შრომის ეკონომიკა

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti Sromis ekonomikis kaTedra Sromis ekonomika gamomcemloba `universali~ 1

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2009 წ.

Transcript of შრომის ეკონომიკა

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiSromis ekonomikis kaTedra

Sromis ekonomika

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi, 2009

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damxmare saxelmZRvanelo momzadebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis Sromis ekonomikis kaTedraze. calkeuli Tavebi damuSavebulia Semdegi avtorebis mier: prof. m tuxaSvili (Tavi 1, 7); asoc prof. m. carciZe (Tavi 5); asoc, prof. m. Toria (Tavi 4, 6 11); asoc. prof. n. lacabiZe (Tavi 3); asoc. prof. m. Selia (Tavi 2, 9, 10); asoc prof. c. anTaZe (Tavi 8). damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis, aseve Sromis ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. redaqtorebi: profesori m. tuxaSvili asoc. prof. n. lacabiZe recenzenti: asoc. prof. n. WeliZe

Tsu Sromis ekonomikis kaTedra, 2009 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-99940-968-0-0

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SinaarsiSesavali I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sisitemaSi II. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali III. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi IV. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba V. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura VI. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze VII. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi VIII socialuri politika da mosaxleobis . Semosavlebi IX. Sromis organizacia X. Sromis anazRaurebis organizacia XI. Sromis mwarmoebluroba da efeqtianoba

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Sesavali`Sromis ekonomika~ msoflios elitaruli universitetebis kurukulumebis mniSvnelovani kursia. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad misi Sinaarsi icvleba da ixveweba. win mimavali qveynebi cdiloben, TavianTi ekonomikuri da socialuri sistemebs moargon is zogadi kanonzomierebebi da principebi, rac Sromis ekonomikis SinaarsiTaa gansazRvruli. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis ekonomikuri segmentisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor SesabamisobaSia igi TanamedroveobasTan, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara amJamadac da Tvalsawier momavalSi maRali kvalifikaciis ekonomistebze aqaur da saerTaSoriso Sromis bazrebze moTxovnas. amitom kursis amocanaa studentTaTvis Sromis ekonomikis problemaTa farTo speqtridan imis logikuri miwodeba, rac asaTviseblad gamoyofili drois farglebSi maT Camouyalibebs im sistemur codnas da Cvevebs, rac momavali specialistisTvis ara marto xvalindeli, aramed uwyveti ganaTlebis ganviTa-rebis kvalobaze mTeli misi SromiTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi profesiuli moRvaweobisaTvis sakma-risi iqneba. `Sromis ekonomikis~ damxmare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisaTvis am kursis dawera yamiri araa. bazarma ucbad aiTvisa4

Sromis ekonomikis kaTedris TanamSromelTa mier gamocemuli damxmare saxel- mZRvanelo (red. n. lacabiZe), agreTve prof. n. paiWaZis saxelmZRvanelo _ `Sromis ekonomika~. maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules saqarTveloSi Sromis ekonomikis sferos codniT studentTa mom- zadebasa da praqtikis muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi. winamdebare damxmare saxelmZrvanelo Tavisi SinaarsiT Seesabameba im CarCo programas, romelic damtkicebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis studen-tTaTvis. silabusi iTvaliswinebs rogorc msoflios cnobil universitetebSi moqmedi silabusebis ZiriTad Sinaarss, ise saqarTveloSi Sromis procesis specifikas. kursSi gadmocemuli sakiTxebi zogad ekonomikur Teoriul aspeqtSi studentebs naswavli aqvT `ekonomikis principebis~ kursSi. aq, cxadia, igi meTodologiurad Rrmavdeba, logi-kurad integrirebul saxes iRebs da adamianis SromiTi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs aerTianebs. damxmare saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobisas avtorebi farTod sargeblobdnen mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli profesorebis r. erenbergisa da r. smitis, g. borjas, p. qausisa da a. cilberbergis saxelmZRvaneloebiT, agreTve, postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi sabazro5

urTierTobebze gardamavali periodis Taviseburebebis amsaxveli saxel- mZRvanelo literaturiT. bunebrivia, avtorebi didi madlierebiT miiReben am kursis momavali srulyofisaTvis gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.

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Tema I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaSiSroma aris adamianis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba materialuri dovlaTis, momsaxurebis an sulieri faseulobebis Sesaqmnelad. adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan nawils uSualod SromiT procesSi an misTvis mzadebaSi atarebs. SromiTi procesis Sedegia, agreTve, is materialuri da momsaxurebiTi sikeTe, riTac igi sapensio asakSi Sromis asakSi Sromis unaris daqveiTebis dros sargeblobs. Sroma warmoebis mTavari faqtoria. mis gareSe materialur-momsaxurebiTi da sulieri sikeTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac dro gadis, Sromis procesi ufro mravalmxrivi, rTuli xdeba. Sromis garTuleba obieqturi procesia. Sromis procesSi iqmneba ara marto adami- anisaTvis Semdgom mosaxmari sikeTe, aramed xdeba adamianisa da mis garemomcvel samyarosTan urTi- erToba. mimdinareobs momuSavis organizmis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli fiziologiuri procesebi, fsiqonervuli energiis xarjva. adamiani Tavisi urTulesi pirovnuli sistemiTaa Cabmuli Sromis procesSi. kacobrioba rac ufro viTardeba da SromiTi procesi rTuldeba, miT ufro rTuli xdeba damokidebuleba fsiqofiziologiuri energiis7

xarjvasa da Sromis Sedegs Soris. amJamad es Sedegi dakavSirebulia adamianis, am rTuli fenomenis moqmedebis mraval aspeqtTan. Sesabamisad, Sromis procesis Seswavla erTi dargis mecnierebaSi veRar eteva. igi mecnierebis ramdenime dargis sagania. mTlianad ki iqmneba mecniereba Sromis Sesaxeb, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba SromaTmcodneoba daerqvas. misi konkre- tuli, ekonomikuri aspeqtiT integrirebuli nawi- lia Sromis ekonomika. igi ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemas ganekuTvneba da, cxadia, misi saganic ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa, ekonomikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani segmentia. Sromis ekonomika Seiswavlis Sromis procesSi warmoqmnil socialurSromiT urTirTobebs. Tumca sakmaod Rrmadaa SeWrili masSi Sromis procesis araekonomikuri aspeqtebic da, Sesabamisad, adamianTan da Sromis procesTan dakavSirebuli sxva mecnierebebic, rogoricaa sociologia, fsiqologia, fiziologia, medicina, demografia, maTematika, statistika da a.S. agreTve, maTgan warmoebuli Sromis sociologia, Sromis fsiqologia, Sromis fiziologia, Sromis dacva, mosaxleobis ekonomika, ekonometrika, Sromis statistika, Sromis samarTali da a.S. es mecnierebaTa diferenciacia-integraciis uwyveti procesis gamoxatulebaa. bevri mecnieri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi socialuri faqtoris win wamowevas miawers8

bolo naxevari saukunis manZilze ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis ekonomikis samecniero literaturasa da qrestomaTiul naSro- mebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba socialur aspeqtebs. Tanamedrove msoflioSi gabatonebuli adgili ukavia sabazro urTierTobebs. sxvadasxva saxis bazarTa Soris Sromis bazari erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mravalmxrivia. igi ekonomikuri da socialur urTierTobaTa farTo wres moicavs. magram aq umTavresia SromiTi urTierTobani, romelic mraval problemas aerTianebs. Sromis bazari sul ufro mravalmxrivi xdeba da misi Seswavlac met siRrmes Txoulobs. amitomac Sromis bazari `Sromis ekonomikis~ kursis arsebiTi, mTavari nawilia, Tumca, cxadia, amiT ar amoiwureba mTeli kursi. saukuneze metia, rac Camoyalibda `Sromis ekonomika~ rogorc mecniereba. am xnis ganmavlobaSi man bevri cvlileba ganicada. is viTardeboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis winsvlasTan erTad. TviT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac bevrad icvleboda Sromis procesis srulyofis kvalobaze. am cvlilebaTagan unda gamoiyos Sromis procesis inteleqtualizacia, gonebrivi Sromis wilis mateba fizikur SromasTan SedarebiT. gonebrivi SromisaTvis momzadeba adamianTa cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani nawili gaxda rogorc winaswari Sromis proces9

amdeli zogad -saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli swavlis, ise Sromis procesis dros misi permanentuli gadamzadebis saxiT. cxadia, swavla, romelic Tavis mxriv urTules process warmoadgens, udides finansur danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swavlis procesSi xdeba misi dagroveba adamianur kapitalad. igi uSualod rTuli Sromis ganxorcielebis procesis winapiroba gaxda da organulad daukavSirda mas. bunebrivia, aman `Sromis ekonomikis~ saganSic hpova asaxva. Tanamedrove Sromis procesi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sul ufro da ufro izrdeba Sromis saSualebebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi, amiTaa, rom Sromis Sedegis yovel erTeulze miiRweva adamianis kunTuri energiis minimizacia. rogorc aRiniSna, bolo erTi saukunis manZilze sul ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina Sromis socialurma aspeqtebma. cnobili mecnieri s. leviti mas meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri zrdis umTavres faqtorad miiCnevs. Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze udides zegavlenas axdens muSis Sromisadmi ganwyoba, koleqtivSi misi adaptaciis xarisxi, janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi damokidebuleba, sazogadoebaSi SromiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis socialuri mxare, Sromis stimulTa sistema, samarTlianoba da socialuri garantiebi. xdeba Sromis humanizacia. es aspeqti Sromis ekonomikis kursSi aqcentirebuli iqneba.10

Sromis Sedegebis miRwevaSi sul ufro matulobs personalis marTvis mniSvneloba. adre igi ifargleboda daqiravebis sistemis srulyofiT. 1990-iani wlebidan ki yuradReba gaZlierda iseTi sakiTxebisadmi, rogoricaa Sromis dacvis srul- yofili sistemis formireba, ojaxis evolucia, genderi, ekologia, socialuri dazRveva, metad gaizarda kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mniSvneloba. TandaTan cvlilebas ganicdis profkavSirebis roli. igi ufro metad ereva personalis ganviTa- rebasa da socialuri mxardaWeris formirebaSi. paralelurad iqmneba damqiravebelTa gaerTiane- bebic. aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Carevac. es ukve urTierTobaTa axal sistemas ayalibebs da Seswavlas saWiroebs. principul cvlilebas ganicdis damokidebuleba warmoebis muSakisadmi. maTi xelfasi aRar ganixileba yovelTvis ise, rogorc warmoebis danaxarjebSi xelfasis SemcirebiT mogebis zrdis gza. aqciaTa SeZeniT isini Tanamepatroneebi xdebian da dainteresebulni arian mogebis zrdiT. es aZlierebs maT motivacias ufro SemoqmedebiTi Sromisaken. Sromis ekonomikiT Sesaswavl sakiTxTa struqturuli ierarqia Taviseburad damokidebulia im specifikaze da problemebzec, romlebic romelime konkretul qveyanaSi iqmneba misi ganviTarebis donisa da specifikis gamo. kursis Seswavlisas saWiro11

xdeba aqcentireba im sakiTxebze, romelic mocemuli qveynisaTvis problematuria da momavalSic mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos. aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs axlo da Soreul perspeqtivaSi mosalodneli problemebis gansazRvras da kursis SinaarsSi gaTvaliswinebas. am mxriv saqarTvelos amJamindel ekonomikas, romelmac udidesi dartyma miiRo 1990-iani wlebis yovlismomcveli kraxis gamo, Tavis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. socialurekonomikuri reabilitaciis procesSi Sromis ekonomikis problemebi yvelaze mwvave problemaTa ricxvSia. maTgan SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. SromiTi potencialis daqveiTebis SeCereba, reabilitacia da zrdis miRweva; 2. masStaburi siRaribis daZleva; 3. mosaxleobisa da SromiTi resursebis intensiuri emigraciis SeCereba da optimizacia; 4 masobrivi umuSevrobis Semcireba da dasaqmebis sistemis optimizacia; 5. Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis donis zrda; 6. xelfasis diferenciaciis optimizacia, qaosuri viTarebis daZleva da a.S. aRniSnuli problemebis jerovani mogvareba dros moiTxovs da didxans iqneba saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da socialur ganviTarebaSi. Seqmnili viTarebis kompleqsuri12

