ეკონომიკა და ბიზნესი

4 5

sarCevisarCevisarCevisarCevisarCevi

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

revaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani. Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis poli-

tikis winaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategia ............... 11

demna kvaracxelia.demna kvaracxelia.demna kvaracxelia.demna kvaracxelia.demna kvaracxelia. saqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produq-

tis danakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviT .............................. 27

gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz labartyava.labartyava.labartyava.labartyava.labartyava. fulis arsisa da funqciebis

sakiTxisaTvis ..................................................................................................... 37

jemaljemaljemaljemaljemal SaTir SaTir SaTir SaTir SaTiriSvili,iSvili,iSvili,iSvili,iSvili, leona SaTirleona SaTirleona SaTirleona SaTirleona SaTiriSvili.iSvili.iSvili.iSvili.iSvili. adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis reforma ..................................................................... 49

Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar lazarlazarlazarlazarlazariaSvili.iaSvili.iaSvili.iaSvili.iaSvili. oligopoliuri bazris zogierTi

Tavisebureba .............................................................................................................. 59

nana absavanana absavanana absavanana absavanana absava. meritokratiis Suq-Crdilebi ................................. 69

makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomika

ioseb masuraSvili. ioseb masuraSvili. ioseb masuraSvili. ioseb masuraSvili. ioseb masuraSvili. venCuruli investiciebis marTvis Zir-

iTadi mimarTulebebi ...................................................................................... 79

Temur Caligava.Temur Caligava.Temur Caligava.Temur Caligava.Temur Caligava. mobiluri angariSsworeba informaci-

ul ekonomikaSi ..................................................................................................... 91

uCa gogiSvili. uCa gogiSvili. uCa gogiSvili. uCa gogiSvili. uCa gogiSvili. erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoy-

alibebis procesi da evrointegracia ..................................... 103

ekaterine meyanwiSvili. ekaterine meyanwiSvili. ekaterine meyanwiSvili. ekaterine meyanwiSvili. ekaterine meyanwiSvili. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-

lirebis Taviseburebebi transformirebadi ekonomikis

qveynebSi ............................................................................................................... 117

6 7

menejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

solomon pavliaSvili.solomon pavliaSvili.solomon pavliaSvili.solomon pavliaSvili.solomon pavliaSvili. saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvis

srulyofisaTvis .................................................................................................... 129

soso vardiSvili. soso vardiSvili. soso vardiSvili. soso vardiSvili. soso vardiSvili. Tanamedrove menejmenti da qarTuli

realoba ................................................................................................................. 137

SoTa SaburiSvili.SoTa SaburiSvili.SoTa SaburiSvili.SoTa SaburiSvili.SoTa SaburiSvili. biznesis dafinansebis aspeqtebi di-

namikuri WriliT .................................................................................................. 149

marine RuduSauri.marine RuduSauri.marine RuduSauri.marine RuduSauri.marine RuduSauri. turizmis ganviTarebis tendenciebi

saqarTveloSi ........................................................................................................... 156

saerTaSoriso savaWrosaerTaSoriso savaWrosaerTaSoriso savaWrosaerTaSoriso savaWrosaerTaSoriso savaWro

ekonomikuri urTierTobebiekonomikuri urTierTobebiekonomikuri urTierTobebiekonomikuri urTierTobebiekonomikuri urTierTobebi

giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili. giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili. giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili. giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili. giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili. vaWrobis msoflio

organizaciis ,,dohas raundi~ ............................................................... 165

eTer sarjvelaZe, dali wulaia.eTer sarjvelaZe, dali wulaia.eTer sarjvelaZe, dali wulaia.eTer sarjvelaZe, dali wulaia.eTer sarjvelaZe, dali wulaia. saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs

Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis barierebi ...................................... 177

axali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTaaxali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTaaxali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTaaxali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTaaxali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTa

azri?azri?azri?azri?azri?

murman turava.murman turava.murman turava.murman turava.murman turava. damwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevi ............. 190

nino papaCaSvili.nino papaCaSvili.nino papaCaSvili.nino papaCaSvili.nino papaCaSvili. inglisuri enis damxmare saxelmZRvane-

lo saerTaSoriso ekonomikasa da biznesSi ......................... 192

saxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galerea

profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70 ......................................................... 196

CONTENTS

ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLITICS

REVAZ GVELESIANI. Controversies of labor market and employ-ment policy and the strategy of success ............................................... 11DEMNA KVARATSKHELIA. GDP losses to Oken’s law ................ 27GULTAZ LABARTKAVA. The Essence of Money its Functions ....37JEMAL SHATIRISHVILI, LEONA SHATIRISHVILI. Localgovernment reform ............................................................................... 49TAMAR LAZARIASHVILI. Some peculiarities ofoligopoly market .................................................................................. 59NANA ABSAVA. Light and shade of meritocracy ......................... 69

MACROECONOMICS

IOSEB MASURASHVILI. The basic directions of management ofventure investments .............................................................................. 79TEMUR CHALIGAVA. Mobil payment in the informationeconomics ............................................................................................. 91UCHA GOGISHVILI. The Process of Formation of NationalEconomic Order and Euro Integration .......................................... 103EKATERINE MEKANTSISHVILI. The Particularies of StateRegulation of Economy in the Countries ofTransitional Economy ................................................................... 117

8 9

MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM

SOLOMON PAVLIASHVILI. The major problems of the managementin the state owned factories ................................................................ 129SOSO VARDISHVILI. Modern management and theGeorgian reality .................................................................................. 137SHOTA SHABURISHVILI. Business funding aspects dynamicsdevelopment in Georgia ..................................................................... 149MARINE GHUDUSHAURI. Trends of tourizm development inGeorgia .............................................................................................. 156

INTERNATIONAL TRAGING ECONOMIC RELATION

GIORGI DOGHONADZE, PAATA KOGHUASVILI. World tradeorganization ,,Doha Round” .............................................................. 165ETER SARJVELADZE, DALI TSULAIA. Free trade barriers be-tween Georgia and European ............................................................. 177

NEW BOOKS: WHAT ARE THE VIEWS OF PROFESSIONALREVIEWERS?

MURMAN TURAVA. The reference book for beginningbookkeepers ........................................................................................ 190NINO PAPACHASHVILI. English rexbook for international businessand economics .................................................................................... 192

GALLERY OF THE EMINENT PEOPLE

Professor NUGZAR PAICHADZE - 70 ....................................... 196

10 11

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revaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri politikissaxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri politikissaxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri politikissaxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri politikissaxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri politikis

kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri politikiskaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri politikiskaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri politikiskaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri politikiskaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri politikis

qarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori, sruliqarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori, sruliqarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori, sruliqarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori, sruliqarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori, sruli

profesoriprofesoriprofesoriprofesoriprofesori

dasaqmebis maRali done Sesabamis ekonomikur sa-

zogadoebaSi uSualod usafrTxoebas, Tavisuflebasa da

samarTlianobas uwyobs xels. dasaqmebis maRali donis

misaRwevad politikis calkeul sferoebs sakuTari miznebi

gaaCnia. miwodebis politikis TvalsazrisiT Sualeduri

mizani aris CarCo pirobebis gaumjobeseba, saidanac dasaqme-

bis dadebiT efeqtebs ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad sain-

vesticio saqonelze meti moTxovnis gamo unda velodoT.

moTxovnis stimulirebis politika ki, piriqiT, saerTo

ekonomikuri agregatebis: moxmarebis, investiciebisa da

saxelmwifo xarjebis marTvaze aris orientirebuli. sa-

tarifo xelSekrulebis politikiT samuSao Zalaze sawar-

moTa moTxovnisaTvis mniSvnelovani CarCo pirobebi dgin-

deba. Tuki satarifo xelSekrulebis SeTanxmebebi sak-

marisad maRal moqnilobas gamoavlens, amiT SeiZleba gaad-

vildes struqturuli cvlilebebi da Semcirdes region-

uli ganviTarebis disproporciuloba. evrokavSirSi am

mizans, agreTve, ekonomikuri politikis koordinaciis

gaumjobeseba emsaxureba.

Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikisSromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikisSromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikisSromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikisSromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikis

winaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategiawinaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategiawinaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategiawinaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategiawinaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategia

12 13


makroekonomikur doneze unda mivuTiToT mizanTa

,,klasikur’’ konfliqtze, romelic srul dasaqmebasa da

fasebis donis stabilurobas Soris arsebobs. mizanTa

mniSvnelovani konfliqti Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis

politikis ekonomikur-Teoriuli dasabuTebis doneze unda

SevicnoT. neoliberaluri warmodgenebis Sesabamisad sax-

elmwifo aq rac SeiZleba naklebad unda ereodes, radgan

bazari problemis gadaWris gzas TviTon poulobs. Tu

mas upirispirdeba iseTi instituciur-samarTlebrivi

regulirebebi, rogoricaa, satarifo avtonomia da aqedan

gamomdinare, SeTanxmebebi minimalur xelfasze (romleb-

sac TavianTi socialur-politikuri mizanic gaaCniaT), am

SemTxvevaSi neoliberaluri poziciis warmomadgenlebi

alternativas ar avlenen da TviT satarifo avtonomias

eWvqveS ayeneben. keinzianuri koncefciis farglebSi, piri-

qiT, umuSevrobis Semcireba moTxovnaze orientirebuli

programebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli.

satarifo xelSekrulebis politikis farglebSi

mizanTa sxva konfliqtebic arsebobs. warsulSi profkav-

Sirebi dasavleTi evropis qveynebSi upiratesobas e.w. ter-

itoriebis mixedviT satarifo xelSekrulebebs aniWebda.

dasaqmebis kargi mdgomareobis mqone da maRali mwarmoe-

blurobis satarifo regionebSi amoqmedda saxelfaso

SeTanxmebebi, romlebic Semdeg sxva regionebma da mxa-

reebma gadaiRes. amiT SeiZleba regionuli da dargobrivi

Zlieri gansxvavebebis gamo maRali dasaqmebisaTvis saWiro

diferencirebas angariSi ar gaewios. profkavSirebi da

damsaqmebelTa gaerTianebebi satarifo xelSekrulebebs

TavianTi wevrebisTvis deben. Tu am xelSekrulebebSi

dafiqsirebuli anazRaureba Zalian maRali an Zalian

dabalia, ris Sedegadac wevrTa Tanxmoba ver miiRweva,

maSin profkavSirebis da am gaerTianebis wevrTa Semcir-

eba SeiZleba moxdes.

damatebiTi saxelfaso xarjebis Semcirebas dasaqme-

bis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba SeuZlia. man SeiZleba

iqamdec migviyvanos, rom sawarmoebma mxolod TavianTi

mogeba gazardon. am SemTxvevaSi konfliqtebi social-

uri dacvis Sesabamisi poziciebis sisustidan gamomdinar-

eobs. Tu saxelmwifo Sromis bazris aqtiuri politiki-

saTvis mzad aris da biujetis SezRudvis miuxedavad

SeuZlia saxsrebi gaiRos, maSin unda gadawydes umuSevar-

Ta romeli jgufisTvis unda gatardes RonisZiebebi (ax-

algazrdebis umuSevrobasTan brZolas eniWeba upirate-

soba Tu yofil dasaqmebulTa Sromis bazarSi reinte-

graciis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas).

umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad sami strate-

giuli mimarTuleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT. samive mi-

iswrafvis iqiTken, rom umuSevroba Semcirdes an aRmoifx-

vras. pirveli strategia satarifo xelSekrulebis part-

niorebisaken aris mimarTuli. Tu minimalur xelfasebze,

romlebic wonasworul xelfasze maRalia, SeTanxmeba

miRweulia, maSin zomieri xelfasis dadgeniT Sromis mi-

wodebis siWarbe SeiZleba Semcirdes (aRmoifxvras). am

kategorias ekuTvnis agreTve RonisZiebebi, rogorc Ria

bazris (gaxsnilobis) sagangebo piroba (,,samuSaoze axalm-

iRebulTa tarifebi’’). amis mixedviT, damsaqmeblebs neba

eZlevaT dasasaqmebelni daasaqmon satarifo xelSek-

rulebiT dadgenilze dabali xelfasebiT, Sromis bazris

politikis aseT ganviTarebasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu sax-

elmwifos mxridan socialuri daxmarebebi (magaliTad,

umuSevrebis fuladi daxmareba) Semcirdeba. amiT samuSao

adgilis Ziebis stimuli amaRldeba, romelic ufro met

revaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani

14 15

Semosavals moitans, vidre kanonieri socialuri dazRve-

vis gamtareblebis mier dawesebuli momsaxureba. garda

amisa, aseTi politika im sawarmoebs uadvilebs saqmianobas

romlebic samuSao Zalas dabali anazRaurebis mqone saqmi-

anobis sferoSi asaqmebs.

profkavSirebis mxridan tardeba meore strategia,

romelic samuSao drois Semcirebaze daiyvaneba. ramden-

ime wlis win profkavSirebis mier dasavleTi evropis

qveynebSi wamoyenebuli da nawilobriv ganxorcielebuli

moTxovna 35 saaTiani samuSao kviris Sesaxeb da samuSao

drois Semdgomi Semcireba aq SeiZleba nimuSad davasax-

eloT. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze samuSao periodis droiT

Semoklebas (sapensio asakis dasawyisi _ 60 weli) Sromis

miwodebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT. amiT axalgazrda

dasasaqmebelTaTvis Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis

dasakaveblad gza ixsneba. samuSaos moculobis sidide

am SemTxvevaSi ar izrdeba, igi sxvagvarad nawildeba.

socialuri dacvis sistemis dabali dafinansebis prob-

lemebi yovelTvis da yvelgan arsebobs. arsebiTad, de-

mografiuli viTarebisa da mosaxleobis gauaresebuli

asakobrivi struqturis safuZvelze, samuSao kvirisa da

cxovrebis mTeli samuSao periodis gaxangrZliveba saWiro

xdeba.

keinzianurad dasabuTebuli dasaqmebis mak-

roekonomikuri programebi (kreditiT dafinansebuli dam-

atebiTi saxelmwifo xarjebi da/an saSemosavlo da kor-

poraciis gadasaxadebis Semcireba), mesame strategias ekuTv-

nis. saxelmwifo an kerZo moTxovnis amaRlebiT saWiroa

ufro meti samuSao Zala, ris Sedegad Sromaze moTxovnis

mrudi marjvniv gadaadgildeba. es ZalaSia, rodesac sax-

elmwifos mier Sromaze moTxovnis subsidireba xdeba.

dabolos, kerZo ekonomikuri investiciebis CarCo

pirobebis gaumjobeseba miwodebis politikis Tval-

sazrisiT Sromaze moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadg-

ilebas Seuwyobda xels. Tumca, droiTi intervalis Sede-

gebi aq arsebiTad ufro aramtkicea, vidre moTxovnis stim-

ulirebis politikis dros. sabolood, orive koncefciis

kombinacia warmatebuli unda iyos.

xSirad amtkiceben, rom dasavleT evropaSi da gan-

sakuTrebiT germaniaSi Sromis bazars regulirebis maRa-

li intensivoba gaaCnia. amitom mas, TiTqosda, aklia moqni-

loba, rom SedarebiT swrafad da qmediTad axal proces-

ebs miesadagos. amiT Cven Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis

politikas wesrigis politikis sazRvrebSi vexebiT. wes-

rigis politikidan gamomdinare gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vneloba Sromis pirobebis formirebis RonisZiebebs eni-

Weba. amasTan dakavSirebiT naTlad ikveTeba mizanTa kon-

fliqti. erTi mxriv, saqme umuSevarTa dacvas exeba, romelic

profkavSirebis mier mravali aTwleulis manZilzea mop-

ovebuli da danergili, meore mxriv, maTi mokle da saSu-

alo vadiani yovlismomcveli dacva Sromis bazarze axal

pirobebTan adaptacias xels uSlis.

pirveli amosavali piroba aris xelfasis tarifebis

,,qvemoTken gaSla,’’ romelic moqnilobis ufro maRal

dones gvaZlevs. am gziT ramdenime milioni axali sam-

uSao adgilis miReba SeiZleba. damatebiTi moTxovna da-

balkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze gansakuTrebiT momsax-

urebis sferoSi arsebobs. saerTaSoriso statistikuri

monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom momsaxurebis sferoSi samuSao

adgilebis zrda Sromis anazRaurebis dabali donis mqone

qveynebSi dasturdeba. imave mimarTulebiT moqmedebs eqsper-

tizis sabWos mier rekomendebuli satarifo xelSekrule-

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikarevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani

16 17

bebSi xelfasebis Zlieri diferencireba (kvalifikaciis,

regionis Tu sawarmos TvalsazrisiT). teritoriul (re-

gionul) satarifo xelSekrulebebze uaris Tqmis SemTx-

vevaSi misi gatareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda.

kontrpozicia gvafrTxilebs, rom evrokavSirSi es

strategia yvelgan ar funqcionirebs da mas droebiTi

upiratesoba mxolod zogierTi qveynisTvis moaqvs.

ekonomikuri kvlevebis germanuli instituti eWvobs, rom

msyidvelobiTunarianobisa da investiciebis dacema xel-

fasebis SemcirebiT SeiZleba moxdes. saerTod, dargis

mwarmoeblurobaze xelfasis donis orientirebas upirate-

soba unda mieniWos.

