia praqtikuli realizeba gauwios mis moZRvrebas. amitom, misi organizaciul-politikuri saqmianoba iSleba swored muSaTa moZRvrebis sferoSi. 1847 wels igi engelsTan erTad Sedis samarTlianTa kavSirSi, romelic Semdeg gardaiqmneba komunistTa kavSirad im principebis Sesabamisad, romlebic formirebuli iyo `komunistur manifestSi~. 1848 wels marqsi saTaveSi Caudga komunistTa kavSiris centralur komitets, xolo engelsi gaxda am komitetis wevri. kavSiris radikalizmma gamoiwvia xelisuflebis mxridan mudmivi devna da 1852 wels igi wyvets Tavis arsebobas. 1864 wels marqsi monawileobs `mSromelTa saerTaSoriso amxanagobis~ (pirveli internacionali) SeqmnaSi da misi faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli xdeba. manve dawera `damfuZnebeli manifesti~, `droebiTi wesdeba~ da internacionalis programuli dokumentebis mTeli rigi. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnis paralelurad marqsi da engelsi aqtiurad monawileoben nacionaluri

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komunisturi da muSaTa partiebis Seqmnasa da saqmianobaSi, uwinares yovlisa, germaniaSi. marqsis moZRvreba warmoadgens erTian, daunawevrebul mTels, romlebSic mecnieruli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi mWidrd ejaWvebian erTmaneTs. kontisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTanac `mecnieruli~ da `praqtikuli~ mxareebi ZiriTadad moRvaweobis sxvadasxva periodebze modis, marqsTan isini mudam erTianobaSi arian. marqsi aucileblad acnobierebda WeSmaritebis mecnieruli Ziebis specifikas da Tavs mecnierad Tvlida, magram mecniereba misTvis ar yofila TviTmizani, aramed igi iyo saSualeba samyaros praqtikul revoluciuri gardaqmnisaTvis. marqsma TviTon naTlad gamoxata es pozicia yvelaze cnobil TezisSi, `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~: `filosofosebi mxolod sxvadasxvanairad xsnidnen samyaros, magram saqme isaa, rom igi SevcvaloT~. rogorc Cans, wminda mecnieruli muSaoba marqss warmodgenili hqonda droebiT, gardamaval saqmed, romelic momavlis sazogadoebaSi gaqreba Sromis danawilebasTan erTad da Seerwymis praqtikul saqmianobas. igi uaryofiTad uyurebda im socialur mecnierT, romlebic SezRudulni iyvnen akademiuri mecnierebis CarCoebiT da aRiarebdnen arsebul socialur institutebs. am institutTa revoluciuri ganaxlebis aucileblobis aRiarebis SiSs da miuReblobas igi Tvlida ara mxolod amoralizmis gamovlinebad, aramed mecnieruli WeSmaritebis `bolomde~ Ziebis muxruWadac. magram bedis ironiiT, igi mainc Sevida mecnierebis istoriaSi, swored im akademiur, `burJuaziul~ mecnierebis istoriaSi, romelsac igi ver itanda da iTvalwunebda.

2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia mravali imaTTagani, vinc icnobda marqss, aRniSnavdnen mis genialurobas, kolosalur erudicias, misi codnis siRrmes yvelaze gansxvavebul sferoebSi da agreTve mecnierul sakiTxebSi sakuTri Tavisadmi metismet momTxovnelobas. misi mecnieruli `specialobis~ gansazRvra arc Tu ise advilia. aseve Znelia misi mecnieruli saqmianobis gamocalkeveba publicisturi da politikur-praqtikulisagan. marqsma daamTavra iuridiuli fakulteti, disertacia dawera filosofiaSi, mravali weli Sealia ekonomikas da sxva mecnierebebis Seswavlas. misi Sromebi atareben disciplinaTSoriso xasiaTs, Tumca romel mecnierebasac ar unda miekuTvnebodes misi esa Tu is Sroma, mas axasiaTebs sakvlevi problemis sociologiuri xedva. ideebi, cnebebi, problemebi, romelTac igi amuSavebda Tavis filosofiur, istoriul, ekonomikur, publicistur SromebSi, arian Tavisi arsiT sociologiurni da garkveuli wvlili SeaqvT sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. es exeba mis iseT Sromebs, rogorebicaa ukve naxsenebi `germanuli ideologia~, `filosofiis siRatake~(1847), `politikuri ekonomikis kritikisaTvis~ (1859), `klasobrivi brZola safrangeTSi 1848-1850 wlebSi~ (1850), `lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri~ (1852), `kapitali~ da a.S. amitom araa gasakviri, rom marqsis moZRvrebis ganmarteba Zalian adre daiwyes ara mxolod ekonomikurad an politikurad, aramed sociologiuradac da aseTi ganmartebebi dResac SenarCunebulia. marqsis sociologiis kvlevas mieZRvna Sromebis didZali raodenoba.

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magram marqsis, rogorc sociologis gageba dakavSirebulia specifikur siZneleebTan, romlebic gamomdinareoben misi Semoqmedebidan. mecnieruli Ziebebis da praqtikuli miswrafebebis erTianoba da kavSiri iwvevs misi Teoriis sakuTriv mecnierul Sinaarsis gamoyofis aucileblobas. misi Semoqmedebis disciplinaTSorisi xasiaTi aZnelebs misi mecnieruli gamokvlevebis sakuTriv sociologiuri aspeqtebis Ziebas. TviT marqsi ar iyenebs termins `sociologia~. es arcaa gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom es termini mis droSi jer erTi ver damkvidrda myarad, meore igi ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo kontis doqtrinasTan, romelsac marqsi mTlianad uaryofiTad uyurebda. marqsis Semoqmedeba atarebs mniSvnelovani zomiT dausrulebel da mravalmniSvnelovan xasiaTs. mas ar Seuqmnia nawarmoebi, romelSic sistemuri saxiT gadmocemuli iqneboda misi moZRvreba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, msgavsad imisa, rogorc es gaakeTa kontma. misi sociologiuri ideebi mimobneulia TviT yvelaze gansxvavebul nawarmoebebSi, Tanac es ideebi xSirad mocemulia ara pozitiur, aramed polemikuri saxiT. marqsis zogierTi nawarmoebi darCa dausrulebeli da mis sicocxleSi gamoqveynebuli iyo nawilobriv, sxvebma ki sinaTle ixiles mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg. yoveli axali publikacia badebda marqsis ideebis axal interpretacias. am garemoebas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi aqvs. pirveli, marqsis SexedulebaTa yovelgvari interpretacia mudam ase Tu ise maTi rekonstruqciaa. meore, arsebobs marqsis memkvidreobis yvelaze gansxvavebuli winaaRmdegobrivi da urTierTgamomricxvel interpretaciaTa uzarmazari raodenoba. es mravalsaxiereba Zlierdeba imiT, rom politikur-ideologiuri sistemis saxiT gavrcelebis procesSi marqsizmma miiRo ganmarteba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor socialur, nacionalur, kulturul niadagze moxvda igi, rogor garemoSi daiwyo man funqcionireba. dRes msoflioSi arsebobs didZali marqsistuli da marqsologiuri literatura, romelic masStabebiT da stiliT gvagonebs teqstebis Teologias. amis Sedegad `marqsizmi~ gamoeyo Tavis Semqmnels da daiwyo sakuTari sicocxliT cxovreba. es daiwyo jer kidev marqsis sicocxleSi. mag. Tavisi frangi mimdevrebis mimarT 70-iani wlebis dasasruls igi ambobda: `me vici mxolod erTi, rom me marqsisti ara var~.misi sikvdilis Semdeg es procesi mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. amis Sedegad dRes arsebobs misi moZRvrebis imdenad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi da ganmartebebi, rom ufro upriania da swori, Tu vilaparakebT ara marqsizmis, aramed marqsizmebis Sesaxeb. rasakvirvelia, am marqsizmebisagan TiToeuls raRac mimarTeba aqvs marqsTan, magram pirvelwyarosTan siaxlovis xarisxis an interpretaciis WeSmaritebis gansazRvra yovelTvis SesaZlebeli araa. zogierTi interpretatori, marqsisti an marqsologi, eZeben `autentur~ namdvil marqss. sxvebi iyneben ra misi nawarmoebis ama Tu im fragments, asruleben Taviseburi saxis `variaciebs marqsis Temaze~, zogjer friad faqizsa da daxvewils, Tumca TviTneburT. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom marqss rom SesZleboda erTis da meores gacnoba, bevri ram masSi gamoiwvevda gakvirvebas da SeiZleba verc ki ecno sakuTari Tavi am gamosaxulebebSi. amrigad, marqsi sociologiis ganmartebisas rekonstruqcia gardauvalia da aucilebeli, misi Semoqmedebis dausruleblobisa da mravalmniSvnelobis gamo. magram, imisaTvis, raTa es rekonstruqcia iyos metad Tu naklebad adeqvaturi, mniSvnelovania mudam ganvsazRvroT da gavyoT: 1) marqsis doqtrina anu marqsis

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marqsizmi erTi mxriv, da marqsizmi, ufro zustad `marqsizmebi~, meore mxriv; 2) marqsis Semoqmedebis mecnieruli Dda aramecnieruli komponentebi; 3) mecnieruli komponentebis Sidasociologiuri da garesociologiuri, romlebic sxva socialur mecnierebebs ganekuTvnebian; 4) marqsis sociologia, e.i. is socialuri Teoriebi, da midgomebi, romlebic warmoadgenen misi ideebis ganviTarebas, ganmartebas da gamoyenebas, TviT imisTvisac ki, raTa gavigoT am mxareTa urTierTgavlena, aucilebelia maTi gamijvna; rasakvirvelia, am gansxvavebisa da gayofis ganxorcieleba Znelia da zogjer SeuZlebelic ki, magram amisaken swrafva saWiroa, Tu Cven gvsurs gavigoT swored marqsis sociologia (da ara raRac sxva) da marqsis sociologia (da ara vinme sxva). 3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi

arsebobs cnobili warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wyaroebia: germanuli klasikuri filosofia, inglisuri politikuri ekonomia da franguli utopiuri socializmi, garda amisa, TviTon marqsi Tavis ideur wyaros aRiarebda me-17-18 saukuneebis inglisur da frangul materializms. marqsizmis es genealogia ukamaToa, magram aucilebelia maT daematos is wyaroebi, romlebic Sedioden, romlebic Sediodnen codnis sxva sferoebSi da agreTve isinic, romelTac marqsi TviTon ar aRiarebda. garda amisa es genealogia saWiroebs dazustebas. kerZod, rodesac bWoba exeba germanul klasikur filosofias, saWiroa xazi gaesvas misi ori warmomadgenlis hegelisa da foerbaxis gavlenas. yvelaze meti gavlena marqsze hegelma iqonia, rogorc mecnieruli meTodis stilze, ise sociologiuri azrovnebis stilzec, gansakuTrebiT mis warmodgenaze obieqturi socialuri kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gzas ikvlevs calkeul adamianTa survilebisa da interesebis meSveobiT. mis ideaze progresuli ganviTarebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur sinTezSi (hegelianuri triadis `Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi~ Tanaxmad). garda amisa, hegelma gavlena iqonia marqsis pirad xasiaTze, da bolos, gaucxoebis marqsiseul Teoriaze. aseve gavlena iqonia foierbaxma gaucxoebis problemis damuSavebaze imiT, rom marqsma maTgan ukritikod aiRo. Tavis azrebs igi maTTan mudmiv polemikaSi ayalibebda. rac Seexeba kants, misi realuri zemoqmedeba marqsze saeWvo da sakamaToa. Semecnebis Teoriis fundamentaluri problemebi, romlebic kantma daayena, marqsis mier ki ar gadaiWra, aramed gverdavlili iqna, im materialuri postulatis daxmarebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac cnobiereba _ esaa ubralod yofiereba `gadatanili~ da gardaqmnili adamianis TavSi. socialistebidan, romlebmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies marqsis, rogorc sociologiur, ise politikur-utopiur Sexedulebebze, aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man didi gavlena moaxdina marqsis mier 1) `industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo azriT) rolis Sefasebaze; 2) sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatis mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze; 3) revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _ sen-simoni) mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. jer kidev marqsamde daamuSava sen-simonma idea imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo mTavari dabrkolebaa

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industrialuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gzaze. aseve didi iyo sen-simonis gavlena, germaneli moazrovnis socialistur-komunisturi idealis formirebaze. kerZod, es exeba sen-simonis iseT ideebs, rogoricaa savaldebulo mwarmoebluri Sroma, samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmva. saxelmwifos gadaqceva warmoebis organizaciis iaraRad: erovnuli sazRvrebis waSla da xalxTa msoflio asociaciis Camoyalibeba momavalSi. safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom sen-simonis gavlena marqsze ufro adrindelia, vidre hegelis. sen-simonistebis gavlena germaniaSi Zalian didi iyo, kerZod, sen-simonizmis propagandisti iyo marqsis megobari mozes hesi, romelsac uwodebdnen `germanuli socializmis mamas~. (Tumca sabolood marqss gaufuWda masTan urTierToba). saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom marqsis idealebi Camoyalibda ufro adre, vidre igi yuradRebas gaamaxvilebda mecnierul Ziebebze. mecnierebam ki ar miiyvana igi komunizmis idealTan, aramed piriqiT, masSi ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebul da cnobierebaSi ganmtkicebul komunisturi idealisadmi igi cdilobda daeZebna mecnieruli dasabuTeba. araa SemTxveviTi, rom `kompartiis manifesti~ daiwera jer kidev 1847-48 wlebSi, e.i. didi xniT adre vidre marqsi Tavis ZiriTad mecnierul Sromebs Seqmnida sazogadoebis TeoriaSi, romelsac man daRupva uwinaswarmetyvela (ekonomikur gamokvlevebs igi seriozulad 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi miudga). sainteresoa, rom marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, rwmenis analogiuri simboloebi sen-simons (`mrewvelTa katexizisi~ 1823-1824w.; `axalia qristianoba~, 1825) da konts (pozitivisturi katexizisi~, 1852) gauCnda sicocxlis bolos, rogorc maTi mecnieruli da aramecnieruli ganazrebebis Sedegi. [(katexizisi _ darigeba, qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis mokle gadmocema kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT)]. moazes hesis (1812-1875) gavlena marqsze sakmaod didi iyo da atarebda mravalmxriv xasiaTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon hesma, romelic marqsTan erTad monawileobda axalgazrda hegelianelTa wreSi, marqsSi dainaxa kacobriobis udidesi filosofosi. hesma pirvelma SeaerTa socializmi hegelis fiolosofiasTan. hesis mixedviT socializmis ideali adamianis socialuri arsebis realizaciaa. foierbaxis mier SemuSavebuli Teoria adamianis mier Tavisi arsebis gaucxoebisa religiaSi, man gaafarTova da gamoiyena sxvadasxva socialuri movlenebis sainterpretaciod. man daasabuTa, rom adamianze gaucxoebuli formiT batonobs misi sakuTari Zalebi: RmerTi _ religiaSi, fuli _ ekonomikaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba_politikaSi. momavali socialisturi sazogadoeba gaaTavisuflebs adamians mis mier Seqmnili, magram misi arsebisagan gaucxoebuli Zalebis batonobisagan. am debulebebSi sakmaod advilad ikiTxeba marqsis mier hesis kvaldakval SemuSavebuli gaucxoebis Teoria. jer kidev `komunisturi partiis manifestis~ gamoqveynebamde, 1847 wlis bolos hesma, romelic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda muSaTaA moZraobaSi, gamoaqveyna Sroma `proletariatis revoluciis Sedegebi~, romelSic Camoayaliba debulebebi, romlebic Semdeg marqsisTvis ZiriTad debulebebad iqcnen: kapitalis koncentraciisa da centralizaciis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove epoqaSi, proletariatis mzardi siRatakis Sesaxeb, zedmeti warmoebisa da misi perioduli krizisebis Sesaxeb, kapitalizmis momavali _ gardauvali daRupvis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, hesma, marqssa da engelss gaacno cnobili germaneli istorikosisa da samarTalmcodnis lorenc fon Stainis wigni `socializmi da

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komunizmi Tanamedrove safrangeTSi~ (1842). Staini komunizmis mowinaaRmdege iyo, magram man erT-erTma pirvelma daadastura, rom es `aCrdili~ dadis evropaSi. man iwinaswarmetyvela misi Serwyma muSaTa moZraobasTan, misi sayovelTao gavrceleba da Semdgomi kraxi. manve miaqcia yuradReba sen-simonis momxreTa _ frang socialistTa miswrafebas, aagon TavianTi ideebi mecnierul niadagze. engelsma am wigns `sacodavi~ da `ususuri~-c ki uwoda, magram amgvari Sefasebani masTan, iseve rogorc marqsTan, xSirad niSnavda imas, rom amgvarma Sexedulebebma Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina maT azrovnebaze: ukve maTi gaRizianebac ki xSirad friad simptomaturia. saerTod sociologiis istoriaSi arsebobs erTi moazrovnis meoreze gavlenis ori saxe. pirveli SeiZleba `pozitiurad~, xolo meore ki `negatiurad~ iwodos. pirveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi moazrovnis ideebi kvlav iwarmoebian, grZeldebian, viTardebian an gamoiyenebian meoris gamokvlevebSi. am dros gavlena SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas `mimdevris~ mier an ara. aseTi gavlenebi sakmarisad naTelia. `negatiuri~ gavlenebis SemCneva Znelia, Tumca isini ufro xSirad gvxvdebian. es gavlenebi erTi moazrovnis meores mimarT sistematur opoziciaSi yofnaSi, erTi Sexedulebebis meorisadmi dapirispirebaSi. `negatiuri~ gavlenis dros `winamorbedis~ gansazRvruli Tezisebi iwveven `mimdevris~ gansazRvrul kontrTezisebs, ase, rom es ukanasknelni aRmoCndebian specifikurni, magram zogjer pirvelTa Zalain zusti asaxvac ki SeiZleba aRmoCndnen. ukve TviT polemikis obieqtis arCevas aqvs didi mniSvneloba da adasturebs imas, rom `mimdevari~ araa gulgrili garkveuli `winamorbedis~ mimarT da masTan erTad CarTulia erTi da igive problemebis ganxilvaSi. am ganxilvis procesSi pirveli xSirad gacilebiT mets sesxulobs ukanasknelisagan, vidre es TviTon mas hgonia. `negatiuri~ gavlenani sociologiis istoriaSi xSirad ufro Zlieria, vidre `pozitiuri~, da SeiZleba miT ufro Zlieri iyos, rac ufro energiulia dapirispireba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT marqsis Sromebis polemikur meTods, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, rom igi `pozitiur~ gavlenebTan erTad `negatiuri~ gavlenebis mTel rigs ganicdida. TviT mis mierve yvelaze aRiarebul avtoritetebsac ki, kerZod hegels da foierbaxs polemikurad udgeboda. rac Seexeba hessa da fon Stains, maT marqsze iqonies rogorc `pozitiuri~, ise `negatiuri~ gavlena. es exeba iseT moazrovneebsa da politikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen m. bakunini, f. lasali da prudoni. garda amisa, marqsis gavlenac maTze aranaklebi iyo. ase, rom aq adgili ufro urTierTgavlenas aqvs. marqsi icnobda kontis ideebsac, magram mTlianobaSi mas uaryofiTad afasebda. `. . . rogorc partiuli adamiani me vikaveb kontizmis mimarT gadaWriT mtrul pozicias . . .~ _ werda igi. politikur mimarTebaSi marqsisTvis ucxo iyo kontis socialuri pacifizmi, xolo mecnierul mimarTebaSi kontiseuli TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis Teoria Zalian CamorCeboda hegeliseuls. miuxedavad amisa, marqsisa da kontis sociologiuri SexedulebebSi bevri saerToa, rac nawilobriv aisaxeba oriveze sen-simonis ideebis mniSvnelovani gavleniT. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi marqsma daiwyo pirvelyofil kulturaTa eTnografiuli gamokvlevebis, kerZod l. morganis Sromebis Seswavla. aucilebelia avRniSnoT, bunebismecnierebaTa gavlena marqsis sociologiis Camoyalibebaze. es exeba geologias da biologias. geologiidan man aiRo socialuri sistemisa da misi wyobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis safuZvlad