Seswavla Sromis ekonomikis farglebSi Tanamedrove ekonomistis formirebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. meore mxriv, TandaTan yalibdeba saerTaSo- risod aRiarebuli principebi, normebi, romelic misaRebia progresuli socialuri ganviTarebis mqone qveynebisTvis. am mxriv, Sromis humanuri principebis dacvaze zrunavs bevri Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia. masSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi bolo 90 wlis manZilze, SeZlebisamebr, cdiloben Camoayalibon da daicvan Sromis procesis humanuri principebis Sesabamisi normativebi. Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelo lite- raturaSi calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlisas metnaklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli maTi mniSvneloba, principebi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. mis safuZvelze iqmneba saxelmwifoebSi Sromis normatiul kanonTa sistemebi, Sromis kodeqsebi. saqarTvelos momavals Cven vxedavT socialurad orientirebuli saxelmwifos saxiT. amitom winamdebare kursi aRniSnuli orientirisaa da srulad Seesabameba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis funqcionirebis principebs. Tavis mxriv, socialurad orientirebul qveyanaSi Sromis ekonomikis mniSvneloba gazrdilia. `Sromis ekonomikis~ sagnis gansazRvra ukavSirdeba momijnave konkretuli mecnierebis dargebsa da Sesabamis saswavlo13

kursebs, romel- Tanac Sromis ekonomikas mWidro kavSiri aqvs. pirvel rigSi, esaa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistema, romlis Teoriuli safuZvelia ekonomikis Teoria (ekonomikis principebi). Sromis ekonomikis kursSi xdeba ekonomikis zogad kanonTa konkretizacia Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis aspeqtiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis zogadi meTodikis gamoyeneba, konkretuli sakiTxis fundamentalur ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaTa sibrtyeSi gaazreba. Sromis ekonomikaSi Sesaswavli procesebi aucileblad saWiroeben raodenobriv analizs da maTematikur-statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebas. amitomaa igi mWidro kavSirSi ekonometrikasTan da statistikasTan, maT Soris uSualod `Sromis statistikasTan~. Sromis ekonomikasTan, organuladaa dakavSire- buli sociologia, konkretulad ki `Sromis sociologia~. kavSiri imdenad mWidroa da uSualoa, rom zog qveyanaSi gaerTianebuli kursi `Sromis ekonomika da sociologia~ iswavleba. marTlac, Sromis ekonomikuri Sedegic didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis SromiT-socialuri ganviTarebis, sazogadoebaSi jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis ganviTarebis doneze. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis Sromis motivacias, Sromis humanizacias da a.S.

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Sromis procesi mimdinareobs garkveul samarTlebriv garemoSi. Sromis ekonomikasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs momuSaveTa daqiravebisa da gaTavisuflebis sakanonmdeblo bazas, waxalisebas da dasjas da, saerTod, Sromis disciplinas, Sromis procesSi warmoSobil konfliqtebis samarTlebriv regulirebas, SromiTi davebis mowesrigebas, muSakis dacvis iuridiul normebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis ekonomikis kurss `Sromis samarTalTan~ mWidro kavSiri aqvs. metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis funqcionirebis ekonomikur mxares, mis mier Tanamdebobrivi saqmianobis pirovnul aspeqtebs, Sesrulebuli samuSaosadmi damokidebulebis ekonomikur Sedegebs, rac personalis ekonomikaSi Seiswavleba. masTan axlosaa personalis marTva (personalis menejmenti, adamianuri resursebis menejmenti). misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi obieqtia administraciis mier personalis saqmianobis organizacia: maTi SerCeva, daqiraveba, karieruli winsvla, kvalifikaciis zrda, pirovnuli ganviTareba, mastimulirebeli sistemebis SerCeva da gamoyeneba, amisTvis danaxarjebis swori ganawileba, xarjvis optimizacia da a.S. Sromis ekonomika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sromis fsiqologiasTan. fsiqologiis kategoriebi, rogoricaa aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba, mexsiereba, emocia15

da maTi optimizacia _ esaa Tanamedrove Sromis procesis efeqtianobis miRwevis, Sromis Sedegebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli piroba. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa igi kadrebis SerCevaSefasebisa, maTi swavlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis procesSi, Sromis disciplinis sistemis formirebasa da, saerTod, Sromis procesebis marTvaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan Zlier axlosaa Sromis pedagogika, mecnierebis dargi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb. igi farTo gagebiT muSakis profesiuli momzadebis mTel process moicavs. rogorc aRiniSna, Sromis procesi marto warmoebis procesi araa, igi adamianisa da bunebriv garemosTan urTierTobis procesicaa, roca xdeba nivTierebaTa cvla, adamianis organizmis fiziologiuri funqcionireba, momuSavis energiis xarjva, Sromis procesSi muSaobisunarianobis cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesabamisad. Sromis procesis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobs an aferxebs sanitarul-higienuri garemo. amitom Sromis ekonomika mWidrod ukavSirdeba disciplinebs: `Sromis fiziologiasa~ da `Sromis dacvas~. amrigad, Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis Seswavlis dros erT mxriv, Tavs iyris Sromis problemaTa jgufi, meore mxriv, mis Semswavlel urTierTdakavSirebul mecnierebaTa sistema, sadac Sromis ekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis aspeqtSi16

integracias ukeTebs masTan dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa aparatis im nawils, romelic gansazRvravs Sromis efeqtianobas. sqematurad igi ase warmogvidgeba:

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sqema Sromis problemebi da mecnierebaTa dargebiSromis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa nawilebi (problemebi) Sromis mecnierebaTa dargebi, romelTa integraciaa mecniereba Sromis ekonomika

SromiTi potencialis formireba Sromis bazari da dasaqmebis regulireba adamianuri kapitali personalis marketingi, konsaltingi da marTvis organizacia SromiTi urTierTobebi da socialuri politika personalis SerCeva, swavleba da ricxovnobis dagegmva Sromis normireba SromiTi procesebis daproeqteba Sromis pirobebi Sromis mwarmoebluroba Sromis motivacia

Semosavlebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis formireba Sromis ekonomika

Sromis fiziologia Sromis usafrTxoeba Sromis fsiqologia Sromis samarTali ergonomika Sromis organizacia Sromis normireba Sromis sociologia personalis marTva demografia da mosaxleobis ekonomika

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kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

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Tavi 2. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali2.1. SromiTi resursebis arsi

Sromis procesSi adamianis SesaZleblobis gansazRvris mizniT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva termini: `samuSao Zala~, `SromiTi resursebi~, `adamianuri kapitali~, `SromiTi potenciali~, `adamianuri resursebi da sxva. termini `SromiTi resursebi~ pirvelad 1922 wels gamoiyena cnobilma mecnierma a. strumilinma,1 ris Semdegac is farTod gavrcelda ekonomikur literaturaSi. SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilia, romelic flobs SromisaTvis saWiro fizikur da inteleqtualur unars, ris meSveobiTac awarmoebs materialur dovlaTs an momsaxurebas. Sromisunarianobas gansazRvravs adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi. samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT Sromisunarianoba aris saerTo, profesiuli da specialuri. saerTo Sromis unaris mqone adamiani asrulebs raime samuSaos Cveulebriv pirobebSi, profesiuli Sromis unaris mqone _ gansazRvrul profesiul saqmianobas eweva,1

.. . . , 1922. .2

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xolo specialuri Sromis unaris mqone adamians samuSaos Sesruleba SeuZlia specifikur sawarmoo an klimatur pirobebSi (magaliTad, miwisqveSa samuSaoebze, maRalmTian raionebSi da a.S.) Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben srul da arasrul anu SezRuduli Sromis unaris mqone adamianebs. SromiTi resursebis ZiriTad nawils Sromis asakis adamianebi Seadgenen. Sromis asaki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTnairi araa. 2007 wlisaTvis yvelaze meti sapensio asaki islandiasa da norvegiaSia (67 weli rogorc qalis, ise mamakacisaTvis), xolo yvelaze naklebi kuveitSi, svazilendSi, solomonis kunZulebze (50 weli rogorc qalis, ise mamakacisaTvis). saqarTveloSi sapensio asaki qalebisaTvis_ 60, mamakacebisaTvis_ 65 welia. Sromis asakis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis done, sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba da dasaqmebis strategiuli politika. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi sapensio asakad qalebisaTvis dadginda 55 weli da mamakacebisaTvis 60 weli. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom, jer erTi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba im periodSi xanmokle, 45 weli

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iyo, amasTan, daCqarebuli industrializaciis procesi kadrebis swraf cvlas moiTxovda. `SromiTi resursebi~ Tavisi arsiT axlos dgas `samuSao ZalasTan~, romelic Tanamedrove Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi asea gansazRvruli: `es aris 16 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos.2 misgan gansxvavebiT SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis is nawilia, romelic ormxrivadaa asakobrivi zRvariT Semofargluli. 1990-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis SromiTi struqturis aRricxva miesadaga saerTaSoriso aRricxvis sistemas, romelic mosaxleobas or nawilad hyofs: ekonomikurad aqtiur da ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobad. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba moicavs dasaqmebulT da umuSevrebs, e.i. im kontingents, romelic bazars sTavazobs Tavis Sromas. ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobaSi Sedis: moswavleebi da studentebi; pirebi, vinc iReben SromiT an invalidobis pensias; diasaxlisebi, ojaxis avadmyofi wevris movliT dakavebuli pirebi;

2

. ., .. . ., . 1996. .34

23

samuSaos is maZieblebi, romelTac dakarges misi povnis imedi, Tumca mzad arian imuSaon; pirebi, romlebic iZulebis wesiT gadian mkurnalobis kurss; pirebi, romlebsac arsebuli Semosavlebis gamo ar surT muSaoba. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done ganisazRvreba formuliT:E= C 100 , sadac P

E mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis donea (%); C ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci); P mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).2.2 SromiTi resursebis gazomva

SromiTi resursebis absoluturi ricxovnoba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad: SromiTi resursebi=Sromis asakis Sromisunarian mosaxleobas _ I da II jgufis umuSevari invalidebi _ SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis pirebi, romlebic ar muSaoben + momuSave mozardebi + momuSave pensionerebi. SromiTi resursebis dinamika, garkveuli periodis manZilze xasiaTdeba Semdegi24

maCveneblebiT: SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrda, zrdis tempi da matebis tempi. absoluturi zrdis maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba gansaxilveli periodis dasawyissa da bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobas Soris sxvaobiT. T=Rn - Ro (2.2.1), sadac Rn SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis bolos, Ro _SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi. meore maCvenebeli- SromiTi resursebis zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba periodis bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi mis raodenobasTan. e.i.T=

ramdenime wlisTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba rogorc saSualo geometriuli. e.i.T =n Rn , (2.2.3), sadac n wlebis raodenobaa. Ro