is faqti, rom arsebobs tarifebis mzardi ,,qvemoT

gaSla” da xelfasebis dakleba, naTels xdis, rom am RonisZ-

iebebs gansakuTrebiT dabal saxelfaso TanrigebSi dasaqme-

baze arsebiTad mastimulirebeli zemoqmedebis unari ar

aqvs (gansakuTrebiT sruli datvirTvis samuSao adgile-

bze). dabali saxelfaso seqtoris SemoRebiT nakleb kval-

ificirebulebisTvis ufro meti samuSao adgilebi aris

mosalodneli. amave dros, amiT SeiZleba gamovlindes

fenomeni, romelsac aSS-Si, magaliTad, Working-Poor (momuSavesiRatakes) uwodeben. dabali xelfasebi, miuxedavad sru-

li samuSao droiT dasaqmebisa, normaluri arsebobis

uzrunvelmyofeli ar aris; adamianebi dasaqmebis SemTx-

vevaSic ki siRatakis zRvarze rCebian. saxelmwifos mier

gatarebuli xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebiT arsebobisaTvis

aramyari dasaqmebis sferoebic ki, magaliTad, momsaxureb-

is sfero, SeiZleba iqnes aTvisebuli. es piroba iqidan

gamomdinareobs, rom Tu moxdeba dabali xelfasebis kom-

binireba dabal socialur xarjebTan da sagadasaxado

ganakveTebTan, maSin saarsebo minimumi uzrunvelyofili

iqneba. dasaqmebulebs dausaqmebel daxmarebis mimRebebT-

an mimarTebiT finansuri upiratesobebi unda hqondeT.

wesrigis politikis TvalsazrisiT asaxuli

ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze saeWvo xdeba. amde-

nad, Zneli unda iyos kanoniT ganmtkicebul satarifo

avtonomiaSi raRacis Secvla. garda amisa, sakiTxavia, saer-

Tod sasurvelia Tu ara satarifo avtonomiis SezRudva.

mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes, rom warsulSi satar-

ifo xelSekrulebis politikis regulirebis kompetenci-

is aRqma socialuri partniorebis mier maRali pasux-

ismgeblobiT xasiaTdeboda. faqtobrivad ucvleli satar-

ifo avtonomiis gamo ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom rogorc

politikosebis, aseve evropuli centraluri bankis da

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridanac SeiZleba adg-

ili hqondes mxolod moralur rCevebs, romlebic profkav-

Sirebs ,,zomieri’’ saxelfaso gadawyvetilebebis miRebas

mouwodebs.

gardaqmnis RonisZiebebi mraval sferoSi unda ga-

tardes. amasTan, saxelmwifos mxridan CarCo pirobebi

Semdegi mimarTulebiT unda gaumjobesdes: a) sagadasaxa-

do reformam sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba arsebiTad unda

gaamartivos da sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcireba gamoi-

wvios (winadadebebi Semosavlis dabegvris radikaluri

cvlilebebis Sesaxeb); b) socialuri dacvis sistema unda

gajansaRdes. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom social-

uri dazRvevis gamtarebelTa problemebis erTi nawili

umuSevrobiTac aris ganpirobebuli. reformebis mizani

warmoebis procesSi Sromis faqtoris gaiafeba unda iyos;

g) daxmarebaTa aSkara Semcireba SemdgomSic unda moxdes.

sabazro ekonomikur wesrigSi mas gamarTleba zogadad

mxolod moklevadian periodSi aqvs; d) mravali wlis


18 19

manZilze moiTxovdnen saxelmwifo reglamentirebis mo-

Slas, rac mxolod nawilobriv ganxorcielda. igi xSir-

ad investiciebis xelis SemSlel mizezad gvevlineba; e)

aseve aRsaniSnavia didi xnis manZilze dRis wesrigSi

mdgomi zogadi da specialuri ganaTlebis sistemis re-

forma. samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis saxeobebi momaval-

Si swrafad Seicvleba. es gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos

Sesabamisi specialuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis moqnili

gadasamzadebeli kursebis programebSi; v)samuSao drois

moqniloba, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna momsaxurebis

sferosa (magaliTad, mkurnalobisa da zrunvis) da garem-

os dacvis seqtorSi, Sromis gadanawileba (magaliTad,

zedmeti saaTebis gauqmebiT), meti muSakis arasruli sam-

uSao droiT dasaqmeba, ganaTlebis sferoSi konsensusis

miRweva (swavlebis Sedegad sawarmoSi dasaqmebis adg-

ilebis garantia), aseve ganaTlebisTvis meti xelSewyoba,

ganaTlebis sistemis specialistTa saarsebo pirobebis

gaumjobeseba da sainovacio procesebis xelSewyoba, sa-

tarifo fondebis Seqmna, romliTac finansuri zarali

pensiaze vadaze adre gasvlisas Semcirdeba da a.S.

SemdgomSi, xelfasis cvlilebis saxelmZRvanelo

mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb diskusias mkveTrad uaryofdnen.

amiT ,,SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba’’ iluzias daemsgavsa. gan-

sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas

grZelvadian da srul dasaqmebaze, normirebul samuSao

drosa da mis ganawilebaze. gardaqmnis procesis daCqare-

ba aucilebelia. sazogadoebrivad sasurveli Sroma ara-

momgebian seqtorsa da saqmianobis axal sferoebSi dasaqme-

bis TvalsazrisiT, sawarmos mier organizebuli Sromis

procesis farglebs gareT, mzard sazogadoebriv-poli-

tikur mxardaWeras saWiroebs.

evrokavSirs regionuli da struqturuli poli-

tikiT SeuZlia SedarebiT CamorCenil regionebSi Sromis

bazris mdgomareobaze gavlena moaxdinos. es daxmarebeb-

is gaweviT (subvenciebi) xorcieldeba. evrokavSiris stru-

qturuli politikis mizania regionuli integraciis

ekonomikuri da socialuri erTianoba gaaZlieros. gan-

sxvaveba sxvadasxva regions Soris unda Semcirdes.

evropuli socialuri fondis (ESF) amocanaa

evrokavSiris SigniT xeli Seuwyos: samuSao Zalis dasaqme-

bis SesaZleblobebs, maT profesul gamoyenebas, terito-

riuli da dargobrivi Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufle-

bas da sxva. garda amisa, fondis saqmianobiT industriu-

li gardaqmnis procesebTan da warmoebis sistemebis cv-

lilebebTan adaptacia unda gamartivdes (gansakuTrebiT

es unda ganxorcieldes profesiuli ganaTlebiTa da kval-

ifikaciis srulyofiT). grZelvadian umuSevrobasTan brZo-

la da aseve axalgazrdobis SromiT saqmianobaSi CarTvis

gaadvileba ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom koordinirebuli politikis

mizani evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs erTian programebamde

ver miiyvans, radgan simZimis centri da ZiriTadi proble-

mebi maTTan gansxvavebulia. kerZod, did britaneTSi cdi-

loben dasaqmebis politikis saxelmZRvanelo mimarTule-

bebi praqtikaSi samuSaos Ziebis, dasaqmebisa da kvali-

fikaciis amaRlebis RonisZiebebis stimulirebiT ganax-

orcielon, maSin rodesac samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis sax-

elmwifo programebze uars amboben, muSaobis dawyebis

stimuls aniWeben upiratesobas. yvela umuSevarma sakon-

sultacio gasaubrebaSi monawileoba unda miiRos. sa-

frangeTi, piriqiT, momxrea saxelmwifo programebisa, rom-

lebSic dasaqmebis politikis gatarebis gegmebs aniWeben


20 21

upiratesobas. sazogadoebriv seqtorSi, samuSao adgilebis

SeqmnasTan erTad, minimaluri xelfasis gazrdasa da sam-

uSao drois Semcirebas didi yuradReba eqceva. Sromis

bazris politika daniaSi pirvel rigSi mimarTulia

dasaqmebis unarianobis zrdaze kvalifikaciis amaRlebis

mravlismomcveli SesaZleblobebiTa da movaleobebiT. am

mizniT Sromis bazris politikis aqtiuri decentrali-

zacia moxda. garda amisa, daniaSi Sromis bazris moqni-

lobas didi yuradReba eqceva. samsaxuridan daTxovnas-

Tan dakavSirebiT mciredi dacva arsebobs, saxelmwifo

mxolod samuSaodan masobriv ganTavisuflebebs awesrigebs.

droebiTi daTxovnebi firmebs sawarmoo datvirTvis (ko-

niunqturis) xarisxis ryevebTan moqnili adaptirebis sa-

Sualebas aZlevs.

problemebs, pirvel rigSi, Sromis bazrisa da

dasaqmebis politikis Teoriuli safuZveli qmnis. pasux-

ebi kiTxvebze, rogoricaa: eqvemdebareba Tu ara sabazro

ekonomika endogenurad warmoSobil dasaqmebis ryevebs,

SesaZlebelia Tu ara amovideT kerZo seqtoris stabil-

urobidan (rogorc amas axali klasikuri makroekonomika

varaudobs) da gamoiwvevs Tu ara koniunqturul cvlile-

bebs ekonomikur procesSi saxelmwifos Careva, dRemde

sadavo rCeba.

Sromis bazris moqnilobis SezRuduloba an ararse-

boba warsulSi axal moTxovnebTan ufro swraf Sesabam-

isobas xels uSlida. es wesrigis politikis problemaa

da mas emateba Sromis bazris cnobili arasrulyofile-

ba, romelic dasaqmebulTa nakleb mobilurobasa da arasak-

maris informirebaSi gamoixateba. Tumca, aqac unda dais-

vas kiTxva dasaqmebis problemis gadaWraSi saxelmwifos

ra amocanebi ekisreba. warsulSi gamoCnda, rom instru-

qciebis gamkacrebam Sromis bazarze mdgomareoba arsebi-

Tad ar gaaumjobesa. Sromis bazris problemebis mniS-

vnelovani nawili ekonomikuri subieqtebis qmedebaze daiy-

vaneba. gansakuTrebiT es im sawarmoebs exeba, romlebic

samuSao Zalis axal dasaqmebas erideba da cdilobs ar-

sebuli SemadgenlobiT _ zedmeti samuSao saaTebiTac _

dasaqmebis Siga sawarmoo ryevebi gaaTanabros, amas emate-

ba isic, rom samewarmeo eTikaSi socialuri sazomi, rogorc

Cans, atrofirebulia.

Ddasaqmebis politikis instrumentebis gamoyeneba

SezRudulia. instrumentTa simravlis miuxedavad, rigi

maTgani mainc ar gamoiyeneba. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos,

sxvaTa Soris, Sromis bazris politikis regulirebaTa

kompetenturi gamtareblebis dadgena, maSin rodesac sax-

elmwifos CarCo pirobebis dadgena evaleba, xolo konkre-

tuli satarifo xelSekrulebis wesebi partniorebma unda

SeaTanxmon. problemebi ZiriTadi kanoniT ganmtkicebul

satarifo avtonomiidan warmoiSoba. igi arsebiTad zRu-

davs saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebs uSualod ganaxorcie-

los Sromis bazris politikis miznebi. aRniSnuli in-

strumentebis gamoyenebisas arsebuli problemebi

ekonomikuri politikis koncefciebze aramkafio warmod-

geniT Zlierdeba. stabilurobis politikis TvalsazrisiT,

ekonomikaSi wina planze erToblivi moTxovnis komponen-

tebis gamoyofa saeWvo xdeba, rodesac, erToblivi moTx-

ovnis daqveiTebis nacvlad struqturuli problemebi

arsebobs. es aris diagnozis erT-erTi sakiTxic. arasak-

marisma struqturulma cvlilebebma da zrdis Senele-

bulma dinamikam problemis gadaWra SeiZleba saWiro gax-

ados saSualo vadaze orientirebuli miwodebis politi-

kiT. amasTan, Tavi unda avaridoT mcdar mosazrebas, rom


22 23

miwodebis politikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi mak-

roekonomikuri agregatebis koniunqturul cvlilebas ver

gamoviwvevT. moTxovnaze orientirebuli politika

ekonomikaSi miwodebis pirobebis imavdroul gaumjobese-

bas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs. ufro metic,

igi sawarmoTa gasaRebis gaumjobesebuli SesaZleblobe-

bis gamo aseTi politikis elementebsac moicavs. amas

emateba isic, rom CarCo pirobebis gaumjobeseba dasaqme-

baSi SeiZleba mastimulirebeli iyos, magram misi ufro

swrafi zrda ar gamoiwvios.

dasaqmebisa da fasebis stabilurobas Soris mi-

zanTa konfliqtis dros, rogorc Cans, fasebis stabil-

urobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. es niSnavs, rom

ekonomikuri politikis mizanTa ierarqiaSi preferencie-

bi Seicvala. evrokavSiris centraluri bankis informa-

cia gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom igi _ miuxeda-

vad evrokacSiris xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli valdebule-

bebisa _ ar eswrafvis fuladi politika dasaqmebis stim-

ulirebisaTvis gamoiyenos.

Sromis bazarze arsebobs paradoqsi, erTi mxriv,

samuSao adgilebis nakleboba, meore mxriv, bevri samuSao

adgili Tavisufalia (ar aris dakavebuli). axsna martiv-

ia: saWiroa kvalificiuri muSakebi, romelTa codna da

gamocdileba maRali moTxovnis mqone samuSao adgilebs

Seesabameba. Sromisadmi saWiro damokidebuleba da ga-

naTleba bevr adamians ar gaaCnia. SromiTi Semosavlebi

maT mcire moculobis an droebiTi saqmianobiT SeuZli-

aT miiRon. Sromisadmi aseTi damokidebulebis alterna-

tiva umuSevrobaa.

Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis problemebis gada-

WraSi politikuri sistemac dabrkolebas warmoadgens.

xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofma mTavrobam ara marto kar-

gi politika unda gaataros, aramed demokratiuli sax-

elmwifos sistemaSi garkveul kompromisebzec unda wav-

ides. magram, rogorc wesi, mTavroba ufro metad ara sak-

iTxis warmatebiT gadaWraze, aramed Zalauflebis Senar-

Cunebis strategiaze aris orientirebuli. aRsaniSnavia,

agreTve, mzadyofna imisaTvis, rom sxva qveynebidan da maTi

warmatebuli Sromis bazris politikidan raRac iswav-

lon, germaniaSi maincdamainc kargad ar aris gamokveTili.

amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca germania evrokomisi-

isagan dasaqmebis politikaSi arcTu saxarbielodaa Se-

fasebuli.

evrointegraciisa da globalizaciis procesebiT

sxva problemebic warmoiSva. Cven ukve mravalgzis vax-

seneT am procesebis Sedegad saxelmwifo ekonomikur

politikaSi avtonomiis Semcirebis tendencia. liberal-

izaciiT SesaZlebeli gaxda samuSao Zalis mobilurobis

zrda, romelic xarjebis ekonomiaze aris orientirebu-

li. garda amisa, did rols TamaSobs gavlenis iseTi faq-

torebi, rogoricaa axali bazris aRmoCena da misi aTvise-

ba, gasaRebis bazarTan axlos yofna, garemos dacvaSi did

xarjebTan dakavSirebuli regulirebis naklebi aucile-

bloba, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis upiratesobebi da

a.S. es, marTalia, Seesabameba Tavisufali vaWrobisa da

kapitalis sruli mobilurobis princips, magram dasaqme-

bis Siga situacias SeiZleba tvirTad daawves. Cans, rom

zogadad saukeTeso alokacia ganawilebis konkretul

(agreTve Sromis) mizanTan konfliqtSi modis. amas emate-

ba isic, rom evros SemoRebiT xarjebis mdgomareoba da

maTi zrda wevr qveynebSi transparentuli da Sedarebadi

gaxda. am procesma saSualo vadaSi evropul bazrebze


24 25

(saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidva, gayidva, satransporto

sistema da a.S.) struqturul cvlilebebamde SeiZleba

migviyvanos. amasTan, Sromis bazris politikis sistemebi,

romlebsac sakmaod didi moqniloba gaaCnia, am procesSi

warmatebulad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.

Sromis bazris problemis gadawyvetas dro sWird-

eba. ekonomikur politikas xSirad TvalTaxedvidan rCeba,

rom es problemebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze warmoiSva.

Tu reagireba am mimarTulebiT Cveulebriv an metad dagvi-

anebulia, maSin problemebs ukve permanentuli xasiaTi

aqvs. es vlindeba, magaliTad, imiT, rom umuSevrobiT

ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi politikis sxva sfer-

oebSi arasasurveli procesebis inducireba (Setana, gavr-

celeba) xdeba. Tu marto umuSevrobis finansur xarjebs

gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin politikis pasiuroba gaugebaria.

dasaqmebis dabali done ara mxolod Sromis federaluri

saagentos, aramed, agreTve, socialuri dazRvevis sxva

gamtareblebis Semosavlebis (mosaxleobis SenatanebiT

Seqmnili) Semcirebas iwvevs. ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom

maSin aq finansuri siZneleebi warmoiSoba, romlis gamos-

worebasac momsaxurebaTa SemcirebiTa da Senatanebis

wilis gazrdiT Seecdebian. es Sromis bazris politikis

TvalsazrisiT arasasurvelia, radgan amiT kvlav saxel-

faso damatebiTi xarjebi moimatebs. sawarmoebi reagireben

am procesebze da mosalodnelia Crdilovani ekonomikis

gafarToeba. amiT Cndeba jadosnuri wre, romlis garRve-

va mxolod dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris politikis sf-

eroSi aris SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi sawyisi piroba aris

riskebis dazRvevis gadayvana pirovnebis kompetenciaSi

(avadmyofobis, asakis, umuSevrobis da sxva riskis indi-

vidualizacia), rac solidaruli da demokratiuli sa-

zogadoebis valdebulebaTa SezRudvis TanabarmniSvnelo-

vania.