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formaciis idea. biologiidan masze didi gavlena iqonia ujredis aRmoCenam da organizmis agebulebis ujreduli Teoriis Seqmnam. marqsisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo darvinis evoluciuri moZRvreba, romelic gadmocemuli iyo mis cnobil wignSi `saxeTa warmoSoba~ (1859). marqsma masSi dainaxa misi socialuri Teoriis raRac biologiuri analogi da daadastureba, agreTve stimuli maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. 4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba

yoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobs adamianis arsebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvis emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac. adamianis miseuli xedva Camoyalibda ganmanaTlebelTa, hegelis, foierbaxis, agreTve hesis gavleniT. marTalia, marqss amocanad ar dausaxavs Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli filosofiuri anTropologia, mTlianobaSi gamoirCeoda Rrma originalobiT. marqsis Tanaxmad, adamiani uwinares yovlisa, Homo Faber-ia, anu mwarmoebeli adamiania. mwarmoebluri Sroma _ ai ra ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. adamiani cxovelisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi ki ar egueba garemomcvel samyaros, aramed iguebs mas. amasTan erTad, am stiqiaTa dauflebis zomis Sesabamisad, TviTon adamianebis mier Seqmnili sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sul ufro upirispidebian mas garegani mtruli Zalebis saxiT. xdeba adamianis gaucxoeba, mis mierve Seqmnili arsebebidan. adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli Tavisi Sromis rezultatisagan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki. mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis `winaistoria_preistoria~ da daiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba `aucileblobis samefodan~ gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~. adamiani daubrundeba sakuTar Tavs da gaucxoebac gadailaxeba. marqsi amodis adamianis bunebaze rusoseuli Sexedulebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani Tavisi bunebis Tanaxmad _ mTlianobiTi, `gauucxoebuli~, keTili arsebaa. adamianuri bunebis SefasebaSi igi uryevi racionalistia: adamiani, misi gagebiT, Tavidanve da upirobod gonieri arsebaa. konti ki Tavis `obieqtur~ sociologiaSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT `subieqturis~ Seaxeb, tovebs adgils grZnobebisa da rwmenisaTvis, rogorc adamianuri cxovelqmedebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebisaTvis. marqsTan ki, am faqtorebisaTvis arsebiTad adgilic ki ar rCeba, ufro zustad, isini warmoadgenen adamianSi an imave racionaluri sawyisis an gaucxoebis gamoxatulebas. imisaTvis, raTa adamianis Tavdapirveli dadebiTi gvareobiTi Tvisebebi gamovlindes, aucilebelia sazogadoebis Zir-fesviani gardaqmna. momaval komunistur kacobriobaSi, adamiani gadalaxavs ra gaucxoebas, daubrundeba ufro axal, maRal safexurze Tavis amosaval da amave dros namdvil mdgomareobas. pirvelyofilisagan am axali `oqros xanis~ gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq gaucxoeba eyrdnoba ara sawarmoo ZalaTa dabal dones da adamianebis erTmaneTTan da bunebasTan SezRudul urTierTobebs, aramed piriqiT, sawarmoo ZalTa usazRvro zrdas, adamianis yovlisSemZleobas da arnaxul simdidres.

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adamianis es koncefcia, romelic uSualod utopiaSi gadaizrdeba xolme, warmoadgens marqsis mecnieruli Ziebebis Taviseburi saxis mudmiv fons. magram es ukanaskneli, saWiroebs ufro naklebi abstraqciis mqone postulatebsa da kategoriebs. amitom marqsi ayalibebs Teziss adamianis socialuri arsebis Sesaxeb da mimarTavs mis Seswavlas. erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~ gvauwyebs: `. . .adamianis arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi aris yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba~. (t. 3, gv.3). mniSvnelovani aq aris is, rom esaa ara fsiqologiuri, aramed swored filosofiur-anTropologiuri postulati. igi exeba ara pirovnebas, aramed swored adamianis bunebas sazogadod, ramdenadac bWoba exeba yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erTobliobas. amgvarad marqss, iseve, rogorc konts, mniSvnelovani wvlili SeswevT socialuri realobis aRmoCenaSi da amiT _ sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis ontologiur dafuZnebaSi. magram es realoba ufro sxvanairad esmis, vidre konts. kontisagan gansxvavebiT, igi SeuZlebelia socialur realistad CaiTvalos, iseve rogorc socialur nominalistad. sazogadoebisa da individis urTierTobaTa miseuli ganmarteba eyrdnoba am arsebaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis, urTierTdamatebiTobis da urTierTSeRwevis gagebas. marqsis interpretaciiT sazogadoeba warmoadgens individebs Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebaTa sistemas, romelic yalibdeba saqmianobis procesSi. uwinares yovlisa ki, SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. `sazogadoeba ar Sedgeba individebisagan, aramed gamoxatavs im kavSirTa da urTierTobaTa jams, romelSic imyofebian es individebi erTmaneTTan~, _ werda igi. misi gagebiT, sazogadoeba esaa `adamianTa urTierTqmedebis produqti~, amave dros adamianebi ar arian Tavisufalni ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formis arCevanSi. socialuroba, marqsis mixedviT, vlindeba ara mxolod uSualo `koleqtiurobis~ formiT, rodesac individi sxva individebTan pirispir urTierTqmedebaSia. sazogadoeba arsebobs adamianSi masze gavlenas axdens maSinac ki, rodesac individi martoa, Tavis TavTan imyofeba. rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss istoriuli procesi warmodgenili hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorc am dramis avtorebi, ise Semsruleblebi _ msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmedi arsebebia, amitom swored isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram qmnian isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da bunebriv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monawileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen: `adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT moesurvebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni~ [werili anenkovs 1846 w. 28 dekemberi. t. 8, gv.119]. marqsis mixedviT, pirovneba social-istoriuli ganviTarebis amosavali-sawyisi punqti ki araa, aramed misi rezultatia. individis cnobierebisa da qcevis socialuri ganpirobebulobis xazgasmisas, marqsi pirovnebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis umaRles mizans, romelic miiRweva mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis radikaluri gardaqmnis Semdeg.

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5. istoriis materialisturi gageba

filosofiur materializms marqsi Tvlida Tavisi mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlad. es materializmi uwinares yovlisa, iyo hegelisa da axalgazrda hegelianebis idealizmze reaqcia, miswrafeba daefuZnebina samyaros axsna `realur~, `praqtikul materialur~ safuZvlebze. marqss arasodes ar gamouyenebia termini `istoriuli materializmi~, romliTac misi sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyes sazogadoebis, misi metaTeoriis aRniSvna. es termini Semoitana engelsma. TviTon marqsi amjobinebda ufro frTxili gamoTqmis `istoriis materialisturi gagebis~ gamoyenebas, amiT igi TiTqos xazs usvamda imas, rom saqme gvaqvs ara filosofiur sistemasTan, aramed gansazRvrul Teoriul-meTodologiur poziciasTan an ganwyobasTan. aman xeli ver SeuSala istoriul materializms, gamxdariyo erT-erTi Teoriuli sistema, yvelaze dogmatur, Caketil da universaluri axsnis pretenziis mqone doqtrinad. ra aris istoriis materialisturi gageba TviTon marqsis ganmartebiT? am gagebis arsi gadmocemulia marqsis cnobil winasityvaobaSi, romelic man waumZRvara Sromas `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~: `TavianTi cxovrebis sazogadoebrivi warmoebisas, adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben, gansazRvrul, aucilebel, maTi nebisagan damoukidebel urTierTobas~, _ warmoebiT urTierTobas, romelic maT materialur mwarmoeblur ZalaTa ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erToblioba Seadgens sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss, romelzedac iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsac sazogadoebrivi cnobiererebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur, politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTa cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis gasazRvrul safexurze sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas. sazogadoebis materialuri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul warmoebiT urTierTobasTan, anu rac mis mxolod iuridiul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, _ sakuTrebis urTierTobasan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamde viTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis formidan es urTierToba maT borkilad iqceva. maSin dgeba socialuri revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiuri safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad mTeli uzarmazari zednaSenic meti Tu naklebi siswrafiT gadatrialdeba. amgvar gadatrialebaTa ganxilvisas warmoebis ekonomikur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri gadatrialeba, romlis dadgenac bunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvavoT im iuridiuli, politikuri, religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri formebisagan, romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts da ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar SeiZleba ama Tu im individis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebiT, aseve ar SeiZleba amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT misi cnobierebis mixedviT, piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebis winaaRmdegobiT, arsebuli konfliqtiT sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa Soris. arc erTi sazogadoebrivi formacia ar ispoba manmade, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvela mwarmoebluri Zala, romlisTvisac igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva da axali

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umaRlesi warmoebiTi urTierTobani arasodes ar iWeren imaT adgils, sanam maTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebi TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifdeba~. (k. marqsi, f. engelsi, rCeuli nawerebi t.1, gv. 624-625. Tbilisi 1975). `germanul ideologiaSi~ Cven vpoulobT analogiur Tezisebs, kerZod: `cnobiereba arasodes ar SeiZleba sxva iyos, Tu ara gacnobierebuli yofiereba. adamianTa yofiereba ki maTi cxovrebis realuri procesia~ (t.3 gv.25). reduqciis principi, sulieris materialurze dayvana, mTeli socialuri cxovrebis misi materialuri aspeqtebidan axsna, istoriul materializmSi ivseba imaze miTiTebiT, rom aucilebelia yofierebaze cnobierebis ukuzemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebac. sicocxlis bolos engelsi iZulebeuli gaxda, xazi gaesva, rom ekonomikuri faqtorebi mxolod `saboloo angariSiT~ gansazRvraven socialur cxovrebas. istoriis materialisturi gagebis mTavari postulatebi, miuxedavad garegani sicxadisa da mTeli rigi formulebis moCvenebiTi sicxadisa, mniSvnelovnad metaforulnia, mravalmniSvnelovani da tavtologiuria. TviT iseTi bazisuri cnebebi, rogoricaa `materialuri~ da `yofiereba~, gansakuTrebiT mravalmniSvnelovani da bundovania. mag. ganvixiloT marqsTan sityva `materialuris~ ramdenime mniSvneloba.

1. materialuri rogorc ekonomikuri. amgvari sityvaTa gamoyeneba ZiriTadad exeba cxovrebis aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebis warmoebas. zogjer marqsi svams erTmaneTis gverdiT or sityvas: `materialuri, ekonomikuri~, ise rom meore TiTqos azustebs pirvels. `materialuris aseTi gagebisagan bunebrivad amoizarda `materialuri determinizmi~, romliTac marqsistebs xSirad usayvedurebdnen istoriuli materializmis vulgarulobaSi.

2. materialuri rogorc bunebrivi. am SemTxvevaSi es cneba Seicavs bunebriv faqtorebs: biologiurs, geologiurs, klimaturs da a.S. aq materialisturi axsna erwymis naturalisturs. am ukanasknels icavdnen naturalisturi mimarTulebebis sociologebi, romlebic Zalian Sors iyvnen istoriuli materializmisagan.

3. materialuri rogorc realuri. am mnSvnelobiT sityva axlosaa

kontiseul terminTan `pozitiuri~, rogorc realurTan, qimerulis sapirispirod. amgvari sityvaT gamoyenebisas materialisturi axsna ar gansxvavdeba kontis an spenseris pozitivisturi axsnebisagan.

es ukanaskneli mniSvneloba kerZod axasiaTebs marqsiseul termins `yofierebas~, romelic ganixileba rogorc adamianTa cxovrebis `realuri procesi~. amgvari sityvaTxmarebisas ZiriTadi postulati `sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv cnobierebas~. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi ra mivakuTvnoT cnobierebas da ra yofierebas? saeWvoa davuSvaT, rom `realuri procesi~ esaa ekonomika, xolo samarTali, politika, morali da a.S. esaa `cnobiereba~, romelSic aisaxeba es `realuri~ procesi. es imitomaa saeWvo, rom pirveli, ekonomika ar arsebobs ekonomikuri cnobierebis gareSe, meorec, samarTali, politika, morali, mecniereba da a.S. adamianTa cxovrebis ara nakleb `realuri~ praqtikuli procesia, vidre ekonomika.

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saboloo jamSi Tezisi `yofiereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas~, marqsis socialur filosofiaSi SeiZleba gavigoT samgvarad:

1. adamianTa cxovrebis erTi realuri procesi gansazRvravs sxva realur procesebs. Tezisi imdenadve ueWvelia, ramdenadac banaluri.

2. adamianTa cxovrebis realuri procesebi gansazRvraven qimerulT, Tezisi imdenadve ueWvelia, ramdenadac uazro.

3. bazisi, warmoebiTi urTierTobebi gansazRvravs `zednaSens~, e.i. politikas, morals, samarTals da msgavsT. Tezisi dasabuTebadia im zomiT, ra zomiTac dasabuTebadia sapirispiro.

Tu amaT davumatebT termin `gansazRvrebis~ gansakuTrebul mravalmniSvnelobas, miTiTebul postulatSi (ganapirobebs, gavlenas axdens, badebs, zemoqmedebs, ayalibebs, iwvevs da a.S.), maSin istoriis materialisturi gagebis amosavali postulatis mecnieruli Rirebuleba kidev ufro saeWvo xdeba. amitom araa SemTxveviTi, rom marqsi da engelsi iZulebulni iyvnen, pirveli, xazi gaesvaT socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoTa Soris urTierTqmedebis Seswavlis aucileblobisaTvis, meore, mieTiTebinaT, rom materialisturi gageba _ esaa axsna `saboloo angariSiT~. amasTan erTad istoriis materialisturi gageba Seicavda socialuri mecnierebisaTvis mniSvnelovan debulebas imis Taobaze, rom jgufebi da sazogadoebebi ar SeiZleba avxsnaT im warmodgenebiT, romelsac isini TviTon qmnian sakuTar Tavze, rom sxvadasxvagvari ideologiebis ukan aucilebelia veZeboT socialuri realobis siRrmiseuli safuZvlebi. am realobis dayvana ekonomikur qvesistemaze, naRdi Secdoma iyo. magram am qvesistemis CarTva socialur sistemaSi, sazogadoebis sxva qvesistemebTan am qvesistemis urTierTkavSirisa da damokidebulebis analizi ueWvelad nayofieri iyo. mTel rig SromebSi marqsi ikvlevda bazisis zednaSenze ara calmxriv zemoqmedebas, aramed ekonomikuri da araekonomikuri institutebis urTierTqmedebas. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomika, agreTve politika mas mudam ufro `realurad~ (materialurad) warmoedgina, vidre morali, samarTali da religia.

6. meTodologia rogorc konti, ise marqsic Tvlis, rom socialuri ganviTareba mimdinareobs gansazRvruli kanonebiT. kanoni mas esmis, roogrc movlenebs Soris `Sinagani da aucilebeli kavSiri~. marqsisTvis kanonebi ufro mets niSnavs, vidre socialur faqtebs Soris zogierTi erTgvari martivi, mimarTebis arsebobaa, rodesac gansazRvruli pirobebisas faqtTa erTi wyeba gvevlineba, rogorc faqtTa meore wyebis mizezi. hegelisa da kontis msgavsad, masac swams universaluri da ucvleli istoriuli kanonebis arseboba, romelTa mixedviTac viTardeba mTeli kacobrioba. mas swams istoriuli aucilebloba, romelic gzas ikvlevs mravalricxovan SemTxveviTobaTa meSveobiT. rogorc konti, marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian. socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurze. marqsis mixedviT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebis codna, gvaZlevs ara mxolod warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis gagebas, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobasac. amitomaa, rom mis SromebSi

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mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs winaswarmetyvelebas. istoriuli aucileblobis winaswarmonaxazTa codnas, romelic gvevlineba RvTaebrivi gangebis nebis Semcvlelad, mivyavarT imasTan, rom istoriuli kanonebis an tendenciebisadmi miyola aRiqmeba ukve, rogorc moraluri movaleoba. ramdenadac kanonebi gzas ikvleven adamianTa saqmianobis meSveobiT, amdenad adamianebi _ istoriuli dramis avtorebi, romelTac Seicnes es kanonebi _ ar unda elodnen imas, Tu rodis gakvalaven gzas es kanonebi. adamianebs ZaluZT da valdebulnic arian daaCqaron am kanonTa moqmedeba, Tu maT surT gadavidnen aucileblobis samefodan, Tavisuflebis samefoSi. socialur kanonTa aseT aqtivistur ganmartebas xSirad amagrebda marqsisa da misi mimdevrebis politikiuri radikalizmi. marqsis zogad dialeqtikur orientaciasTan kavSirSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili mis meTodologiaSi uWiravs yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis, daZabulobebis, konfliqtebis gamovlenas. es exeba socialuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferoTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebebis kvlevas da a.S. marqsi Tvlis, rom dapirispirebul Zalebsa da tendenciebs Soris winaaRmdegoba, brZola aris ganviTarebis wyaro da mamoZravebeli Zala. es meTodologiuri ganwyoba kontiseulis pirdapir sapirispiroa, romelic mimarTuli iyo socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoebSi erTianobis, solidarobis, Tanxmobis aRmoCenaze. marqsTan Cven vxvdebiT or dapirispirebul meTodologiur tendencias: bunebismecnieruls, romelic damaxasiaTebelia pozitivizmisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebis ideologiisaTvis da mis sapirispiros, romelic xazs usvams sociologiuri codnis specifikas, mis gansxvavebas bunebismecnierebis meTodebisa da rezultatebisagan. amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-is sociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebuli tradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da `humanisturi~, `amxsneli~ da `gagebiTi~ _ oriveni mimarTaven marqss, rogorc erT-erT maT damwyebTagans. bunebismecnieruli tendencia marqsTan gamovlinda sakmaod adre da nawilobriv gadaejaWva misi azrovnebis materialistur ganwyobebs. ukve 1844 wlis `ekonomikur-filosofiur xelnawerebSi~ man gamoTqva azri, msjeloba, romelsac Tavisuflad moawerda xels konti da sxva mravali naturalisturi orientaciis sociologi. `sabolood bunebismecniereba Seicavs Tavis TavSi mecnierebas adamianis Sesaxeb iseTive zomiT, ra zomiTac adamianis Sesaxeb mecniereba moicavs Tavis TavSi bunebismecnierebas: es iqneba erTi mecniereba, `. . . bunebismecniereba gaxdeba adamianuri mecnierebis safuZveli~. (t.42.124). magram marqsi ar dalodebia am momaval mdgomareobas da Tavis socialur gamokvlevebSi iyenebda bunebismecnierul da zogadmecnierul meTodologiur warmodgenebs. ase magaliTad, sazogadoebis mimarT sistemur midgomaSi nawilobriv Tavi iCina warmodgenebma geologiuri sitemebisa da biologiuri organizmebis Sesaeb. ujredis aRmoCenam gavlena moaxdina saqonlis, rogorc `ujredis~, rogorc kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis elementaluri, martivi erTeulis analizze. amave dros marqsi iyenebs sapirispiro meTodsac: moZraobas rTuli formebidan martivisaken _ eyrdnoba ra am dros morfologiur warmodgenebs: `adamianis anatomia – maimunis anatomiis gasaRebia; dabali saxeobis cxovelebSi miniSnebani ufro maRalze SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviT es ufro maRali ukve cnobilia. amgvarad, burJuaziuli ekonomika gvaZlevs Cven antikuri, feodaluris da a.S. gagebis gasaRebs. (t.46. gv.42).