Rn . (2.2.2) Ro

SromiTi resursebis saSualo wliuri matebis tempi ki gaiangariSeba formuliT:T =n Rn 1. Ro

(2.2.4)

2.3. SromiTi resursebis formireba25

SromiTi resursebis Seswavlisas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi formirebis anu SromiTi resursebis aRwarmoebis Seswavlas. am mizniT saWiroa, ganisazRvros SromiTi resursebis struqtura da gamovlindes is faqtorebi, romlebic SromiTi resursebis struqturaze moqmedeben. SromiTi resursebis struqturas Seiswavlian sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis, erovnebis, dasaqmebis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da sxva niSniT. sqesis mixedviT Seswavlisas ganisazRvreba qalebisa da mamakacebis wili SromiT resursebSi. magaliTad, 1989 wels Sromis asakis mosaxleobaSi qalebis wili 49% iyo, 2002w._ 50%; Sesabamisad, mamakaci 1989 wels_ 51%, 2002w._ 50% asakis mixedviT gamoyofen SromiTi resursebis Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebs: a)Sromisunariani asakis, b) Sromisasakamdeli; g) Sromis asakgadacilebuli. garda amisa, SromiTi resursebis asakobrivi struqturis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg asakobriv jgufebs: a)1629 weli _ axalgazrdoba; b) 30-49w. _ Sua asaki; g) 50-64 w. _ winasapensio asaki; zogjer gamoyofen 50 wels gadacilebul asakobriv jgufs, romelsac `mesame asakis~ mosaxleobasac uwodeben. mocemuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis analizi saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros axalgazrdobis wili SromiT26

resursebSi, Sefasdes SromiTi resursebis daberebis procesi da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis wili sistematurad izrdeba, mimdinareobs SromiTi resursebis dabereba, rac gaiangariSeba formuliT:CSr .r .sib. = W40 - 64 .100, (2.3.1), sadac W16 64

CSr.r.sib._ SromiTi resursebis siberis koeficienti; W40-64_ 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci); W16-64_ 16-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci). SromiTi resursebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formirebaze did gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi. kerZod, Sobadoba, mokvdaoba, arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura da migracia. roca qveyanaSi Sobadobis done maRalia, SromiT resursebSi izrdeba axalgazrdobis wilic, Tumca es ar xdeba mosaxleobis zrdis paralelurad, es procesi SromiT resursebze garkveuli drois Semdeg aisaxeba. xangrZlivi periodis manZilze Sobadobis maRali done zrdis Sromis asakSi myof mosaxleobas, romelic am procesis gamo axalgazrdulia, rac gaiTvaliswineba kidec dasaqmebis politikis gansazRvrisas. mokvdaoba maSinve axdens gavlenas SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaze, Tuki is maRalia Sua asakobriv jgufebSi. sapensio27

asakis mosaxleobaSi mokvdaobis zrda gavlenas ar axdens SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis cvlilebaze, xolo Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaobis maRali maCvenebeli amcirebs mosaxleobis sicocxlianobis maCvenebels (Kdabadebuli/Kgardacvlili) da garkveuli periodis Semdeg amcirebs Sromis asakis mosaxleobis raodenobas. arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura xSirad gansazRvravs SromiT resursebSi dasaqmebulTa wilsac. kerZod, cnobilia, rom 25 wlamde axalgazrdoba, faqtobrivad, swavliTaa dakavebuli da ver erTveba SromiT procesSi, rac amcirebs am kontingentis wils dasaqmebul mosaxleobaSi. cnobilia isic, rom yvelaze maRali mwarmoeblurobiT gamoirCeva 30-45 wlis asakobrivi jgufi. amitom misi maRali wili SromiT resursebSi efeqtiani dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi Sromis maRali mwarmoeblurobis sawindaria. SromiTi resursebis raodenobis cvlilebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens migraciac. migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad axalgazrda asakobriv jgufebs moicavs. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca emigracia masStaburia, bunebrivia, SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, proporciulad mcirdeba da SromiTi resursebic berdeba da, piriqiT, Tu imigraciuli procesebi Warbobs, maSin igive pirobiT Sromisunariani

28

mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba da SromiTi resursebis gaaxalgazrdavebis procesic midis. SromiTi resursebis formirebisas metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rogoria maTi ganaTlebis done. amis mixedviT SromiT resursebs Seiswavlian Semdegi niSnebiT: dawyebiTi, saSualo, saSualo-profesiuli, saSualo-teqnikuri, arasruli umaRlesi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone. garda amisa, gansazRvraven rogoria swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba erT kacze da rogoria umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.2.4. SromiTi resursebis ganawileba

SromiTi resursebis ganawileba sxvadasxva- gvarad xdeba. yvelaze detalurad igi Seiswavleba saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT. kerZod, romel seqtorSi (saxelmwifo Tu kerZo), ekonomikis romel dargSi ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adamianTa ra nawilia dasaqmebuli; maT Soris, ramdenia fizikuri da ramdeni gonebrivi SromiT dakavebuli, rogori samuSao reJimiT muSaoben isini da a.S. calkeuli seqtorebis Tu dargebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis Tanafardoba xSirad damokidebulia ekonomikis struqturaze, Sromis bazarze arsebul mdgomareobasa da mTel rig sxva faqtorebze. zogjer SromiTi resursebis ganawilebas swavloben sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis donis, calkeuli teritoriebis29

mixedviT. am ukanasknels _ SromiTi resursebis regionul ganawilebas ganapirobebs regionebSi warmoebis ganviTarebis done, misi struqturuli Taviseburebani da ekonomikuri koniunqtura. SromiTi resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis sakiTxis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva, sworad daigegmos misi efeqtiani gamoyeneba; gaangariSdes SromiTi resursebis prognozuli raodenoba, rogorc moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani perspeqtivisaTvis. amisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis procesis swor analizs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros: a) ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalazea moTxovna calkeul dargebsa Tu sawarmoebSi da ra raodenobiT iqneba is saWiro momavalSi; b) sad da rogor moxdes SromiTi resursebis saWiro raodenobis moZieba da g) ra ekonomikuri programebi unda ganxorcieldes saWiro resursebis mosapoveblad. qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelobaze swor warmodgenas iZleva SromiTi potenciali.

2.5. SromiTi potenciali

30

SromiTi potenciali adamianuri potencialis nawilia, romelic formirdeba misi bunebrivi monacemebis (niWis), ganaTlebis, aRzrdis da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze. igi mosaxleobis warmoebaSi Cabmis zRvruli sididea misi fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebis, profesiuli codnisa da SeZenili Cvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SromiTi potenciali Tavisi arsiT axlosaa cnebasTan `adamianuri resursebi~. am ukanasknels xSirad iyeneben dasavlur ekonomikur literaturaSi. amave dros is ufro farTo Sinaarsisaa, vidre samuSao Zala da adamianuri kapitali. kerZod, Tu samuSao Zala xasiaTdeba niSnebiT _ janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, profesionalizmi, adamianuri kapitali ki am niSnebTan erTad moicavs bunebriv SesaZleblobebsac (niWi da mobiloba), SromiTi potenciali zemoT CamoTvlil niSnebTan erTad xasiaTdeba iseTi niSniTac, rogoricaa TviTrealizaciis unari. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs aqtivobas, organizebulobas, SemoqmedebiTobas, adamianebTan urTierTobis unars da a.S. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris Semdegnairad gamoixateba (ix. sqema 2.5.1):sqema 2.5.1. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris

31

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianuri kapitalis sidide ganisazRvreba im fuladi saxsrebiT, romelic gamoiyofa adamianis Sromis unaris Seqmnasa da realizaciaze, e.i. is aris fuladi saxsrebi, romelic ixarjeba adamianis janmrTelobaze, ganaTlebaze, bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebaze. SromiTi potenciali Seiswavleba sam doneze: 1) calkeuli momuSavis; 2) sawarmos, firmis; 3) sazogadoebis. calkeuli adamianis, momuSavis SromiTi potencialis daxasiaTebisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda Sefasdes misi janmrTelobis done. es xdeba Sromisunarianobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvriT. rac Seexeba momuSavis ganaTlebis dones, igi Sefasdeba skolasa Tu sxva saswavleblebSi swavlis xangrZlivobiT. xolo profesionalizmis Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia kvalifikaciis done.32

adamianis TviTrealizaciis unaris SefasebisaTvis, Seiswavleba misi xasiaTi, ramdenad mowesrigebuli, iniciativiani da SemoqmedebiTia igi, rogori urTierToba aqvs garSemo myofebTan, rogoria misi zneobrivi kriteriumebi da bolos, ramden xans aris is mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebuli. adamianis SromiTi potenciali mudmivad icvleba. SeiZleba igi gaizardos ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad an SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi janmrTeloba gauaresda an SromiTi cxovrebis mZime pirobebi aqvs. sawarmos SromiTi potencialis gansazRvrisas janmrTelobis done Sefasdeba samuSao drois im danakargebiT, romelic sawarmos personalis avadmyofobis an sawarmoo travmis gamo dagrovda. SeiZleba ganisazRvros im xarjis raodenobiTac, romelic warmoebaSi momuSaveTa jandacvas moxmarda. rac Seexeba ganaTlebis dones, is fasdeba sawarmos mier momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze gaweuli xarjiT, sawarmoo personalSi saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa wiliT. xolo sawarmoo koleqtivis profesionalizmi fasdeba produqciis xarisxiT, wuniT gamowveuli danakargebis sididiT. TviTrealizaciis unarze ki miuTiTebs iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa gamogonebaTa da racionalur winadadebaTa raodenoba, axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebis

33

sixSire, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT miRebuli zarali. sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da sazogadoebis inteleqtualur doneze. janmrTelobis donis mixedviT is fasdeba iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, qveynis biujetidan jandacvaze gaweuli saxsrebis raodenoba, mokvdaobis asakobrivi maCveneblebi. ganaTlebis done ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebis wiliT saxelmwifo biujetSi da swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT. profesionalizmi SeiZleba SevafasoT eqsportiT miRebuli SemosavlebiTa da avariiT gamowveuli zaraliT. sazogadoebis TviTrealizaciis unari _ patentTa da saerTaSoriso premiebis raodenobiT saSualod erT mcxovrebze, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis tempiT, kanonmdeblobis xarisxiT, gzebisa da transportis xarisxiT, dasaqmebis doniT da samuSao drois efeqtiani gamoyenebiT. raodenobrivad SromiTi potenciali izomeba kac/sT-Si. iTvleba, rom es maCvenebeli kargad asaxavs SromiTi potencialis cvlilebas droSi da saSualebas iZleva, misi gaangariSebisas is adamianebic ki moicvas, visac mTeli wlis manZilze erTi saaTi mainc aqvT namuSevari. sawarmoSi SromiTi potencialis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT: = k , (2.5.1), sadac34

_ drois kalendaruli fondia (sT); T_ gamoucxadebeli saaTebi da Sesvenebis saaTebis raodenoba (sT.). zogjer gaangariSebis aseT wessac mimarTaven: = Z D Tc , (2.5.2), sadac Z _ momuSaveTa raodenobaa (kaci); D _ samuSao dReebis ricxvi (dRe); Tc _ samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba (sT). sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali gaiangariSeba ase: = Z i T , (2.5.3),i =1 m

sadac

Zi _ erovnul ekonomikaSi monawileobis SemZle mosaxleobis ricxvia calkeuli i-uri jgufebis mixedviT (kaci); T _ kanoniT dadgenili samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba TiToeuli i-uri jgufisaTvis kalendarul droSi (sT).