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

1. ALTHAMMER, Joerg, Erwerbsarbeit in der Krise? Zur Entwick-lung und Struktur der Beschaeftigung im Kontext von Arbeitsmarkt, ge-sellschaftlicher Partizipation und technischem Fortschritt, Berlin 2002.

2. BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND, Nationaler Beschaefti-gungspolitischer Aktionsplan 2001, Berlin 2001.

3. DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG,Beschaeftigung im Niedriglohnbereich. Probleme, Loesungssatze undwirtschaftspolitische Implikationen, Vierteljahreshefte zur Wirtschaftsfor-schung, 72. Jg. H. 1, Berlin 2003.

4. FRANZ, Wolfgang, Arbeitsmarktoekonomik, 5., ueberarb. Aufl.Heidelberg 2003.

5. KOMMISSION ,,MODERNE DIENSTLEISTUNGEN AM AR-BEITSMARKT’’ (HARTZ-KOMMISSION), Bericht der Kommission,Berlin 2002.

6. Koch Walter A. S., Christian Czogalla, Grundlagen der Wirtschaft-spolitik, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2004.

7. SCHMID, Guenther, Wege in eine neue Vollbeschaeftigung –Uebergangsarbeitsmaerkte und aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Frankfurt/main, New York 2002.

8. WAGNER, Thomas, JAHN, Elke J., Neue Arbeitsmarkttheorien,Duesseldorf 2004.

9. ZIMMERMANN, Klaus F., WAGNER, Gert. G, Arbeitsoekon-omie, in: Neue Entwicklungen in der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, hrsg. v. KlausF. ZIMMERMANN, Heidelberg 2002.


26 27

10. revaz gvelesiani, irina gogoriSvili. ekonomikuri

politika. wigni I, Tb., 2008.

11. revaz gvelesiani, irina gogoriSvili. ekonomikuri

politika. wigni II, Tb., 2009.

Controversies of Labor Market and Employment Policy andthe Strategy of Success

R. Gvelesiani

Restrictions of labor market flexibility or its complete lack in thepast was an obstacle for meeting the new requirements. This is a problemof order policy and there is well-known labor market imperfection as well,which is reflected in less mobile employed people and not efficient com-munication. Important part of labor market problems are connected to theactivities of economic subjects. This is especially characteristic to the en-terprises, which try not to recruit new employees and to equalize enterprisefluctuations of internal employment with the personnel they have. What ismore, it seems that social measurement in an enterprise ethics is atrophied.

When using tools of employment policy, the existing problems be-come even tougher because of not-clearly formed opinions about economicpolicy concepts. From the point of stability policy, when there are structur-al problems instead of drop in aggregate demand, it becomes questionablewhether it is good to place aggregate demand components on the first placein economy. Not sufficient structural changes and slowing down of growthdynamics might cause the necessity to solve the problem by using supplypolicy oriented on medium-term. Demand oriented economic policy doesnot mean exclusion of simultaneous improvement of supply terms. What ismore, improving of frame conditions in employment might be stimulating,though it cannot lead to the faster growth.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikarevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

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demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimdinare

etapze gansakuTrebul problemas warmoadgens umuSevro-

bis maRali donis arseboba, vinaidan igi ganapirobebs

produqciis gamoSvebis dabal dones da mis arsebiT Camor-

Cenas potenciurTan SedarebiT, mosaxleobis mniSvnelo-

vani nawilis Semosavlebis Semcirebas da maTi cxovreb-

is pirobebis gauaresebas, siRaribis donis zrdas da

socialuri garemos mkveTr gauaresebas.

Sromis bazarze arsebuli monacemebis analizisas

unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul eWvs iwvevs dasaqmebulTa

raodenobis Sesaxeb arsebuli statistikuri monacemebis

obieqturoba (ix. cxrili 1). gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobas. 1990 wels

am dargSi dasaqmebuli iyo 697,2 aTasi kaci, 2003 wels ki

_ 994,9 aTasi kaci, anu 287,7 aTasiT meti. 2007 wlisaTvis,

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnulma samsaxurma, rogorc

Cans, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Sesaxeb infor-

macia daazusta, rac aisaxa maTi raodenobis SemcirebaSi

910,1 aTas kacamde. amasTan, 2008 wlidan saqarTvelos

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri gaurkveveli mosazrebe-

biT ar axorcielebs dasaqmebulTa ganawilebis gaangariSe-

bas ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT. amitom,

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 2008 wl-

saqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtissaqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtissaqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtissaqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtissaqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtis

danakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviTdanakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviTdanakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviTdanakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviTdanakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviT

28 29

isaTvis gaviangariSeT eqspertuli SefasebiT, Semdegi

martivi gaTvlebis safuZvelze: dasaqmebulTa mTliani

raodenoba 2008 wlisaTvis wina welTan SedarebiT Sem-

cirebulia 102,4 aTasi kaciT. igive sididiT SevamcireT

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobac, anu CavTva-

leT, rom dasaqmebulTa mTliani raodenobis Semcireba

moxda soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Semcirebis

xarjze. vinaidan 2007 wels soflis meurneobaSi dasaqme-

buli iyo 910,1 aTasi kaci, 2008 wlisaTvis dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba iqneba 910,1_102,4=807,7 aTasi kaci. miuxedavad

aseTi mkveTri Semcirebisa, 2008 wlisaTvis soflis meur-

neobaSi dasaqmebulTa aRniSnuli raodenoba 1990 wlis

Sesabamis maCvenebels mainc aRemateba 110,5 aTasi kaciT.

amasTan, wina 2002-2007ww wlebSi soflis meurneobaSi

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ufro mniSvnelovnad aRemate-

boda 1990 wlis analogiur maCvenebels. miuxedavad amisa,

mainc warmoudgenlad migvaCnia soflis meurneobaSi

dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis aseTi maRali maCveneblis

arseboba 2008 wlisaTvis. Cveni skepticizmi ganpirobebu-

lia imiT, rom 1990-2008 wlebSi qveynis mosaxleobis 1055

aTasi kaciT Semcirebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoe-

baSi arsebuli umwvavesi krizisuli viTarebis fonze,

gaugebaria soflad dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mkveTri

zrdis mizezebi. soflis meurneobis produqcia, 2008 wl-

isaTvis 1990 welTan SedarebiT, Semcirebulia daaxloe-

biT 48%-iT1. 1990-2008 wlebSi aseve mniSvnelovnad Sem-

cirebulia damuSavebuli saxnavi miwebis (2,14-jer), Cais

plantaciebis, venaxisa da xexilis farTobebi. aseve Sem-

cirebulia msxvilfexa (1,21-jer) da wvrilfexa rqosani

pirutyvis (2,7-jer) raodenoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare

saeWvoa, aRniSnul periodSi, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoe-

bis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis arnaxuli zrda.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, dasaqmeba

da mSp 1990-2008 wlebSi1

1990 1998 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 mosaxleobis ricxo-vnoba 1 ianvrisa-Tvis, aTasi kaci

5424,4

4504,9

4371,5

4342,6

4315,2

4321,5

4401,3

4394,7

4382,1

mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba, aTasi kaci

42,1 4,2 0,2 0,1 0,8 3,5 5,5 8,1 13,6

sul ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala), aTasi kaci

2763,3

2025,8

2104,2

2050,8

2041,0

2023,9

2021,8

1965,3

1917,8

m. S. dasaqmebuli, aTasi kaci

2763,3 1731,1 1839,2 1814,9

1783,3 1744,6 1747,3 1704,3 1601,9

umuSevari, aTasi kaci

294,7

265,0

235,9

257,6

279,3

274,5

261,0

315,8

umuSevrobis done, %

14,5

12,6

11,5

12,6

13,8

13,6

13,3

16,5

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ric-xovnoba, aTasi kaci

697,2

988,4

994,9

962,0

947,8

966,4

910,1

807,71

naTesi farTobi sul (aTasi ha)

701,9 616,1 577,0 561,0 534,0 539,6 330,2 297,2 329,3

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulebis wili dasaqmebulTa mTlian ricxovnobaSi, %

25,2

53,8

54,9

54,0

54,3

55,6

53,4

50,42

daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa ric-xovnoba, aTasi kaci

2502,6

761,8

650,9

618,5

600,9

600,5

603,9

625,4

572,4

TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, aTasi kaci

260,7

969,3

1184,9

1195,2

1181,7

1143,3

1141,6

1078,8

1028,5

TviTdasaqmebulebis wili dasaqmebulTa mTlian ricxovnobaSi, %

9,4

56,0

64,4

65.9

66,3

65,5

65,3

63,2

64,2

mSp mimdinare fase-biT, mln lari

5041 7456 8564 9824 11621 13790 16994 19070

1 statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis saministro. statistikis departamenti (1990 wlis monaceme-bi ix. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 1999. saqarTvelosstatistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb.: 1999).2 espertuli SefasebiT

1 aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaangariSebulia soflis meurneobis produ-qciis moculobis indeqsebis safuZvelze. 1990-96 wlebis monacemebi1990-96 wlebis monacemebi1990-96 wlebis monacemebi1990-96 wlebis monacemebi1990-96 wlebis monacemebi

ixileT:ixileT:ixileT:ixileT:ixileT: saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2001, saqarTvelosstatistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tb.: 2002, gv. 186. 1997-2008 wlebis1997-2008 wlebis1997-2008 wlebis1997-2008 wlebis1997-2008 wlebismonacemebi ixileT:monacemebi ixileT:monacemebi ixileT:monacemebi ixileT:monacemebi ixileT: statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009, saqarTvelosekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, gv. 171.

demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

cxrili 1.

30 31

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis ma-

Rali maCveneblis gamarTlebad SeiZleba miviCnioT is,

rom 1990 welTan SedarebiT, dabalia soflis meurneobis

teqnikuri aRWurvis done. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is,

rom soflad dasaqmebulTa raodenobis oficialuri

maCvenebeli ekonomikuri krizisis sawyis etapzeve iqna

xelovnurad amaRlebuli, anu maSin, rodesac jer kidev

SenarCunebuli iyo arsebuli teqnika. es imaze miuTiTebs,

rom problema statistikuri aRricxvis meTodSia, rom-

lis Tanaxmadac dasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela piri, m.S.

soflad mcxovrebic, romlis mSoblebsac gaaCniaT sakarmi-

damo nakveTi da romelmac ukanaskneli kviris manZilze

imuSava Tundac erTi saaTi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi umuSe-

varTa raodenoba da umuSevrobis done bevrad aRemateba

oficialurad gamoqveynebul maCvenebels. ase magaliTad,

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monace-

mebis Tanaxmad, umuSevarTa raodenobam 2008 wlisaTvis

Seadgina _ 315,8 aTasi kaci, xolo umuSevrobis donem _

16,5%. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom 2008 wlisaTvis

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1990 welTan

SedarebiT xelovnurad, TiTqmis 110,5 aTasi kaciTaa

gazrdili (wina wlebSi, mag.: 2000-2007 wlebSi es maCvene-

beli didad ufro masStaburi iyo. magaliTad, 2003 wels

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo 297,7 aTasi kaciT

meti 1990 welTan SedarebiT). amitom, migvaCnia, rom dasaqme-

bulTa es kategoria unda daematos umuSevarTa raode-

nobas, anu saqarTveloSi aranakleb 426,3 aTasi (315,8 aTass

+ 110,5 aTasi) umuSevaria.

umuSevarTa realuri ricxovnobis gasaangariSeblad

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom 2003 wlidan 2008 wlamde

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba Semcirda 1814,9 aTasidan 1601,9

aTasamde, anu 213 aTasi kaciT, xolo amave periodSi umuSe-

varTa raodenoba gaizarda mxolod 80 aTasi kaciT. is-is-is-is-is-

mis kiTxva, sad wavida samuSaodan gamonTavisuflebulimis kiTxva, sad wavida samuSaodan gamonTavisuflebulimis kiTxva, sad wavida samuSaodan gamonTavisuflebulimis kiTxva, sad wavida samuSaodan gamonTavisuflebulimis kiTxva, sad wavida samuSaodan gamonTavisuflebuli

133 aTasi kaci?133 aTasi kaci?133 aTasi kaci?133 aTasi kaci?133 aTasi kaci? es SeiZleba aixsnas samuSaodakargulTa

nawilis ucxoeTSi emigraciiT. magram Tu isini emigra-

ciaSi wavidnen, maSin mosaxleoba unda Semcirebuliyo,

vinaidan aRniSnul periodSi mosaxleobis raime mniS-

vnelovan bunebriv matebas adgili ar hqonia. Tumca, 2008

wels mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2003 welTan SedarebiT,

Aanu 5 wlis manZilze, gazrdilia 40 aTasi kaciT (aqedan

bunebrivi matebis xarjze 31,5 aTasi kaciT, arada mxolod

1990 wels aRniSnulma maCvenebelma Seadgina 42,1 aTasi

kaci). e. i. gamodis saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulTa raode-

nobis Semcirebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis zrdis fonze

qveyanaSi dabrunda 8,5 aTasi emigranti. Tu mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis Sesaxeb es monacemebi sworia1, maSin gamodis

1 mosaxleobis ricxovnobis sizustis Sesaxeb garkveuli daeWvebissafuZvels iZleva saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxurisinformacia (ix.: statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009. saqarTvelosekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro. statistikis departamenti, gv.:22), romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobam 1989wels Seadgina 5400,8 aTasi kaci, xolo 2002 wels _ 4371,5 aTasi, anu1989 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaTvis mosaxleoba Semcirebulia1029,3 aTasi kaciT. amasTan, 1989 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi qarTvelTa raode-noba Seadgenda 3787,4 aTas kacs, xolo 2002 wlisaTvis ki _ 3661,2 aTaskacs. e. i. 1989 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaTvis qarTvelTa raode-noba Semcirebulia mxolod 126,2 aTasi kaciT. aRniSnuli informa-cia realuri rom iyos Zalian kargi iqneboda, magram igi, samwuxarod,realurobisagan Zalian Sorsaa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mravaliaseuli aTasi qarTveli cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebis saZiebladucxoeTSia gasuli. es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi qarTvelTaraodenoba oficialur monacemebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad nak-lebia (amas informaciis damalva ver uSvelis, piriqiT, saWiroa gam-Wvirvaloba da saqarTveloSi qarTuli mosaxleobis dasabrunebladadekvaturi socialur-ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba), Sesa-bamisad didad naklebia saqarTvelos mosaxleobac.


32 33

rom umuSevrad darCenilma 133 aTasma kacma samuSaos

Ziebaze xeli Caiqnia da Seavso samuSaos Sovnisadmi ni-

hilisturad ganwyobili adamianebis mravalaTasiani armia,

rac miuTiTebs qveyanaSi mkveTrad arajansaRi social-

ur-ekonomikuri viTarebis arsebobaze. nebismier SemTx-

vevaSi (mniSvneloba ara aqvs umuSevrad darCenilebi em-

igraciaSi wavidnen, Tu xeli Caiqnies samuSaos Sovnaze),

migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli 133 aTasi kaci unda daematos

umuSevarTa raodenobas, vinaidan isini Tu guSin muSaobd-

nen, dResac imuSavebdnen saTanado samuSaos arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi umuSevarTa ricx-

ovnoba Seadgens 426,3+133=559,3 aTas kacs1.

amrigad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (dasaqme-amrigad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (dasaqme-amrigad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (dasaqme-amrigad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (dasaqme-amrigad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (dasaqme-

bulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis jami )bulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis jami )bulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis jami )bulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis jami )bulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis jami )

1601,9+559,3=2161,2 aTasi kacia. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevro-1601,9+559,3=2161,2 aTasi kacia. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevro-1601,9+559,3=2161,2 aTasi kacia. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevro-1601,9+559,3=2161,2 aTasi kacia. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevro-1601,9+559,3=2161,2 aTasi kacia. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevro-

bis realuri done Seadgens 26%-s da ara 16,5%-s.bis realuri done Seadgens 26%-s da ara 16,5%-s.bis realuri done Seadgens 26%-s da ara 16,5%-s.bis realuri done Seadgens 26%-s da ara 16,5%-s.bis realuri done Seadgens 26%-s da ara 16,5%-s.

umuSevrobiT ganpirobebul socialur-ekonomikur

danaxarjebs1 Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania produ-

qciis gamoSvebis moculobis Semcireba. anu umuSevrobis

donesa da produqciis gamoSvebis dones Soris arsebobs

uku damokidebuleba. kerZod, aSS-s ekonomikisaTvis dad-

genilia, rom roca faqtobrivi umuSevrobis done aRemateba

mis bunebriv dones 1%-iT, maSin mSp-is moculobis faqto-

brivi done 2,5 %-iT naklebia mis potenciur doneze2

zogierT naSromSi miTiTebulia Tanafardoba 1 : 23.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi arsebuli viTarebis ana-

lizisas, imisTvis, rom tendenciurobaSi da bunebriv

donesTan SedarebiT umuSevrobis 1%-iT zrdasa da produ-

qciis gamoSvebis Semcirebas Soris Tanafardobis gadide-

ba-gazviadebaSi ar dagvdon brali, aRniSnul Tanafar-

dobas aviRebT 1 : 2-is tolad. amasTan, ra Tqma unda,

mocemuli statia ufro moigebda postsocialisturi

saqarTvelos pirobebSi aRniSnul maCveneblebs Soris

zusti Tanafardobis dadgeniT4. es damokidebuleba cno-

bilia oukenis kanonis saxelwodebiT da igi gamoisaxeba

Semdegnairad:

1 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa i. arCvaZis mosazreba (ix.:i. arCvaZe. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis zogierTi aspeqti. Jurn.: `socialuriekonomika~, 2010w., #1). qveyanaSi umuSevarTa absoluturi donis gan-sazRvrisaTvis igi Tvlis, rom `aucilebelia qveynis teritoriazeumuSevarTa kontingents daematos qveynidan gasul SromiT migrant-Ta raodenobac~, vinaidan misi azriT `es ukanasknelni imitom gaxd-nen migrantebi, rom saqarTveloSi ver iSoves samuSao~. migvaCnia, romaRniSnuli mosazreba sworia. amasTan migvaCnia, rom ufro met da-zustebas moiTxovs avtoris mier gaangariSebuli SromiTi migrant-ebis ricxovnoba, romelic misi azriT Seadgens 800 aTas kacs, rom-lis damatebac umuSevarTa raodenobas mkveTrad zrdis. 2008 wels,1990 welTan SedarebiT, mosaxleoba Semcirebulia 1055 aTasi kaciT.aqedan okupirebuli qarTuli mxaris mier arakontrolirebad teri-toriebze darCenilia mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili _ 200-300 aTa-si kacis odenobiT. anu saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze mosax-leoba Semcirebulia daaxloebiT 800 aTasi kaciT da yvela maTganisSromiT migrantad CaTvla mizanSeuwonelia. amasTan, mosaxleobisraodenobisa da misi cvlilebis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebisarasaimedobis gaTvaliswinebiT, razec zemoT gvqonda msjeloba, Sei-Zleba aRmoCndes, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba dReisTvis oficial-urze didad naklebia da SromiTi migrantebis raodenobac aranak-leb 800 aTasia.