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zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidan konkretulisaken aRmasvlis meTods. es meTodi Sedgeba Semecnebis samsafexuriani wesisagan:

1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~ warmoadgens;

2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli warmodgenebis Seqmna /Teoriuli done/;

3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, romelsac `grZnobad konkretuli~, gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva `azrobriv konkretulad~. (iqve gv. 37)

marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobamde akeTebs pirvel cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi, ganixilavas ra sxvadasxva movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, Cven mis SromebSi vpoulobT istoriul-genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac. marqsi aseve uTmobda yuradRebas, maTematikas, romelsac swavlobda Tavisufal dros. igi Tvlida, rom maTematikis gamoyeneba mecnieruli disciplinis simwifis niSania. rac Seexeba antipozitivistur tendenciebs marqsis SemoqmedebaSi, igi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis publicistur da politikur-revoluciur saqmianobasTan. mecnieruli saqmianobisadmi, rogorc socialur praqtikaSi CarTuli saqmianobisadmi midgomam, dialeqtikaze dayrdnobam, socialurma kriticizmma da politikurma radikalizmma, marqsi aqcia sxvadasxva antipozitivisturi da antiakademiuri mimdinareobebis winamorbedad: fenomenologiuris, dialeqtikuris, memarcxene radikalis, kerZod frankfurtis skolis da a.S. amave tendenciam marqsi gaiyvana ara mxolod pozitivisturi orientaciis sazRvrebidan, aramed mecnierebis, rogorc saqmianobis specifikuri saxis sazRvrebidanac. zogierTi Sroma SeiZleba Tavisuflad mivakuTvnoT publicisturi sociologiis Janrs. maTSi marqsi farTod iyenebs Tavis sayvarel polemikis meTods, agreTve mxilebis, ironiis, sarkazmis meTodebsac. marqsis sociologiaSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs Teoriul analizs. igi am dros eyrdnoboda uzarmazar empiriul masalas, romelic exeboda socialuri istorias, ekonomikas, samarTals da a.S. igi flobda calkeul sazogadoebaTa da istoriul periodTa specifikis Rrma da faqizi SegrZnebiT, romelic xSirad modioda winaaRmdegobaSi mis zogad Teoriul sqemebTan. marqsis SromebSi SeiZleba aseve aRmovaCinoT imis elementebi, ramac sabolood empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis saxelwodeba miiRo. jer kidev Tavis adrindel publicistur SromebSi 1842-43 wlebSi, rodesac igi swavlobda mozelis glexobis mdgomareobas, igi eyrdnoboda oficialuri dokumentebis, werilebis da gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizs. social-empirikosis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa mis mier damuSavebuli `anketa muSebisaTvis~, romelic gamoqveynda 1880 wlis aprilSi frangul Jurnal `Revue socialiste~. igi exeba muSaTa klasis Sromis, yofisa da politikuri brZolis pirobebs (t. 19, gv.223-240).

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7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria sociologiis istoriaSi marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava warmodgena sazogadoebis, rogorc sistemis Sesaxeb. es warmodgena uwinares yovlisa, ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebrivi formaciis miseul cnebaSi. Tavdapirvelad termini `formacia~ gamoiyeneboda geologiaSi /ZiriTadad/ da botanikaSi. swored geologiidan isesxa marqsma es termini. Sinaarsobrivi planiT am terminis arCeva ar yofila SemTxveviTi da gamoTqvams socialur sistemaTa marqsiseuli gagebis Teoriul siaxloves geologiur sistemebze maSindel warmodgenebTan. pirvelad marqsi termins `sazogadoebrivi formacia~ iyenebs SromaSi `lui bonapartis Tvramet briumerSi~ (1852) XIX s-is safrangeTis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavad. marqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema, romelic Sedgeba urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofeba aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe. mis safuZvelSi Zevs materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi, e.i. ekonomikuri qvesistema. mis aRsaniSnavad marqsi zogjer iyenebs agreTve termins `ekonomikuri formacia~ da `ekonomikuri sazogadoebrivi formula~. warmoebis wess ori mxare aqvs: sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani. sawarmoo Zalebs miekuTvneba sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi myofi yvela resursi da saSualeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process: warmoebaSi CarTuli bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, mecnierebis done da misi teqnologiuri gamoyeneba da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adgils sawarmoo ZalebSi igi sen-simonis kvalad mrewvelobas uTmobs, amtkicebs ra, rom mrewvelobis mxriv ganviTarebul qveyanas misi sakuTari momavlis suraTs uCvenebs. warmoebis wesis meore mxare, warmoebiTi urTierTobani gamoixateba marqsis mixedviT, ZiriTadad warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebSi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs gvqondes mxedvelobaSi is, rom marqss xSirad warmoeba gagebuli aqvs warmoebuli dovlaTis moZraobis (zogadi) saero cikli, sadac Sedis sakuTriv warmoeba, anu warmoeba viwro azriT, ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba. am ciklis yoveli faza asrulebs mniSvnelovan funqcias, romlis gareSec ganviTarebul socialur sistemebSi warmoebis procesi SeuZlebelia. marqsi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs am ciklis damasrulebel fazas _ moxmarebas. `warmoebis gareSe araa momxmareba, magram moxmarebis gareSec ar aris warmoeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi warmoeba miznis gareSe darCeboda~ _ aRniSnavs igi da Semdeg igi ufro aZlierebs aqcents am azrze: `. . .mxolod moxmarebaSi iqceva produqti namdvil produqtad. magaliTad, kaba namdvil kabad iqceva maSin, rodesac mas atareben; saxli, romelSic ar cxovroben ar aris namdvili saxli~. /t. 46. gv.27/. es debuleba friad mniSvnelovania swored sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan igi exeba ara materialuri dovlaTis warmoebasa da moZraoba-gadaadgilebis, aramed sazogadoebaSi komunikaciuri urTierTqmedebis yvela process. warmoebis wesis orive mxare imyofeba Sesabamisobasa da urTierTqmedebis mdgomareobaSi. amave dros wamyvan rols TamaSobs sawarmoo Zalebi. marqsis mixedviT, warmoebis wesi Seadgens socialuri sistemis masistematizirebel, sistemis warmomqmnel komponents, romelic gansazRvravs mis danarCen elementebs, komponentebs. swored warmoebis wesi qmnis

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sazogadoebrivi formaciis Tvisobriv gansazRvrulobas da erTs ganasxvavebs meorisagan. magram garda sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa, romlebic Seadgenen sazogadoebis `realur baziss~, struqturas, formacia aseve Seicavs zednaSens anu superstruqturas. masSi marqsi rTavs uwinares yovlisa, iuridiul da politikur urTierTobebsa da institutebs. (isini yvelaze axlos imyofebian bazisTan) da Semdeg, ufro zustad `maRla~ _ imyofebian socialuri cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebi, romlebic, rogorc samarTali da politika, ganekuTvnebian `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis~ anu `ideologiis~ sferoebs: morali, mecniereba, religia, xelovneba. is, rom zednaSeni _ esaa zednaSeni bazisze, xolo bazisi zednaSenis bazisia, aqcevs Teziss erTis mier meoris ganmsazRvrelobis Sesaxeb tavtologiad da uazrobad. marqss esmoda zednaSenis bazisTan mimarTebaSi SedarebiTi avtonomiuroba (mag. xelovnebas sazogadod ganixilavda, rogorc sferos, romelic damoukidebelia ekonomiuri qvesistemisagan) da misi ukuzemoqmedeba bazisze. magram mTlianobaSi igi darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom namdvil realobas uwinares yovlisa, flobs ekonomika, nawilobriv politika. danarCeni sferoebi floben mxolod SezRudul sakuTar yofierebas, maT marqsis mixedviT, ar aqvT sakuTari istoria, rameTu isini warmoadgenen mxolod `namdvili~ yofierebis _ warmoebiTi urTierTobebis asaxvas, gacnobierebas. socialuri sistemis ganmartebaSi aseTi pozicia mkveTrad ganasxvavebs marqss kontisagan, romlisTvisac mecniereba, morali da religia _ esaa moqmedi, praqtikuli Zalebi, romlebic floben sakuTar realobas da efeqturobas da gamodian marqsis sawarmoo Zalebis rolSi. garda bazisisa da zednaSenisa, formacia Seicavs agreTve socialur klasTa, jgufTa da fenaTa gansazRvrul struqturas, romelic iseve, rogorc zednaSeni gamoxatavs warmoebis wess, baziss da bolos, sazogadoebriv formaciaSi Sedian iseTi elementebi, komponentebi, rogorebicaa ojaxis gansazRvruli formebi adamianTa cxovrebis wesis da yoveldRiuri cxovelsaqmianobis gansazRvruli formebi, kerZod moxmarebis formebi, romlis Sesaxebac ukve gvqonda saubari. rogorc Cans, mTeli es sfero, marqsis mixedviT, unda miekuTvnebodes ufro baziss, vidre zednaSens, radgan aq adgili aqvs `adamianTa cxovrebis realur process~, anu engelsis gamoTqmiT, `uSualo cxovrebis warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas~. konkretulad rogor sazogadoebriv formaciebs gamoyofs da ikvlevs marqsi? farTodaa cnobili formaciaTa miseuli klasifikacia: pirvelyofili monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri, burJuaziuli da momavali komunisturi formaciebi: am klasifikaciis safuZvelSi Zevs warmoebis wesSi arsebuli gansxvavebani. pirvelyofili formacia dafuZnebulia koleqtiur Temur sakuTrebaze da sisxliT naTesaur urTierTobebze. Semdegi sami formacia eyrdnoba warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebas, maTSi urTierTobani atareben antagonistur xasiaTs. `. . .burJuaziuli sazogadoebrivi formaciiT sruldeba adamianTa sazogadoebis predistoria~. misi `namdvili~ istoria unda dadges komunisturi formaciis damkvidrebiT, romelic asrulebs, hegelianuri azriT, triadas da aaRorZinebs axali formiT pirvelyofil komunizms. komunisturi formacia Tavis ganviTarebul formaSi flobs iseT Tvisebebsa da niSnebs, rogorebicaa:

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1. adamianis dammonebeli Sromis danawilebidan ganTavisufleba da misadmi morCilebis mospoba.

2. gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis dapirispirebis erTdrouli gaqroba 3. Sromis gadaqceva saSualebebidan cxovrebis pirvel moTxovnilebad 4. individTa yovelmxrivi ganviTareba 5. sawarmoo Zalebisa da sazogadoebrivi simdidris arnaxuli zrda 6. `TiToeulisgan unaris, xolo TiToeuls moTxovnilebis mixedviT~

principis realizacia~. (esaa lozungi, romelic pirvelad wamoayena frangma komunistma e. kabem).

marqsisaTvis sazogadoebrivi formaciebi _ esaa ara ubralod sxvadasxva, gansxvavebuli masStabisa da sirTulis mqone socialuri sistemebi. kontis `sami stadiis~ msgavsad esaa msoflio istoriis erTmaneTis momdevno periodebi, sazogadoebrivi progresis etapebi, `safexurebi~, romelTac mivyavarT `predistoriidan~ kacobriobis `namdvil~ istoriamde, e.i. miwier samoTxemde. socialuri sistemebis aseTi ganmarteba gamomdinareobda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli progresis rwmenisagan da socialuri evoluciis, rogorc procesis Sesaxeb warmodgenisagan, romelsac gaivlis nebismieri sazogadoeba da Tanac gaivlis aucileblad erTsa da imave fazebs da rom mTeli kacobrioba moZraobs erTi mimarTulebiT. marqsi TviTon akritikebda xolme Tavisi drois am Teoriul-meTodologiur stereotips. `egreT wodebuli istoriuli ganviTareba eyrdnoba sazogadod imas, rom uaxlesi forma ganixilavs winamorbed, rogorc misi ganviTarebis safexurs da yovelTvis igebs maT calmxrivad, vinaidan mxolod Zalian iSviaTad da mxolod savsebiT gansazRvrul pirobebSi iqceva igi `TviTkritikis~ unaris mqoned. /t. 12 gv.732/. oqros sityvebia! magram samwuxarod marqsma ver SesZlo gamoeyenebina isini sakuTari Teoriis mimarT, darCa ra mis mierve gakritikebuli crurwmenis tyveobaSi. araa gasakviri, rom sabolood oficialur sabWour marqsizmSi formaciebis Sesaxeb warmodgenam SeiZina hipostazirebuli saxe da mecnieruli cnebisagan ideologiur dogmad gadaiqca.

8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia socialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivad warmomqmnadi winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myof sawarmoo Zalebsa erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv. Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan da sazogadoebaSi am bazisis gacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsis mixedviT, warmoadgens gardauval kanons. maT ar SeuZliaT, rom ar ganviTardnen. misTvis es ganviTareba TviT sicocxlis igiveobrivia. `. . .adamianebi TavianTi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisas, e.i. sicocxlisas aviTareben gansazRvrul urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan da. . . am urTierTobaTa xasiaTi aucileblad icvleba am sawarmoo ZalaTa gardaqmnasa da zrdasTan erTad~ (t.46, gv. 406). rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari wonasworoba irRveva da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis saSualebebidan maTs dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani xdebian. erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTa Soris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri,

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ideologiuri da a.S. brZolis gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla, e.i. socialuri revolucia. magram socialuri revoluciis Sedegadac winandeli formaciis elementebi agrZeleben nawilobriv arsebobas TandaTanobiT kvdomadi gadmonaSTis saxiT. socialuri ganviTarebis marqistuli midgomis gasagebad kargi iqneba misi kontiseul midgomasTan Sedareba. ra aerTianebs maT?

1. orives swamT adamianuri gvaris, modgmis universaluri evolucia. isini oriveni istoriuli evolucionistebi arian, rameTu Tvlian, rom yvela sazogadoeba viTaredeba erTi da igive kanonebis Tanaxmad da TavianTi ganviTarebis procesSi gadian erTsa da imave stadiebs. kontis mixedviT esaa Teologiuri, metafizikuri da pozitiuri stadiebi. marqsis mixedviT ki, erTi meoris Semcvleli sazogadoebrivi formaciebi.

2. orives swams progresis, e.i. Tvlian, rom socialuri evolucia _ esaa ganviTareba dablidan maRlisaken, nakleb srulyofilidan ufro srulyofilamde. kontis mixedviT, progresis safuZvlebSi Zevs inteleqtualuri da moraluri srulyofileba. marqsis mixedviT ki sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba.

3. pirveli ori punqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom maT orives swamT saboloo srulyofili mdgomareobis miRweva, oqros saukunis xanis dadgma. kontis mixedviT, esaa kacobriobis pozitiuri mdgomareoba, marqsis mixedviT, komunizmi.

4. wina punqtebidan gamomdinareobs Tavis mxriv Semdegi: isini oriveni winaswarmetyveleben, ufro zustad winaswarmetyvelebebs warmoTqvamen momavali mdgomareobis mimarT.

5. oqros saukunis dadgomis wanaswarmetyveebisas isini ubralod ki ar elodebian mas, aramed Tavis mowodebad Tvlian amave dros xeli Seuwyon mis dadgomas. konti amas akeTebs kacobriobis religiis qadagebis gziT. marqsi ki, politikur-organizaciuli da revoluciuri saqmianobiT.

raSia maT Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba? 1. kontisaTvis `normaluri~ socialuri mdgomareoba-ganviTareba

gulisxmobs memkvidreobiTobas, tradiciebze dayrdnobas, mkveTri naxtomebisa da biZgebis arsebobas.

marqsisTvis ki piriqiT, `normaluri~ socialuri mdgomareoba, ganviTareba _ esaa warsulTan mudmivi ganxeTqileba, mZlavri transformaciebi da qriSxlebi.

kontis mixedviT, sazogadoebis fundamenturi safuZvlebi principSi ucvlelia, arsebiTad icvleba mxolod socialuri garsacmi. ganviTareba midis TiTqosda franguli andazis Tanaxmad, `rac ufro icvlebi, miT ufro nakleb rCebi sakuTar TavTan.~

marqsTan piriqiT, sazogadoeba ganuwyvetliv icvleba TviT mis safuZvelSi, xolo ucvleloba axasiaTebs mxolod garegan, socialuri sistemis zednaSenur fenebs, romelic CamorCeba Rrma, safuZvelmdebel cvlilebebs.

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Tumca, marqsi aRiarebs uZrav, gaqvavebul istoriul epoqaTa da regionTa arsebobas da im TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs, romelTac ar mivyavarT iseT mkveTr biZgebTan, romlebic iwveven socialur sistemaTa cvlas. igi tradiciebis rolsac ki aRiarebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magram uZraoba, TandaTanobiToba, tradicia, yvelaferi es misTvis Taviseburi anomalia, an metad Tu naklebad xangrZlivi Sesvenebebia cvlilebaTa ganuxrel procesSi, an bolos, ideologiuri kamuflaJia, romlis ukan isev da isev imalebian mRelvare socialuri Zvrebi. konti ki tradicias ganixilavda, rogorc did keTilSobilur Zalas, romelic ayalibebs sazogadoebas. marqsi ki maT rols afasebda savsebiT sxvagvarad: `yvela mkvdar TaobaTa tradiciebi awevs cocxal TaobaTa gonierebas, rogorc koSmari~. /t. 8 gv.119/. SromaSi `lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri~ igi aanalizebs tradiciis ideologiur funqcias, ganixilavs mas, rogorc Tavisebur enas, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba revoluciuri gardaqmnebi. amgvarad, Tumca marqss kontis msgavsad ar gamouyvia socialuri dinamika, rogorc socialuri mecnierebis gansakuTrebuli dargi, miuxedavad amisa, swored igi aris socialuri dinamikis Semqmneli, romelic gagebulia, rogorc socialur cvlilebaTa, inovaciaTa, revoluciur gardaqmnaTa kvleva.