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. riT

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan terminebi: samuSao Zala, SromiTi resursebi, SromiTi potenciali da adamianuri kapitali? 2. ra maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba SromiTi resursebi?35

3. ra

niSnebiT gansazRvraven SromiTi resursebis struqturas da ra faqtorebi moqmedeben masze? 4. ra niSniT nawildeba SromiTi resursebi da ra gansazRvravs mis ganawilebas? 5. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan adamianis, sawarmos (firmis) da sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali? 6. daaxasiaTeT SromiTi potenciali raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.

36

Tavi 3. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi3.1 Sromis bazris arsi da elementebi

Sromis bazari sabazro ekonomikis rTuli elementi da sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuri cxovrebis dinamiuri sferoa. masze uSualod aisaxeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da misi warmomqmneli ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli movlenebi. Sromis bazari samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis kontaqtebis sferoa, sadac erTmaneTis pirispir warsdgebian muSaobis msurvelebi da damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi). Sromis bazris arsis gansazRvrisas specialistebs Soris gansjis sagania sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris yidva-gayidvis obieqti Sromis bazarze_ samuSao Zala Tu Sroma. specialistebis erTi nawili eyrdnoba klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis cnobili ingliseli warmomadgenlebis a. smitisa da d. rikardos Sexedulebebs da Tvlis, rom Sromis bazarze iyideba Sroma. mkvlevarebis meore nawili iziarebs aseve cnobili germaneli ekonomistis k. marqsis Teorias da miiCnevs, rom Sromis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia Sromis unari _ samuSao Zala.

37

sakiTxis naTelsayofad saWiroa gairkves, ra warmoadgens saqonels da Sesabamisad, yidva-gayidvis obieqts bazarze _ Sroma Tu samuSao Zala. aRiarebulia, rom samuSao Zala aris pirovnebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba garkveuli unaris, gamocdilebis, profesiis, kvalifikaciis saxiT, romlis farglebSic igi damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs SromiT momsaxurebas anazRaurebis sanacvlod. Sroma ki aris procesi, mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba gansazRvruli saqonlis warmoebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT. amdenad, uSualod Sromis yidva-gayidva bazarze ver ganxorcieldeba. muSaobis msurveli realurad damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs sakuTari Sromis unaris, SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas konkretuli SromiTi procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis. e.i. saubaria konkretulad Sromis unaris, funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvaze, romelic CarTuli iqneba Sromis procesSi da anazRaurebac gaicema rogorc gaweuli Sromis safasuri. ase, rom bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia specifiuri saqoneli gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis mqone funqcionirebadi samuSao Zala. vinaidan am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba xdeba konkretuli Sromis procesSi, savsebiT kanonzomieria bazars ewodos funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis anu Sromis bazari. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazari upirveles yovlisa samuSao Zalis38

miwodebasa da daqiravebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemaa. Sromis bazari agreTve ekonomikuri sivrcea _ SromiTi mowyobis sferoa, sadac urTierTmoqmedeben samuSao Zalis myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi. da bolos, igi iseTi meqanizmia, romelic uzrunvelyofs samuSao Zalis fasisa da Sromis pirobebis SeTanxmebas damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris. Sromis bazari sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri normebisa da institutebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebas, ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas. konkretulad, Sromis bazari mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da Sromis sferos organizaciis sabazro formaa. Sromis bazars, sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs rigi Taviseburebebi: _ samuSao Zala, rogorc Sromis unari, ganuyofelia mflobelisagan, amitom SeuZlebelia gacvlis saSualebiT misi sxvis sakuTrebaSi gadasvla. samuSao Zalis (momuSavis) daqiravebiT damsaqmebeli (damqiravebeli) iZens mxolod misi Sromis unaris gamoyenebis uflebas gansazRvrul periodsa da pirobebSi, garkveuli gasamrjelos (fuladi an naturaluri formiT) safasurad;

39

_ samuSao Zalis gacvlis procesi gansxvavebulia nivTobrivi saxis mqone saqonlis gacvlisagan. gacvlis procesi iwyeba mimoqcevis sferoSi, roca samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gadadis damsaqmebelze, Semdeg samuSao Zalis gamoyeneba xdeba warmoebis procesSi _ momuSavis uSualo monawileobiT iqmneba saqoneli an momsaxureba da mTavrdeba isev mimoqcevis sferoSi _ miRebuli xelfasiT momuSave iZens saarsebo saSualebebs; _ institucionaluri struqturebis (dasaqmebis samsaxurebi, profesiuli kavSirebi, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da a.S.) arseboba warmoSobs Tavisebur urTierTobebs Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris. kerZod, Sromis bazarze miRweuli garigeba saTaves udebs xangrZliv urTierTobebs mis subieqtebs Soris; _ Sromis bazarze didi mniSvneloba aqvs garigebis arafulad aspeqtebs (Sromis Sinaarsi da pirobebi, samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiebi, samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisa da profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebi da a.S.); _ iseve rogorc nebismier bazarze, Sromis bazarzec realizebuli saqonlis raodenoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis done) da misi fasi (xelfasi) ganisazRvreba moTxovnamiwodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, Tumca samuSao Zalaze moTxovna specifikuria, radgan igi e.w. warmoebuli moTxovnaa. es imas niSnavs, rom samuSao40

Zala iyideba ara uSualod myidvelTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aramed saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis mxriv gamiznulia bazarze gasayidad. ama Tu im saxeobis (kvalifikaciis) samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, pirdapiraa damokidebuli mis mier warmoebul produqciaze moTxovnisagan. amitom samomxmareblo da warmoebis saSualebebis bazrebis regulirebisaken mimarTuli nebismieri RonisZieba aisaxeba dasaqmebis donesa da dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebze. Sromis bazris arsis srulfasovani aRqmisaTvis mniSvnelovania, erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos Sromis bazris farTo da viwro gageba. farTo gagebiT Sromis bazari moicavs ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas mTlianad da misi arsi ar daiyvaneba `umuSevrebivakansiebi~ Tanafardobaze. drois garkveul monakveTSi zogierTi damsaqmebeli SeiZleba ar iyos dakavebuli axali momuSaveebis aqtiuri ZiebiT, xolo dasaqmebulTa didi nawili ar apirebdes samuSao adgilis Secvlas. amis miuxedavad, isini imyofebian sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi da am TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc aqtiurad monawileobs samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesSi. ase, rom Sromis bazari farTo gagebiT moicavs dasaqmebulebs da

41

umuSevrebs,3 romlebic ayalibeben samuSao Zalis erTobliv miwodebas da erTobliv moTxovnas. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebiT da erToblivi moTxovniT ganisazRvreba Sromis bazris tevadoba. ekonomikis funqcionirebis yovel mocemul momentSi - dasaqmebis garkveuli donis pirobebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis erTi nawili dakmayofilebulia samuSao adgilebiT, xolo meore nawili aqtiurad eZebs mas. swored es ukanaskneli ayalibebs mimdinare Sromis bazars anu Sromis bazars viwro gagebiT. mimdinare Sromis bazari Tavis mxriv moicavs Ria da farul Sromis bazrebs. Ria Sromis bazarze warmodgenilia erTi mxriv, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc eZebs samuSaos, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi arsebuli vakanturi samuSao adgilebi. faruli Sromis bazari aerTianebs formalurad dasaqmebul pirebs, romlebic warmoebis Semcirebis an struqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi gaTavisufldebian. Sromis bazars rogorc sabazro ekonomikis organul Semadgenel nawils, aqvs rTuli struqtura da funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove, civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebisa daekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli me-4 TavSi.3

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funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia mTeli rigi elementebis arseboba. saxeldobr, misi Semadgeneli elementebia: _ Sromis bazris subieqtebi;' _ Sromis bazris subieqtebis mier miRebuli ekonomikuri programebi, gadawyvetilebebi da iuridiuli normebi; _ Sromis bazris koniunqtura; _ Sromis bazris infrastruqtura; _ socialuri dacvis sistema. Sromis bazris subieqtebia: damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi), romlebic SeiZleba warmodgenilni iqnen saxelmwifo organizaciebis, saaqcio sazogadoebebis, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebis, kooperativebis da a.S. saxiT; dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli momuSaveebi), visTvisac xelfasi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa. aseve dasaqmebulTa is kategoria, romlebsac aqvT samuSao, magram emuqrebaT misi aSkara dakargvis safrTxe an eZeben axal samuSao adgils damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad; umuSevrebi, romlebsac ar aqvT samuSao da aqtiurad eZeben mas (isini SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc umuSevris statusis mqone moqalaqeebi, aseve pirebi, romlebic pirvelad gamodian Sromis bazarze an garkveuli Sesvenebis Semdeg surT aqtiur SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabma); saxelmwifo, romelic warmodgenilia xelisuflebis centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis saxiT da asrulebs43

socialur-ekonomikur, sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebel funqciebs. saxeldobr, astimulirebs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ekonomikis ama Tu im seqtorSi, SeimuSavebs ZiriTad iuridiul normebs da wesebs, aregulirebs Sromis bazars arapirdapiri meTodebiT, icavs misi yvela subieqtis interesebs da a.S. Sromis bazris normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, wesebi, normebi, romlebic daaregulireben Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris urTierTobebs, zustad gansazRvraven maT uflebebs, Seqmnian momuSaveTa Sromis unaris realizaciisaTvis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, xels Seuwyoben xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis gatarebas. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, iuridiul normebisa da wesebis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis programebis SemuSavebaSi socialuri partniorobis sistemis farglebSi monawileoben saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebi (umTavresad profesiuli kavSirebis saxiT) da damsaqmeblebi (mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi). Sromis bazris koniunqtura Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardobaa. aRniSnuli Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazris koniunqtura SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes: samuSao Zalis deficitiT _ roca Sromis44

bazarze moTxovna Warbobs samuSao Zalis miwodebas; samuSao Zalis siWarbiT _ roca Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis miwodeba Warbobs moTxovnas da wonasworobiT _ rodesac samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Seesabameba mis miwodebas. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura dasaqmebis samsaxurebis (rogorc saxelmwifo, ise arasaxelmwifo), proforientaciis, kadrebis profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis centrebis, sareklamo firmebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da fondebis, firmebis sakadro samsaxurebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris normalur funqcionirebas. socialuri dacvis sistema Tanamedrove Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani elementia. sabazro pirobebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa momuSaveTa garkveuli nawilis gamoTavisufleba da umuSevrobis arseboba. gamoTavisuflebul personals umuSevrobis periodSi Wirdeba finansuri daxmareba, gadamzadeba, raTa SeZlos SromiT saqmianobaSi xelaxali Cabma. amitom Sromis bazris funqcionireba srulyofili ver iqneba daxmarebebis (Semweobebis), gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciebis, swavlis periodSi stipendiebis da a.S. gacemis gareSe.