1 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT soliduri gamokvleva aqvT Catarebuli g.wereTelsa da n. babilaSvils naSromSi: postkomunistur qveyanaSiumuSevrobiT gamowveuli negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegebis gansazRvrisada Semcirebis gzebi~. Tb., 2004.2Ì à ê êîííåëë Ê. Ð., Áðþ Ñ .Ë. Ýêî í îì è êñ, Ò.1. Ì., 1992 ã. ñ. 160.3Í . Ì å í ê ü þ. Ì à ê ð îýêî í îì è êà, 1994 ã. ñ. 87.4saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, gansxvavebiT aSS-s ekonomikisagan, Sromatevad darge-bze modis warmoebuli mSp-is udidesi nawili. Sromis kapitalSeiaraRebisdabali donis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi aSS-sTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnaddabalia Sromis zRvruli produqti. amitom, sruliad mosalodnelia, romsaqarTveloSi bunebriv donesTan SedarebiT faqtobrivi umuSevrobis donis1%-iT amaRlebam gamoiwvios mSp-is potenciur donesTan SedarebiT misi faq-tobrivi donis CamorCena 2 %-ze naklebi sididiT, anu Cveni azriT, umuSevro-bis zrdis uaryofiTi efeqti saqarTveloSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes aSS-Si arse-bulze naklebi. magram, vinaidan saqarTveloSi ar moipoveba saTanado in-formacia umuSevrobis zrdasa da produqciis gamoSvebis Semcirebas SorisTanafardobis Sesaxeb, amitom, umuSevrobiT gamowveul danakargebze garkveu-li warmodgenis Seqmnis mizniT, aRniSnul Tanafardoba, Cven pirobiTad aviReTaSS-is ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel minimalur _ 1 : 2_is tol doneze.....


34 35

(Y-Yp )/Yp= - ß(U-Ue) (1)sadac Y – mTliani Siga produqtis faqtobrivi moc-

ulobaa,

Yp - mSp-is potenciuri done;U – umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done;Ue – umuSevrobis bunebrivi done,;ß – oukenis koeficientia, romelic Cvens SemTxvevaSi

2-is tolia.

2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is danakargebs (mSp-is CamorCe-

nas potenciur donesTan SedarebiT), upirveles yovlisa,

Cven gaviangariSebT, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuris mier dadgenili umuSevrobis faqtobrivi donis

safuZvelze, Semdeg ki, Cvens mier eqspertuli Sefasebis

gziT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis donis mixedviT. amasTan,

umuSevrobis bunebriv dones saqarTvelosaTvis CavTvliT

10%-is tolad, anu xelovnurad aviReT misi rac SeiZleba

maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, raTa amiT gamoiricxos

umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis mis realur donesTan (rom-

lis Sesaxeb informacia statistikis erovnul samsax-

urs ar gaaCnia) SedarebiT Semcirebis uaryofiTi zegav-

lena produqciis gamoSvebis moculobaze.

2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is moculobam Seadgina 19070 mln

lari, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier

gaangariSebulma umuSevrobis donem _ 16,5%, umuSevrobis

Cvens mier gaangariSebulma donem ki _ 26%. aRniSnuli

mniSvnelobebi CasmiT gantolebaSi (1) miviRebT:

1. (19070 _ Yp)/ Yp= _ 2(0,165_0,1), saidanac, martivi gardaqm-nebis safuZvelze miviRebT, rom Yp=21919 mln lars. e. i.

radgan 2008 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis

faqtobrivi (oficialuri) done 6,5%-iT aRemateba mis

bunebriv dones (10%-s), amitom mSp-is moculobis danakargma

amave wlisaTvis Seadgina 2849,5 mln lari (2,85 mlrd

lari), anu umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done misi bunebrivi

donis toli rom yofiliyo, maSin 2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is

moculoba 15%-iT meti iqneboda statistikis samsaxuris

mier gaangariSebul donesTan SedarebiT1. amasTan, aRniS-

nuli wlisaTvis mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT

warmoebuli mSp-c 650 lariT meti iqneboda mis faqto-

briv doneze.

2. (19070 _ Yp)/ Yp= _ 2(0,26_0,1), saidanac, martivi gardaqm-nebis safuZvelze miviRebT, rom Yp=28044 mln lars. e. i.

radgan 2008 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis

faqtobrivi (Cveni eqspertuli SefasebiT) done 16%-iT

aRemateba mis bunebriv dones (10%-s), amitom mSp-is mocu-

lobis danakargi 2008 wlisaTvis Seadgens 8974 mln lars

(8,97 mlrd lars), anu umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done mis

bunebriv doneze rom darCeniliyo, maSin 2008 wlisaTvis

mSp-is moculoba 47%-iT meti iqneboda statistikis sam-

saxuris mier gaangariSebul donesTan SedarebiT. amasTan,

aRniSnuli wlisaTvis mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSe-

biT warmoebuli mSp-c 2048 lariT meti iqneboda mis

faqtobriv doneze.

1 n. lacabiZisa da m. carciZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad (ix. Jurn.:ekonomika da biznesi~, 2009w, #2, marti-aprili. gv.: 66-74), 2007 welsumuSevrobiT gamowveulma ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina mSp-is 17,25 %. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom aRniSnul statiaSi av-torebi umuSevrobis bunebriv doned iReben 6%-s, xolo bunebrivdonesTan SedarebiT umuSevrobis 1%-iT zrdasa da produqciis ga-moSvebis Semcirebas Soris Tanafardobas ki 1 : 2,5 _is tol sidided,rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis mSp-is danakargebs. Tu 2008 wlisTvisacTu 2008 wlisTvisacTu 2008 wlisTvisacTu 2008 wlisTvisacTu 2008 wlisTvisacaRniSnuli sabazo maCveneblebis safuZvelze viangariSebT mSp-isaRniSnuli sabazo maCveneblebis safuZvelze viangariSebT mSp-isaRniSnuli sabazo maCveneblebis safuZvelze viangariSebT mSp-isaRniSnuli sabazo maCveneblebis safuZvelze viangariSebT mSp-isaRniSnuli sabazo maCveneblebis safuZvelze viangariSebT mSp-isdanakargebs,danakargebs,danakargebs,danakargebs,danakargebs, maSin (1) maSin (1) maSin (1) maSin (1) maSin (1) gantoleba miiRebs saxes: (1 gantoleba miiRebs saxes: (1 gantoleba miiRebs saxes: (1 gantoleba miiRebs saxes: (1 gantoleba miiRebs saxes: (19070 _9070 _9070 _9070 _9070 _ Yp)/ Yp= _= _= _= _= _2,5(0,165_0,06),2,5(0,165_0,06),2,5(0,165_0,06),2,5(0,165_0,06),2,5(0,165_0,06), saidanac martivi gardaqmnebis gziT miviRebT, romsaidanac martivi gardaqmnebis gziT miviRebT, romsaidanac martivi gardaqmnebis gziT miviRebT, romsaidanac martivi gardaqmnebis gziT miviRebT, romsaidanac martivi gardaqmnebis gziT miviRebT, romYp=25857,6 mln =25857,6 mln =25857,6 mln =25857,6 mln =25857,6 mln lars. e.i. mSp-is danakargi aRniSnuli wlisTvislars. e.i. mSp-is danakargi aRniSnuli wlisTvislars. e.i. mSp-is danakargi aRniSnuli wlisTvislars. e.i. mSp-is danakargi aRniSnuli wlisTvislars. e.i. mSp-is danakargi aRniSnuli wlisTvisSeadgens 6787,6 mln Seadgens 6787,6 mln Seadgens 6787,6 mln Seadgens 6787,6 mln Seadgens 6787,6 mln lars,lars,lars,lars,lars, anu 2008 anu 2008 anu 2008 anu 2008 anu 2008 wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulma wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulma wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulma wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulma wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulmaekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina faqtobrivi mSp-is 35,6 %.ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina faqtobrivi mSp-is 35,6 %.ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina faqtobrivi mSp-is 35,6 %.ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina faqtobrivi mSp-is 35,6 %.ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina faqtobrivi mSp-is 35,6 %.


36 37

rogorc analizidan Cans, nebismier SemTxvevaSi sak-

maod maRalia umuSevrobis realuri danaxarjebi, Tumca,

eqspertuli Sefasebis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli

umuSevrobis donis (romelic zemoTaRniSnuli mizezeb-

is gaTvaliswinebiT ufro realurad migvaCnia) danaxar-

jebi didad ufro STambeWdavia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

analogiuri situaciaa danarCen wlebSic (1991 wlidan

dRemde), rac miuTiTebs, jer erTi, dasaqmebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli statistikuri informaciis arasaimedobaze da

meore, umuSevrobis maRali doniT (realuris da ara

oficialuris) gamowveul mSp-is moculobis uzarmazar

danakargebze.

GDP LOSSES ACCORDING TO OKUN’S LAWD. Kvaratskhelia

At the current stage of economic development high rate of unemploymentis a special problem as it conditions law level of production and its significant lagcompared with the potential, reduction of the incomes of the significant part ofpopulation and worsening of their life conditions, increase of the poverty leveland dramatic worsening of the social environment.

The article provides calculation of GDP loss due to increase of actualunemployment rate over the natural rate of unemployment. GDP loss calculatedon the basis of the available official data on actual rate of unemployment for year2008 comprised GEL 2.85 billions, or 15% of the actual GDP. GDP loss calculat-ed on the basis of actual rate of unemployment as per expert evaluation for thesame year was GEL 8.97 billions, or 47% of actual GDP.

On the basis of the mentioned analysis we can see that in any case, actualcosts of unemployment are quite high though costs calculated on the basis ofexpert evaluation are much more impressive. It should be also noted that thesituation was similar in the other years as well (period from 1991 up to present),pointing to huge losses of GDP in result of high rate of unemployment (actualand not official).

demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

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fulis arsisa da funqciebisfulis arsisa da funqciebisfulis arsisa da funqciebisfulis arsisa da funqciebisfulis arsisa da funqciebis

sakiTxisaTvis*sakiTxisaTvis*sakiTxisaTvis*sakiTxisaTvis*sakiTxisaTvis*

ufulo eri erTa Soris da ufulo kaciufulo eri erTa Soris da ufulo kaciufulo eri erTa Soris da ufulo kaciufulo eri erTa Soris da ufulo kaciufulo eri erTa Soris da ufulo kaci

adamianTa Soris, ymaa fulianisaadamianTa Soris, ymaa fulianisaadamianTa Soris, ymaa fulianisaadamianTa Soris, ymaa fulianisaadamianTa Soris, ymaa fulianisa

iliailiailiailiailia

gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz labartyavalabartyavalabartyavalabartyavalabartyava

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

fulis mecnieruli kvleva da Seswavla kacobrio-

bis uZveles problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. sagulisx-

moa, rom fulma Tavidanve miipyro sazogadoebis yura-

dReba. mecnierebis mravali problema fulis, rogorc

ekonomikuri kategoriis ganxilvas ukavSirdeba. dawyebu-

li antikuri samyaros udidesi civilizaciidan, fulis

fenomeni yvela drois swavlulTa yuradRebis centrSia

da mas dResac TvalsaCino adgili ukavia ekonomikis, fi-

nansebisa da fulis TeoriaSi.

fuli – samarTlianad iTvleba ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis umniSvnelovanes mignebad, igi civilizaciis didi

aRmoCena da monapovaria. saocaria, rom adamianebi yve-

lafers akeTeben fulisaTvis da fulic TiTqmis yve-

lafers akeTebs adamianebisaTvis1. fuliT siamovnebis miRe-

ba misgan ganTavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. fuls,

* redaqciisagan: problemis avtoriseuli dasma originaluria dasaintereso, Tumca, midgoma marqsistulia. marqsistuli moZRvrebamsoflio ekonomikuri azris mniSvnelovani Senakadia da mas aqvsarsebobis ufleba. amitomac, redaqciam mizanSewonilad miiCnia statiisgamoqveyneba.1 kembel r. makkoneli, stenli l. briu. ekonomiqsi. naw. II, Tb., 1993, gv. 175.

38 39

dedamiwis msgavsad, didi mimzidvelobis Zala aqvs. saba-

zro ekonomikis funqcionirebis gagebisaTvis ar arse-

bobs fulis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaze ufro mniS-

vnelovani fenomeni. fuls xSirad da samarTlianad „ba-

zris enas” uwodeben1. onore de balzaki miiCnevda, rom

„fuli – esaa meeqvse grZnoba, romelic Cven nebas gva-

Zlevs davtkbeT danarCeni xuTiT”. ufro zustad da mok-

led gansazRvravdnen mas ekonomistebi. adam smiTi fuls

uwodebda „mimoqcevis borbals”, karl marqsi ki – „say-

ovelTao eqvivalents”2. fuli is RerZia, romlis irgvliv

trialebs ekonomika3. erTi sityviT, fuls yvelaze meti

Zala aqvs, fuli yvelaferia. da mainc, mis Sesaxeb sazoga-

doebisaTvis yvelaferi cnobili rodia. fuli ufro me-

tia, vidre ekonomikuri sistemis romelime komponenti.

kargad momuSave fuladi sistema ganapirobebs qveynis

Zlierebas da piriqiT. fuli yvelasi da yovelives yve-

laze didi momTvinierebelia. aseve ar SeiZleba imis

daviwyeba, rom fuli yvelaze didi eqspluatatoria. aqedan

gamomdinare, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT fulis, rogorc

eqspluataciis saSualebis funqciaze. es funqcia sak-

maod Zvelia, mas istoriuli fesvebi gaaCnia. igi moswons

Tu ara vinmes, amis Sesaxeb msjeloba zedmetia. erTi ram

ki cxadia – fuls yvela etaneba. amasTan, fulis yvela

patroni, rogorc damqiravebeli subieqti, potenciuri eqs-

pluatatoria. fulis es funqcia yovelTvis saxezea. igi

damqiravebelsa da daqiravebul subieqtebs Soris kon-

traqtiTac ganmtkicebulia. Cven yvela, fulis am funqci-

is personaJebi varT, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, yvela vaRi-

arebT mas. igi aSenebs, marTavs qveyanas da sicocxles

amkvidrebs yvelgan. fuli am funqciis gareSe Tavis arss

kargavs da ubralo eqsponatad gadaiqceva. adamianebs

araferi ise Tavisuflad ar emsaxureba, rogorc fuli,

Cvens yofaSi, cxadia, masze ufro mobiluri da efeqtiani

saSualeba ar arsebobs. fulis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis

da SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad, ar arsebobs calke aRebu-

li fulis instituti. banki am funqcias TiTqos asrulebs,

magram is dRes fulis srulyofil instituts mainc ar

warmoadgens. amdenad, fulis specialuri institutebis

Seqmna drois aucilebeli moTxovnaa.

kapitalizmi – es sabazro ekonomikaa1. ubedureba

isaa, Cven mTeli 70 weli vebrZodiT kapitalizms, axla ki

did mowiwebiT mas veltviT. yovelgvar am cvlilebebSi

fuls arc Tavisi saxe daukargavs da arc Sinaarsi imit-

om, rom igi yovelTvis Tavisi funqciebis erTguli rCe-

boda.

fuli, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualeba, orientiria,

romelic sabazro sistemas erTgulad emsaxureba sazoga-

doebis yvela ekonomikur sistemaSi. fulis am funqciis

Zala saTanadod jer kidev araa Sefasebuli, radgan igi

zedapirze ar devs, aramed Rrmad Cafluli da CaxlarTu-

lia mis arsSi, rac fulis yvelaze aqtiuri funqciaa.

samwuxaroa, rom misi rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

sazogadoebam Zalian cota icis. fulis am funqcias, iseve

rogorc yvela sxvas, fasTa sistema aregulirebs. yovel-

gvari eqspluataciis saboloo Sedegi fuls ukavSirde-

ba, fuliT anazRaurdeba da gaizomeba. ai, manqanebis, Sro-

1 Ý. Äæ. Ä îë à í, Ê.Ä. Êýì áåëë, Ð. Äæ. Êýì áåëë. Äåíüãè, Áàíêî âñêî å Äå ë î èÄå í å æ í î-Êðåäèòíàÿ Ï îëèòèêà. ÑÏÁ, 1994, ñ. 8.2 Ýêî í îì è êà. Ó÷åáíèê ï îä ðåäàêöèåé ä îöå íòà À. Ñ. Áóëàòî âà. Ì ., 1997, ñ. 399.3 ekonomikuri Teoria. g. adeiSvilisa da r. asaTianis redaqciiT.