2. kontis mixedviT, socialuri progresi atarebs mSvidobian,

arawinaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. marTalia igi aRiarebs kritikul fazebs socialur ganviTarebaSi, roca xdeba revoluciuri cvlilebebi da sxvadasxva socialur ZalaTa Sejaxeba, magram es misTvis mainc ufro paTologiaa, vidre norma. marqsisaTvis piriqiT, socialuri winaaRmdegobebi, konfliqtebi, yovelgvari dapirispireba, brZola socialuri ganviTarebis wyaroa. es winaaRmdegobebi da konfliqtebi, misi TvalsazrisiT, atareben principSi mudmiv xasiaTs, romelic zogjer mwvavdeba, zogjer ki neldeba, magram arasdros ar wydeba. isini arseboben, rogorc am elementebs Soris, ise maT Soris, rogorc dialeqtikis momxre marqsi ara mxolod konstatacias ukeTebs socialuri ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobriv da konfliqtur xasiaTs, aramed pozitiuradac afasebs mas. msgavsad imisa, rogorc kontma ara mxolod konstatacia gaukeTa, aramed umRera ra kidec Tanxmobas, marqsma ara mxolod gamoikvlia, aramed xotbac ki Seasxa konfliqtebs.

3. marqsis warmodgenebi socialuri evoluciis, progresis xasiaTisa da

gzebis Sesaxeb ufro rTuli da faqizi iyo, vidre kontis Sexedulebebi socialur-istoriuli sinamdvilis faqtebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi principSi istoriuli evolucionisti da progresis ideis momxrea, mas mainc esmis socialuri ganviTareba, rogorc mravalmxrivi procesi da iWers calkeul sazogadoebaTa da kulturul-istoriul arealTa specifikas. man aRniSna xangrZlivi regresiuli da uZravi periodebis arseboba, agreTve socialuri evoluciis gansxvavebuli, sxvadasxva siCqare.

revoluciis problematikas centraluri adgili ukavia marqsis socialuri cvlilebebis TeoriaSi. socialuri revolucia mis ganmartebaSi _ esaa ara ubralod gadasvla erTi naklebad progresuli sazogadoebrivi formaciidan

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meore, ufro progresulze, ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Rrma Tvisobrivi gardaqmna, aramed amgvari gardaqmnis gansazRvruli wesi; esaa socialur urTierTobebSi swrafi, mkveTri, konfliqturi da totaluri Zvra. socialuri Zvrebis aseTi wess marqsi istoriulad gardauval da sasurvel ramed Tvlis, rameTu igi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaCqaroT sazogadoebrivi progresi. swored aseTia misi cnobili Tezisis sazrisi: `revoluciebi _ istoriis lokomotivebia~. am TezisTan axlosaa ara nakleb cnobili Tezisi: `Zaladoba asrulebs bebia-qalis rols yvela Zvel sazogadoebebSi, rodesac igi axliTaa fexmZimed~. /`kapitali~ t.1. t.23. 761/. socialuris gverdiT, marqsi ganixilavs ekonomikur, samrewvelo da politikur revoluciebs, aaxlovebs socialur revolucias xan pirvelTan, xan meoresTan, xan ki mesamesTan, magram gansakuTrebiT mWidrod igi socialur revolucias akavSirebs politikasTan, e.i. progresuli klasis mier saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis mopovebas da mis mier revoluciuri diqtaturis damyarebas reaqciuli klasebis dasaTrgunavad. marqsi namdvilad ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan socialur da politikur revolucias. magram am ukanasknelma SeumCnevlad SeiZina mis cnobierebaSi TviTkmari mniSvneloba, gadaiqca ra socialuri revoluciis aucilebeli pirobisa da elementis TviTmiznad. piriqiT, socialuri revolucia, rogorc obieqturad mimdinare procesi ukve mis SromebSi interpretirdeba, rogorc gansazRvrul jgufTa nebelobiT miswrafebebze dafuZnebuli politikuri revoluciis pirobad da saSualebad. rodesac marqsi wers ubralod revoluciis Sesaxeb, mas am dros mxedvelobaSi aqvs swored politikuri revolucia. socialuri da politikuri reformebi marqss warmoudgenia, rogorc xelovnuri muxruWi socialuri ganviTarebisa; gabatonebuli klasebis mxridan iZulebiTi daTmobis da sicruis rezultatad an daCagrul klasTa sisustisa da gaubedaobis Sedegad. sazogadoebis `winaistoriaSi~, romelic agebulia kerZo sakuTrebaze da adamianis mier adamianis eqspluataciaze, socialuri ganviTarebis miseuli ideali _ esaa, `uwyveti – permanentuli revolucia~, sazogadoebis mudmivi garevolucionizireba, `namdvili~ istoriis _ komunizmis swrafad dasamyareblad. am oqros saukuneSi, politikuri revoluciebi, marqsis erT-erTi winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, ukve aRar iqneba `nivTTa mxolod iseTi wesrigis arsebobisas, rodesac ar iqneba metad klasebi da klasobrivi antagonizmi, socialuri revoluciebi aRar iqnebian politikuri revoluciebi. manamde ki, sazogadoebis yoveli sayovelTao gardaqmnis dasawyisSi socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva mudam iqneba: `brZola an sikvdili. sisxliani brZola an aryofna aseTia Seubralebeli drama~. (JorJ sandi). aq kargad Cans, rom marqsSi misma revoluciurma da mebrZolma mxareeba aSkarad dajabnes marqsi-mecnieri da `socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva~ mWidrod gadaenaskva mesianizmsa da utopias. magram marqss hqonda kidev erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani Teoria, romelSic aseve idga saqme. esaa, klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria.

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9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Tema _ centraluria marqsTan. misi roli mis doqtrinaSi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom marqsistebi xSirad aigiveben `marqsistul Tvalsazriss~ `klasobriv TvalsazrisTan~. sazogadoebis klasebad dayofa da klasTa Soris brZolis TvalsazrisiT socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilva marqsamdec arsebobda. jer kidev tiurgo ganasxvavebda `miwadmoqmedi klasisa~ da `xelosanTa~ klasis SigniT mewarmeebsa da daqiravebul muSebs warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTari niSnis mixedviT. adam smiti Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gamoyofda sam klass: daqiravebul muSebs, kapitalistebs da miwaTmflobelebs da pirvel klass upirispirebda danarCen ors. aseve rikardoc ganasxvavebda klasebs ekonomikuri interesebis dapirispirebis mixedviT. frangi istorikosi-romantikosebi (f. gizo, f. mine, a. tieri, o.terri), ganixilavdnen klasobriv brZolas, rogorc istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad. sazogadoebis klasobriv dayofas seriozul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sen-simonic. TviTon marqsi aRiarebda, rom klasebis arseboba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mas ar aRmouCenia, arc klasobrivi brZola da arc am brZolis istoriuli ganviTareba da `klasTa ekonomikuri anatomia~. marqsi ambobda: `is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: 1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul istoriul fazebTan; 2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtaturasTan, da 3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklaso sazogadoebaze gadasvlas~. /t.28. gv.427/ marTalia, klasis cnebas centraluri adgili ukavia marqsis doqtrinaSi, magram arsad ar iZleva mis zogad ganmartebas. rogorc Cans, es cneba mas imdenad cxadad da fundamenturad hqonda warmodgenili, rom arc ki Tvlida mis ganmartebas aucilebel ramed. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom mas surda am cnebis gansazRvra `kapitalis~ mesame tomSi. magram xelnaweris damadasturebeli Tavi, romelic iwodeba `klasebad~, swored iq wydeba sadac kiTxvaa dasmuli: `uaxloesi sakiTxi, romelzec Cven unda gavceT pasuxi, aseTia: ra qmnis klass?. . ~ /t.25. gv.458/. miuxedavad amisa, kalsebis Sesaxeb marqsis warmodgena SeiZleba aRvadginoT misi Sromebisa da am sagnis Sesaxeb mravali gamonaTqvamis analizis safuZvelze. misi TvalsazrisiT, klasobrivi dayofa ararsebobs pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic arsebob warmoebis saSualebebze koleqtiuri sakuTreba. igi warmoiSoba mxolod e.w. antagonistur formaciebSi, Sromis danawilebisa da warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebis Sedegad. ra aris klasebi misi ganmartebiT? farTo azriT, klasebi marqsis mixedviT, esaa nebismieri socialuri jgufebi, romlebic araTanabar urTiaerTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da ibrZvian erTmaneTs Soris. am azriT, klasebi moicaven wodebebs da nebismier metad Tu naklebad mniSvnelovan socialur kategoriebs, romlebic ganlagebulia socialuri kibis sxvadasxva safexurebze. swored am azriT gamoiyeneba klasebis cneba `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~. `Tavisufali da mona, patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi, mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli imyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi, awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan farul, xan aSkara brZolas,

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romelic yovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobis revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~. winamorbed istoriul epoqebSi Cven vpoulobT TiTqmis yvelgan sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebad srul danawevrebas, sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaTa mTel kibes. amave dros am klasebs SigniT kidev gansakuTrebuli danayofebia. `Cveni epoqa, burJuaziis epoqa imiT gansxvavdeba, rom man gaamartiva klasobrivi winaaRmdegobani: sazogadoeba, sul ufro da ufro ixliCeba or did mtrul banakad, or did, erTmaneTos dapirispirebul klasad _ burJuaziad da proletariatad~. /t.4. gv. 424-25/. ufro viwro azriT, marqss klasebis qveS esmis iseTi socialuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian warmoebis saSualebebze damokidebulebiT. ramdenadac igi sazogadoebis klasobrivi dayofis safuZvels warmoebiT urTierTobebSi xedavs, amdenad klasebi gvevlinebian am urTierTobaTa gamoxatulebad, warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis forma, da rac mTavaria, am sakuTrebis arseboba an araarseboba gamodis, rogorc klasTa warmoqmnis mTavar kriteriumad. magram es kriteriumebi jer kidev arasakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa vilaparakoT klasze, rogorc aseTze am sityvis sruli azriT. esaa, jer kidev `klasi TavisTavad~. klasi ki am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, marqsis azriT, esaa _ `klasTa TavisTvis~, e.i. klasi, romelsac gacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari Tavi, rogorc gansakuTrebul socialur jgufad Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT, da rogorc sxva kalsebisadmi dapirispirebuli. iseT niSnebTan erTad, rogorebicaa warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da a.S. klasobrivi TviTcnobierebac did rols asrulebs klasis, rogorc aseTis gagebaSi, `ramdenadac milionobiT ojaxi cxovrobs ekonomikur pirobebSi, romlebic gansxvavebulia da mtrulad upirispirebs maT cxovrebis wess, interesesa da ganaTlebas sxva klasTa cxovrebis wess, interesebsa da ganaTlebas. amdenad isini qmnian klass. ramdenadac paralelur (daqucmacebuli meurneoba) glexebs Soris arsebobs mxolod adgilobrivi kavSiri, ramdenadac maTi interesebis igiveoba ar qmnis maT Soris araviTar erTianobas, araviTar erovnul kavSirebs, araviTar politikur organizaciebs _ isini ar qmnian klass~, _ wers marqsi. /t.8. gv.208/. misi TvalsazrisiT, klasobrivi TviTcnobierebis gamoTqmis yvelaze adakvaturi forma politikuri partiaa. marqsis mixedviT, mocemuli socialuri jgufis gansazRvruli , meore, sxva jgufisadmi dapirispireba, erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSania klasisa. `germanul ideologiaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `calkeuli individebi mxolod imdenad qmnian klass, ramdenadac maT uxdebaT brZola, romelime sxva klasTan; danarCen mimarTebebSi isini mtrul dapirispirebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan konkurentTa saxiT~. /t.3. gv.54./. amgvarad, klasebis marqsistuli koncefcia ganuyofelia klasobrivi batonobisa da klasobrivi brZolis miseuli koncefciisagan. principSi, marqsi amodis sazogadoebis klasebad dixotomiuri dayofisagan. klasobrivi dixotomia masTan gvevlineba ori formiT: pirveli esaa, gamWoli dapirispireba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela `antagonisturi~ formaciebisaTvis, sadac erT polusze ganlagebulia aramwarmoebeli, gabatonebuli, mCagvreli, eqsploatatoruli kalsebi, romelic iRebs zedmet produqts sxva klasis eqspluataciisagan, xolo meore

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polusze ki Sesabamisad ganlagebulia mwarmoebeli, daqvemdebarebuli, daCagruli, eqsploatirebuli klasebi. meore, am formaciebidan TiToeulSi arseboben misTvis specifikuri klasTa wyvilebi, romlebic gamoxataven warmoebis gansazRvrul wess. TiToeuli klasi principSi gulixmobs Tavis antipods, romelTanac igi brZolis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba: aSkarad an dafarulad; gacnobierebulad an gaucnobiereblad; realurad an potencialurad, warsulSi, awmyoSi an momavalSi. ai magaliTebi, amgvari wyvilebia: Tavisuflebi-monebi, patricebi-plebeebi, memamuleni-yma glexebi, ostatebi-Segirdebi, burJuebi-proletarebi da a.S. brZola klasebs Soris marqsis mixedviT, esaa _ saboloo jamSi ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebsa da maTgan CamorCenil warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris brZolis gamoxatuleba. gansazRvrul istoriul periodSi erTi klasi (`reaqciuli~) axorcielebs moZvelebul warmoebiT urTierTobebs, meore (`progresuli), axal Casaxul warmoebiT urTierTobebs romelebic Seesabamebian ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebs erTi da igive klasi sazogadoebrivi formaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaze gvevlineba jer progresulad, xolo Semdeg reaqciulad; mag. burJuazia, romelic kapitalisturi formaciis adreul stadiaze progresuli klasi iyo, damasrulebel stadiaze reaqciul klasad iqceva. proletariati da burJuazia, marqsis mixedviT, ukanaskneli antagonisturi klasebia. momavali komunisturi formacia, esaa _ uklaso sazogadoeba. misi dadgenisaTvis, proletariatma, romlis istoriuli misiaa gainTavisuflos Tavi burJuaziuli eqsploataciisagan da imavdroulad gaanTavisuflos mTeli sazogadoeba (kacobrioba), unda moipovos politikuri Zalaufleba da daamyaros Tavisi revoluciuri diqtatura. amgvarad, marqsi aramxolod sen-simonTan, sen- simonistebTan da kontTan erTad winaswarmetyvelebs oqros saukunis dadgomas, ara mxolod aRmoaCens proletariatSi axal mesias, aramed `mecnierulad~ asabuTebs, rac am mesiam unda gaakeTos, raTa Sesrulos Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli daniSnuleba. magram marqsi xom friad seriozuli mecnieri iyo, raTa Tavisi utopiuri mesianobis ukan ver daenaxa kalsobrivi struqturis ufro rTuli realoba. am struqturis dixotomiur xedvas igi umatebda sxva klasebis, fenebisa da jgufebis arsebobasac. ufro metic, Tavisi gamartivebuli klasTa brZolis koncefciis garda, man mogvca im socialur jgufTa urTierTdamokidebulebis analizis brwyinvale nimuSebi, romlebic am klasebs, antagonistebs SigniT da gareT imyofebian. kerZod, msgavs nimuSebs Cven vpoulobT mis iseT cnobil SromebSi, rogorebicaa `klasobrivi brZola safrangeTSi da 1848-50 ww-Si~ da `lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri~. mis Tanamedrove burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi, garda proletariatis da burJuaziisa, marqsi, kerZod ganixilavs klasebis saxiT miwaTmflobelebs da wvril burJuazias (`esaa gardamavali klasi, romelSic orive klasis interesebi urTierTs amdableben, ablagveben, amcroben~). igi iyenebs iseT cnebebs did da farTo klasebs SigniT arsebuli `fraqciebis~ aRsaniSnavad, romelTac Tavisi interesebi gacnobierebuli aqvT, rogorebicaa `fena~, `Sualeduri fena~, `Sualeduri wodeba~, `Sualeduri klasebi~, `saSualo klasebi~, `liberaluri saSualo klasi~ da a. S. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT `klasis~ marqsistuli terminis mravalmniSvneloba. erTi da igive kategoriebi masTan xSirad gvevlinebian xan rogorc klasi, xan

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rogorc klasis nawili, xan rogorc wodeba. miwis mesakuTreTa klass igi xan ganixilavs, rogorc burJuaziuli klasis nawilad, zogjer ki rogorc damoukidebel klasad. zogjer ki Ralatobs Tavis sayvarel dixotomias da sam ZiriTad sazogadoebriv klass gamoyofs: daqiravebul muSebs, kapitalistebs da miwis mesakuTreebs. (t.25. gv.458)/ da mainc, dixotomiuri klasobrivi dayofa iyo masTan wamyvani. amaSi gamoixata, rogorc hegelis dialeqtikis, ise misi revoluciuri temperamentis gavlena. magram klasobrivi struqturis aseTi xedva dakavSirebuli iyo am saganze marqsis sakuTriv sociologiur warmodgenebTanac. pirveli, man klasebis dixotomiuri dayofa gaigo ara mxolod rogorc realuri, aramed rogorc idealur-tipobrivad, rasac adastureben Sidaklasobrivi, gareklasobrivi da klasTaSorisi socialuri kategoriebis miseuli analizi. meorec, klasTa dixotomiuri suraTi dakavSirebuli iyo maTi ganviTarebis bazisuri tendenciis, polarizaciis tendenciis marqsiseul gagebasTan. marqsi Tvlida, rom garda proletariatisa da burJuaziisa, yvela sxva saSualo fena Tu klasi gaqreboda da klasebs, antagonistebs Soris gaiTqvifeboda. magram marqsis es winaswarmetyveleba ar gamarTlda, arc proletariatis gaRatakebis Tezisi aRmoCnda swori. warmodgena imaze, rom socialuri ganviTareba, esaa klasTa Seuwyveteli brZola , romelic am ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis saxiT gvevlineba, rasakvirvelia iyo calmxrivi da gamartivebuli. igi yuradRebis fiqsacias axdenda mxolod klasobriv konfliqtze, uyuradRebod tovebda, pirveli, gareklasobriv socialur konfliqtebs, meore, klasebs Soris TanamSromlobas, romelsac xazs usvamda konti. marqsis SromebSi klasebis sociologiur SeswavlisaTvis mniSvneloba hqonda ara imdenad mis klasobriv dixotomiebsa da prognozebs, ramdenadac TviT aqcents /zogjer metismets/ socialuri konfliqtis rolze, am konfliqtebis ekonomikuri faqtorebis analizs, konkretul sazogadoebaSi da socialur situaciebSi sxvadasxva klasebisa da jgufebis mdgomareobis da urTierTqmedebis kvlevas.