3.2. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi45

Sromis bazarze erTmaneTis pirispir wardgebian damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis is nawili, visac surs muSaoba. damsaqmeblebsa da samuSaos maZieblebs gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. maTi interesebis SeTanxmebas Sromis fasis (xelfasis) cvlilebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris meqanizmi, romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, samuSao Zalis miwodeba, Sromis fasi da konkurencia. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna mTlianad qveynis masStabiT (erToblivi moTxovna) ganisazRvreba drois mocemul momentSi produqciis (saqoneli da momsaxureba) warmoebisaTvis saWiro momuSaveTa ricxovnobiT. raodenobrivad igi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamis tolia. samuSao Zalaze mimdinare moTxovna ki ganisazRvreba vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad saWiro momuSaveebis raodenobiT. samuSao Zalis miwodeba gamoixateba ukve dasaqmebuli Sromisunariani mosaxleobisa da mosaxleobis im nawilis erTobliobiT, visac surs da SeuZlia muSaoba garkveuli droisa da anazRaurebis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis mimdinare miwodeba raodenobrivad moicavs im pirTa erTobliobas, vinc SromiTi mowyobisaTvis mimarTavs

46

dasaqmebis samsaxurebs an uSualod organizaciebs. Sromis fasi (xelfasi) bazarze warmodgenilia xelfasis ganakveTis saxiT. misi sidide, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia mocemul momentSi garkveuli profesiis da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tanafardobaze. Sromis bazris funqcionireba SesaZlebelia srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis, monofsoniis, oligofsoniis, profkavSirebis zemoqmedebis da ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi. srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia konkretuli kvalifikaciis mqone samuSao Zalis daqiravebis msurveli firmebisa da aseve erTnairi kvalifikaciis mqone potenciuri momuSaveebis didi raodenobiT arseboba. damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da samuSaos maZieblebi moqmedeben damoukideblad, SeuTanxmeblad - xelfasis ganakveTis gansazRvraSi. monofsoniad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi situacia, roca dargSi garkveuli kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia. mocemuli specialobis da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebs ar SeuZliaT sxva samuSao adgilze muSaoba (profesiis Seucvlelad), xelfasis ganakveTs karnaxobs damqiravebeli firma da dargSi ar funqcionirebs profkavSirebi.47

amrigad, monofsoniaSi igulisxmeba iseTi sabazro situacia, roca erTi myidvelis (damqiravebeli) pirispir dgas gamyidvelTa (potenciuri momuSaveebi) didi raodenoba. Sromis bazarze, rogorc wesi, monofsoniuri pirobebi iqmneba mcire qalaqebSi an iseT regionebSi, sadac praqtikulad momuSaveTa ZiriTadi masis damqiravebeli erTaderTi firma funqcionirebs. Tu bazarze damsaqmeblis (damqiraveblis) saxiT gamodis ramdenime firma, saqme exeba oligofsonias. profkavSirebis zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarze gamoixateba momuSaveTa interesebis dacvaSi. maTi saqmianobis mTavari mizania samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis gadideba da xelfasebis zrda. ormxrivi monopolia damaxasiaTebelia monofsoniuri Sromis bazrisaTvis, roca masze zemoqmedebs Zlieri dargobrivi profkavSirebi. monofsonisti firma cdilobs daawesos wonasworulze dabali xelfasis ganakveTi, xolo profkavSirebi piriqiT, cdiloben, xelfasi SeinarCunon wonasworulze maRal doneze. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasis ganakveTi da dasaqmebis done uaxlovdeba konkurentuli bazris pirobebs. Sromis bazris funqcionireba arsebiTad damokidebulia samuSao Zalis moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze. amitom mizanSewonilia bazris meqanizmis am elementebis ufro detalurad ganxilva.48

3.3 moTxovna-miwodeba Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc nebismieri saqonlis an momsaxurebis bazari, funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna asaxavs mocemul momentSi ekonomikisaTvis saWiro garkveuli profesiis da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebis raodenobas. momuSaveTa saWiro raodenobidan nawili ukve dasaqmebulia, xolo meore nawilisaTvis samuSao adgilebi Tavisufalia, e.i. raodenobrivad samuSao Zalze moTxovna dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamiT ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mrudi (D) Sromis bazarze (nax. 3.3.1) gamoxatavs momuSaveTa ra raodenobis daqiraveba surT damsaqmeblebs xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis miwodeba dasaqmebuli da muSaobis msurveli pirebis erTobliobiT gamoixateba. miwodebis mrudi (S) ki aCvenebs, samuSao Zalis ra raodenoba SeiZleba gavides Sromis bazarze xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi.

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nax. 3.2.1. moTxovna da miwodeba Sromis bazarze

garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT xelfasi SeiZleba gaizardos (W2) donemde. am SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba samuSao Zalis miwodebac (miwodebis mrudze moZraoba) da damsaqmeblebi Seecdebian momuSaveTa naklebi raodenobis daqiravebas (moTxovnis mrudze moZraoba). roca xelfasi miaRwevs (W2) dones, samuSao Zalis miwodeba gadaaWarbebs masze moTxovnas, warmoiSoba konkurencia samuSao adgilebze pretendentebs Soris. bunebrivia, yvela msurveli ver miiRebs samuSao adgils, damsaqmeblebs SesaZlebloba aqvT SesTavazon maT dabali xelfasi da daiqiraon momuSaveebis sasurveli raodenoba. muSaobis msurvelTa nawili miiRebs samuSao adgilebs, xolo nawili kvlav daiwyebs mis Ziebas. roca xelfasi daiwevs wonasworul fasze dabla (W0), warmoiSoba samuSao Zalis deficiti. damsaqmeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian gazardon xelfasi damatebiTi momuSaveebis mozidvis mizniT. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasi kvlav gaizrdeba W1 donemde da Sromis bazari aRmoCndeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSi. amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac Sromis bazarze urTierTzemoqmedebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis didi raodenoba, xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi da dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi ricxovnoba50

ganisazRvreba samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis sidide (W1) da misi Sesabamisi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba (L1) Seesabameba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertils (N ). Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba damokidebulia samuSao Zalis moTxovna-miwodebis optimalur Sesabamisobaze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis sruli harmonizacia, erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiur Semadgenlobasa da, meore mxriv, arsebul samuSao adgilebs Soris, faqtobrivad, miuRwevadia. rogorc moTxovnaze, aseve samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uamravi faqtori moqmedebs. amitom mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis ufro detalurad ganxilva.

3.4. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi

sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Sromis bazris arseboba, romlis pirobebSic TiToeul adamians SeuZlia Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos sakuTari Sromis unari _ samuSao Zala. sabazro erTierTobebi uzrunvelyofs SromiTi51

saqmianobis aqtivizacias da radikalurad cvlis SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas, Sromisadmi damokidebulebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da xarisxs. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, realurad mainc arsebobs garkveuli disbalansi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris, rac ganapirobebs sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas _ ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis umuSevrobas. samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardoba (Sromis bazris koniunqtura) Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelic sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT mudmivad icvleba. amitom saWiroa moTxovna-miwodebis Sesabamisobis sistematuri Seswavla da Sefaseba. saxeldobr: _ informaciis mopoveba da sistematizacia; _ samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamovlena; _ TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT informaciis dajgufeba da ganzogadeba; _ analizis Sedegad gamovlenili Tanafardobebis da proporciebis aRwera da kanonzomierebebis dadgena; _ Sromis bazris funqcionirebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlena da sxva. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna agregirebuli maCvenebelia da masSi aisaxeba am52

moTxovnis warmomSobi bevri ekonomikuri movlena da procesi. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorebs pirobiTad yofen makro da mikroekonomikur faqtorebad, Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad maTi gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia, radgan bevri faqtori orive doneze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. Sromis mwarmoebluroba da bazris tipi samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. aRniSnuli faqtoris gavlenis axsna TvalsaCinoa konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmis magaliTze. cxadia, rom nebismieri firma daqiravebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mogebas moitans TiToeuli damatebiTi momuSave. radgan mogeba Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobaa, damatebiTi momuSavis daqiravebiT miRebuli mogeba iqneba mTlian SemosavalSi am momuSavis wvlilisa da misive xelfasis sxvaoba. mTlian SemosavalSi momuSavis wvlilis dasadgenad unda ganisazRvros zRvruli produqti da Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba. Sromis zRvrul produqtSi igulisxmeba produqciis moculobis namati, romelic momuSaveTa raodenobis erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegia, xolo Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba miiReba Sromis zRvruli produqtis gamravlebiT warmoebuli produqciis fasze. aRsaniSnavia erTi Tavisebureba, romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis klebadobiT53

aris gamoxatuli _ rac ufro meti damatebiTi momuSave iqneba daqiravebuli, miT naklebia yoveli damatebiTi momuSavis mier Seqmnili zRvruli produqti. amitom, roca momuSaveTa raodenoba izrdeba, Sromis zRvruli produqti mcirdeba. paralelurad mcirdeba Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebac da roca igi gautoldeba konkurentuli bazris mier gansazRvrul xelfass, firmisaTvis Semdegi momuSavis daqiraveba sazaraloa. amgvarad, Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi firma momuSaveebs daiqiravebs manamde, vidre Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba xelfass ar gautoldeba. Sesabamisad, rac maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba, miT ufro meti momuSavis daqiraveba iqneba momgebiani konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmisaTvis. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi mniSvnelovani faqtorebidan, rogorc mikro, aseve makro doneze, aRsaniSnavia warmoebis moculoba. aRiarebulia, rom samuSao Zalaze moTxovna damokidebulia uSualod im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moTxovnaze, romelic iwarmoeba TviT am samuSao Zalis mier. amdenad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro metia moTxovna saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze, miT metia ama Tu im kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalaze moTxovna. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mTliani erovnuli produqtisa (mep) da mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) zrda warmoadgens samuSao54

Zalaze moTxovnis zrdisa da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis ganmapirobebel faqtors. progresuli teqnologiebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom axali, progresuli teqnologiebi drois garkveul periodSi amcirebs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas. xolo meore nawili miiCnevs, rom axali teqnologiebi ki ar amcirebs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas, aramed cvlis dasaqmebis struqturas. ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba meore mosazrebas ufro adasturebs. teqnologiurma progresma am qveynebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis didi masStabebiT zrda gamoiwvia, rasac samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis Semcirebis gareSe Tan axlda dasaqmebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani zrda. garda aRniSnulisa, progresuli teqnologiebis danergva yovelTvis ar iwvevs samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas. xSir SemTxvevaSi xdeba dabalkvalificiuri Sromis Senacvleba mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis ufro maRalkvalificiuri SromiT. farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcieleba, saxeldobr, qveynis monawileoba saerTaSoriso programebSi da proeqtebSi mniSvnelovnad cvlis samuSao Zalaze mimdinare da perspeqtiul moTxovnas rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. amasTan,55

aRsaniSnavia, rom erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, ukve uaxloes perspeqtivaSi moTxovna iqneba mxolod maRalkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze. samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mudmiv srulyofas saWiroebs specialistTa momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemac. garda ganxilulisa, samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedebs mTeli rigi faqtorebi, romelTa gavlenis xarisxi damokidebulia Sromis bazris ganviTarebis doneze, saerTo-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, regionul specifikaze da a.S. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedi sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: - momuSaveTa kvalifikacia; - vakanturi samuSao adgilebis cvlileba; - samuSao Zalis mobiluroba; - samewarmeo garemosa da sakanonmdeblo bazis gaumjobeseba; - mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa- Tvis xelSewyoba; - samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da momsaxure- bis konkurentunarianobis zrda; - investiciebis moculoba da struqtura; - mosalodneli dargobrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi.3.5 samuSao Zalis miwodeba da masze moqmedi faqtorebi56