Tb., 1998, gv. 59.1kembel r. makoneli. stenli l. briu. ekonomiksi. naw. I, Tb., 1993, gv. 92.

gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz gulTaz labartyavalabartyavalabartyavalabartyavalabartyava ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

40 41


mis sagnebis eqspluataciac ki – fulis meSveobiT xor-

cieldeba. xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom TviT fulis meSve-

obiT xdeba ara marto adamianis mier adamianis eqsplu-

atacia da yvlefa, aramed aseve TviT adamiani axdens fulis

eqspluatacias, yvlefas da a.S. mokled rom vTqvaT, visac

fuli aqvs is batonobs adamianebsa da bunebazec. dRes,

vfiqrobT, am WeSmaritebas mtkiceba ar sWirdeba. igi aqsi-

omaa, Tumc, misi sabolood aRiareba jer kidev ar momx-

dara.

monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi, kapitalizmi, saba-

zro ekonomika – es eqspluataciaze agebuli da dafuZneb-

uli sistemebia. maTi sicocxlisunarianoba fulis meS-

veobiT xorcieldeba. fulia is iaraRi, romliTac isini

eqspluatacias axdenen. amitomac fuli warmoadgens eqs-

pluataciis saSualebas. bunebrivia, igi am niadagze war-

moiSva da am funqcias asrulebs. waarTviT fuls es fun-

qcia da igi dakargavs sicocxlis yvela niSans, mas sx-

vanairad arseboba ar SeuZlia. formulac f – f1 amas

cxadyofs da gamoxatavs. eqspluatacia yovelTvis ar

SeiZleba gvesmodes, rogorc uaryofiTi faqtori, mas didi

sazogadoebrivi efeqtis moxdenis unari aqvs, kacobrio-

bis istoriaSi amis ara erTi da ori magaliTia. ubral-

od, saocaria fulis buneba, misi orientacia. igi eqsplu-

ataciis saSualebaa, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi garegnu-

lad araviTar wyenas ar imsaxurebs. piriqiT, rogorc

wesi, eqspluataciis procesSi warmoqmnili yvela winaaRm-

degoba Cveulebriv fulis meSveobiT wydeba. am urTier-

TobebSi, fuli, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualeba, gan-

sakuTrebul rols asrulebs. yovelgvar borotebas da

sikeTes Tu rame iwvevs da kurnavs es, upirveles yovlisa,

mxolod fulia.

fulis funqciebi TiTqos SezRudulia. misi gamoS-

vebis ufleba yvelas ara aqvs, magram, miuxedavad amisa,

misi daTrgunva veravin SeZlo. radganac igi TviT aris

eqspluataciis saSualeba. fuls Tavisi axirebuloba gaaC-

nia. igi Rirseul partniorebs eZebs mxolod, uRirsebs

saerTod ar uCerdeba. radgan maT ar ician jerovnad

fulis fasi da yadri. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

vinc fulsa Wris, mas yvelaze meti fuli unda hqondes,

magram ase rodia. imis gamo, rom igi fuls Stampavs ara

piradi moxmarebisTvis, aramed sazogadoebis interesebis

uzrunvelsayofad, TviT fulis mwarmoebeli muSac ki

daqiravebulia da eqspluataciis subieqts warmoadgens.

fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis funqcia,

vfiqrobT, sruliadac araa misi axali funqcia. am azrs

seriozuli safuZveli aqvs. adre, am funqciis Sesaxeb

gamokveTilad, calsaxad arafers laparakobdnen, Tumca,

misi arsebobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani Sromebi iwerebo-

da. ase, magaliTad, karl marqsis „daqiravebuli Sroma da

kapitali” fulis TiTqmis am funqciis erTgvar asaxvas

warmoadgens.

TanmimdevrobiT mivyveT marqsis msjelobas. muSa

yidis kapitalistze Tavis samuSao Zalas da mis nacv-

lad Rebulobs xelfass. xelfasi aris daxarjuli Sro-

mis fuladi anazRaureba, e.i. muSis saboloo mizani fulia,

Tumca, is daxarjuli Sromis sruli, mTliani anazRaure-

ba araa. amdenad igi, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, eqs-

pluataciis saSualebas warmoadgens.

fulis am Tvisebis siRrmiseuli gamokvleva dRemde

aravis Cautarebia. fulis dauokebuli survilia gaxdes

imaze meti, vidre TviTonaa. es formulidanac kargad Cans:

42 43

f – f1. fuli yovelTvis iswrafvis gaxdes f1, anu kapita-

li.

fuli, rogorc universaluri saqoneli, kapitalia.

misi Sinagani buneba mogebis maqsimizebisken iltvis, rac

eqspluataciis gareSe SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes. amde-

nad, fulis da kapitalis, rogorc eqspluataciis funqci-

is, identuroba ubralod damTxvevis Sedegi ki ar aris,

aramed maCvenebelia imisa, rom fulis rogorc eqspluat-

aciis saSualebis funqcia Tavs iCens yvelgan da igi

sazogadoebrivi warmoebis da misi ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-

van faqtorad unda miviCnioT.

sazogadoebis nebismieri ekonomikuri wyobileba eqs-

pluataciazea agebuli. amitomac, arsebobs ori subieqti:

damqiravebeli da daqiravebuli, anu eqspluatatori da

eqspluatirebuli. amdenad, sadavos ar unda warmoadgen-

des fulis rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis funqciis

aRiareba. damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulis kontraqtis

Sinaarsic amas cxadyofs. amasTan, ar SeiZleba imis davi-

wyeba, rom mxolod daqiravebuli qmnis yovelgvar Rire-

bulebas.

sazogadoebam fulis gamoyeneba kargad iswavla, ma-

gram fulis arsis Sesaxeb mas jerjerobiT srulyofili

warmodgena ara aqvs. swored amis Sedegia Cveni dRevan-

deli yofac. ubralo mevaxSeobidan dawyebuli, fuli

yovelTvis eqspluataciis saSualebas warmoadgenda. moge-

ba, sargebeli, saqonlis realizacia „usamarTlo fasiT”

da a.S. yvelaferi es eqspluataciaa da amasTan, misi do-

nis maCvenebelic.

nebismieri „samarTliani fasidan” gadaxra eqsplu-

ataciaa. termini – „samarTliani fasi” pirvelad wamoay-

ena Sua saukuneebis erTerTma TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma

hiponis (CrdiloeT afrika) episkoposma augustinim (354–

430 ww.)1.

sagulisxmoa, rom TviT adamianic eqspluatatoru-

li bunebisaa. igi eqspluatacias uwevs ara marto bunebas,

cxovelebs, sagnebs, nivTebs, aramed yvelafers, maT Soris

TviT adamiansac ki. adamianis es buneba ubralo faqtori

rodia. igi imdenad gamjdaria masSi, rom mis gareSe ad-

amianis cxovreba warmoudgenelia. SeiZleba iTqvas, igi

misi cxovrebis Sinaarsia. amdenad, fulis macocxlebeli

da mastimulirebeli mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. SemTx-

veviTi rodia is garemoeba, rom filosofiaSi, arc Tu

iSviaTad, adamianis kategorias, rogorc borot arsebas,

ganixilaven, vidre keTils.

praqtika cxadyofs, rom qveyanaSi fulis masis nak-

leboba iwvevs ara marto fulis SimSils, aramed

ekonomikis funqciebis moSlas. iseve rogorc patara

mdinareSi, sadac koWebamde wyalia, ar SeiZleba curvis

swavla, an roca navsadgurSi didi gemebis Semosasvle-

lad ar aris saTanado wyalwyva, aseve sabazro ekonomi-

kaze gadasvla SeuZlebelia fulis garkveuli raodeno-

bis, aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, zedmeti masis gareSec ki. amas

Tu davumatebT im garemoebas, rom saqarTveloSi mimo-

qcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis 80%-ze meti, rogorc wesi, banke-

bSi ar brundeba da ar gamoiyeneba daniSnulebisamebr,

yvelaferi cxadi iqneba.

aSS-s zedmeti dolarebi aqvs, amitomac is yvelas

donori qveyanaa. sxvanairad mas am funqciis Sesruleba

gauWirdeboda. amiT aSS erTgvarad uzrunvelyofs misi

qveynis valutis mdgradobas.


1 Òâîðå íèÿ Áîæå í í î ãî Àâãóñòèíà Åïèñêî ï à È ï î í è è ñ êî ãî , Êèåâ, 1911.

44 45

fuli rom sazogadoebrivi movlenaa amaSi eWvis Set-

anac ar SeiZleba, magram ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos am

sazogadoebrivi movlenis, fulis, rogorc eqspluataci-

is funqciis Sesaxeb. fuli, upirveles yovlisa, Rebulobs

e.w. xelfasis saxes da Semdeg, faqtobrivad, asrulebs mis

sxva funqciebs. amitomac, eqspluatacia fulis upirvele-

si funqciaa. Sesabamisad, ganmarteba – „xelfasi aris dax-

arjuli Sromis mxolod anazRaureba”, arazustia. xel-

fasi daxarjuli Sromis mxolod nawilia. xelfasi rom

srulad mieces mis mesakuTres, maSin ar Seiqmneboda mogeba,

rasac qmnis mxolod cocxali Sroma.

sayovelTaod miRebulia msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom

fuli gansakuTrebuli saqonelia, magram ar xsnian fu-

lis am gansakuTrebulobas. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara –

eqspluataciis saSualeba, rac sayovelTao xasiaTis ma-

tarebelia. aba sxva romel urTierTobaze SeiZleba lapar-

aki, rom fuli eqspluataciis saSualebas ar warmoadgen-

des? fuli warmoiSva pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis

wiaRSi. swored fulma ganapiroba pirvelyofili Temuri

wyobilebis daSla da axali sazogadoebis warmoSoba,

romelic dafuZnebulia eqspluataciaze.

eqspluataciis fuladi forma xels uwyobs eqsplu-

ataciaze agebuli sxvadasxva ekonomikuri formaciis

warmoSobas. fuli, romelmac Seisisxlxorca eqspluat-

aciis sayovelTao eqvivalenturi funqcia, ar atarebs Tavis

namdvil saxels, rac didi usamarTlobaa. fuli Tavisi

warmoSobis pirveli dRidanve asrulebs am funqcias, es

misi monopoliuri funqciaa. amitomac, SemTxveviTi rodia,

rom Cven yvelani fulis nebsiTi, Tu uneblie monebi varT.

fuli imdenad SeniRbulia, rom am funqcias TiTqmis

ar amJRavnebs. ramdeni saukune gavida, magram amis Sesaxeb

Riad TiTqmis aravin msjelobs. es funqcia, marTalia, zeda-

pirze ar devs, magram fulis specialistebma igi unda

ipovon da aRmoaCinon. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, fulis

arsisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebas swori war-

modgena arasodes eqneba.

saerTod, mkvlevar-ekonomistebi Zalian bevrs

msjeloben fulis funqciebze, magram aravin TiTqmis

arafers ambobs fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis,

funqciaze.

amitomac, naTeli da sruli warmodgena sazogadoe-

baSi fulis Sesaxeb jer kidev sabolood Camouyalibebe-

lia.

fuli universaluri funqciis matarebelia. igi rom

sayovelTao saqonelia, dRes es aqsiomaa, magram Cven rom

fulis mepatrone gavxdeT, amisTvis saWiroa, upirveles

yovlisa, gavyidoT saqoneli an gadavcvaloT igi fulze,

e.i. movaxdinoT gaweuli eqspluataciis realizacia.

da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti. miuxedavad

imisa, rom Cven didi sagareo vali gvaqvs misi araefeqti-

anad gamoyenebis gamo, axla tvins viWyletT imaze, rogorme

movaxerxoT, rom es valebi Camogvaweron. Tanaxma varT

gvaRiaron Ratak da damSeul qveynad, oRond, am valebi-

sgan ganvTavisufldeT. es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Cven

unda viswavloT fulis gonivruli gamoyeneba. am sak-

iTxs msoflio ekonomikaSi metad prioritetuli mniS-

vneloba eZleva. fulis gamoyenebis xelovneba pirdapir

ukavSirdeba fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis,

funqcias. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas dakargvis an gaufa-

surebis saSiSroeba elodeba.

praqtikulad yvela ekonomikuri sistema ara marto

iyenebs fuls, aramed agebulia masze. fuli mraval fun-


46 47


qcias asrulebs, magram upirvelesi misi funqciaa eqs-

pluataciis saSualebis funqcia. es funqcia rom ar yo-

filiyo, maSin sazogadoebaSi arc gafarToebul kvlavwar-

moebas eqneboda adgili da arc dazogvis funqcias da

sistemas. amdenad, fulis rogorc eqspluataciis funq-

cia xasiaTdeba rigi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi TvisebiT.

amitom, zedmeti produqtis cnebac pirobiTia, igi mniS-

vnelovnad fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis,

funqcias ukavSirdeba. sargebelic fulis eqspluataci-

is Sedegia. amdenad, fulis es funqcia mravali aspeqtiT

gvevlineba. cxadia, fulis gareSe cxovrebaSi TiTqmis

arafris gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. fuli faqtobrivad yve-

lafris wanamZRvars warmoadgens. fuli ara marto eqs-

pluataciis saSualeba, aramed misi dafarvis saSualeba-

caa. amitomac igi dRemde SeumCneveli da auRiarebelia.

praqtikaSi warmoSobili yovelgvari krizisis daZleva

mxolod fulis meSveobiT xdeba, magram, sanam es aqti

ganxorcieldebodes, sazogadoebas srulyofili warmod-

gena unda hqondes fulisa da misi funqciebis Sesaxeb.

damqiravebelsa da daqiravebul subieqts araferi ise ar

akavSirebs da amoZravebs, rogorc fuli. sanam raime saqone-

li an produqcia Seiqmneba, manam aucilebelia gaform-

des xelSekruleba – kontraqti, anu aqti eqspluataciis

Sesaxeb. am eqspluataciis anazRaureba da gamoxatvac

mxolod fuliT xdeba. amitomac fulis rogorc eqsplu-

ataciis saSualebis, funqcia aris fulis upirvelesi

funqcia.

is faqti, rom sxvadasxva qveyanas sxvadasxva valuta

aqvs, maTi msyidvelobiTunarianobis xarisxic sxvadasx-

vaa, niSnavs, rom maTi eqspluataciis unaric gansxvavebu-

lia, rac uSualo gavlenas axdens cxovrebis doneze, sa-

muSao Zalis, saqonlis fasze da a.S. amitomac arsebobs

saerTaSoriso savaluto, Sromis da saqonlis bazrebi.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, rode-

sac nebismier CvenTagans sadme muSaobis dawyeba uxdeba,

igi nebiT Tu uneblied, iZulebulia xeli moaweros kon-

traqts damqiravebelTan, rogorc daqiravebulma. amiT Cven

ukve ara marto vaRiarebT fulis rogorc eqspluataci-

is funqcias, aramed misi „msxverpli” vxdebiT da mxars

vuWerT mas. e.i. eqspluatacia xdeba ara iZulebiT, aramed

garigebis formiT da saxiT demokratiuli da liber-

aluri sawyisebis safuZvelze. rom ara fuli, sxvanairad

eqspluatacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitomac, SemTxvevi-

Ti rodia gavrcelebuli gamoTqma – „Cven, yvela fulis

monebi varT”. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze amis aRi-

areba WeSmaritebaa.

Cveni bedniereba isaa, rom fulis Teoriuli anal-

izi fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis aRiareb-

is SesaZleblobas iZleva. amis mecnierulad dasabuTeba

da argumentireba arc Tu ise Znelia da Tu am saqmes

bolomde miviyvanT, amiT fulis TeoriaSi kidev erTi

didi nabiji iqneba win gadadgmuli.

dRes ki, fulis am bunebis (funqciis) dafarva aravis

argebs da arc sWirdeba, miTumetes mecnierebas. es dro

ukve istoriis kuTvnileba gaxda. amitomac, WeSmaritebas

farda unda aexados, bolosdabolos yvelafers Tavisi

saxeli unda daerqvas.

dabolos, daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom fuli ka-

cobriobis didi sazogadoebrivi aRmoCena da gamogonebaa,

rameTu yvela sxva aRmoCenisaTvis fuli aucilebeli wan-

amZRvaria. fulis rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis


48 49

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adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

reformareformareformareformareforma

jamleT SaTiriSvilijamleT SaTiriSvilijamleT SaTiriSvilijamleT SaTiriSvilijamleT SaTiriSvili

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,

leona SaTiriSvilileona SaTiriSvilileona SaTiriSvilileona SaTiriSvilileona SaTiriSvili

saqarTvelos parlamentis staJiorisaqarTvelos parlamentis staJiorisaqarTvelos parlamentis staJiorisaqarTvelos parlamentis staJiorisaqarTvelos parlamentis staJiori

mimdinare wlis TebervalSi, gazeT ̀ kviris palitra~-

Si gamoqveynda sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _

èfeqtiani mmarTvelobis sistemis da teritoriuli mowy-

obis reformis centris~ mier gaeros ganviTarebis pro-

gramis (UNDP) mxardaWeriTa da SvedeTis saerTaSoriso

ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (SIDA) finan-

suri xelSewyobiT SemuSavebuli proeqti _ ̀ adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia~.

avtorTa TqmiT, aRniSnuli dokumenti `gansazRvravs

mmarTvelobis sistemis decentralizaciisa da adgilo-

brivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo poli-

tikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs~ da misi mizania àdgilo-

brivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saSualovadiani kon-

cefciis gansazRvra da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

sistemis Camoyalibeba àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

evropuli qartiis~ principebis Sesabamisad~.1

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom TviTm-

marTveloba, rogorc erTiani mmarTvelobiTi sistemis Se-

madgeneli nawili, sivrciTi arealis mixedviT, sxvadasxva

masStabiT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili, kerZod: sasoflo

1 adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia(proeqti). gaz. `kviris palitra,~ 2010w. 1-7 Tebervali.


funqcia, upirvelesi funqciaa, radgan yvela sxva funqcia,

met-naklebad, mxolod maszea damokidebuli.