10. Semecnebis sociologia marqsma pirvelad daamuSava problemuri sfero, anu sociologiuri disciplina, romelic swavlobs SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur Sedegebs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis sociologia~. marqsi Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romelTac isini sakuTar Tavze qmnian. amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _ aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseuli socialuri realoba, romelic Zevs mravalgvar ideaTa, warmodgenaTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi. marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolod Semecnebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac. Semecnebisadmi sociologiurma midgomam yvelaze koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba hpova ideologiis marqsistul koncefciaSi. ideologiis qveS marqss esmis cnobieri da aracnobieri miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika, meore, SeniRbos Tavisi

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kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli klasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebic iluziebs awarmoeben: politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls. namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusis SenarCunebasTan da `gamoicno~ am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTa ekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, marqsis mixedviT, aris ideologiis antipodi. mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani gaxdebian imdenad martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan gaqreba am zednaSenuri kamufliaJis moTxovnileba.. mraval gansxvavbul ideologiur konstruqciaTa analizis procesSi marqsma miaRwia mraval,niSvnelovan warmatebeb. misma midgomam aRmoaCina socialur da SemecnebiT procesTa urTierTkavSiris Seswavlis nayofieri gzebi da Cauyara safuZveli mniSvnelovani sociologiuri disciplinis arsebobas. magram samwuxarod, marqsi ise gaitaca ideologiis mxilebam, rom iluziebad aRiqvams araradikaluri xasiaTis nebismier ideas an misi sakuTari Sexedulebebidan gansxvavebul ideebs, rogorc klasobrivi interesebis SeniRbvas. `Semecnebis sociologia~ aseTi gagebiT gadaiqca Taviseburi saxis, `niRbis Camomxsnelad~, `mamxilebelad~ namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi WuWyis `gamwmendad~, amave dros, sxvadasxva moazrovneTa klasobrivi iluziebis mxilebisas, marqsi iviwyebs gamoiyenos `Semecnebis sociolologia~ Tavisi sakuTari doqtrinis mimarT. dairwmuna ra Tavi imaSi, rom misi kavSiri yvelaze `progresuli~ klasis proletariatis interesebTan warmoadgen ideologiisagan Tavisuflebis garantias, igi seriozulad ar dafiqrebula imaze, Tu misi moZRvreba realurad rogor ifunqcionirebs sxvadasxva socialur garemoSi, rogor iqneba gagebuli da gamoyenebuli. yovelive es mas cxadad da garkveulad warmoedgina: sakmarisia Teoriuli gamarjveba movipovoT oponentze, rom moZRvreba gagebul da gamoyenebul iqnes ise, rogorc mas warmoudgenia. maSin rodesac, misi moZRvreba iyo mravalmniSvnelovani, winaaRmdegobrivi da dauxrulebeli. amitom aRmoCnda ra sabolood sxva socialur niadagze, sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, socialur klasebsa da fenebSi, igi ganimarteboda da funqcionirebda sxvanairad, srulebiTac araa ise, rogorc es marqss warmoedgina.

11. daskvna marqsis SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi ase iyo, mainc mis TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyo ara mizani, aramed sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis saSualeba. amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs, romelTa urTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi marqsis moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvari interpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqonia sociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `sociologia~, magram man daamuSava sazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelic inamdvileSi Seesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs.

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ontologiuri aspeqtiT, marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialuri realobis aRmoCenaSi, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori da Sedegi, romlebic erTdrouladYayalibeben socialur sistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mier yalibdebian. marTalia, istoriis materialisturi gagebis mTavari postulatebi dausabuTebeli da amave dros uaryofilic /e.i. verc davamtkicebT da verc uarvyofT/ ar aris da atareben metaforul xasiaTs, mainc masSi iyo Zalian mniSvnelovani ganwyoba soiologiisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebisaTvis, romelic mdgomareobs siRrmiseuli socialuri struqturebis SeswavlaSi, romlebic dafarulni arian im warmodgenebiT, romelTac sazogadoeba da klasebi qmnian sakuTar Tavze. marqsi sazogadoebis Seswavlas udgeboda, rogorc sistemas. sazogadoebis sistemuri xedva masTan ganxorcielda uwinares yovlisa, `sazogadoebis formaciis~ cnebaSi. mis TeoriaSi iyo ekonomikuri reduqcionizmis tendencia, magram amasTan erTad igi ekonomikas ganixilavda, rogorc socialuri sistemis qvesistemas da gamoikvlia am qvesistemis sxvebTan urTierTqmedeba. marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri da politikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuri klasebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxda paradigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli `konsensusi~ paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis `konfliqtur~ paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba sociologiaSi socialuri konfliqtis pozitiuri funqciebis kvlevis tradicia. mecniereba marqsisaTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba. igi Seuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT, amitom politikuri revolucioneris eTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieris eTikaze.

29

karl marqsis socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principebi

1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri

2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia

3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi

4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba

5. istoriis materialisturi gageba

6. meTodologia

7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria

8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria

10. Semecnebis sociologia

11. daskvna

k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri

karl marqsi XIX s-is yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani socialuri moazrovnea. mis

ideebs TiTqmis saukune naxevari iyenebdnen da axlac iyeneben yvelaze gansxvavebul

socialur moZraobaTa programebSi dedamiwis sxvadasxva raionebSi. zogierTma

totalitarulma reJimma marqsizmi aqcia erTaderT ideologiad, romelsac arsebobis

ufleba aqvs, gadaaqcies ra igi saxelmwifoebrivi religiis saxesxvaobad.

marqsis cxovrebiseuli kredo

`ar SemiZlia sicocxle simSvideSi,

Tu mTeli suli cecxliT iwvis,

ar SemiZlia sicocxle brZolisa

da qariSxlis gareSe Zil-RviZilSi.

Cemi xvedria brZolisadmi swrafva,

CemSi duRs maradiuli sicxe da cecxli,

Cemi sicocxlis sazRvrebi viwroa da

xels miSlis mdinarebis mixedviT curvaSi~.

marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia

mravali imaTTagani, vinc icnobda marqss, aRniSnavdnen mis genialurobas, kolosalur erudicias, misi codnis siRrmes yvelaze gansxvavebul sferoebSi da agreTve mecnierul sakiTxebSi sakuTri Tavisadmi metismet momTxovnelobas. misi mecnieruli

30

`specialobis~ gansazRvra arc Tu ise advilia. aseve Znelia misi mecnieruli saqmianobis gamocalkeveba publicisturi da politikur-praqtikulisagan.

amis Sedegad `marqsizmi~ gamoeyo Tavis Semqmnels da daiwyo sakuTari sicocxliT cxovreba. es daiwyo jer kidev marqsis sicocxleSi. mag. Tavisi frangi mimdevrebis mimarT 70-iani wlebis dasasruls igi ambobda: `me vici mxolod erTi, rom me marqsisti ara var~. misi sikvdilis Semdeg es procesi mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. amis Sedegad dRes arsebobs misi moZRvrebis imdenad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi da ganmartebebi, rom ufro upriania da swori, Tu vilaparakebT ara marqsizmis, aramed marqsizmebis Sesaxeb.

ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi

• germanuli klasikuri filosofia (i. kanti, i. fixte, g. hegeli, f. Selingi da l. foierbaxi)

hegelis idea progresuli ganviTarebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur sinTezSi (hegelianuri triadis `Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi~ Tanaxmad).

• inglisuri politikuri ekonomia (adam smiti, devid rikardo)

• franguli utopiuri socializmi (klod sen-simoni, robert oueni, Sarl furie)

aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man didi gavlena moaxdina marqsis mier

1. `industriis~ (e.i. sen-simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo azriT) rolis Sefasebaze;

2. sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletariatis mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze;

3. revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ _ sen-simoni) mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. jer kidev marqsamde daamuSava sen-simonma idea imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo mTavari dabrkolebaa industrialuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gzaze.

kritika da urTierTgavlenebi

saerTod sociologiis istoriaSi arsebobs erTi moazrovnis meoreze gavlenis ori saxe:

pozitiuri - mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi moazrovnis ideebi kvlav iwarmoebian, grZeldebian, viTardebian an gamoiyenebian meoris gamokvlevebSi. am dros gavlena SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas `mimdevris~ mier an ara. aseTi gavlenebi sakmarisad naTelia.

negatiuri - gavlenebis SemCneva Znelia, Tumca isini ufro xSirad gvxvdebian. es gavlenebi erTi moazrovnis meores mimarT sistematur opoziciaSi yofnaSi, erTi Sexedulebebis meorisadmi dapirispirebaSi. `negatiuri~ gavlenis dros `winamorbedis~ gansazRvruli Tezisebi iwveven `mimdevris~ gansazRvrul kontrTezisebs, ase, rom es

31

ukanasknelni aRmoCndebian specifikurni, magram zogjer pirvelTa Zalian zusti asaxvac ki SeiZleba aRmoCndnen. ukve TviT polemikis obieqtis arCevas aqvs didi mniSvneloba da adasturebs imas, rom `mimdevari~ araa gulgrili garkveuli `winamorbedis~ mimarT da masTan erTad CarTulia erTi da igive problemebis ganxilvaSi. am ganxilvis procesSi pirveli xSirad gacilebiT mets sesxulobs ukanasknelisagan, vidre es TviTon mas hgonia. `negatiuri~ gavlenani sociologiis istoriaSi xSirad ufro Zlieria, vidre `pozitiuri~, da SeiZleba miT ufro Zlieri iyos, rac ufro energiulia dapirispireba.

filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba

yoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam gulisxmobs adamianis arsebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvis emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac. adamianis miseuli xedva Camoyalibda ganmanaTlebelTa, hegelis, foierbaxis, agreTve hesis gavleniT. marTalia, marqss amocanad ar dausaxavs Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli filosofiuri anTropologia, mTlianobaSi gamoirCeoda Rrma originalobiT.

adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli Tavisi Sromis Sedegebisgan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki. mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis `winaistoria_preistoria~ da daiwyeba misi `namdvili~ istoria, rodesac kacobrioba `aucileblobis samefodan~ gadava `Tavisuflebis samefoSi~. adamiani daubrundeba sakuTar Tavs da gaucxoebac gadailaxeba.

erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi `Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb~ gvauwyebs: `. . .adamianis arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi aris yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba~.

rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss istoriuli procesi warmodgenili hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorc am dramis avtorebi, ise Semsruleblebi _ msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmedi arsebebia, amitom swored isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram qmnian isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da bunebriv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monawileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen: `adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT moesurvebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni~

socialur sistemaTa Teoria

marqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia _ esaa socialuri sistema, romelic Sedgeba urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan da imyofeba aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe.

32

meTodologia

marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi

ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian. socialuri mecnierebis

amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebis gansazRvrul

safexurze.

marqsis mixedviT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebis codna, gvaZlevs ara mxolod

warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis gagebas, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis

SesaZleblobasac. amitomaa, rom mis SromebSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

winaswarmetyvelebas.

mis meTodologiaSi uWiravs yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis, daZabulobebis,

konfliqtebis gamovlenas. es exeba socialuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

sferoTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebebis kvlevas da a.S. marqsi Tvlis, rom

dapirispirebul Zalebsa da tendenciebs Soris winaaRmdegoba, brZola aris

ganviTarebis wyaro da mamoZravebeli Zala.

amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-is sociologiuri azris ori dapirispirebuli

tradicia: `bunebismecnieruli~ da `humanisturi~, `amxsneli~ da `gagebiTi~ _ oriveni

mimarTaven marqss, rogorc erT-erT maT damwyebTagans.

adamianis anatomia – maimunis anatomiis gasaRebia; dabali saxeobis cxovelebSi

miniSnebani ufro maRalze SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviT es

ufro maRali ukve cnobilia. amgvarad, burJuaziuli ekonomika gvaZlevs Cven

antikuri, feodaluris da a.S. gagebis gasaRebs.

materialuri dovlaTis

miRebis wesi da odenoba

materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi – anu ekonomikuri qvesistema

sawarmoo b

warmoebis procesSi socialur klasTa Soris

urTierTobis wesi (batonoba-morCilebiTi = eqsploatacia,

TanamSromlobiTi = solidaroba)

warmoebis

saSualebebze

sakuTrebis

forma

(sazogadoebrivi

an kerZo)

warmoebiTi urTierTobebi

mwarmoebeli adamianebi

warmoebis saSualebebi, mecnierul

teqnologiuri done, mrewveloba, transporti,

komunikaciis saSualebebi.

33

zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtulidan konkretulisaken

aRmasvlis meTods. es meTodi Sedgeba Semecnebis samsafexuriani wesisagan:

1) obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic `grZnobad konkretuls~ warmoadgens;

2) `grZnobad konkretulis~ safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli

warmodgenebis Seqmna /Teoriuli done/;

3) obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, romelsac `grZnobad

konkretuli~, gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva `azrobriv

konkretulad~.

marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobamde

akeTebs pirvel cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi,

ganixilavas ra sxvadasxva movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTi

Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, Cven mis SromebSi vpoulobT

istoriul-genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac.

bazisi da zednaSeni

warmoebiTi

urTierTobaTa

erToblioba

sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis

gansazRvrul

gansazRvravs zednaSens anu mocemuli sazogadoebis institutebisa

da dawesebulebis sistemas, romlebic awesrigeben

sazogadoebriv cxovrebas da akmayofileben kulturis

mier Seqmnil moTxovnilebebs

iuridiuli urTierTobebi da ideebi, Sesatyvisi

materialuri dawesebulebebi: sasamarTlo,

sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebi

politikuri urTierTobebi da ideebi, Sesatyvisi

materialuri dawesebulebebi:

politikuri sistema, politikuri partiebi

sazogadoebrivi morali, moraluri koncefciebi da sazogadoebis moraluri saxe

mecniereba da Sesabamisi

materialuri dawesebulebani: akademia, universiteti, instituti da

a.S.

xelovneba, mxatvruli ideebi da Sesatyvisi

materialuri dawesebuleban

i: Teatri, opera,

kinoTeatri, konservatoria

da a.S.

religia da Sesabamisi

materialuri dawesebuleba:

eklesia

34

marqsi gamoyofs xuT sazogadoebrvi ekonomikur formacias, romlebic progresuli

mimarTulebiT viTardebian:

momavali komunisturi sazogadoebriv – ekonomikuri formacia

burJuaziuli (kapitalisturi) sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formacia

feodaluri sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formacia

monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formacia

pirvelyofil – Temuri formacia

komunisturi formaciis niSnebi

• adamianis dammonebeli Sromis danawilebidan ganTavisufleba da misadmi

morCilebis mospoba.

• gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis dapirispirebis erTdrouli gaqroba

• Sromis gadaqceva saSualebebidan cxovrebis pirvel moTxovnilebad

• individTa yovelmxrivi ganviTareba

• sawarmoo Zalebisa da sazogadoebrivi simdidris arnaxuli zrda

• TiToeulisgan unaris, xolo TiToeuls moTxovnilebis mixedviT~ principis

realizacia~. (esaa lozungi, romelic pirvelad wamoayena frangma

komunistma e. kabem).

socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

socialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, ganpirobebulia mudmivad

warmomqmnadi winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, romelic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myof

sawarmoo Zalebsa erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv.

Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan da

sazogadoebaSi am bazisis gacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi,

sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsis mixedviT, warmoadgens gardauval kanons. maT

ar SeuZliaT, rom ar ganviTardnen. misTvis es ganviTareba TviT sicocxlis

igiveobrivia. ` . . . adamianebi TavianTi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisas, e.i.

sicocxlisas aviTareben gansazRvrul urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan da . . . am

urTierTobaTa xasiaTi aucileblad icvleba am sawarmoo ZalaTa gardaqmnasa da

zrdasTan erTad~.

rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari wonasworoba irRveva da

warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis saSualebebidan maTs

dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani xdebian.

35

erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTa

Soris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S.

brZolis gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri

masStabiT cvla, e.i. socialuri revolucia. magram socialuri revoluciis

Sedegadac winandeli formaciis elementebi agrZeleben nawilobriv arsebobas

TandaTanobiT kvdomadi gadmonaSTis saxiT.

socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

,,revoluciebi – istoriis lokomotivebia”

,,Zaladoba asrulebs bebia-qalis rols yvela Zvel sazogadoebaSi, rodesac igi

axliTaa fexmZimed”

• sawarmoo Zalebi – moZraobs Tanabrad aCqarebulad

• warmoebiTi urTierTobebi moZraobs Tanabrad

klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria

marqsi ambobda: `is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:

1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis

gansazRvrul istoriul fazebTan;

2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtaturasTan,

da

proletaruli revoluciebi

komunisturi (socialisturi) sazogadoeba

burJuaziulisazogadoeba glexTa omebi

warmoebiTi urTierTobebi

sawarmoo Zalebi

pirvelyofili Temuri wyobileba

monaTa ajanyebebi

monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba

feodaluri sazogadoeba

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3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklaso

sazogadoebaze gadasvlas~.

`Tavisufali da mona, patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi,

mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli imyofebian erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi,

awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan farul, xan aSkara brZolas, romelic

yovelTvis sruldeboda mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobis revoluciuri gardaqmniT an

mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT~.

klasis niSnebi

klasebi ewodeba adamianTa did jgufebs romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba:

1. TavianTi adgiliT warmoebis istoriulad gansazRvrul sistemaSi 2. TavianTi damokidebulebiT warmoebis saSualebebisadmi (mflobeli,

aramflobeli) 3. TavianTi roliT warmoebiT organizaciaSi (kapitalisti _ muSa, menejeri _

Semsrulebeli) 4. materialuri dovlaTis miRebis wesiTa da odenobiT, romelic maT xelT aqvT

(mogeba _ xelfasi) yovel sazogadoebiv ekonomikur formaciaSi arsebobs misTvis specifikuri klasTa wyvilebi Semecnebis (codnis) sociologia es aris sociologiuri disciplina, romelic swavlobs SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur Sedegebs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba `Semecnebis sociologia~. marqsi Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romelTac isini sakuTar Tavze qmnian. amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa _ aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseuli socialuri realoba, romelic Zevs mravalgvar ideaTa, warmodgenaTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi. marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolod Semecnebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac. Semecnebis (codnis) sociologia (ideologia) ideologiis qveS marqss esmis:

1. cnobieri da aracnobieri miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika,

2. meore, SeniRbos Tavisi kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli klasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebic iluziebs awarmoeben: politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls.

3. namdvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusis

SenarCunebasTan da `gamoicno~ am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTa ekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, marqsis mixedviT, aris ideologiis antipodi.

37

4. mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani gaxdebian imdenad martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan gaqreba am zednaSenuri kamufliaJis moTxovnileba.