Sromis bazris koniunqturas samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan erTad gansazRvravs miwodeba. samuSao Zalis miwodeba uamravi faqtoris zegavleniT formirdeba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: - xelfasis sidide; - gadasaxadebis ganakveTi; - socialuri daxmarebebis programebi; - Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura; - mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba; - mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done; - samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba; - migraciuli nakadebi da a.S. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretul parametrebidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazarze CamoTvlili faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxi gansxvavebulia calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebis arsis asaxsnelad, mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis SedarebiT detalurad ganxilva. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens xelfasis sidide (ganakveTi), rac ufro didia xelfasis ganakveTi, miT meti piri sTavazobs bazars57

sakuTar samuSao Zalas (Sromis unars). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom samuSao Zalis miwodebis sakiTxi calkeuli piris doneze anu gadawyvetileba SromiTi saqmianobaSi Cabmis Sesaxeb metad individualuria. xelfasis ganakveTis zrda garkveul donemde astimulirebs adamians, gazardos samuSao Zalis miwodeba, sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, imuSaos ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs `Senacvlebis efeqti~. xelfasis ganakveTis Semdgomi zrdis pirobebSi, SeiZleba moxdes samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba. individisaTvis Semosavlis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeba dasvenebis Rirebuleba da igi amcirebs samuSao drois xangrZlivobas. am SemTxvevaSi ukve adgili aqvs `Semosavlis efeqtis~ moqmedebas (aRwerili situacia warmodgenilia nax. 3.5.1-ze). realurad samuSao Zalis miwodebis reaqcia xelfasis momatebaze gamoixateba Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis jamiT, Tumca winaswar imis gansazRvra, romeli efeqti iqneba ufro metad gamoxatuli, Znelia. Tu dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti, xelfasis gazrdaze momuSave reagirebs samuSao Zalis miwodebis gazrdiT (muSaobs ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi). Tu dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti, adamiani reagirebs xelfasis gazrdaze samuSao Zalis miwodebis SemcirebiT (es ukanaskneli miT ufro sagrZnobia, rac metia58

sxva Semosavlebis roli momuSavis keTildReobis amaRlebaSi). Senacvlebis efeqti da Semosavlis efeqti xelfasis gadidebisas moqmedeben urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. urTierTzegavlena da urTierTwinaaRmdegoba SeuZlebels xdis samuSao Zalis miwodebis zust prognozirebas, xolo Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtis gaanalizeba ufro gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis saSualebas iZleva.

xelfasiW

S

Semosavlis efeqti

W

Senacvlebis efeqtiS

samuSao Zalis miwodeba L

nax. 3.5.1. samuSao Zalis miwodeba individis mier 59

samuSao Zalis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi da socialuri daxmarebebis programebi. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gavlena samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia gadasaxadis saxeze da ganakveTze. rogorc proporciuli, aseve progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zegavlena samuSao Zalis miwodebaze araerTgvarovania. igi damokidebulia gadasaxadis ganakveTze da progresulobis xarisxze. socialuri daxmarebis programebi ZiriTadad emsaxureba mosaxleobis Semosavlebis saarsebo minimumis doneze SenarCunebas. socialuri daxmarebebis zegavlenis xarisxi samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia mis formebsa da gacemis pirobebze. magaliTad, demogranti (daxmareba, romelic gaicema demografiuli niSnis mixedviT, keTildReobis donisagan damoukideblad) zrdis ojaxis Semosavals da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi amcirebs samuSao Zalis miwodebas. saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebi, socialuri daxmarebis miuxedavad, aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos da kvlav samuSao Zalis mimwodeblebad rCebian. xelfasis subsidireba keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad gaweuli socialuri daxmarebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aZlierebs Sromis motivacias. igi SeiZleba gadaxdili iqnes60

rogorc fiqsirebuli an procentuli danamati ZiriTad xelfasze. mastimulirebeli efeqti am SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom Tu individi ar muSaobs, subsidiac ar gadaixdeba. amasTan, Tu is iwyebs muSaobas, misi Semosavali subsidiis gaTvalis- winebiT ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miiRebda mxolod sabazro xelfasis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uSualo gavlenas axdens Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da maTi ekonomikuri aqtivoba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebis axsna TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos Sromis bazris magaliTze. saqarTveloSi bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi samuSao Zala raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvne- lovnad Semcirda. 1990-iani wlebis Semdgom gansakuTrebiT gauaresda mosaxleobis bunebrivi da migraciuli moZraobis maCveneblebi. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlileba bunebrivi matebis Semcirebisa da gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos gamo aisaxa samuSao Zalis miwodebis struqturaze. im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5 milion kacs aRemateboda, qveynis SromiTi resursebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,6 milion kacs Seadgenda. amJamad ki erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenoba 2,1_2,2 milion kacs ar aWarbebs.

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saqarTveloSi stabilurad maRalia mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba, rac zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas Sromis bazarze. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done ar CamorCeba evrokavSiris qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs (saSualod 69%). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom igi xSirad ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqmebaSi. saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRalia sapensio asaks gadacilebuli moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri aqtivoba. 65 wels gadacilebul mamakacTa daaxloebiT 57 da qalTa 41 procenti ekonomikurad aqtiuria, rac 12-jer aRemateba evrokavSiris qveynebSi mamakacTa da 20-jer qalTa ekonomikuri aqtivobis maCveneblebs. pensionerTa maRali ekonomikuri aqtivoba aseve zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas. civilizebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mravalwliani gamocdileba adasturebs, rom samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis (dasaqmebis) racionalur struqturas arsebiTad sabazro meqanizmi gansazRvravs. gadawyvetilebas muSaobis da aqedan gamomdinare, samuSao Zalis miwodebis Sesaxeb yoveli individi damoukideblad iRebs. saxelmwifos roli Semoifargleba grZelvadian periodSi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia Sromis bazris koniunqturaze moqmedi faqtorebis srulyofili analizi da maqsimalurad realuri prognozebis gakeTeba. samuSao Zalis62

erToblivi miwodebis prognozirebis mizniT unda gaanalizdes informacia: 1. mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb: mosaxleobis raodenoba; samuSao asakis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba sqesisa da ZiriTadi asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT; samuSao asakSi SemsvlelTa raodenoba; ojaxis struqtura da Semosavlebis done; mosaxleobis ricxovnoba socialurdemogra-fiuli jgufebis (axalgazrdebi, qalebi, pensione-rebi) mixedviT; profesiuli saswavleblebis kursdamTav-rebulTa ricxovnoba ZiriTadi profesiuli jgu-febis mixedviT. 2. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb: ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxov-noba; ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawi-leba ekonomikuri statusis, profesiebisa da ganaTlebis mixedviT regionul, dargobriv, sqesobriv-asakobriv da qalaqi-soflis WrilSi; dasaqmebulTa ganawileba saqmianobis saxeebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT;

63

TviTdasaqmebulTa muSaobis xangrZlivoba da miRebuli Semosavlebi saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT; daqiravebulTa ganawileba regionebis, dar-gebis, seqtorebis mixedviT; daqiravebulTa ganawileba saSualo Tviuri xelfasebisa da namuSevari drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT; umuSevarTa struqtura da maTi ganawileba zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis miRebis wyaroebia: qveynis statistikuri samsaxurebis Sesabamisi monacemebi, Sinameurneobebisa da samuSao Zalis SerCeviTi gamok-vlevis masalebi, specialuri sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.

3.6 Sromis bazris segmentacia

Sromis bazris segmentaciis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs TviT misi sirTulidan da specifikidan. inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Sromis farglebSi Sromis bazari moicavs samuSao Zalis sruliad gansxvavebul jgufebs. samuSao Zalis miwodebas axorcieleben rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, aseve sxvadasxva kategoriis kvalificiuri Tu arakvalificiuri muSebi da64

momsaxure personali. amitom mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris dayofa garkveul seqtorebad, zonebad. Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs momuSaveebisa da samuSao adgilebis dayofas Caketil da myar seqtorebad, zonebad, romlebiTac Semofarglulia samuSao Zalis mobiluroba. Sromis bazris calkeul segmentze Tavmoyrilia garkveuli profesiis da specialobis mxolod erTmaneTis konkurenti momuSaveebi. isini konkurencias ver uweven sxva segmentis momuSaveebs. Sromis bazris segmentebidan unda gamoiyos pirveladi da meoradi Sromis bazrebi. pirveladi Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia stabiluri dasaqmeba, xelfasis maRali ganakveTi, progresuli teqnologiebi da marTvis Tanamedrove sistemebi, profesiuli zrdisa da samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis SesaZlebloba, Zlieri profkavSirebis arseboba. meoradi Sromis bazari ki xasiaTdeba sapirispiro niSnebiT: arastabiluri dasaqmebiTa da kadrebis denadobiT, xelfasis dabali ganakveTiT, profesiuli zrdis baklebi SesaZleblobiT da profkavSirebis ararsebobiT. Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs Sromis Siga da gare bazrebis gamijvnas (gamoyofas). gare bazari axasiaTebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTobas65

qveynis, regionis an ekonomikis romelime seqtoris masStabiT da uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas Sromis gamoyenebis sferoebis mixedviT. igi xels uwyobs agreTve momuSaveTa gadaadgilebas erTi samuSao adgilidan meoreze. gare Sromis bazarze funqcionirebs dargobrivi an profesiuli niSniT Camoyalibebuli profkavSirebi. Sromis Siga bazari SemosazRvrulia erTi sawarmoTi da formirdeba momuSaveTa gadaadgilebiT erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze sawarmos farglebSi. Sromis Siga bazarze xelfasi da samuSao Zalis ganawileba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba administraciuli wesebiT da procedurebiT, mniSvnelovania profkavSirebis zegavlena da dasaqmebac metadaa garantirebuli Sromis gare bazarTan SedarebiT. amasTan, Tu gare Sromis bazari mniSvnelovanwilad funqcionirebs kadrebis denadobis meSveobiT, Siga bazari piriqiT, xels uwyobs denadobis Semcirebas. Siga bazari ZiriTadad orientirebulia konkretul sawarmoSi specializebul momuSaveebze. garkveuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, Sromis gare da Siga bazrebi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. Sromis bazris segmentacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT da gamoiyos qalTa, axalgazrdobis, invalidTa da66

pensionerTa Sromis bazari. aseve socialurekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT _ ganaTlebis done, profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba, muSaobis staJi; sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT -saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo. dasaqmebis legalurobis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris formaluri da araformaluri seqtorebis gamoyofa. Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia moqniloba -Sromis bazris Seguebis unari ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnebTan, rac ganapirobebs cvlilebebs xelfasis doneSi, gamoyenebuli samuSao Zalis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv SemadgenlobaSi da a. S.