THE ESSENCE OF MONEY AND ITS FUNCTIONS

G.. Labartkava

The article presents the opinion that at all stages of the human soci-ety development money has been not only the motive power phenomenonof public life, but also the exploitation medium. Moreover, the key func-tion of money is the exploitation function which determines all its otherfunctions. Correspondingly, any economic system of the society is basedon exploitation. Adequately money performs the universal function of ex-ploitation medium since its creation. Only in this way the universal andcomprehensive essence of money can be scientifically explained.


50 51

(saTemo) da sadabo TviTmmarTveloba, raionuli da saqalaqo

TviTmmarTveloba, avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis (respubli-

ka, olqi) TviTmmarTveloba, samxareo da regionuli TviT-

mmarTveloba da sxv.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba gulisxmobs saxelm-

wifo mmarTvelobis sistemis decentralizaciasdecentralizaciasdecentralizaciasdecentralizaciasdecentralizacias qveynis

administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis WriliT, anu

adgilobrivi mmarTveli organoebisaTvis TavianT teri-

toriul danayofSi saqmianobis marTvis sruli uflebam-

osilebis miniWebas (maTi kompetenciis farglebSi) da am

saqmianobis Sedegebze aseve sruli pasuxismgeblobis dak-

isrebas.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, upirveles yovlisa,

unda ganvixiloT rogorc qveyanaSi demokratiis ganvi-qveyanaSi demokratiis ganvi-qveyanaSi demokratiis ganvi-qveyanaSi demokratiis ganvi-qveyanaSi demokratiis ganvi-

Tarebis da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrun-Tarebis da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrun-Tarebis da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrun-Tarebis da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrun-Tarebis da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrun-

velyofis safuZvelTa safuZveli da misi aucilebelivelyofis safuZvelTa safuZveli da misi aucilebelivelyofis safuZvelTa safuZveli da misi aucilebelivelyofis safuZvelTa safuZveli da misi aucilebelivelyofis safuZvelTa safuZveli da misi aucilebeli

winapirobawinapirobawinapirobawinapirobawinapiroba.

TviTmmarTveloba, romelic didi ilias TqmiT, `uke-

Tesi wamalia xalxis yovelgvari saWiroebisa~, yvelgan

(da yovelTvis) saWiro da aucilebelia, radgan igi war-

mogvidgeba qveynis `nawil-nawil~ dayofis gziT misi ‘mov-

la-patronobis gaadvilebis~ saukeTeso da, SeiZleba iTq-

vas, Seucvlel (ualternativo) saSualebad.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT da misgan gamom-

dinare, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba da misi ganviTare-

bis strategia unda efuZnebodes mmarTvelobis sistemis

decentralizacias da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikas, mis ZiriTad mimar-

Tulebebs, romelic, rogorc wesi, drois garkveul peri-

odze (4-5 weliwadze) unda iyos gawerili.

amdenad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifoadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifoadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifoadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifoadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifo

strategiaSi igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis sistemis decen-strategiaSi igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis sistemis decen-strategiaSi igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis sistemis decen-strategiaSi igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis sistemis decen-strategiaSi igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis sistemis decen-

tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganvi-tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganvi-tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganvi-tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganvi-tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganvi-

Tarebis saxelmwifo politika, romelic, faqtobrivad,Tarebis saxelmwifo politika, romelic, faqtobrivad,Tarebis saxelmwifo politika, romelic, faqtobrivad,Tarebis saxelmwifo politika, romelic, faqtobrivad,Tarebis saxelmwifo politika, romelic, faqtobrivad,

warmoadgens drois garkveul periodze samoqmedo geg-warmoadgens drois garkveul periodze samoqmedo geg-warmoadgens drois garkveul periodze samoqmedo geg-warmoadgens drois garkveul periodze samoqmedo geg-warmoadgens drois garkveul periodze samoqmedo geg-

mis saxiT gawerili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobismis saxiT gawerili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobismis saxiT gawerili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobismis saxiT gawerili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobismis saxiT gawerili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

srulyofis (reformis) saSualovadian koncefciassrulyofis (reformis) saSualovadian koncefciassrulyofis (reformis) saSualovadian koncefciassrulyofis (reformis) saSualovadian koncefciassrulyofis (reformis) saSualovadian koncefcias.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi, rogorc marTvis

aucilebeli qveda rgolebi, evropis qveyenebSi efeqtianad

axorcieleben iseT uflebamosilebebs, rogoricaa:

• mosaxleobis eleqtronergiiT, wyliTa da bunebrivi

airiT momaragebis uzrunvelyofa;

• narCenebis marTva da utilizacia;

• pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gaweva;

• sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva;• mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofa;

• adgilobrivi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

dagegmva;

• sivrciTi teritoriuli dagegmva;

• adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTareba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom CamoTvlili kompetenciebidan

saqarTvelos dRevandel sinamdvileSi moqmed TviTmmarTv-

el erTeulebs zogi SeiZleba saerTod ar aqvT gadacemu-

li gamgeblobaSi anda ki aqvT, magram ver uzrunvelyofen

maT efeqtian ganxorcielebas saTanado finansuri saxsre-

bis ukmarisobis gamo.

amis dasturia is faqti, rom Tu adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis sabiujeto Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona evro-

puli qveynebis (didi britaneTi, germania, safrangeTi, Svei-

caria, litva, latvia, fineTi, SvedeTi da sxv.) konsoli-

direbul biujetSi Seadgens 25-60%-s, igive maCvenebeli

saqarTveloSi mTlianobaSi aRwevs 15%-mde, xolo q. Tbili-

sis gareSe ki _ mxolod 4%-s.1 faqtobrivad gauqmebulia

j. SaTirj. SaTirj. SaTirj. SaTirj. SaTiriSvili,iSvili,iSvili,iSvili,iSvili, l. SaTirl. SaTirl. SaTirl. SaTirl. SaTiriSviliiSviliiSviliiSviliiSvili ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

1 adgilobirivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia(proeqti), gv. 1.

52 53

sasoflo (saTemo), sadabo da mcire qalaqebis TviTm-

marTvelobis organoebi. TviTmmarTveli organoebis saqmi-

anobis gasaumjobeseblad da municipalur organoebsa da

adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris mWidro kavSirurTier-

Tobis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa TviTmmarTveli erTeuleb-

isaTvis damatebiTi saWiro kompetenciebisa da finansuri

resursebis gadacema.

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT da aRmosav-

leT evropis qveynebSi moqmedi municipalitetebis mo-mo-mo-mo-mo-

qalaqeTa momsaxurebis centrebiqalaqeTa momsaxurebis centrebiqalaqeTa momsaxurebis centrebiqalaqeTa momsaxurebis centrebiqalaqeTa momsaxurebis centrebi mosaxleobas, e.w. èrTièrTièrTièrTièrTi

fanjrfanjrfanjrfanjrfanjris pris pris pris pris princiinciinciinciincipiT~,piT~,piT~,piT~,piT~, uweven araerTi saxeobis momsaxure-

bas, rogoricaa, magaliTad: sacxovrebeli adgilis regis-

tracia; samewarmeo saqmianobis registracia; uZravi qonebis

registracia; binadrobis nebarTvis gacema; amomrCevelTa

registracia da a.S., maSin, roca saqarTveloSi Seqmnili

analogiuri municipaluri samsaxurebis saqmianoba Ziri-

Tadad Semoifargleba mxolod informaciis miReba-gace-

miT.

Seqmnili arasaxarbielo mdgomareobis gamosworeba,

cxadia, saWiroebs qveyanaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis jerovan reformas.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ̀ efeqtiani mmarTvelobis

sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centris~

mier adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelm-

wifo strategiis Sesaxeb momzadebuli dokumentiT gan-

sazRvrulia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTareb-

is saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, romel-

ic Semdeg sferoebs moicavs:

• adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri re-

forma;

• administraciul-teritoriuli reforma;

• uflebamosilebaTa decentralizacia da delegireba;

• fiskaluri decentralizacia;

• adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis saqmi-

anobis saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba;

• municipaluri sajaro samsaxuris reforma da adg-

ilobriv sajaro mosamsaxureTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis

sistemis Camoyalibeba;

• adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis informatizacia;

• adgilobrivi infrastruqtura da municipaluri

momsaxureba;

• TviTmmarTvel erTeulTa TanamSromloba;

• adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis popularizacia.

rogorc CamonaTvalidan vxedavT, adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis erT-

erT pirveli rigis mimrTulebas (sferos) warmoadgens

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobaadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba

(reforma).(reforma).(reforma).(reforma).(reforma).

adgilobrivi xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, warmodge-

nilia warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoeb-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoeb-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoeb-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoeb-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoeb-

isisisisis erTobliobis saxiT (ix. sqema). misi instituciuriinstituciuriinstituciuriinstituciuriinstituciuri

modelimodelimodelimodelimodeli gansazRvrulia àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT, romelic Ziri-

Tadad Seesabameba ̀ adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evro-

puli qartiis~ moTxovnebs.

organuli kanonidan gamomidnare, adgilobrivi xe-

lisuflebis sistemaSi centraluri adgili ukavia war-centraluri adgili ukavia war-centraluri adgili ukavia war-centraluri adgili ukavia war-centraluri adgili ukavia war-

momadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos,momadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos,momadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos,momadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos,momadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos, romelic airCeva

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier. mxolod am organos

prerogativaa is, rom miiRos adgilobrivi mravaljeradi

gamoyenebis normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebi da am sa-

marTlebrivi normebis dadgeniT gansazRvros TviTmmarTve-

li erTeulis ganviTarebis saerTo prioritetebi da mima-

rTulebebi.


54 55

rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis

aRmasrulebel organos _ gamgeobas (merias), mis mTavar

funqcias, organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens sakreb-

ulos mier miRebuli dadgenilebebis Sesruleba. amasTan

sakrebulos eniWeba gamgeobis (meriis) saqmianobaze mud-

mivi zedamxedvelobis uflebamosileba.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis instituciuri mode-adgilobrivi xelisuflebis instituciuri mode-adgilobrivi xelisuflebis instituciuri mode-adgilobrivi xelisuflebis instituciuri mode-adgilobrivi xelisuflebis instituciuri mode-

li da funqciebili da funqciebili da funqciebili da funqciebili da funqciebi

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis sistemaSi TviTmmarTve-

li erTeulis warmomadgenlobiT da aRmasrulebel or-

ganoebs Soris dakanonebuli aseTi subordinacia uzrun-

velyofs sakrebulos wamyvan rols adgilobriv saxelisu-sakrebulos wamyvan rols adgilobriv saxelisu-sakrebulos wamyvan rols adgilobriv saxelisu-sakrebulos wamyvan rols adgilobriv saxelisu-sakrebulos wamyvan rols adgilobriv saxelisu-

flebo sistemaSiflebo sistemaSiflebo sistemaSiflebo sistemaSiflebo sistemaSi. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am sax-

elisuflebo vertikalSi (iseve rogorc zeda doneze)

sakrebuloebs xSirad ar SeswevT unari, realurad itvir-

Ton kanoniT miniWebuli TviTmmarTveli erTeulis wamy-

vani organos funqcia, ris gamoc xSirad, adgilobrivi gada-

wyvetilebebis miRebaSi dominirebul rols asruleben aR-

masrulebeli organoebi. xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca

sakrebuloebi da gamgeobebi (meriebi) moqmedeben ara er-

Tiani mizanmimarTulebiT, aramed rogorc erTmaneTisaganerTmaneTisaganerTmaneTisaganerTmaneTisaganerTmaneTisagan

damoukidebeli ganStoebebidamoukidebeli ganStoebebidamoukidebeli ganStoebebidamoukidebeli ganStoebebidamoukidebeli ganStoebebi, rac xels uSlis adgilo-

brivi xelisuflebis efeqtian funqcionirebas.

sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom `adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis Sesaxeb~ moqmedi organuli kanoniT aRmas-

rulebeli organos struqturisstruqturisstruqturisstruqturisstruqturis gansazRvra TviTmmarTveli

erTeulis avtonomiuri uflebaa, Tumca, samwuxarod, es xdeba

ara saTanado funqciuri analizis safuZvelze, aramed, ufro

xSirad _ gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa subieqturi mosazrebe-

biT. amasTan erTad, Zalian dabalia mosaxleobis monawi-

leobis xarisxi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis pro-

cesSi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis instituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis mizniT,

`adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo

strategiiT mizanSewonilidaa miCneuli adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb moqmedi saqarTvelos kanonis `dax-`dax-`dax-`dax-`dax-

vewa~vewa~vewa~vewa~vewa~, raSic moiazreba adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobiTi

(sakrebulo) da aRmasrulebeli (gamgeoba) organoebis

gaerTianebagaerTianebagaerTianebagaerTianebagaerTianeba _ SerwymaSerwymaSerwymaSerwymaSerwyma da am funqciebis matarebeli erTierTierTierTierTi

umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoRebaumaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoRebaumaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoRebaumaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoRebaumaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba,

romelic, TiTqosda ‘Tavidan agvacilebs arajansaR dapir-

sipirebas sakrebuloebsa da aRmasrulebel organoebs

Soris da gazrdis sakrebulos rols adgilobrivi xe-

lisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi~.1

vfiqrobT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis

srulyofisadmi aseTi `strategiuli midgoma~ erTob naC-

qarevi da mecnierul-praqtikuli TvalTaxedviT, saTana-

dod gauazrebeli qmedebaa anda, piriqiT, kargad gaTvlili

da garkveul politikur miznebze dafuZnebuli strate-

giaa.

warmomadgenlobiTiorgano (sakrebulo)

adgilobrivi TviTm-adgilobrivi TviTm-adgilobrivi TviTm-adgilobrivi TviTm-adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobamarTvelobamarTvelobamarTvelobamarTveloba

aRmasrulebeli organo(gamgeoba, meria)

mravaljeradi gamoyenebisadgilobrivi normatiul-sa-marTlebrivi aqtebis miReba

da maT Sesrulebaze(gamgeobis saqmianobaze) si-stematuri zedamxedveloba

sakrebulos mier miRebuligadawyvetilebebis Sesrul-

ebis uzrunvelyofa


56 57

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis reformasTan dakavSirebiT ̀ reformis strate-`reformis strate-`reformis strate-`reformis strate-`reformis strate-

giis proeqtiT~ SemoTavazebuli TviTmmarTvelobis in-giis proeqtiT~ SemoTavazebuli TviTmmarTvelobis in-giis proeqtiT~ SemoTavazebuli TviTmmarTvelobis in-giis proeqtiT~ SemoTavazebuli TviTmmarTvelobis in-giis proeqtiT~ SemoTavazebuli TviTmmarTvelobis in-

stituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis (mmarTvelobis or-stituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis (mmarTvelobis or-stituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis (mmarTvelobis or-stituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis (mmarTvelobis or-stituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis (mmarTvelobis or-

ganoebis urTierTSerwymis) RonisZiebaganoebis urTierTSerwymis) RonisZiebaganoebis urTierTSerwymis) RonisZiebaganoebis urTierTSerwymis) RonisZiebaganoebis urTierTSerwymis) RonisZieba, SesaZlebelia, neb-

siT Tu uneblieT, mogvevlinos qveynis TviTmmarTvel er-qveynis TviTmmarTvel er-qveynis TviTmmarTvel er-qveynis TviTmmarTvel er-qveynis TviTmmarTvel er-

TeulebSi biurokratizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diq-TeulebSi biurokratizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diq-TeulebSi biurokratizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diq-TeulebSi biurokratizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diq-TeulebSi biurokratizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diq-

tatoruli mmarTvelobis formis danergvis strategiadtatoruli mmarTvelobis formis danergvis strategiadtatoruli mmarTvelobis formis danergvis strategiadtatoruli mmarTvelobis formis danergvis strategiadtatoruli mmarTvelobis formis danergvis strategiad.

amas adasturebs TviT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis reformis saxelmwifo strategiis proeqti, sadac erT-

mniSvnelovnadaa miniSnebuli xelisuflebis xelSi Cagde-

bisadmi dauokebeli ltolva, is, rom ̀ adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli

organoebi xSirad moqmedeben rogorc adgilobrivi xe-

lisuflebis ori erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli ganStoe-

ba~.1

erTi xelisuflebis ori organos erTmaneTisagan gan-

calkevebis mcdelobis da urTierTSoris winaaRmdego-

brivi damokidebulebis mizezi da safuZveli aRmasrule-

beli organos (gamgeobis) warmomadgenlobiTi organosadmi

(sakrebulosadmi) garkveuli daqvemdebarebulobis da mis

saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis uflebam-

osilebisadmi Seurigeblobaa. ZiriTadad, swored amaSi

vlindeba am or saxelisufleblo organos Soris garkveu-

li winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba, rac cxadia, negati-

urad aisaxeba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis funqcionireb-

is efeqtianobaze.

aseT viTarebaSi, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis orga-

noebis funqciebis `struqturuli Serwyma~ da proeqtiT

SemoTavazebuli e.w. `warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrule-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrule-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrule-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrule-warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrule-

beli funqciebis matarebeli umaRlesi adgilob-rivibeli funqciebis matarebeli umaRlesi adgilob-rivibeli funqciebis matarebeli umaRlesi adgilob-rivibeli funqciebis matarebeli umaRlesi adgilob-rivibeli funqciebis matarebeli umaRlesi adgilob-rivi

Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba~Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba~Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba~Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba~Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba~ gamoi-

wvevs ara sakrebulos rolis gazrdas adgilobrivi xe-

lisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi (sakrebulo, rogorc

xelisuflebis organo, faqtobrivad aRar iarsebebs), aramed

igi xels Seuwyobs mTeli adgilobrivi Zalauflebis erTimTeli adgilobrivi Zalauflebis erTimTeli adgilobrivi Zalauflebis erTimTeli adgilobrivi Zalauflebis erTimTeli adgilobrivi Zalauflebis erTi

piris xelSi Cagdebas (uzurpacias) da marTvis diqta-piris xelSi Cagdebas (uzurpacias) da marTvis diqta-piris xelSi Cagdebas (uzurpacias) da marTvis diqta-piris xelSi Cagdebas (uzurpacias) da marTvis diqta-piris xelSi Cagdebas (uzurpacias) da marTvis diqta-

toruli reJimis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro winapirobebistoruli reJimis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro winapirobebistoruli reJimis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro winapirobebistoruli reJimis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro winapirobebistoruli reJimis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro winapirobebis

SeqmnasSeqmnasSeqmnasSeqmnasSeqmnas.

sinamdvileSi, gamoricxuli ar iqneba, aseTi refor-

muli strategiiT miviRoT adgilobrivi diqtator-mmarTve-adgilobrivi diqtator-mmarTve-adgilobrivi diqtator-mmarTve-adgilobrivi diqtator-mmarTve-adgilobrivi diqtator-mmarTve-

lilililili (xelisufali), romelic, xatovani gamoTqmiT, TviTon

iqneba musikis damweric, simReris SemkveTic, momReralic

da namReris Sedegis mimRebic.