`Semecnebis sociologia~ aseTi gagebiT gadaiqca Taviseburi saxis, `niRbis Camomxsnelad~, `mamxilebelad~ namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi WuWyis `gamwmendad~, amave dros, sxvadasxva moazrovneTa klasobrivi iluziebis mxilebisas, marqsi iviwyebs gamoiyenos `Semecnebis sociolologia~ Tavisi sakuTari doqtrinis mimarT. dairwmuna ra Tavi imaSi, rom misi kavSiri yvelaze `progresuli~ klasis proletariatis interesebTan warmoadgen ideologiisagan Tavisuflebis garantias. igi seriozulad ar dafiqrebula imaze, Tu misi moZRvreba realurad rogor ifunqcionirebs sxvadasxva socialur garemoSi, rogor iqneba gagebuli da gamoyenebuli. yovelive es mas cxadad da garkveulad warmoedgina: sakmarisia Teoriuli gamarjveba movipovoT oponentze, rom moZRvreba gagebul da gamoyenebul iqnes ise, rogorc mas warmoudgenia. daskvna marqsis SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtikuli aspeqtebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli. Tumca igi Tavis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi ase iyo, mainc mis TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa iyo ara mizani, aramed sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis saSualeba. amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs, romelTa urTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi marqsis moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasiaTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvari interpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegavlena iqonia sociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini `sociologia~, magram man daamuSava sazogadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelic sinamdvileSi Seesabameba sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs. marqsma mniSvnelobani wvlili Seitana socialuri realobis aRmoCenaSi, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori da Sedegi, romlebic erTdrouladYayalibeben socialur sistemebs da socialuri sistemebis mier yalibdebian. marqsi sazogadoebis Seswavlas udgeboda, rogorc sistemas. sazogadoebis sistemuri xedva masTan ganxorcielda uwinares yovlisa, `sazogadoebis formaciis~ cnebaSi. mis TeoriaSi iyo ekonomikuri reduqcionizmis tendencia, magram amasTan erTad igi ekonomikas ganixilavda, rogorc socialuri sistemis qvesistemas da gamoikvlia am qvesistemis sxvebTan urTierTqmedeba. marqsma aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri da politikuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi. aseve socialuri klasebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba gaxda paradigmuli. sazogadoebis kontiseuli `konsensusi~ paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod safuZveli Cauyara socialuri ganviTarebis `konfliqtur~ paradigmas. marqsidan iwyeba sociologiaSi socialuri konfliqtis pozitiuri funqciebis kvlevis tradicia. mecniereba marqsisaTvis iyo ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba. igi Seuwynarebeli iyo Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT, amitom politikuri revolucioneris eTika masSi xSirad imarjvebda mecnieris eTikaze

38

karl marqsi

politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis

winasityvaoba1

burJuaziuli ekonomiis sistemas me ganvixilav Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:

kapitali, miwis sakuTreba, daqiravebuli Sroma; saxelmwifo, sagareo vaWroba,

msoflio bazari. pirvel sam nawilSi me vikvlev ekonomiuri cxovrebis

pitrobebs im sami didi klasisas, romlebadac nawildeba Tanamedrove

burJuaziuli sazogadoeba; danarCeni sami nawilis urTierTkavSiri savsebiT

naTelia. pirveli wignis pirveli ganyofileba, romelic kapitals ganixilavs,

Semdegi Tavebisagan Sedgeba: 1) saqoneli, 2) fuli,, anu martivi mimoqceva, 3)

kapitali saerTod. pirveli ori Tavi Seadgens am nakveTis Sinaarss. mTeli

masala Cems winaa monografiebis saxiT, romlebic sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan

Zalian daSorebul, periodebSi iyo dawerili, _ dawerili ara dasabeWdad,

aramed CemTvis sakiTxebis gasarkvevad; am monografiaTa sistematuri

damuSaveba zemoaRniSnuli gegmis mixedviT damokidebuli iqneba gareSe

garemoebebze.

zogadi Sesavali, romelic me movxaze, aq aRar Semaqvs, radgan guldasmiTi

mofiqrebis Semdeg ise meCveneba, rom yovelgvari winaswari gamotana

daskvnebisa, romlebic jer kidev dasamtkicebelia, xelSemSleli iqneba;

mkiTxvelma, romelic saerTod moisurvebs kvaldakval momyves, unda gabedos

keerZodan zogadze gadasvla. magram mainc ar mgonia aq uadgilo iyos

zogierTi SeniSvna Cemi sakuTari politikur-ekonomiuri mecadineobis

msvlelobis Sesaxeb.

Cemi specialuri saswavlo sagani iurisprudencia iyo, magram me mas

vswavlobdi mxolod rogorc meorexarisxovan disciplinas filosofiasa da

istoriasTan erTad. 1842-43 wels me, rogorc `rainis gazeTis~2 redaqtori,

pirvelad Cavvardi gasaWirSi imis gamo, rom azri unda gamomeTqva

egreTwodebuli materialuri interesebis Sesaxeb. xe-tyis qurdobisa da miwis

sakuTrebis parcelebad dayofis sakiTxebze rainis landtagSi gamarTulma

bWobam, oficialurma polemikam, romelic rainis provinciis maSindelma

oberprezidentma b-nma fon Saperma daiwyo `rainis gazeTTan~ mozelis

glexebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, dasasrul, kamaTma Tavisufali vaWrobisa da

mfarvelobiTi baJebis Sesaxeb, _ pirveli biZgi momca xeli mimeyo ekonomiuri

sakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis. meore mxriv, am xanaSi, roca `winsvlis~ keTili

survili bevrad aRemateboda sagnis codnas, `rainis gazeTSi~ gaisma

1 k. marqsis wigni `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~ pirvelad gamoica berlinSi 1859 w. red. 2 ,,Rheinische Zeitung”_ yoveldRiuri radikaluri gazeTi, 1843 w.w. gamodioda kelnSi. 1842 w. 15 oqtombridan 1843 w. 18 martamde misi redaqtori iyo marqsi. red.

39

safrangeTis socializmisa da komunizmis odnav filosofiurad Seferadebuli

gamoZaxili. me gamovedi am diletantobis winaaRmdeg, magram amasTanave

`Allgemeine Augsburger Zeitung”1-Tan gamarTul polemikaSi gulaxdilad vaRiare,

rom sagnis is codna, romelic me maSin mqonda, nebas ar maZlevda raime

msjeloba gamebedna TviT frangul mimarTulebaTa Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. miT

ufro didi siamovnebiT gamoviyene iluzia `rainis gazeTis~ xelmZRvanelebisa,

romelnic

imedovnebdnen, rom rom gazeTis ufro zomieri moqmedebiT mis mimarT

gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCenis gauqmebas SeZlebdnen da sazogadoebrivi

asparezidan saswavlo kabinetSi gadavibarge.

pirveli Sroma, romelsac me xeli movkide Cemi momcveli eWvebis gasafantavad,

iyo hegelis simarTlis filosofiis kritikuli gadasinjva, _ Sroma, romlis

Sesavali 1844 wels parizSi gamocemul `germanul-frangul yovelwliur

krebulSi~2 gamoqveynda. Cemma gamokvlevam im daskvnamde mimiyvana, rom

samarTlebrivi urTierTobani, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos formebi, verc TviT

maTgan gaigebian, verc adamianis gonebis egreTwodebuli saerTo

ganviTarebidan, rom, piriqiT, fesvgadgmulni arian cxovrebis materialur

pirobebSi, romelTa erTobliobas hegeli, ingliselebisa da XVIII saukunis

frangebis magaliTis mixedviT, `samoqalaqo sazogadoebas~ uwodebs, da rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis anatomia politikur ekonomiaSi unda veZieoT. am

ukanasknelis Seswavlas, rac parizSi daviwye, me ganvagrZobdi briuselSi,

sadac gadavsaxldi im brZanebis gamo, romelic b-nma gizom gamosca parizidan

Cemi gasaxlebis Sesaxeb. im saerTo Sedegs, romelsac me mivaRwie da romelic,

raki erTxel movipove, saxelmZRvanelo Zafi gaxda yvela Cems Semdgom

gamokvlevaSi, SeiZleba mokled aseTi formulireba mieces: TavianTi cxovrebis

sazogadoebrivi warmoebisas adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben gansazRvrul,

aucilebel, maTi nebisagan damoukidebel urTierTobas, warmoebiT

urTierTobas, romelic maT materialur mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis

gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erToblioba

Seadgens sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss, romelzedac

iuridiuli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsac

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuri

cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur,

politikur da gonebriv process. adamianTa cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maT

yofierebas, aramed, piriqiT, maTi sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maT

cnobierebas. TavianTi ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze sazogadoebis

materialuri mwarmoebluri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul

1 marqss mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi statia `komunizmi da `sayovelTao augsburgis gazeTi~. ix. k. marqsi da f. engelsi, Txz., t. I, gv. 217-220 {rus. gamoc.}. red. 2 Deitsch – Franzosische Jahrbucher ~ _ revoluciuri da komunisturi propagandis organo; gamodioda marqsis redaqtorobiT parizSi 1844 wels. red.

40

wamoebiT urTierTobasTan, anu _ rac amis mxolod iuridiul gamosaxulebas

warmoadgens _ sakuTrebis urTierTobasTan, romlis SigniTac isini aqamde

viTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis formidan es urTierTobani

maT borkilad iqceva. maSin dgeba socialuri revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiuri

safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad meti Tu naklebi siswrafiT xdeba

gadatrialeba mTel uzarmazar zednaSenSi. amgvar gadatrialebaTa

ganxilvisas warmoebis ekonomiur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri

gadatrialeba, romlis dadgenac bunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris

SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvaoT im iuridiuli, politikuri,

religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri

formebisagan, romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts da

ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar SeiZleba ama Tu im individis Sesaxeb

vimsjeloT imis mixedviT, Tu ras fiqrobs TviTon igi Tavis Tavze, iseve ar

SeiZleba vimsjeloT amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb misi cnobierebis

mixedviT; piriqiT, es cnobiereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebis

winaaRmdegobebiT, sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur ZalTa da warmoebiT

urTierTobaTa Soris arsebuli konfliqtebiT. arc erTi sazogadoebrivi

formacia ar ispoba manamde, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvela mwarmoebluri

Zala, romelTaTvis igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva, da axali umaRlesi warmoebiTi

urTierTobani arasodes ar Cndebian manamde, vidre maTi arsebobis

materialuri pirobebi TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifebulan.

amitom kacobrioba yovelTvis mxolod iseT amocanebs isaxavs, romelTa

gadawyvetac mas SeuZlia, radgan zusti ganxilvisas yovelTvis aRnmoCndeba

xolme, rom TviT amocana mxolod maSin Cndeba, roca materialuri pirobebi

misi gadawyvetisaTvis ukve arseboben an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobis

procesSi imyofebian. Tu zogadad avirebT, warmoebis aziur, antikur,

feodalur da Tanamedrove, BurJuaziul, wesebs SeiZleba ekonomiuri

sazogasdoebrivi formaciis progresuli epoqebi ewodos. burJuaziuli

warmoebiTi urTierTobani warmoebis sazogadoebrivi procesis ukanaskneli

antagonisturi formaa, antagonisturi ara indivi-dualuri antagonizmis

azriT, aramed _ individTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebidan

aRmocenebuli antagonizmis azriT; magram is mwarmoebluri Zalebi, romlebic

burJuaziuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi viTardebian, qmnian amasTanave erTad

materialur pirobebs am antagonizmis gadasawyvetad. amitom am sazogadoebrivi

formaciiT mTavrdeba adamianTa sazogadoebis winaistoria.

fridrix engelsma, romelTanac me, _ mas Semdeg, rac ekonomiuri kategoriebis

kritikis misi genialuri narkvevi gamoqveynda (`germanul-frangul

yovelwliur krebulSi~), _ mudmivi werilobiTi azrTa gaziareba mqonda,

CemsaviT amave Sedegs miaRwia sxva gziT (Seadare misi `muSaTa klasis

mdgomareoba inglisSi~); da roca 1845 wlis gazafxuls isic briuselSi

dabinavda, gadavwyviteT erTad SegvemuSavebina Cveni Sexedulebani sawina-

41

aRmdegod germanuli filosofiis ideologiuri Sexedulebebisa, namdvilad ki

angariSi gagvesworebina Cvens winandel filosofiur sindisTan. es ganzraxva

Sesrulebul iqna hegelis Semdgomdroindeli filosofiis kritikis formiT.

xelnaweri, ori sqeli tomi, ukve didi xania misuli iyo gamocemis adgilas

vestfaliaSi, roca cnoba miviReT, _ Secvlili garemoebani misi dabeWdvis

nebas ar iZleviano. Cven miT ufro siamovnebiT davutoveT xelnaweri Tagvebis

mRrRnel kritikas, rom Cveni mTavari mizani _ CvenTvis sakiTxis gamorkveva _

miRweuli iyo. im calkeul naSromTagan, romlebSic maSin Cveni Sexedulebani

ama Tu im mxriv sazogadoebas gavuziareT,, avRniSnav mxolod engelsis da Cem

mier erTad daweril `komunisturi partiis manifests~ da Cem mier gamoqvey-

nebul `sityvas Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb~. Cveni Sexedulebis gadamwyveti

punqtebi pirvelad iyo mecnierulad gadmocemuli, Tumca mxolod

polemikurad, Cems SromaSi `filosofiis siRatake~, romelic 1847 wels

gamoica da mimarTuli iyo prudonis winaaRmdeg. erTi germanulad dawerili

gamokvleva `daqiravebuli Sromis~ Sesaxeb, sadac me Tavi movuyare am sakiTxze

Cem mier germanel muSaTa briuselis kavSirSi wakiTxul leqciebs, veRar

daibeWda, _ beWdva Sewyda Tebervlis revoluciisa da masTan dakavSirebiT

belgiidan Cemi Zalad gandevnis gamo.

`axali rainis gazeTis~ gamocemam 1848 da 1849 wlebSi da Semdgom momxdarma

ambebma Semawyvetina ekonomiur sakiTxebze muSaoba, romlis ganaxlebac

CemTvisSesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod 1850 wels londonSi. politikuri

ekonomiis istoriis im uamravma masalam, romelic britaneTis muzeumSia

dagrovili, im garemoebam, rom londoni xelsayrel adgils waermoadgens

burJuaziul sazogadoebaze dakvirvebis sawarmoeblad, dasasrul,

ganviTarebis im axalma stadiam, romelSic, etyoboda, es sazogadoeba Sevida

kaliforniisa da avstraliis oqros aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT, _ aRmiZra

survili kvlav Tavidan damewyo sagnis Seswavla da kritikulad

gadamemuSavebina axali masala. am Seswavlas nawilobriv TavisTavad

gadavyavdi garegnulad TiTqos sruliad garemdebare disciplinebze,

romlebzedac me metnakleb didxans SeCereba mixdeboda. magram Cems

gankargulebaSi arsebul dros gansakuTrebiT amcirebda Tavis rCenisaTvis

muSaobis kategoriuli aucilebvloba. Cemma amJamad ukve rva wlis

TanamSromlobam `niu-iorkis tribunaSi~1. pirvel inglisur-amerikul gazeTSi,

_ radgan me sagazeTo korespondenciebs am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT

mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT vwer, _ Cemi mecnieruli muSaobis metismeti

daqsaqsuloba gamoiwvia. magram statiebi inglisisa da kontinentis

sayuradRebo ekonomiuri movlenebis Sesaxeb imdenad mniSvnelovan nawils

Seadgendnen Cems sagazeTo muSaobaSi, rom iZulebuli viyavi ufro axlos

1 `New-York Daily tribune~ _ yoveldRiuri demokratiuli gazeTi; gamodioda niu-iorkSi 1841 wlidan 1924 wlamde; marqsi TanamSromlobda am gazeTSi 1851 wlidan 1862 wlamde. red.

42

gavcnobodi praqtikul detalebs, romlebic sakuTriv politikuri ekonomiis

mecnierebis fargals gareSe mdebareoben.

politikuri ekonomiis dargSi Cemi muSaobis msvlelobis es mokle mimoxilva

mxolod imis maCvenebeli unda iyos, rom Cemi Sexedulebani, rogorc unda

imsjelon maTze da ragind nakleb eTanxmebodnen isini gabatonebul klasTa

egoistur crurwmenebs, keTilsindisieri da mravalwlovani kvleva-Ziebis

Sedegs warmoadgenen. mecnierebis SesasvlelTan, iseve rogorc jojoxeTis

karebTan, Semdegi moTxovna unda iyos gamokruli:

Qui si convien Lasiciare ogni sospetto,

ogni vilta convien che qui sia morta.1

londoni, ianvari, 1859 w.

karl marqsi

politikuri ekonomiis meTodi

rodesac ama Tu im qveyanas politikur-ekonomiurad ganvixilavT, Cven viwyebT

misi mosaxleobidan, am mosaxleobis klasebad dayofidan, misi ganawilebidan

qalaqsa, sofelsa, zRvis sanapiroebsa da warmoebis sxvadasxva dargebs Soris,

gazidva-Semozidvidan, wliuri warmoebidan da moxmarebidan, saqonlis

fasebidan da sxva.

TiTqos ufro swori iqneboda dagvewyo realuridan da konkretulidan,

namdvili wanamZRvrebidan, maSasadame, magaliTad, politikur ekonomiaSi

mosaxleobidan romelic warmoebis mTeli sazogadoebrivi procesis safuZveli

da subieqtia. magram axlo ganxilvisas irkveva, rom es mcdaria. mosaxleoba

abstraqciaa, Tu me, magaliTad, im klasebs, romlebisganac igi Sedgeba, ganze

vtoveb. es klasebic kvlav carieli sityvaa, Tu me ar vici is elementebi,

romlebsac isini emyarebian, magaliTad, daqiravebuli Sroma, kapitali da sxva.

es ukanasknelni gulisxmoben gacvlas, Sromis danawilebas, fasebs da sxva.

kapitali, magaliTad, araferia daqiravebuli Sromis, Rirebulebis, fulis,

fasis da sxv. gareSe. amitom, Tu me mosaxleobidan daviwyebdi, es iqneboda

qaosuri warmodgena mTelze, da mxolod ufro daaxloebuli gansazRvris

gziT mivaRwevdi analitikurad ufro da ufro martiv cnebebs. warmodgenaSi

mocemuli konkretulobidan ufro da ufro mWle abstraqciebze gadavidodi,

1 `Sen aq uTuod unda dasTmo yoveli SiSi, ar unda eqnes aq adgili sruliad yoymans~. (dante, RvTaebrivi komedia). red.