3.7. Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval qveynebSi Sromis bazris formirebis reJims da Taviseburebebs ramdenime ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda: saxelmwifos metismetad gazrdili roli, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uaRresad maRali wili, samuSao Zalis mobilurobis SezRudva, regulirebadi dasaqmeba da xelfasi da a.S. praqtikulad yoveli postsocialisturi qveynisa da, maT Soris, saqarTvelosTvis,67

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis etapzeve erT-erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda samuSao Zalis centralizebuli ganawilebis sistemis gauqmeba, misi Secvla samuSao Zalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiT, umuSevarTa daxmarebis efeqtiani sistemis formireba da dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis RonisZiebebis gatareba. Aaseve, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda xelfasebis centralizebulad dadgenis wesis gauqmeba da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis sistemis danergva. saqarTveloSi sistemuri xasiaTis reformebi daiwyo sruli ekonomikuri kolafsis pirobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axladformirebuli qveynis ekonomika, faqtobrivad paralizebuli aRmoCnda, radgan igi partniorebisa da gasaRebis bazrebis gareSe darCa. imavdroulad, gaRrmavda safinanso, resursuli, socialuri krizisebi, erTimeoris miyolebiT gamwvavda eTnokonfliqtebi. aseT pirobebSi qveynis samuSao Zala ufunqciod da uperspeqtivod darCa. imis nacvlad, rom samuSao asakSi myof adamianebs aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, isini TviTon aRmoCdnen socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis kategoriaSi. saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, umZimes socialur_ekonomikur pirobebSic ki, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebis ZiriTadi amocanebi sistemuri reformebis dawyebidan ramdenime68

wlis Semdeg, mtkivneulad, magram mainc warmatebiT gadaWres. rasakvirvelia, am saqmeSi didi roli Seasrula aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis gansxvavebulma tradiciebma Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi_ aq profkavSirebi sakmaod Zlieri iyo da Sromis bazris funqcionirebis garkveuli meqanizmic arsebobda. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo is garemoeba, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs metnaklebad normaluri sastarto socialur-ekonomikuri done gaaCndaT da, rac mTavaria, msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier gaweuli finansuri daxmareba mizanmimarTulad iqna gamoyenebuli. gansxvavebul pirobebSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelo. xangrZlivi ekonomikuri stagnacia, socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba, sistemuri reformebis gaWianureba mraval sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda uZraobas Sromis bazarze. ufro metic, stagnaciiT TviT Sromis bazris formirebac xasiaTdeba _ rogorc samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesis, aseve institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelosaTvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier gamocxadebuli mxardaWera da ekonomikuri daxmarebebi, marTalia, masStabiT aSkarad Camouvardeboda aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebisaTvis gaweul daxmarebas, magram igi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari umwvavesi socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis69

gadasawyvetad mokle da saSualovadian periodSi. rigi obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis ekonomikuri daxmarebebis didi nawili socialuri problemebis Serbilebas moxmarda (an saerTod, aramiznobrivad iqna gamoyenebuli) da ara axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, an ukve funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis reabilitacias. gasagebi mizezebis gamo amave miznebis realizaciisaTvis ver moxerxda Sinagani rezervebis akumulacia (dagrovebis ararsebobis gamo). sabolood, miviReT xangrZlivi da masStaburi stagnacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela segmentSi, rac yvelaze negatiurad Sromis bazris formirebaze aisaxa. saqarTveloSi erToblivi samuSao Zala, raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli faqtorebisa da gare migraciis zegavleniT sagrZnoblad gauaresda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis dabali done da gare SromiTi migraciis didi masStabebi garkveul `SeRavaTs~ aZlevs Sromis bazars, Tumca, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis nawili gadauWrel problemebs awydeba da wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs stabilur dasaqmebas. erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenobriv parametrebis gauaresebas Tan axlavs samuSao Zalis stuqturis deformirebac. qveyana intensiuri gare migraciis gamo70

kargavs axalgazrda, mobilur, iniciativian adamianebs, vinc aqtiur SromiT saqmianobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweva da bunebrivia, ekonomikur dovlaTsac iq qmnis. samuSao Zalis raodenobriv_struqturuli parametrebis gauaresebasTan erTad daeca samuSao Zalis nawilis kvalificiuri donis amsaxveli maxasiaTeblebi. aTeul aTasobiT kvalificiuri specialisti sistematurad an periodulad mainc iyo mowyvetili Sesaferis samuSaos, maTi nawili ki, iZulebuli iyo, daewyo SromiTi saqmianoba sxva sferoSi. Sedegi bunebrivia, savalaloa _ aTiaTasobiT specialistma Sesaferisi SromiTi sarbielis gareSe, faqtobrivad, sruli dekvalifikacia ganicada da dakarga aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codna da gamocdileba (iaponuri da zogierTi sxva maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis menejmentis praqtikaSi miRebulia Teza _ Tu pirovneba 5 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar muSaobs Sesaferis samuSaoze, igi aRar iTvleba am dargis profesionalad). rac Seexeba dakarguli profesiisa da kvalifikaciis sanacvlod axali profesiisa da gamocdilebis SeZenis dadebiT Sedegebs, amaze pasuxi calsaxaa _ axali profesia mxolod mcire nawilma aiTvisa. umravlesobisaTvis SromiTi saqmianobis sakvalifikacio maCveneblebi gauaresebulia. Sromis bazris formirebaze uaRresad negatiur zegavlenas axdenda specialistebis71

momzadebis qveyanaSi moqmedi sistema. aTeulobiT profesiis samuSao Zalaze ekonomikis moTxovnis ararsebobis pirobebSi, yvela tipis saswavlebeli (upirveles yovlisa umaRlesi saswavleblebi) amzadebda aTasobiT axalgazrdas `prestiJuli~ specialobebis mixedviT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, erovnul meurneobaSi samuSao Zalaze arsebuli moTxovnis masStabebs da misi cvlilebis Taviseburebebs da, meore mxriv, momzadebuli specialistebis realur konkurentunarianobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umaRlesi skola, faqtobrivad, `diplomian umuSevrebs~ amzadebda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli diplomebiT aRWurvili axalgazrda specialistebis didi nawili seriozul uaryofiT zewolas axdenda Sromis bazarze. bazris mxridan moTxovnadi specialobis safuZvlianad mcodne axalgazrdebi, mcirericxovnobis gamo, Sromis bazris saerTo suraTs samuSao Zalis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT ver cvlida. saqarTveloSi arc samuSao Zalis erToblivi moTxovna gamoirCeva STambeWdavi masStabebiT. saxelmwifo marTva, Tavdacva, ganaTlebis sfero, janmrTelobis dacva, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, safinanso-sakredito, kavSirgabmulobis dawesebulebebi, rkinigza da ekonomikisa da momsaxurebis zogierTi sxva sfero praqtikulad gajerebulia samuSao Zalis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT.72

samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva soflis meurneoba. realurad es imis gamo xdeba, rom soflad mcxovrebni dakavebulni arian sakuTar an ijariT aRebul miwis nakveTebze sasoflo_sameurneo saqmianobiT. soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobac xSirad dabalmwarmoebluri, araefeqtiani da arasrulia. Sromis bazris formirebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqcionirebis sirTuleebze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom xSiria Seusabamoba dauflebul profesiasa da dakavebul Tanamdebobas Soris ekonomikis rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. damsaqmeblebisa da samuSaos maZieblebisaTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi srulfa-sovani informacia konkretuli kvalifikaciisa da profesiis mqone samuSao Zalisa da vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdis yvelaze realur gzas samewarmeo saqmianobis liberalizaciis programa iZleva, romlis ganxorcielebis procesSi Seqmnili axali samuSao adgilebi samuSaos maZiebelTa garkveul kategorias dasaqmebisa da SromiT asparezze gasvlis saSualebas miscems. warmodgenili argumentebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos Sromis bazari mxolod formirebis stadiazea. Sromis bazris73

formirebasa da funqcionirebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da rigi makroekonomikuri faqtori. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom makroekonomikuri stabilurobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis gareSe SeuZlebelia Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba, samuSao adgilebisa da Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis zrda. saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris formirebasa da funqcionirebas arTulebs rigi garemoebebic: _ bolo or aTwleulSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, Semadgenloba, struqtura, ganaTlebis done; _ ar arsebobs dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRricxvis srulyofili sistema da Sromis bazrisKkvlevas fragmentuli xasiaTi aqvs; _ umuSevrobis done saqarTvelos regionebSi xelovnurad aris Semcirebuli soflis meurneobaSi araefeqtiani dasaqmebiT. _ umuSevarTa rigebSi maRalia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis wili da aRniSnuli maCvenebeli stabiluria wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom miRebuli ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, misi dabali xarisxis gamo, naklebad icavs moqalaqes umuSevrobis riskisagan;74

_ qveynisaTvis tipiuri gaxda Sromis bazris iseTi koniunqtura, sadac samuSao Zalis miwodeba mkveTrad aRemateba moTxovnas, umuSevroba maRali doniTa da xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba, rac seriozul problemebs warmoSobs rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT.

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kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris arsi da misi

elementebi; 2. CamoayalibeT Sromis bazris Taviseburebebi; 3. axseniT Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi; 4. daaxasiaTeT samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi; 5. axseniT samuSao Zalis miwodebis arsi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi; 6. ras gulisxmobs `Semosavlis efeqti~ da `Senacvlebis efeqti~? 7. ras gulisxmobs Sromis bazris segmentacia? 8. mokled daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris segmentebi; 9. axseniT Sromis pirveladi da meoradi bazris arsi; 10. CamoayalibeT Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi.

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77

Tavi 4. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba4.1. umuSevrobis arsi da saxeebi

ekonomikur literaturaSi dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli Sexedulebebis formireba Sromis bazris TeoriasTan mWidro kavSirSi mimdinareobs. aseTi midgoma saSualebas iZleva dadgindes is kanonzomierebebi, romlebic xsnian dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis donesa da dinamikas, maTze moqmed faqtorebs, umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezebs, misi gamovlenis formebsa da socialur-ekonomikur Sedegebs. umuSevroba sabazro ekonomikis ganuyofeli movlenaa, rac imiT aixsneba, rom dinamiur sazogadoebas esaWiroeba sivrce Sromis bazarze. aseT sivrced, ekonomistebi samuSao Zalis siWarbes miiCnevdnen da miuTiTebdnen, rom misi garkeuli doniT arseboba sruliad dasaSvebia sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi. amdenad, umuSevrobis garkveuli donis arseboba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis gardauval Tvisebas warmoadgens. umuSevroba, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri movlena axasiaTebs im dausaqmebel adamianTa kategorias, romlebic Sromis bazarze wonasworobis mudmivi ryevis78

Sedegad, moklebulni arian muSaobis SesaZleblobebs. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis standartebidan gamomdinare, adamiani umuSevrad rom CaiTvalos, erTdroulad unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: 1. iyos ,,samuSaos gareSe~ e.i. ar gaaCndes anazRaurebadi samuSao garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi; 2. ,,mzad iyos mocemul momentSi muSaobisaTvis~ e.i. mzad iyos imuSaos daqiravebiT an TviTon dasaqmdes; 3. ,,eZebdes samuSaos~ e.i. konkretul RonisZiebebs axorcielebdes anazRau-rebadi samuSaos mosaZebnad. konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, umuSevroba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis. umuSevrobis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyofis safuZvels misi gamomwvevi mizezebis sxvadasxvaoba warmoadgens. umuSevrobis Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebs gamoyofen: friqciuli, struqturuli da cikluri umuSevroba. Tumca, zogierTi avtori miuTiTebs aseve teqnologiur, sezonur, institucionalur da sxva saxis umuSevrobaze. friqciuli umuSevroba _ esaa moklevadiani umuSevroba, romelic warmoiSoba momuSavis erTi samuSaodan adgilidan meoreze gadasvlisas, roca igi ,,or samuSaos~ Soris mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. mas miekuTvneba aseve Sromisunariani79

mosaxleobis droebiTi dausaqmebloba, rodesac momuSave pirvelad gadis Sromis bazarze an ubrundeba mas. friqciuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezi SeiZleba aixsnas Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamiurobiT, informaciuli nakadebis arasrulfasovnebiT. informacia vakanturi samuSao adgilebisa da maT Sesaxeb, vinc eZebs samuSaos, SeuZlebelia, Sefasebuli iqnas momentalurad, amitom dausaqmebeli momuSaveebi da damqiraveblebi maSinve ver pouloben erTmaneTs, ris gamoc adamiani iZulebulia, garkveuli droiT iyos samuSaos gareSe. drois es monakveTi aucilebelia, raTa moxdes damsaqmeblebisa da momuSaveebis urTierTdakavSireba. es garemoeba warmoadgens friqciuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezs. struqturuli umuSevroba friqciulisagan gansxvavebiT, droSi ufro met xans grZeldeba da ganpirobebulia samuSao adgilebisa da momuSaveTa profesiul-kvalificiur struqturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebiT. struqturuli umuSevrobis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturuli Zvrebia. warmoebis struqturis cvlileba calkeuli dargebisa da sferoebs Soris Tanafardobis cvlilebaSi aisaxeba. zogierT maTgans swrafi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi uCndeba, izrdeba moTxovna maT mier warmoebul produqciaze, rasac Tan sdevs investiciebis moculobis80

gadideba da dasaqmebis donis amaRleba. amis paralelurad, zogierTi dargi ukve ver axorcielebs konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebas, iZulebuli, Seamciros warmoebis masStabebi da dasaqmebis done, romelic iwvevs momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebas da umuSevarTa rigebis gadidebas. am SemTxvevaSi struqturuli cvlilebebi ganapirobeben samuSao Zalis gadanawilebas warmoebis calkeuli dargebsa da sferoebs Soris, romelic yovelTvis garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli da zogierT SemTxvevaSi momuSaveebisagan ar marto dargobriv-profesiul, aramed teritoriul mobilobasac moiTxovs. amitom umuSevarTa rigebSi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen ara marto is adamianebi, romlebic ver pouloben sakuTari profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamis samuSaos, aramed isinic, visac garkveuli mdgomareobis gamo ar SeuZlia sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla. struqturuli umuSevrobis erT-erT nairsaxeobad ganixilaven teqnologiur umuSevrobas, romlis warmoSobis mizezs mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi warmoadgens. am ukanasknelis gavlena dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze mravalmxrivia, igi gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis sferoze. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlena umuSevrobaze vlindeba imaSi, rom axali teqnikis danergvisa da Sromis81

mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Sedegad iqmneba pirobebi garkveuli raodenobis momuSaveebis gamoTavisuflebisaTvis, rac sabolood, ganapirobebs momuSaveebze moTxovnis Semcirebas. meore mxriv, maRalmwarmoebluri teqnologiis danergvis Sedegad ekonomikis axali da zogierTi tradiciuli dargebis gafarToeba iwvevs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis gadidebas da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis donis amaRlebas. sabolood, dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlenas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs da misi ganviTareba iqamde midis, rom warmoebis procesidan momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebis tendencia sabolood ufro Zlieri aRmoCndeba misi mizidvis tendenciasTan SedarebiT. amasTan, umuSevarTa rigebs upiratesad isini avseben, romelTa profesiul-kvalificiuri momzadebis done ver pasuxobs warmoebis mzard moTxovnebs. friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba ekonomikis dinamiuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi savsebiT bunebrivi da amavdroulad misaRebi movlenaa, ramdenadac uSualod ekonomikis ganviTarebis principebidan gamomdinareobs. friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSinac ki, roca mTlianobaSi samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) erToblivi moTxovna miwodebis tolia. friqciuli82

umuSevroba warmoiSoba Sromis bazris dinamiurobisa da informaciuli nakadebis arasrulyofilebis gamo, xolo struqturuli umuSevroba _ samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi teritoriuli da profesiuli disproporciis Sedegad. sazogadoebaSi sruli dasaqmebis miRweva ar gamoricxavs friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis arsebobas. ufro metic, umuSevrobis problemebis kvlevaSi didi adgili ukavia umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis kategoriis analizs, romelic swored friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis jams warmoadgens. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done ar aris mudmivi sidide. masze zemoqmedebs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, samuSao Zalis struqturis cvlileba, sazogadoebis demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi, socialuri garantiebi da socialuri dacvis done, profkavSirebis saqmianoba da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done mis bunebriv dones, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aRemateba. gansxvaveba maT Soris arsebiTia ekonomikuri aqtiurobis daqveiTebis periodSi, roca umuSevroba ciklur xasiaTs iZens da romlis daZlevac did sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom umuSevroba qveynis makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, am socialurekonomikur movlenas mkacri kvalifikacia eZleva mxolod maSin, rodesac umuSevobis

83

done sayovelTaod dadgenil (msoflio praqtikaSi miRebul) bunebriv zRvars aRemateba. cikluri umuSevroba gamowveulia ekonomikuri ciklis im stadiiT, romelic xasiaTdeba erToblivi danaxarjebis dabali doniT, roca saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna mcirdeba, mniSvnelovnad ecema warmoebisa da dasaqmebis done, izrdeba momuSaveebis gamoTavisuflebis masStabebi, Sesabamisad adgili aqvs umuSevrobis donis mkveTr gadidebas. aseT umuSevrobas cikluri umuSevrobas uwodeben, masSi yvelaze naTlad aisaxeba is damokidebuleba, romelsac adgili aqvs warmoebis dinamikasa da momuSaveTa saqmian aqtiurobas Soris. cikluri umuSevrobis masStabebis zrda metad uaryofiTi movlenaa, romelic mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da socialur danakargebs iwvevs sazogadoebaSi. cikluri umuSevrobis zrdis Tavidan acileba nebismieri qveynis socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi prioritetia. umuSevrobis klasifikaciaSi garkveuli adgili ukavia sezonur umuSevrobas. igi damaxasiaTebelia calkeuli dargebisaTvis, rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba, nawilobriv mSenebloba da sxv. am dargebis sawarmoebs SeuZliaT sruli datvirTviT imuSaon ramdenime Tves, sxva dros isini mkveTrad amcireben an saerTod wyveten saqmianobas, rac bunebrivi pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. intensiuri muSaobis84

periodSi aRniSnuli dargis sawarmoebSi adgili aqvs momuSaveebis masobriv daqiravebas, xolo samuSaoTa Semcirebis periodSi _ masobriv daTxovnas. sezonuri umuSevroba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: _ Tavisi warmoSobis mizezebiT igi axlosaa ciklur umuSevrobasTan; _ umuSevroba mniSvnelovanwilad nebayoflobiTi xasiaTisaa; _ sezonuri xasiaTis dargis sawarmoebi momuSaveebs maRal anazRaurebas uxdian, riTac garkveulwilad axdenen umuSevrobis riskis kompensacias. rac ufro metia mosalodneli sezonuri umuSevrobis vadebi, miT ufro maRalia anazRaureba. umuSevrobis saxeebis daxasiaTebisas mizanSewonilia aseve nawilobrivi umuSevrobis ganxilva. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc miuTiTebda mis arsebobaze iyo a. pigu. igi umuSevrobis aRniSnuli saxis arsebobas ekonomikuri aqtiurobis daqveiTebis pirobebSi mewarmeebis qcevis sam SesaZlo SemTxvevas ukavSirebda: - momuSaveebisaTvis sruli samuSao drois SenarCuneba; - momuSaveebisaTvis monacvleobiT muSaobis SesaZleblobebis micema sruli samuSao drois pirobebSi; - yvela dasaqmebulisaTvis samuSao drois Semcireba.85

mewarmeebis qcevis pirveli varianti iwvevs srul umuSevrobas, xolo meore da mesame _ nawilobriv umuSevrobas, rac pigus azriT, ufro misaRebia, radgan srul umuSevrobas mivyavarT erovnuli dividendis srul dakargvamde da samuSao Zalis xarisxis daqveiTebamde. umuSevrobis ganxiluli saxeebi Ria umuSevrobas ganekuTvneba. maT garda, literaturaSi gamoiyofa aseve faruli umuSevrobis kategoria, romelic warmoiSoba sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa arasruli gamoyenebiT. kerZod, arasruli samuSao kviris an arasruli samuSao dRis pirobebSi muSaobisas, an im SemTxvevaSi, roca momuSaveebi iZulebulni arian, gavidnen anazRaurebis gareSe (uxelfaso) SvebulebaSi.4.2. dasaqmeba, rogorc socialurekonomikuri kategoria

dasaqmeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnis safuZvels warmoadgens, maszea damokidebuli mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, sazogadoebis danaxarjebis sidide momuSaveTa momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da SromiTi mowyobis sferoSi. dasaqmebaSi aisaxeba mosaxleobis socialuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, romelic Sromis86

sferoSi misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi dasaqmebis procesis sabazro xasiaTi gamomdinareobs Semdegi fundamentaluri principebis realizaciidan: - Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferos Tavisufali arCevanis uzrunvelyofa, rodesac pirovnebas ufleba aqvs, Tavisuflad airCios, miiRos Tu ara monawileoba sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi. am principis ganxorcielebisaTvis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna saxelmwifos mxridan; - iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva; - dasaqmebis sferoSi socialuri daxmarebis meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, romlis mizani iqneba Sromis bazarze arsebuli naklebkonkurentunariani fenebisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva SromiTi mowyobis procesSi. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, SromiTi urTierToba warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT. SromiTi urTierTobebis subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen: damqiravebeli, daqiravebuli da daqiravebulTa gaerTianeba. amasTan, SromiT urTierTobaSi kanoniT akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, religiuri, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis gamo.87

literaturaSi dasaqmebis mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. maTTvis saerTo aris is, rom ,,dasaqmebis~ cneba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia adamianis SromiT saqmianobaSi monawileobasTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi dasaqmeba ganixileba mxolod rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria: ,,rogorc mosaxleobis funqcionaluri maxasiaTebeli, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi Sromis procesSi misi (mosaxleobis) Cabmis xarisxs da saqmianobis konkretuli saxeebisa da formebis mixedviT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ganawilebis saboloo Sefasebas 4 warmoadgens ~. dasaqmebis, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoriis Seswavla or arguments emyareba: pirveli dakavSirebulia konkretuli adamianis dasaqmebasTan, meore _ saxelmwifos rolTan dasaqmebis pirobebis uzrunvelyofaSi. konkretul adamianTan mimarTebaSi dasaqmeba SeiZleba daiyos: _ garantirebulad, rodesac adamiani, visac surs muSaoba, uzrunvelyofilia samuSaoTi; _ ugarantiod, rodesac ar arsebobs ekonomikuri pirobebi, raTa TiToeuli adamiani, romelsac Sromis unari da survili gaaCnia, dakmayofildes samuSaoTi. dasaqmebis pirobebis uzrunvelyofaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba saxelmwifos, rac4

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imiTaa gamowveuli, rom dasaqmebis buneba ganpirobebulia ara marto individis SromisunarianobiT, asakiT an muSaobis surviliT, aramed pirovnebis SromiTi miswrafebebis realizaciis SesaZleblobebiT. mokled, saxelmwifoSi adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebisa da pirobebis arsebobiT. swored i