43

vidre umartives gansazRvrebebs ar mivaRwevdi. aqedan ki isev ukusvla unda

damewyo, vidre, bolos, kvlav ar mivaRwevdi mosaxleobas, magram am

SemTxvevaSi ukve ara rogorc qaosur warmodgenas mTelze, aramed _ rogorc

mravali gansazRvrisa da mimarTebis Semcvel mdidar erTobliobas. pirveli

gza aris is gza, romelsac politikuri ekonomia istoriulad gahyva Tavis

warmoSobisas. meCvidmete saukunis ekonomistebi, magaliTad, yovelTvis iwyeben

cocxali mTelidan, mosaxleobidan, eridan, saxelmwifodan, mraval

saxelmwifodan da sxva; magram isini yovelTvis imiT aTaveben, rom analizis

saSualebiT gamohyofen zogierT ganmsazRvrel, abstraqtul sayovelTao

urTierTobas, rogoricaa Sroma, Sromis danawileba, moTxovnilebva,

sacvleliRirebuleba, adian zeviT saxelmwifomde, saerTaSoriso gacvlamde

da msoflio bazramde. ukanaskneli meTodi, cxadia, mecnierulad swori

meTodia. konkretuli imitomaa konkretuli, rom igi mraval gansazRvraTa

SeerTebaa, maSasadame, mravalsaxeobis erTianobaa. amitom azrovnebaSi igi

gvevlineba rogorc amosavali punqti, Tumca igi sinamdvileSi amosavali

punqtia da, maSasadame, Wvretisa da warmodgenis amosavali punqtic. rodesac

pirveli gzaa arCeuli, sruli warmodgena abstarqtul gansazRvrad

orTqldeba; rodesac meorea arCeuli, abstraqtuli gansazRvrebani iZlevian

konkretulis kvlavwarmoqmnas azrovnebis gziT. amitom hegeli iluziaSi

vardeba, rodesac mas realuri esmis rogorc Sedegi azrovnebisa, romelic

TavisSi moicavs Tavis Tavs (des sich in zusammenfassenden), TavisSi Rrmavdeba

da Tavis Tavidan viTardeba. maSin rodesac abstraqtulidan konkretulze

asvlis meTodi mxolod wesia, romliTac azrovneba konkretuls SeiTvisebs,

kvlav warmoqmnis mas gonebrivad rogorc konkretuls. magram igi araviTar

SemTxvevaSi araa TviT konkretulis warmoSobis procesi. umartivesi

ekonomikuri kategoria,vTqvaT, magaliTad, sacvleli Rirebuleba, gulisxmobs

mosaxleobas, mosaxleobas, romelic, garkveul pirobebSi awarmoebs,

gulisxmobs agreTve ojaxis, Temis, saxelmwifosa da sxvaTa garkveul

formebs. mas arasodes ar SeuZlia arseboba sxvagvarad, Tu ara ukve mocemuli

konkretuli da cocxali mTlianobis abstraqtuli calmxrivi mimarTebis

saxiT.

piriqiT, sacvlel Rirebulebas, rogorc kategorias, winadiluvialuri

arseboba aqvs. amitom cnobierebisTvis, _ filosofiuri cnobiereba ki imiT

gansxvavdeba,rom misTvis logikuri azrovneba _ es namdvili adamiania, xolo

logikurad Secnobili samyaro rogorc aseTi _ namdvili samyaroa, _

cnobierebisTvis kategoriebis moZraoba warmoadgens warmoebis namdvil aqts,

romelic, samwuxarod, mxolod biZgs Rebulobs garedan da romlis Sedegic

samyaroa; da es imdenad aris marTebuli, _ aq Cven kvlav tavtologia gvaqvs, _

ramdenadac konkretuli erToblioba rogorc azrovnebiTi erToblioba,

rogorc azrovnebiTi erToblioba, marTlac azrovnebis, gagebis produqtia;

magram es araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa produqti cnebisa, romelic TvalsaCino

Wvretisa da warmodgenis gareSe azrovnebs da Tavis Tavs TviTon warmoSobs,

44

aramed es Wvretisa da warmodgenaTa cnebebad gadamuSavebaa. mTlianoba,

rogorc igi gonebaSi gvevlineba azrovnebiTi mTlianobis saxiT, produqtia

moazrovne gonebisa, romelic samyaros aiTvisebs misTvis erTaderTi

SesaZlebeli wesiT, wesiT, romelic gansxvavdeba am samyaros xelovnebiT-

religiur-praqtikul-gonebrivi aTvisebisagan. realuri subiqti uwindeburad

gonebis gareSe rceba da Tavisi damoukidebeli saxiT ganagrZobs arsebobas

swored manamde, vidre gonebas mxolod spekulaciurad, mxolod Teoriulad

uWiravs Tavi. mis mimarT amitom [politikuri ekonomiis]Teoriuli meTodis

momarjvebis drosac subieqti, e.i. sazogadoeba, Cvens warmodgenas mudam

Tvalwin unda edgas rogorc winamZRvari.

magram am martiv kategoriebs xom ara aqvT agreTve damoukidebeli istoriuli

anu bunebrivi arseboba ufro konkretul kategoriebze adre? Ca depend1. magaliTad, hegeli samarTlis filosofias marTebulad iwyebs

mflobelobidan, rogorc subieqtis umartivesi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan.

magram araviTari mflobe-loba ar arsebobs ojaxamde anda batonobisa da

damorCilebis urTierTobamde, romelic gacilebiT ufro konkretuli

urTierTobaa. piriqiT, ufro marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom arseboben

ojaxebi, gvarebui, romelnic jer mxolod floben, magram romelTac

sakuTreba ar gaaCniaT. maSasadame, ufro martivi kategoria gvevlineba rogorc

pirveladi ojaxuri da gvarovnuli kavSirebis damokidebuleba

sakuTrebisadmi. ufro ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi igi Cndeba

ganviTarebuli organizmis ufro martivi urTierTobis saxiT, magram ufro

konkretuli substraqti, romlis mimarTebac mflobelobas warmoadgens, mudam

igulisxmeba. SeiZleba romelime calkeuli veluri mflobelad warmovid-

ginoT. magram am SemTxvevaSi mflobeloba ar iqneba samarTlebrivi

urTierToba. araa swori, TiTqos mflobeloba istoriulad ojaxad

ganviTarebuliyos. mflobe-loba, piriqiT, gulisxmobs am `ufro konkretul

samarTlebriv kategorias~. magram aq mainc rceba nawili WeSmaritebisa,

saxeldobr is, rom martivi kategoriebi warmoadgenen im urTierTobaTa

gamosaxulebas, romlebSiac SesaZlebe-lia ganxorcieldes ganuviTarebeli

konkretuloba, da ganxorcieldes manamde, vidre damyardebodes is

mravalmxrivi kavSiri, romelic ufro konkretuli katego-riiT gonebrivad

gamoisaxeba, maSin rodesac ufro ganviTa-rebuli konkretuloba inarCunebs

amave kategorias rogorc daqvemdebarebul urTierTobas.

radgan, Semdeg, TviT burJuaziuli sazogadoeba ganviTarebis mxolod anta-

gonisturi formaa, amitom Cven masSi vxsdebiT adrindel formaciaTa

urTierTo-bas xSirad sruliad dakninebuli, anda gaSarJebuli saxiTac ki,

magaliTad, saTe-mo sakuTrebas. amitom, Tu marTalia, rom burJuaziuli

ekonomiis kategoriebi yvela sxva sazogadoebrivi formisaTvis WeSmaritebas

1 gaaCnia garemoebebs. red.

45

Seicaven, es Cven unda gavigoT mxolod eun grano salis1. es kategoriebi SeiZleba

am urTierTobas Seicavdnen ganviTarebuli, damaxinjebuli, gakarikaturebuli

da sxv. saxiT, magram _ yovel-Tvis arsebiTad Secvlili saxiT.

egreTwodebuli istoriuli ganviTareba imazea saerTod damyarebuli, rom

mermindeli forma adrindel formebs Tavis safexu-rebad ganixilavs da isini

yovelTvis calmxrivad esmis, vinaidan mas Zalian iSvi-aTad da mxolod

sruliad garkveul pirobebSi Seswevs TviTkritikis unari; ra Tqma unda, aq

laparakia ara iseT istoriul periodebze, romlebic TviTon daSlis xanas

warmoadgenen. qristianul sarwmunoebas mxolod maSin aRmoaCnda unari xeli

Seewyo winadeli miTologiis obieqturi gagebisaTvis, roca misi TviTkritika

ramdenadme mzad iyo, ase vTqvaT, dunamei. aseve burJuaziulma ekono-miam

mxolod maSin miaRwia feodaluri, antikuri, aRmosavluri sazogadoebis

gagebas, roca burJuaziuli sazogadoebis TviTkritika daiwyo. ramdenadac

burJuaziuli ekonomia, miTologiaSi gadavardnili, Tavis Tavs pirwmindad ar

aigivebda warsulTan, _ misi kritika winandeli, saxeldobr feodaluri

[sazogadoebisa], romlis winaaRmdeg mas uSualod brZola uxdeboda, im

kritikas hgavda, romelsac qristianoba warmarTobis mimarT anda

protestantizmi kaToli-cizmis mimarT eweoda.

rogorc saerTod yovel istoriul, socialur mecnierebaSi, ekonomiuri

kategoriebis ganviTarebis dros mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom sinamdvileSic da

gonebaSic mocemulia subieqti, _ am SemTxvevaSi Tanamderove burJuaziuli

sazoga-doeba, _ da rom kategoriebi, maSasadame. am garkveuli sazogadoebis, am

subieqtis

myofobis formebs, arsebobis pirobebs, xSirad mxolod calkeul mxareebs

gamoxataven, da rom [politikuri ekonomia], maSasadame, mecnieruladac

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iwyeba mxolod iq, sadac masze rogorc aseTze

laparakia. es mosazreba mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, radgan igi erTbaSad

iZleva gadamwyvet miTiTebebs [sagnis] danawilebis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, ise gveCveneba, TiTqos yvelaze bunebrivia daviwyoT miwis rentiT,

miwis sakuTrebiT, radgan es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia miwasTan, yoveli

warmo-ebisa da yoveli myofobis wyarosTan, da miwaTmoqmedebasTan, romelic

warmoebis Tavdapirveli formaa yvela ramdenadme mtkiced Camoyalibebul

sazogadoebaSi. magram amaze ufro mcdari ara iqneboda ra. sazogadoebis

yvela formas aqvs garkveuli warmoeba, romelic yvela danarCens sWarbobs da

romlis pirobebic amitom, yvela danarCenis adgilsa da gavlenas

gansazRvravs. es aris saerTo gaSuqeba, romelSic sxva ferebi STainTqeba da

romelic maT maTsave Tavisebu-rebaSi saxes Seucvlis. es aris Taviseburi

eTeri, romelic yvela masSi arsebuli myofobis specifikur wonas

gansazRvravs.

1 sityvasityviT: erTi weba mariliT. niSnavs: garkveuli SezRudulobiT, ara sruli azriT.

46

erTi siyvarulis istoria

karli da Jeni marqsi

lodini, imedi, moTmineba da tanjva...

1830 wels, rodesac maT erTmaneTi gaicnes, Jeni, baronesa

fon vestfaleni, 16 wlis, xolo karli, monaTluli

ebraelis henrix marqsis Svili, 12 wlis iyo. prusiis

patara qalaq trirSi yvela SeZlebuli adamiani erTmaneTs

icnobda. karlis mama, advokati henrix marqsi, baron

ludvig fon vestfalenTan, Jenis mamasTan, megobrobda,

karli ki - Jenis umcros ZmasTan, edgarTan. karl marqsi

xSirad midioda vestfalenebis did baRSi edgarTan

saTamaSod, Tumca TamaSze metad, edgarisagan gansxvavebiT,

mas maTi vrceli biblioTeka ufro izidavda.

Tavisi droisaTvis Zalze ganaTlebuli adamiani ludvig fon vestfaleni,

romelic Tavisuflad laparakobda eqvs enaze, antikuri dramisa da Seqspiris

mcodne, marqssac didi siamovnebiT aziarebda wignebs. biWi brwyinvaled

swavlobda, bevrs kiTxulobda da im droisTvis ukve SeeZlo ufrosebTan

literaturis, istoriisa da iurisprudenciis (mama mas momavali

advokatobisaTvis amzadebda) Sesaxeb msjelobisas diskusiaSi Cabmuliyo.

ludvig fon vestfaleni moxibluli iyo karlis gonebiTa da mWermetyvelebiT

da surda daxmareboda mas cxovrebis gzaze. igi verc ki warmoidgenda, rom mis

Svils es patara biWuna Seuyvardeboda. Jeni ukve didi qaliSvili, triris

pirveli lamazmani iyo, dadioda balebze, Tavgzas ubnevda oficrebsa da

bankirebs...

karli swrafad izrdeboda, 13 wlisa - is mozards ki ara, ukve ymawvils gavda.

igi isev xSirad dadioda vestfalenebTan, magram ukve ara edgarTan saTamaSod,

aramed baronTan sasaubrod. es misTvis bevrad ufro saintereso iyo, vidre

Tavis TanatolebTan urTierToba. iyo meore, saidumlo mizezic - karls Jeni

Seuyvarda.

mas ar hqonda sapasuxo grZnobis imedi. amis mizezi mxolod is ki ar iyo, rom

Jeni uZvelesi gvaris STamomavali iyo, karli ubralod gvian daibada. Jeni

ukve daniSnuli iyo leitenant karl fon pannvicze, romelsac male colad

unda gahyoloda. magram karlis bunebaSi ar iyo umoqmedoba da Cumad tanjva,

is cdilobda xSirad Sexvedroda Jenis. TandaTan Jenis ufro da ufro

moswonda karlTan saubari - am ymawvilSi saocrad iyo Serwymuli mozrdilis

goneba da romantikuli meocnebe buneba. karlma Jenis gadasca rveuli, sadac

misdami miZRvnili leqsebi iyo dawerili, bolo gverdze ki - igi siyvarulSi

47

utydeboda mas. Jenim, rogorc Semdeg ixsenebda, roca rveuli waikiTxa mixvda,

rom Seuyvarda es biWi. es grZnoba imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom Jeni dapirda

karls - daucdida sanam is ar gaizdeboda da colad ar moiyvanda.

Jenim uari uTxra Tavis daniSnuls fon pannvicss. mSoblebi Sewuxebulni

iyvnen, magram imedovnebdnen, rom lamazi qaliSvili male ipovida sxva saqmros.

karlis siyvarulis Sesaxeb Jeni aravisTan ar saubrobda - mas yvela sulelad

CasTvlida. is isev ise dadioda balebze, TeatrSi, xiblavda mamakacebs da

ismenda komplimentebs. Tumca misi guli TrToda mxolod maSin, roca maTTan

karli midioda. is Cumad Sedioda biblioTekaSi, rom moesmina baronisa da

karlis saubrebi, yofiliyo mis siaxloves, Semdeg ki cdilobda marto

darCeniliyo masTan. Jeni daumegobrda karlis das sofis - is erTaderTi

adamiani iyo, vinc icoda maTi siyvarulis Sesaxeb. Jeni, romelsac karlma

wignebis kiTxva Seayvara, nakiTx qaliSvilad iqca, rac misi mSoblebis

SeSfoTebas iwvevda - im droisaTvis ganaTlebuli sapatarZloebi ar

moswondaT, Tanac, rac ufro emateboda Jenis wlebi, misi gaTxovebis Sansebi -

ufro mcirdeboda.

17 wlis asakSi karlma bonis universitetis iuridiul

fakultetze Caabara. is didi mondomebiT swavlobda. mas

ori didi mizani hqonda - gamxdariyo kargi iuristi da

colad moeyvana Jeni fon vestfaleni.

rogorc ki karls 19 weli Seusrulda, is Cavida trirSi

da oficialurad iTxova Jenis xeli. da ra Tqma unda,

uari miiRo misi mSoblebisagan. am winadadebam SokSi

Caagdo ara marto Jenis mSoblebi, aramed TviT karlis

ojaxic. henrix marqsi kargad xvdeboda maT ojaxebs

Soris gansxvavebas, man oficialuri bodiSi mouxada

baronis ojaxs. bodiSi miRebul iqna, Tumca karls

vestfalenebis ojaxSi misvla aekrZala.

bonSi wasvlis win karlma da Jenim Cumad daiweres jvari, ris Sesaxebac

mxolod sofim icoda. swored misi daxmarebiT werdnen isini erTmaneTs,

Sexvedrebi maT sastikad hqondaT akrZaluli. zogjer karli Camodioda

tritrSi, raTa Cumad, ramdenime wuTiT mainc enaxa Jeni. am Sexvedrebis Semdeg

Jeni werda karls: „yoveli Seni wasvlis Semdeg, sul minda rom mogabruno,

rom kidev erTxel giTxra Tu rogor Zlier miyvarxar... neta SemeZlos Seni

gzidan yvela winaaRmdegobis mocileba... magram Cveni bedia - lodini, imedi,

moTmineba da tanjva...“

1938 wels gardaicvala henrix marqsi. misi qvrivi Tvlida, rom swored

karlisa da Jenis siyvarulma moukla mis qmars guli. igi daemuqra karls, rom

CamoarTmevda memkvidreobas, Tuki is Jenis moiyvanda colad.

48

Jenim imdenad mZimed gadaitana es ambavi, rom mas gaugebari tkivilis Setevebi

daewyo. eqimebma am tkivilebs „nevrologiuri“ uwodes. es tkivilebi mas

sicocxlis bolomde gahyva, romelic mZime stresebis dros umZafrdeboda.

ludvig fon vestfaleni gardaicvala henrix marqsis gardacvalebidan 4 wlis

Semdeg. mxolod amis Semdeg gamoutyda Jeni dedas, rom karlze iyo daniSnuli.

henrieta marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, baronesam, Tumca ar mouwona qaliSvils

arCevani, uTxra, rom ar SeuSlida xels mis qorwinebas sayvarel adamianTan.

am droisaTvis, karl marqsma daamTavra universiteti da gaxda filosofiis

doqtori, Tumca maswavleblis adgili, romlis imedic hqonda, ver miiRo. mas

icnobdnen, rogorc filosofossa da revoluciuri wreebis damfuZnebels.

aseTi „buntisTavis“ samsaxurSi miReba arc erT iuridiul firmas ar surda.

samsaxurisa da memkvidreobis miRebis imedis gareSe darCenili karli, mainc

Camovida trirSi Jenis xelis saTxovnelad. Jeni bednieri iyo imiT, rom misi

lodini damTavrda. mogvianebiT karli ixsenebda: „Cemma sacolem gauZlo

yvelaze mZime, janmrTelobisTvis saSiS brZolebs Cems gamo. nawilobriv Tavis

aristokrat naTesavebTan da nawilobriv - Cems sakuTar ojaxTan“.

1843 wlis 19 ivniss karl marqsi da Jeni fon vestfaleni daqorwindnen.

Taflobis Tve maT reinis napirebze gaatares. isini Jenis mziTvis fulis

xarjze cxovrobdnen. roca imave wlis oqtombris TveSi meuRleebi parizSi

gaemgzavrnen sacxovreblad, Jeni ukve fexmZimed iyo. gamomSvidobebisas Jenis

dedamisma saCuqari gaukeTa - maTTan gauSva Tavisi mosamsaxure elena demuri:

freilein demuri - ojaxSi mas lenis, xan lenxens eZaxdnen - maTTan 11 wlidan

msaxurobda, iyo idealuri mosamsaxure, mzareuli da mne. lamazsa da Wkvian

qaliSvils uyvarda kiTxva da Wadrakis TamaSi. Zalian male Jeni da elena

axlo megobrebi gaxdnen.

safrangeTSi, 1844 wlis TebervalSi, marqsma gamosca

„germanul-franguli yovelwliuri“ Jurnalis pirveli

nomeri, is - ukanasknelic aRmoCnda. xelisuflebam Jurnali

akrZala. marqsi isev umuSevari darCa, Jenis mziTvis fuli

ki - ileoda.

1844 wlis 1 maiss gaCnda marqsis pirveli qaliSvili - Jeni-

karolina. karlis moTxovniT, yvela misi qaliSvili

pirvel saxelad dedis saxels iRebda.

fridrix engelsi, romelic parizSi manCesteridan, sadac mas safeiqro

fabrika hqonda, Camovida ramdenime dRiT karlTan gaCerda. isini namdvili

megobrebi gaxdnen, maT orives komunizmis ideebi itacebda. engelsi cotaodeni

TanxiT daexmara marqss. Tumca es fulic cota xanSi aRar hqondaT.

honorarebis imedze yofna ar SeiZleboda, marqsis mZafri statiebis dabeWdvas

bevri gamomcemloba erideboda. erT-erTi gamomcemloba, romelic sxvebze met

49

simamaces iCenda da aqveynebda mis statiebs, iyo emigrantuli Jurnali

„forvertsi“. masSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi, marqsma aRfrTovaneba gamoTqva

prusiis monarqze Tavdasxmis gamo, ris gamoc prusiis mTavrobam moiTxova

ministrisgan - fransua gizosgan - statiis avtoris safrangeTidan gasaxleba.

marqsis ojaxi briuselSi gadasaxlda, sadac 1845 wels Jenim meore qaliSvili

- Jeni-laura gaaCina, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg - vaJi edgar-henrixi. fuli

gamoeliaT da iZulebuli gaxdnen fon vestfalenebis monogramiani vercxlis

kovzebi da Canglebi gaeyidaT. roca marqsi lombardSi mivida vercxleulis

gasayidad, igi ise cudad iyo Cacmuli, CaTvales rom naqurdal nivTebs yidda

da daakaves. roca gasayidi araferi aRar hqondaT, daagiraves TeTreuli,

karlis palto da Jenis fexsacmelebic ki. ojaxi SimSilis piras iyo misuli.

mxsnelad leni demuri evlinebodaT: mas xelfass Jenis deda uxdida,

uricxavda fuls bankis meSveobiT im qalaqebSi, romlebSic marqsis ojaxi

xetialobda. leni mTel xelfass Tavisi „patronebis“ sarCenad xarjavda.

1848 wlis 3 marts marqsi briuselidan gaasaxles. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1849

wlis maisSi, germaniaSi revoluciis damxobis Semdeg, is sakuTar qveyanaSic

persona non-grantad gamocxadda imitom, rom redaqtireba gaukeTa

revoluciur gazeTs „axali reinis gazeTi“ da werda statiebs, romlebic

ajanyebisken mouwodebda xalxs. 1849 wlis zafxulSi, roca Jeni meoTxe

bavSvze iyo fexmZimed, karli iZulebuli gaxda inglisSi gadasuliyo. Jeni,

romelic belgiaSi faqtiurad ufulod darCa, cdilobda karlisTvis

samwuxaro araferi miewera. marqsi brazobda: „Sen... ar unda grcxvenodes

Sematyobino amis Sesaxeb me. Tuki Sen, sacodavs, sinamdvileSi yvelafer amis

gadatana gixdeba, samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom me azrebSi mainc gadavitano

yvela es tanjva SenTan erTad...“

bolos da bolos, Jenim darCenili aveji da WurWeli rogorRac gayida da

londonSi Casasvleli bileTi iyida. londonSi maT SeeZinaT vaJi, romelsac

italiuri saxeli gvido daarqves. isini Raribul binebSi cxovrobdnen,

sibralulis gamo maRaziaSi pursa da produqtebs

maT valad aZlevdnen. patara gvidom mxolod erTi

weli icocxla: igi gacivda da filtvebis anTebiT

gardaicvala, maT wamlebis sayideli fulic ar

hqondaT. karlma gadawyvita dedisTvis

sasamarTloSi eCivla mamamisis qonebidan wilis

misaRebad. saqme didxans gagrZelda, magram man

moigo sasamarTlo, Tumca mTeli memkvidreoba

valebSi daixarja.

materialurad maT engelsi exmarebodaT: is ara marto uxdida marqss

„stipendiebs“, aramed istumrebda mis mniSvnelovan valebsac. Sobis

50

dResaswaulze is aucileblad Cadioda maTTan stumrad saCuqrebiTa da

sanovagiT, bavSvebi mas „Zia angelss“ eZaxdnen.

Jeni cdilobda ar SeemCnia meuRlisTvis, rom siRaribisagan uimedobis

zRvramde iyo misuli. TviTon marqsi yvelafers amas msubuqad da iumoriT

itanda.

Tavis megobars, ernestine libknexts, is swerda, rom gadaiRala mudmivi

gaWirvebisagan, SimSilisagan da mSobiarobebisagan da ocnebobs, rom

amoisunTqos mSobiarobebs Soris, magram dauRalavi temperatmentis karls

amaze arafris gagoneba ar surs.

1851 wels karlis temperamentma kinaRam misi ojaxi daangria. mas adrec hqonda

patara gatacebebi… 1950 wels Jenis xangrZlivi avadmyofobis dros igi

dauaxlovda leni demurs, es xanmokle da mSfoTvare romani iyo, romlis

Sedegadac 1851 wlis gazafxulze lenis biWi SeeZina. karl marqsis ojaxuri

cxovreba arasdros ar yofila kraxTan ase axlos. situacia gadaarCina

fridrix engelsma: man leni demuris bavSvi Tavisad scno. engelsma moZebna

bavSvisTvis luisebis uSvilo ojaxi, romlebsac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze

uxdida aliments biWis swavlisa da aRzrdisaTvis. madlobis niSnad lenim

bavSvs frederiki daarqva, engelsis saxeli, oRond inglisur maneraze.

luisebi keTili xalxi aRmoCndnen, isini lenis bavSvTan Sexvedras ar

uSlidnen. engelss ki, rogors namdvil „keTil angelss“, regularulad

dahyavda leni saseirnod, raTa gaemarTlebina maTi siyvarulis Sesaxeb

legenda.

Jeni yvelas Tavs ise aCvenebda, TiTqos sjeroda

engelsis, Tumca man simarTle icoda. „1951 wlis

gazafxulze moxda kidev erTi ambavi, romelsac me

siamovnebiT ar Sevexebodi, magram man mniSvnelovnad

gazarda Cveni Sinagani da garegani siZneleebi“ -

werda is Tavis dRiurSi.

am dros Jeni isev bavSvs elodeboda. mas SeeZina

gogona - Jeni-franciska, romelic dabadebidanve

avadmyofobda da erT wlamdec ver icocxla. ojaxs

ar hqonda fuli arc eqimis mosayvanad da arc

saTanadod mis dasamarxad. bavSvi imaze gvian

daasaflaves, vidre es qristianuli wesiT iyo

saWiro. bolos maT iSoves sasaflaosa da mesaflavis fuli. sasaflaomde

bavSvis sxeuli karls xeliT mihqonda, mas Jeni mihyveboda. mogvianebiT Jeni

Tavis dRiurSi werda: „roca franciska gaCnda, mas akvani ar hqonda. mas

didxans uars eubnebodnen ukanasknel savanezec ki. ra dReSi viqnebodiT Cven,

roca Cveni gogona xeliT migvyavda ukanasknel gansasveneblamde.“

51

Tanamedrove istorikosebma daiTvales, rom is Semosavlebic ki, romlebic

mxolod werilebSia dokumentebis saxiT dafiqsirebuli, sakmarisi iyo

imisTvis, rom marqsis ojaxs araferSi ar gasWirveboda. magram karli Jenis

ojaxis gaZRolisTvis minimalur Tanxas aZlevda. sad qreboda danarCeni fuli,

ucnobia. Tumca biografebi fiqroben, rom karli TamaSobda birJaze da mas

regularulad ar umarTlebda.

1854 wels mTelma ojaxma qoleris avadmyofoba gadaitana, am avadmyofobam

mTel evropas gadauara. daiRupa erTaderTi vaJi, mTeli ojaxisTvis sayvareli,

rva wlis edgari. am sikvdilma dabinda maTi momavali qaliSvilis, Jeni-iulia-

eleonoras, dabadebis sixaruli.

Jenisa da karlis erToblivi cxovreba tanjvis uwyvet rigs warmoadgenda -

sixarulis iSviaTi gamobrwyinebebiT. Tumca am jojoxeTidan Tavis daRweva

Jenim ar moisurva. mas SeeeZlo miemarTa Tavisi naTesavebisTvis,

dabrunebuliyo germaniaSi - dedamisi Tanaxma iyo is mieRo. axloblebidanac

aravin ar gakicxavda mas qmarTan gaSorebis gamo: marqsi xom gandevnili,

revolucioneri, arsebuli wyobis mteri iyo, is ki - dabadebiT baronesa fon

vestfaleni. mas xSirad sayvedurobdnen imis gamo, rom igi isev karlTan

rCeboda. yvelafris miuxedavad Jenim Tavis siyvarulTan yofna arCia. mas

karli uangarod uyvarda da icoda, rom miuxedavad mravali Ralatisa, isic

Zlier uyvarda karls...

1856 wels, 38 wlis karlma Tavis 42 wlis meuRles, 6 Svilis dedas, miwera

werili, romelic istoriaSi siyvarulis aRiarebis erT-erT mxurvale nimuSad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. werilis daweris mizezi xanmokle ganSoreba gaxda - Jeni

trirSi gaemgzavra mZimed avadmyofi dedis sanaxavad:

„gwer isev Sen imitom, rom martoobaSi vimyofebi da imitom, rom Znelia

CemTvis gonebaSi mudmivad SenTan saubari im dros, roca Sen amis Sesaxeb

araferi ar ici, ar gesmis da ar SegiZlia mipasuxo. rogori uxarisxoc ar

unda iyos Seni suraTi, me is brwyinvaled memsaxureba. me exla vxvdebi, TviT

„Sav madonebs“, RvTismSoblis yvelaze uSno gamosaxulebebs, rogor SeeZloT

moeZebnaT ufro meti Tayvanismcemlebi, vidre mis karg gamosaxulebebs. yvela

SemTxvevaSi, arcerTi am „Sav madonaTagani“ ar daukocniaT, arc erTs ise ar

eTayvanebodnen, rogorc me Sens am fotosuraTs, marTalia ara Savs, magram

moRuSuls, romelic srulebiTac ar gamoxatavs Sens keTil, momxibvlel da

tkbil, TiTqos kocnisTvis Seqmnil saxes. me vxvdebi, rom Cems Tvalebs, Ramis

lamfisa da Tambaqos bolisagan gafuWebuls, mainc SeswevT unari daxaton

Seni saxe ara marto ZilSi, aramed cxadSic.

Sen cocxaliviT xar Cems winaSe, me viReb Sens xelebs, vkocni Tavidan TiTis

wverebamde, vecemi Sens winaSe muxlebze da aRmomxdeba: „me Tqven miyvarxarT,

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madam“. da namdvilad, me Sen ufro Zlier miyvarxar, vidre erT dros veneciel

mavrs uyvarda...

droebiTi ganSoreba sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenadac mudmivi urTierToba

erTferovnebis SegrZnebas badebs, romlis drosac sagnebs Soris gansxvaveba

iSleba. koSkebic ki, roca isini axlos arian, ar Canan iseTi maRlebi. asevea

cxovrebiseuli wvrilmanebic: roca maT axlodan ejaxebi, isini uzomod

izrdebian... asea Cemi siyvarulic...

udavoa, qveyanaze bevri qalia, da zogierTi maTgani mSveniericaa. magram me

sad vipovi kidev iseT saxes, romlis yoveli nakvTi gamiRviZebs Cemi cxovrebis

yvelaze Zlier da mSvenier mogonebebs...

mSvidobiT Cemo gulo. gkocniT aTasjer Sen da bavSvebs...“

karl marqsi ar cruobda, roca am mgznebare striqonebs werda. is cdilobda,

ramdenadac SeeZlo, kargi qmari da mama yofiliyo. is aRSfoTebas ver malavda,

rodesac qalebze Zaladobis faqtebs igebda. Tumca misi usazRvro

temparamenti isev da isev xdeboda garSemo myofTaTvis, gansakuTrebiT

JenisTvis, tanjvis wyaro.

1862 wlis zafxulSi londonSi, marqsis saxlSi

Camovida leni demuris naTesavi - axalgazrda mariana.

is kargi samsaxuris Sovnaze ocnebobda, inglisSi

msaxurebs ufro met xelfass uxdidnen, vidre -

germaniaSi. igi ramdenime Tve gaCerda deidasTan: lenis

surda mas yvelaferi eswavla, rac unda scodnoda karg

ojaxSi momuSave moaxles. karls Zalian moewona

azriani da norCi gogona, romelic Zalian gavda lenis

axalgazrdobaSi. im dros, roca Jeni trirSi

gaemgzavra, iqidan ki briuselSi, sadac marqsis

naSromebi unda Caetana, karlma mariana Seacdina.

yvelaferi tragikulad damTavrda: dekembris dasawyisSi

axalgazrda gogona idumalebiT mocul viTarebaSi gardaicvala. man

ramodenime dRe iwvala da Tumca saSualeba hqondaT, masTan eqimi ar

mouyvaniaT, leni cdilobda TviTon daxmareboda marianas. marqsis biografebi

Tvlian, rom marianam an aborti gaikeTa warumateblad an Tavis mokvlas

Seecada. XIX saukunis inglisis kanonebiT orive qmedeba danaSaulad

iTvleboda da CamoxrCobiT isjeboda. marianasTan eqimi rom gamoeZaxaT, is

aucileblad Seatyobinebda policias da Tu gogona gadarCeboda - mas

gaasamarTlebdnen da sikvdiliT dasjidnen. swored amitom Tqves eqimis

daxmarebaze uari.

Jeni londonSi 1863 wlis dasawyisSi dabrunda. ucnobia visgan gaigo man am

tragediis Sesaxeb, ramac igi naxevari weli TiTqmis sawols miajaWva.

53

oqtomberSi is ernestine libknexts swerda: „mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi ise

vitanjebodi da ise davuZlurdi fizikurad, rom nebismieri gonebrivi saqme

Zlier miWirs, patara werilis Sedgenac ki. Zlier, nervul Tavis tkivilebTan

erTad TiTqmis davyruvdi; am saSineli mdgomareobis aRwerac ki SeuZlebelia“.

amasTan is isev fexmZimed iyo. magram avadmyofobis gamo misi meSvide Svili,

sasurveli biWi, mkvdari daibada.

mariana demuris ambis Semdeg karlisa da Jenis urTierTobebSi raRac

Seicvala. siyvaruli ar gamqrala, magram ndoba da urTierTaRfrTovaneba

samudamod wavida. Jenim ver apatia karls ara imdenad morigi Ralati,

ramdenadac gogonas sikvdili. karli ki ver patiobda Jenis imas, rom igi ase

didxans brazobda masze, miuxedavad imisa, rom karli ase ganicdida momxdars.

1862 wels karls SemoqmedebiTi krizisi daewyo - naSromi „kapitali“,

romelsac man mTeli cxovreba miuZRvna, bolomde daumuSavebeli darCa.

cxovrebis bolomde Jenis bedi mkacri dedinacvaliviT eqceoda. misi

cxovrebis bolo wlebi saSineli iyo, mas kibo aRmoaCnda. avadmyofoba nela da

tanjviT uRebda bolos. is cdilobda ar SeemCnia tkivilebi, magram mZime

Setevebisas xSirad yviroda. marqsi mis tkivilebs ise grZnobda, rogorc

Tavisas. „roca me vxedav Cemi meuRlis tanjvas da amasTan vgrZnob Cems srul

uZlurebas, me mzad var eSmaks pirdapir xaxaSi Cavuvarde“ - werda is engelss.

Jeni 1881 wlis 2 dekembers gardaicvala, man suli karlis mklavebSi dalia,

misi bolo sityvebi mimarTuli iyo misken: „karl, meti Zala aRar maqvs“.

Jeni londonis prestiJul, haigetsis sasaflaoze

dakrZales. sikvdilis win man iTxova, rom mis

gverdiT, misTvis usayvarlesi ori adamiani

daesaflavebinaT: meuRle da erTguli msaxuri

leni demuri. engelsma iyida sami adamianis

saflavisaTvis samyofi adgili sasaflaoze. man

Tavis Tavze aiRo dakrZalvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi,

manve gaacila Jeni ukanasknel gzaze da warmoTqva

gamosamSvidobebeli sityva mis saflavze. karl

marqsi dasaflavebaze ar wasula. mas bevri

kicxavda am ucnauri saqcielis gamo, dadioda xmebi

imis Sesaxebac, rom marqsma Jenis gardacvalebidan cota xniT adre filtvebis

mZime anTeba gadaitana da eqimebi mas ar urCevdnen nestian haerze gasvlas.

marqsi yovelTvis ufrTxildeboda Tavis janmrTelobas, magram dasaflavebaze

misi wausvlelobis mizezi sul sxva iyo - mas ar surda JenisTan

gamomSvidobeba. imqveyniuri cxovrebisa da sikvdilis Semdeg erTmaneTTan

Sexvdrisa mas ar sjeroda.

54

Jenis gardacvalebis Semdeg leni demurma gadawyvita daetovebina marqsis

saxli. magram karlis qaliSvilebma gadaaTqmevines wasvla - ufros qaliSvils,

Jeni-karolinas, romelic tuberkulioziT nel-nela qreboda, misi movla

sWirdeboda. lenim maT ojaxSi kidev ori weli icxovra. am periodSi

gardaicvala Jeni-karolina, 1883 wlis 14 marts ki - karl marqsi. bolo 2

weli marqsi cdilobda, rac SeiZleba naklebad yofiliyo Tavis londonis

saxlSi, romelic Jenis gareSe misTvis dacarielda. is bevrs mogzaurobda,

xSirad, yovelgvari mizezis gareSe. marto sicocxlis bolo wels is iyo

alJirSi, arJanteSi, veveSi, ventnorSi, lozanaSi, monte-karloSi, engieneSi.

roca saxlSi brundeboda igi biblioTekaSi iketeboda. marqsi gaurboda

Sexvedrebs ara marto Tavis revolucioner megobrebTan, aramed ojaxis

wevrebTanac. man biblioTekaSi, wigniT xelSi dalia suli. imis dasaflavebas,

visac XX saukuneSi uwodeben „yvelaze popularuls ieso qristes Semdeg“,

sul 11 adamiani eswreboda. karli meuRlis gverdiT dakrZales.

imave sasaflaoze, rogorc iTxova Jenim, dasaflavebulia leni demuri. man

karlis gardacvalebidan kidev 7 weli icocxla da rogorc TviTon ambobda,

es wlebi yvelaze bednieri iyo mis cxovrebaSi. igi sacxovreblad gadavida

engelsis saxlSi da bolosdabolos, Tavisuflad naxulobda Tavis Svils,

romelic warmatebuli avtoSemkeTebeli gaxda. sikvdilamde cota xniT adre,

rogorc fiqroben, lenim uTxra Svilsac da marqsis qaliSvilebsac simarTle

im imediT, rom bavSvebi damegobrdebodnen.

Tumca raRa bavSvebi, isini ukve zrdasruli adamianebi iyvnen. isini

cdilobdnen cxovrebaSi epovaT namdvili siyvaruli, iseTi, rogoric maT

mSoblebs hqondaT. eleonora marqsis ojaxuri cxovreba, romelic colad

gahyva inglisel socialists eduard evelings, namdvili jojoxeTi iyo. igi

amis Sesaxeb mxolod Tavis naxevarZmas frederiks gamoutyda, romelic masze

uimedod iyo Seyvarebuli. 1898 wels man Tavi moiwamla. Jeni marqsisa da Sarl

longes ojaxuri cxovreba wameba iyo orivesaTvis. erToblivi

TviTmkvlelobiT dasrulda laura marqsisa da pol lafargis ojaxuri

cxovreba.

„Cven yvelani Zalian kargi adamianebi varT - werda sikvdilamde cota xniT

adre eleonora frederiks - Tumca me mgonia, rom Cven raRacis gamo visjebiT“.