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT da misgan gamomdinare,

ufro sworad da gamarTlebulad migvaCnia, kursi aviRoTkursi aviRoTkursi aviRoTkursi aviRoTkursi aviRoT

ara erTmaneTTan garkveul winaaRmdegobriv urTierTo-ara erTmaneTTan garkveul winaaRmdegobriv urTierTo-ara erTmaneTTan garkveul winaaRmdegobriv urTierTo-ara erTmaneTTan garkveul winaaRmdegobriv urTierTo-ara erTmaneTTan garkveul winaaRmdegobriv urTierTo-

baSi myofi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis (sakrebulos, gam-baSi myofi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis (sakrebulos, gam-baSi myofi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis (sakrebulos, gam-baSi myofi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis (sakrebulos, gam-baSi myofi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis (sakrebulos, gam-

geobis) gauqmebaze da daqvemdebarebaze uarismTqmeli (aR-geobis) gauqmebaze da daqvemdebarebaze uarismTqmeli (aR-geobis) gauqmebaze da daqvemdebarebaze uarismTqmeli (aR-geobis) gauqmebaze da daqvemdebarebaze uarismTqmeli (aR-geobis) gauqmebaze da daqvemdebarebaze uarismTqmeli (aR-

masrulebeli) organos sasargeblod erTi Tanamdebobismasrulebeli) organos sasargeblod erTi Tanamdebobismasrulebeli) organos sasargeblod erTi Tanamdebobismasrulebeli) organos sasargeblod erTi Tanamdebobismasrulebeli) organos sasargeblod erTi Tanamdebobis

piris (meris, gamgeblis) institutis SemoRebaze, aramedpiris (meris, gamgeblis) institutis SemoRebaze, aramedpiris (meris, gamgeblis) institutis SemoRebaze, aramedpiris (meris, gamgeblis) institutis SemoRebaze, aramedpiris (meris, gamgeblis) institutis SemoRebaze, aramed

am organoebis mier TavianTi funqciebis xarisxobrivam organoebis mier TavianTi funqciebis xarisxobrivam organoebis mier TavianTi funqciebis xarisxobrivam organoebis mier TavianTi funqciebis xarisxobrivam organoebis mier TavianTi funqciebis xarisxobriv

ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebaze da dak-ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebaze da dak-ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebaze da dak-ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebaze da dak-ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebaze da dak-

isrebul movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis (anda arasaTana-isrebul movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis (anda arasaTana-isrebul movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis (anda arasaTana-isrebul movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis (anda arasaTana-isrebul movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis (anda arasaTana-

dod Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT kanoniT gaTval-dod Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT kanoniT gaTval-dod Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT kanoniT gaTval-dod Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT kanoniT gaTval-dod Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT kanoniT gaTval-

iswinebuli RonisZiebebis aucileblad, droulad daiswinebuli RonisZiebebis aucileblad, droulad daiswinebuli RonisZiebebis aucileblad, droulad daiswinebuli RonisZiebebis aucileblad, droulad daiswinebuli RonisZiebebis aucileblad, droulad da

srulad gatarebaze.srulad gatarebaze.srulad gatarebaze.srulad gatarebaze.srulad gatarebaze.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom umaRlesi adgilobrivi

Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoRebis SemTx-

vevaSi, TavisTavad azrs kargavs reformis strategiiT Se-Se-Se-Se-Se-

moTavazebuli RonisZieba sakrebulos wevrTa kvalifikacmoTavazebuli RonisZieba sakrebulos wevrTa kvalifikacmoTavazebuli RonisZieba sakrebulos wevrTa kvalifikacmoTavazebuli RonisZieba sakrebulos wevrTa kvalifikacmoTavazebuli RonisZieba sakrebulos wevrTa kvalifikaci-i-i-i-i-1 adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia(proeqti), gv. 2.

1 adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia(proeqti), gv. 1.


58 59

is amaRlebis Sesaxebis amaRlebis Sesaxebis amaRlebis Sesaxebis amaRlebis Sesaxebis amaRlebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac, proeqtis mixedviT, kanon-

mdeblurad gauqmebul (ararsebul) sakrebulos aRarc

wevrebi eyoleba da arc maTi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis

RonisZiebebi iqneba dasagegmi da gansaxorcielebeli.

amasTanave, Seusabamod gveCveneba reformis strate-

giiT gaTvaliswinebuli winadadeba adgilobrivi TviTm-

marTvelobis organoebis struqturis regularuli fun-

qciuri analizis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, radgan wina

rekomendacia-winadadeba swored am organoebis gauqmebas

da erTi umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris (meris) institutis

SemoRebas exeba.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan da saqveyno interese-

bidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, saWiroa, ufro siRrmiseulad

gaviazroT (da gavaanalizoT) adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis da misi instituciuri mowyobis roli da adgili

demokratiisa da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis

uzrun-velyofaSi, davsaxoT misi mudmivad srulyofis

swori gzebi da meTodebi. ar unda daviviwyoT, mudam gvax-

sovdes da vuerTguloT didi iliasdidi iliasdidi iliasdidi iliasdidi ilias brZnul Segonebas,

rom `TviTmmarTveloba ... saca unda dargaT igi yvelganTviTmmarTveloba ... saca unda dargaT igi yvelganTviTmmarTveloba ... saca unda dargaT igi yvelganTviTmmarTveloba ... saca unda dargaT igi yvelganTviTmmarTveloba ... saca unda dargaT igi yvelgan

xarobs..xarobs..xarobs..xarobs..xarobs....~ da swored amitom `yoveli saxelmwifo, rigian

weszed cotaT Tu bevrad damdgari, nawil-nawil aris day-

ofili, rom movla da patronoba advili iyos~.

qarTveli eris da sruliad saqarTvelos upirvele-

si movaleobaa, WkuiT, guliT, gonebiTa da gonierebiT miv-

dioT am WeSmaritebas qveynis ukeTesi mermisis Sesaqm-

nelad.

j. SaTirj. SaTirj. SaTirj. SaTirj. SaTiriSvili,iSvili,iSvili,iSvili,iSvili, l. SaTirl. SaTirl. SaTirl. SaTirl. SaTiriSviliiSviliiSviliiSviliiSvili

oligopoliuri bazris zogierTioligopoliuri bazris zogierTioligopoliuri bazris zogierTioligopoliuri bazris zogierTioligopoliuri bazris zogierTi

TaviseburebaTaviseburebaTaviseburebaTaviseburebaTavisebureba

Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar lazarlazarlazarlazarlazariaSviliiaSviliiaSviliiaSviliiaSvili

Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetisTsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetisTsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetisTsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetisTsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

mikroekonomiis kaTedris asistent-profesorimikroekonomiis kaTedris asistent-profesorimikroekonomiis kaTedris asistent-profesorimikroekonomiis kaTedris asistent-profesorimikroekonomiis kaTedris asistent-profesori

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi oligopolia warmoadgens

bazris erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul struqturas. oli-

gopoliis yvelaze SesamCnevi niSania bazarze moqmedi

firmebis mcirericxovnoba.Foligopoliis arsia is rom,

rom bazarze aris erTgvarovani produqciis mwarmoebe-

li mxolod ramdenime firma, riTac isini axorcieleben

srul kontrols miwodebis moculobaze da nawilobriv

kontrols fasebze. oligopoliis mTavari niSania is, rom

aq monawile ekonomikur subieqtebs erTmaneTTan for-

maluri Tu araformaluri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seu-

ZliaT SeinarCunon bazarze monopolisturi fasi konkuren-

tul doneze ufro maRla da miiRon mogeba.1 oligopo-

liis sxva formebia: ormxrivi monopolia, duopolia,

lideroba fasebiT. ormxrivi monopoliisas erTaderTi

gamyidveli upirispirdeba erTaderT myidvels am dros

mTavari problemaa: ra donis fasiT da ra raodenobis

saqonliT SeiZleba maqsimaluri mogebis miReba. sabolood,

orive mxare iyofs erTobliv maqsimalur mogebas. for-

malurad oligopoliurs miakuTvneben im dargebs, sadac

ramdenime msxvili firma mTliani produqciis naxevarze

mets awarmoebs. Mmagram, Tu warmoebis koncentracia ufro

dabalia, maSin mas monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobeb-1 menqiu gregori. ekonomikis principebi, gamomcemloba, ,,diogene”,

2008. gv. 331.


60 61

Si myof dargad Tvlian. Mmonopolisturi konkurenciis

bazris arasrulyofilebis ganmsazRvrelia produqtis

diferenciacia. Ooligopoliis pirobebSi am faqtorsac

aqvs mniSvneloba. Aarsebobs oligopoliri dargebi, rom-

lebSic produqtis diferenciacia mniSvnelovania, Tumca,M

arsebobs dargebic, sadac produqti standartizebulia

(cementis, navTobis mrewveloba, metalurgiis qvedargebis

umravlesoba).Aamgvarad, iseTi fasis SemTxvevaSi, romelic

mosalodneli danaxarjebis mxolod minimums faravs, moTx-

ovnis dasakmayofileblad sakmarisi iqneba ramdenime ko-

mpania. Tu saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi icvleba AATCmrudis Sesabamisad, xolo danaxarjebis minimumi ki miiR-

weva gayidvebis Q0 moculobisas, sakmarisi iqneba mxolod

2-3 kompania, raTa P0 faszeP dakmayofilebul iqnes saba-

zro moTxovna Q1. (nax. 1)

oligopoliuri firmaoligopoliuri firmaoligopoliuri firmaoligopoliuri firmaoligopoliuri firma warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis

maRali moculobis drosmaRali moculobis drosmaRali moculobis drosmaRali moculobis drosmaRali moculobis dros

nax.1 nax.1 nax.1 nax.1 nax.1

oligopoliur bazarze monopoliuris msgavsad moTx-

ovnis klasikur mrudTana aqvT saqme, magram monopolis-

tisagan gansxvavebiT aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinon

konkurentis reaqcia warmoebis moculobaze da fasze.

amasTanave, gasaTvalisinebelia, rom erTgvarovani produ-

qciis SeTavazebisas Tu konkurenti fass dauwevs, SeiZle-

ba man bazris wilic ki waarTvas. amitom iZulebuli iqne-

ba am ukanasknelmac dauwios fasi. Aamgvar qmedebebs safaso

omi mohyveba, rac mTavrdeba mogebis gaqrobiT da rasac

SeiZleba gakotrebac ki mohyves. SeuZlebelia oligopo-

liis erT-erTi monawilis mier fasebis gazrdis Sedege-

bis gamocnoba. moTxovnis mrudis am ganusazRvrelobas

mivyavarT oligopoliis pirobebSi konkurenciis axal

saxeobamde. Mmsxvili firmebi, romlebic ar warmoadgens

aRiarebul liderebs bazarze, cdiloben gaeqcnen safaso

konkurencias da mis ukidures formas – safaso oms.1

srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi firmisTvis

azri ar aqvs ibrZolos bazris didi wilisaTvis, ramdena-

dac gayidvebis moculoba mcirea mocemuli saqonlis

warmoebisa da gasaRebis saerTo moculobasTan Sedare-

biT. monopolias aseve ar aqvs mizezi ifiqros Tavis wilze,

ramdenadac mas mTeli bazari ekuTvnis. Mmagram, oligopo-

liis pirobebSi brZola wilisaTvis bazarze-konkuren-

tuli brZolis birTvia.Ooligopoliis monawileni cdi-

loben erTmaneTs ajobon axali strategiis SemuSavebiT,

produqtis gaumjobesebiT, reklamiT, saukeTeso momsax-

urebiT da a.S. oligopoliur bazarze konkurentis strate-

giis prognozirebis sirTulis gamo, TamaSTa Teoriasac

ki moiSvelieben. (cnobili TamaSi ,,patimarTa dilema”).

oligopoliis Seqmnis saTaves warmoadgens sabazro

konkurenciis meqanizmi, romelic Seuqcevadi ZaliT avi-

wrovebs bazarze sust moTamaSes (gakotrebis an maTi


ATC

fasi

P0

Q1 Q0 produqciis moculoba

1 Ì è ê ð îýêî í îì è êà. Òåîðèÿ è ðîññèéñêàÿ ïðàêòèêà / Ï îä ðåä. À. Ã. Ãðÿçíîâîé èÀ . Þ . Þä à í î âîé. -Ì . , ÈÒÄ. Êèî Ðóñ., ñ. 144, 2000.


62 63

Caylapvisa da ufro Zlier konkurentebTan SeerTebis

gziT). Bgakotreba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos rogorc

sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis susti samewarmeo aqtiurobiT,

aseve konkurentebis ZalisxmeviT. bazris sakuTari wilis

gazrdis erT-erT mniSvnelovan meTods warmoadgens Ser-

wyma da STanTqma. STanTqma xorcieldeba finansuri op-

eraciebis safuZvelze, rac mimarTulia ama Tu im sawar-

mos srulad anda nawilobriv SeZenisaken, aqciebis sakon-

trolo paketis an kapitalis mniSvnelovani wilis Sesy-

idviT. Ees aris urTierToba Zlier da sust konkuren-

tebs Soris. Serwyma, rogorc wesi, nebayoflobiT xasiaTs

atarebs. Tumca, kapitalisa da warmoebis msgavsi central-

izacia SeiZleba ekonomikuri iZulebac iyos, rogorc me-

samis arCevani ors Soris: an damoukideblobis sruli

dakargva, anda damTrgunveli ekonomikuri omi.MmaT Sesw-

evT unari mniSvnelovnad aamaRlon warmoebis koncentra-

cia dargSi. Serwymisa da STanTqis raodenoba aSS-Si

XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda da wina

periodis Serwymebisa da STanTqmebis saerTo raodenobas

didad gadaaWarba. STanTqmisa da Serwymis procesebi sa-

Sualebas iZleva arsebiTad gaizardos maTi wili arse-

bul bazarze. ramdenime korporaciis sabazro batonobis

zrda uazros xdis safaso konkurencias, romelic Sei-

Zleba safaso „omSi” gadaizardos da maTi yvela monawi-

lis dauZlureba gamoiwvios. Bbazris oligopoliri stru-

qturebis formirebis sxva arsebiT faqtors warmoadgens

sawarmos swrafva warmoebis masStabis efeqtis realize-

baze. teqnikis srulyofisa da axali teqnologiebis war-

moSobis procesSi warmoebis optimalurma zomebma iseT

masStabebs miaRwia, rom mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba Sex-

vda axal sawarmoebs dargSi SesaRwevad. es winaaRmde-

gobebi dakavSirebulia rogorc SezRudul finansur

resursebTan, aseve nakleb danaxarjebTan, resursebis ufro

racionalur gamoyenebasTan da a.S. kompania oligopo-

listisaTvis ganviTarebis ori gza arsebobs: moaxdinos

Tavisi saqmianobis diversificireba, Seqmnas konglomer-

atuli tipis kompania, an gadaitanos brZola bazris didi

wilisaTvis erovnulidan saerTaSoriso doneze, ganixilavs

ra mTels msoflios, rogorc Tavis potenciur bazars.1

SeTanxmeba sxva kompaniebTan fasebis donesa da war-

moebis moculobasTan dakavSirebiT, bazris kontrolis

zrdis faqtors warmoadgens. Ees strategia Cveulebriv

xelsayrelia SeTanxmebis yvela monawilisaTvis, Tumca,

SeTanxmebis miRweva Zalian Zneli amocanaa. Aarsebobs rigi

faqtori, rac aiolebs pirdapir SeTanxmebas: maRali bari-

erebi axali firmebisaTvis bazarze Sesasvlelad, firme-

bis mcire raodenoba bazarze, produqciis erTgvarovneb-

is maRali xarisxi, gazrdili moTxovna dargobriv produ-

qciaze, kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebani. SeTanxmebis erTi

saxeoba, romelic firmis qmedebis koordinirebis saSu-

alebas iZleva, warmoadgens fasobrivi liderobis praq-

tika, rodesac msxvili kompania pirveli cvlis fass, yve-

la danarCeni ki mas mihyveba. barierebi axali firmebis

mimarT mxars uWers sabazro koncentraciis mniSvnelo-

van dones da oligopoliis SenarCunebas. is iRebs sxva-

dasxva formas: ekonomia warmoebis masStabebsa da danax-

arjebze, dagrovili gamocdilebis, sareklamo kampaniis,

saqonlis sirTulis, saqonlis modelebis mravlobiTo-

bis, da a.S.

masStabis ekonomiuroba damyarebulia saqonlis

cnobadobaze da warmoadgens mniSvnelovan bariers sxva

1 È îõèí Â.ß. Ýêî í îì è ÷ åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ. Ó÷åáíèê, Ì., Þðèñò, 2000, ñ. 816.

Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar Tamar lazarlazarlazarlazarlazariaSviliiaSviliiaSviliiaSviliiaSvili ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

64 65

firmebisaTvis, romelTac survili aqvT imuSaon mocemul

bazarze. imdenad, ramdenadac axali firma cnobili ar

aris, Mmas SeuZlia iyos mxolod umniSvnelo moTxovnis

pretendenti (DH- gadaweulia marcxniv) da misi warmoebis

moculoba iqneba ufro mcire, vidre oligopoliis monaw-

ile firmis (QH) (nax. 2).

oligopoliur bazarze axali firmis Sesvlaoligopoliur bazarze axali firmis Sesvlaoligopoliur bazarze axali firmis Sesvlaoligopoliur bazarze axali firmis Sesvlaoligopoliur bazarze axali firmis Sesvla

nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2.

fasi ki piriqiT, ufro meti (PH). firma-oligopolisteb-

ma, ician ra, rom konkurentis gamoCena maTi bazris wils

Seamcirebs, gamoiyeneben Tavis upiratesobebs. isini daad-

genen fass PH-is qveviT, magram warmoebis masStabebis

ekonomiis ZaliT isini am SemTxvevaSic (PH da PPo-s Soris)miiReben mogebas. Aaxali firma ki mniSvnelovan danakargs

ganicdis da iZulebuli iqneba gavides bazridan (PH-s

qveviT fasebis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis mrudi DH ATC-zeqveviT dgas da, Sesabamisad, axal firmas Tavisi danaxar-

jebis dafarva aRar SeuZlia).

Cven vvaraudobdiT, rom danaxarjebis mrudebi oli-

gopolists da axal firmas erTnairi aqvs da firma-oli-

gopolisti ufro dabal danaxarjebs maRali moTxovneb-

is da warmoebis masStabebis xarjze aRwevs. realur

cxovrebaSi sakmaod xSirad Zvel da axal firmas Soris

TviT danaxarjebis mrudebi gansxvavdeba (nax. 3).

Zveli da axali firmebis Zveli da axali firmebis Zveli da axali firmebis Zveli da axali firmebis Zveli da axali firmebis ATC mrudebi mrudebi mrudebi mrudebi mrudebi


axali firmis danaxarjebi SeiZleba ufro maRali

iyos, radgan mas ara aqvs biznesis warmoebis gamocdile-

ba: menejerebi ar floben firmis marTvis unar-Cvevebs;

sakmarisi ar aris kvalificiuri samuSao Zala; sabanko

kreditis aRebis pirobebi garTulebulia; kavSiri Sesus-

tebulia da a,S. axal firmebs SeuZliaT garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi siZneleebis daZleva, magram ara yve-

la maTganis. ganusazRvreloba asustebs stimulebs baz-

arze Sesasvlelad da amcirebs potenciuri konkurenteb-

is ricxvs. amasobaSi TviT konkurentebis gaCenis safrTxe

cvlis firma oligopolistis moqmedebas. Tu Zveli fir-

ma bazarze Tavisi wilis dakargvis saSiSroebas igrZnob-

da, mas mogebis gazrdis mizniT, SeeZlo fasi daedgina Po-is doneze da ewarmoebina Qo. Mmagram igi adgens fassaraumetes P1-is doneze, ramdenadac aseTi fasis SemTx-

vevaSi potenciur konkurents ar SeeZleba dafaros Tavi-

si danaxarjebi da uars ityvis am dargSi Sesvlaze.

Zveli firma ki aseTi fasis SemTxvevaSic miiRebs mogebas.

P

PH

P0 ATC ATC

DH axali firmis moTxovna D0 oligopoliuri firmis moTxovna

Q QH Q


66 67

PP1 fass xSirad uwodeben zRvrul fass. Ffirma-oligop-

olistis aseTi qmedeba dargis sabazro koncentraciis

maRali donis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva. arsebobs

sxva barierebic potenciuri konkurentebis gzaze: SezRud-

vebi, rac dgindeba saxelmwifos mier kompaniebis regis-

traciis an saqmianobis ama Tu im saxeobis licenzirebis

dros;” maRali danaxarjebi reklamaze; saqonlis sirTule,

romelic moiTxovs gasaRebis qselis gafarToebas da

Semdgom momsaxurebas.E

efeqtiani warmoebisaTvis xSirad saWiroa kapital-

is mniSvnelovani odenoba. es warmoadgens mniSvnelovan

bariers sabazro konkurenciaSi.

oligopolia yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia praq-

tikaSi rogorc msoflioSi, aseve CvenTan. saqarTveloSi

oligopoliur bazars miekuTvneba farmacevtuli bazari.1

rogorc cnobilia, sami msxvili kompania “aversi”, “pe-es-

pe”, da “ji-pi-si” bazarze daaxloebiT 80%-s ikavebs , es ki

arasrulyofili konkurenciis formis - oligopoliis

naTeli magaliTia. am kompaniebma daiwyes farmacevtuli

qarxnebis da kerZo klinikebis qselis Camoyalibeba-gan-

viTareba. maT Zalze mWidro kavSiri aqvT sadazRvevo

kompaniebTan. e.i, qarxanas, romelic farmacevtul saqonels

amzadebs, gaaCnia sakuTari samedicino klinika, sadac pa-

cients wamals uniSnaven da romelic sadazRvevo kompa-

niis provaideria, da aseve gaaCnia saafTiaqo qseli, sadac

unda moxdes aRniSnuli wamlis SeZena. es kompaniebi ker-

Zo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebia da sruli ufleba aqvT

Seqmnan aRniSnuli sawarmoebi, magram ekonomikuri Tval-

sazrisiT maT aqvT faruli garigebis SesaZlebloba,rac

iwvevs fasebis xelovnur zrdas da warmoebis SezRudvas,

rac sabolood azaralebs momxmarebels. monopolisturi

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba udavod xels SeuSlis

Tavisufal da srulyofil konkurencias, Tavisufal

faswarmoqmnas da bazarze axali ekonomikuri subieqteb-

is Sesvlas. navTobproduqtebis bazaric oligopoli-

uri bazris kargi magaliTia. dRes bazris 50%-ze mets

kompania „sokar petrolium jorjia flobs”, romelsac

navTobi azerbaijanidan Semoaqvs. viTomda, italiuri

sawvaviT amaragebs bazris daaxloebiT 35%-s kompania „vi-

soli”. Sesabamisad, ori msxvili kompaniisTvis, romelsac

srulad 85%-i uWiravs, martivia bazars fasebic ukarnax-

os.

saqarTveloSi tipuri oligopoliuri bazaria fi-

Wuri kavSirgabmulobis bazari, sadac mTeli sabazro

koncentracia sami kompaniis xelSia, romlebic ar arian

erTmaneTTan fasismier konkurenciaSi. tarifebi maT Soris

SeTanxmebulia da, bunebrivia, mis dawevaze arc zrunaven,

isini erTmaneTTan konkurireben mxolod promo-aqciebiT.

qarTuli bazris 10%-s - kompania „bilaini”, 48%-s - „mag-

Tikomi”, xolo darCenil 42%-s „jeoseli” flobs. saqarTve-

lo mobilurze momsaxurebis siZviris mixedviT, msof-

lios 186 qveyanas Soris mesame adgils ikavebs, xolo

yofil postsabWoTa sivrceSi pirvelobas aravis uTmobs.

monopolisturi mdgomareobis ZiriTadi gamsazRvreli

faqtorebia: kompaniebis wili bazarze, am bazarze SeRwe-

vis saSualebebi da winaaRmdegobebi. Zalze mniSvnelova-

nia saxelmwifos mxridan instituciurad, organizaciu-

lad iseTi RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba, romelic xels Seu-

wyobs bazris demonopolizacias. demonopolizacia ar

unda iyos erTjeradi xasiaTis, is mudmivi procesi unda

iyos. saxelmwifos mTavari funqcia aris oqros Suale-

1 http://afba.ge


68 69

dis dadgena mewarmis uflebis ar SezRudvasa da momx-

mareblis uflebis dacvas Soris.

miuxedavad amisa, dReisTvis saqarTveloSi mTli-

anad monopolizebulia yvela mniSvnelovani sfero _

energetika, komunikaciebi, rkinigza, navTob-produqtebis

bazari da rac friad damafiqrebelia, monopolizaciis

procesi aqtiurad grZeldeba. oligopoliur bazarze

TiToeuli firmis gadawyvetileba gavlenas axdens saba-

zro situaciaze da, amave dros, damokidebulia sxva firme-

bis gadawyvetilebebze, romlis miRebisas oligopolisti

firma iZulebuli xdeba gaiTvaliswinos bazris sxva moT-

amaSis SesaZlo reaqciac.

Some Peculiarities of Oligopoly Market

T. Lazariashvili

Oligopoly Market peculiarities have been analyzed in the article.Through comparative analysis of perfect and oligopoly market structureshas been performed the price formation mechanism. There have been re-vealed the barriers to entrance into oligopoly market that is connected withmarket concentration level.

In the conditions of oligopoly are available the forms and meth-

ods of the personal share of firms in the market: elaboration of the new

strategy, the products improvement, advertizing, personal level of ser-

vice, merging and disappearance which are able to boost significantly

production concentration in the field.

Here are suggestions concerning ways of development of the oli-

gopoly firm: The business diversification, creation of the company of

the conglomerate type, opportunities to transfer combat to the interna-

tional markets and etc.

On the base of the materials definition are offered the ways to

achieve efficient level of manufacturing for oligopoly firms.


nana absavanana absavanana absavanana absavanana absava

zugdidis saswavlo universitetiszugdidis saswavlo universitetiszugdidis saswavlo universitetiszugdidis saswavlo universitetiszugdidis saswavlo universitetis

sruli profesorisruli profesorisruli profesorisruli profesorisruli profesori

meritokratiis rogorc axali mmarTveli klasis

formireba, ukavSirdeba postindustriuli epoqis dadgomas

da ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom am epoqaSi codna ara

mxolod socialur faseulobas warmoadgens, aramed re-

alurad gadaiqceva materialuri keTildReobis wyarod. es

ki elitarulobaze pretenziis mqone socialuri fenis gaCeni-

saTvis niadags qmnis.

meritokratia rogorc damsaxurebulTa da Rirseul-

Ta Zalaufleba, d. belis TqmiT, SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo Sromis

axali sazogadoebrivi danawilebis pirobebSi, rodesac ad-

amianebs Soris gansxvaveba dakavebul mdgomareobasa da Se-

mosavlebSi ganpirobebulia gansxvavebiT codnasa da ga-

naTlebis doneSi1, rodesac adamianis Sefasebis kriteriu-

mad ganixileba misi inteleqtualuri unari da codna, da

ara Tandayolili memkvidreobiToba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom

jer kidev kacobriobis gariJraJze adamianis sazogadoe-

brivi ierarqiis ama Tu im safexurisadmi mikuTvnebis aRniS-

nul princips praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda.

maSin, rodesac warmoebis miznad gvevlineba Temis fiz-

ikuri SenarCuneba, rac gaTanabrebiT ganawilebas gulisx-

mobs, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs Temis calkeuli wevris

wvlils pirvelyofili sazogadoebis warmoebis wesis uSu-

alo ekonomikuri miznis realizaciaSi, damsaxureba gan-

isazRvreba swored am wvliliT. pirvelyofili inteleqtu-

meritokratiis Suq-Crdilebimeritokratiis Suq-Crdilebimeritokratiis Suq-Crdilebimeritokratiis Suq-Crdilebimeritokratiis Suq-Crdilebi


1 Áåëë Ä. Ãð ÿ ä ó ù å å ï îñòèíäóñòðèàë ü í îå î á ù åñòâî . Î ï û ò ñ î ö è àë ü í î ãîï ð î ã í î ç è ð î âàíèÿ. Ì . : Academia, 1999. Ñ. 548.

70 71


alis arsobrivi Zalebi ixarjeba uSualod Temze, romelic

aseve uSualod gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis

romel dones miakuTvnos Temis esa Tu is wevri. sxvagvarad,

calkeulis Rirsebebi sayovelTaos uSualo gankarguleba-

Sia da Temi ar uSvebs aranair gameSvevebas am Rirsebebis

SefasebaSi. Amitom, pirvelyofil TemSi naWarbi produqtis

gaCenamde, romelic mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis gansakuTre-

bul profesiad gadaqcevis materialur safuZvels warmoad-

gens, “Zalauflebis” memkvidreobiToba praqtikulad gamor-

icxulia. naWarbis gaCenamde gamoricxulia, agreTve, gansx-

vaveba pirvelyofil mmarTvelebsa da Temis rigiT wevrebs

Soris materialuri keTildReobis TvalsazrisiTac. naWarbma

produqtma, rogorc cnobilia, Temis qonebriv diferencia-

cias daudo saTave, magram aq sainteresoa masTan dakavSire-

buli sxva momenti. ukanaskneli mowmobs naturaluri meur-

neobis TviTuaryofis xangrZlivi procesis dawyebaze, rom-

lisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo saqmianobis ara erT rome-

lime saxeobaze specializacia, aramed Sromis xSiri monacv-

leoba, rac Sromis sayovelTaobis gabatonebul principTan

erTad uzrunvelyofda Temis yvela wevris Tanasworobas

mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi maTi monawileobis uflebis

TvalsazrisiT. naWarbi ki, romelic istoriulad zedmeti

produqtis pirvel sazogadoebriv forma-gansazRvrulobas

warmoadgens, gadaiqca Temis beladebisa da uxucesebis

rogorc axali, ukve stabiluri socialuri fenis damkvi-

drebis saimedo materialur safuZvlad. am fenis mier priv-

ilegirebuli mmarTvelobiTi profesiis uzurpaciam, sab-

olood, ganviTareba hpova didgvarovanTa formirebasa da

memkvidreobiTobis principis damkvidrebaSi. swored aq wyvets

arsebobas meritokratiis pirvelSobili forma. Tumca, am

epoqaSi meritokratiaze msjeloba pirobiTia, radgan meri-

tokratia rogorc socialuri fena warmoiSoba mxolod iq,

sadac arsebobs Tu antagonizmi ara, rogorc minimumi, sak-

maod mZafri winaaRmdegoba fizikur da gonebriv Sromas

Soris (es winaaRmdegoba civilizaciis ufro maRal safex-

urebze sxvadasxva formiT gamovlindeba, maT Soris, rogorc

winaaRmdegoba maRalkvalificiur da naklebadkvalifici-

ur Sromas Soris, “bunebriv aristokratiasa” da e.w. zedmet

adamianebs Soris), romelic fizikur Sromas umravlesobis

xvedrad, xolo gonebrivs ki - sazogadoebis gansakuTrebu-

li nawilis privilegiad gadaaqcevs.

Tuki pirvelyofili sazogadoebis TviTuaryofisas

elitaruli klasis formirebas win uswrebda misi materi-

aluri keTildReobis ekonomikuri wanamZRris Seqmna (name-

ti Tu naWarbi produqti, romelic kerZo sakuTrebad vi-

Tardeba), pirveli antagonisturi sazogadoebis Casaxvidan

TviT Tavisufali konkurenciis epoqis damkvidrebamde, mate-

rialuri keTildReoba gadaiqceva Sedegad, romlis mizezi-

caa privilegirebuli socialuri fenisadmi kuTvnileba.

sxvagvarad, aq mizezi da Sedegi TiTqos ucvlian erTmaneTs

adgilebs.

arsebiTi cvlilebebi socialuri statusisa da mate-

rialuri keTildReobis TanafardobaSi Seaqvs sayovelTao

saqonlur warmoebas. axla ukve ara wodebrivi, aramed upi-

ratesad qonebrivi memkvidreobiToba gansazRvravs adamianis

adgils socialur ierarqiaSi. magram, maSin roca warmoebis

saSualebebze kerZo sakuTreba Sexamebulia sacvleli Rire-

bulebis batonobasTan, yovelgvari memkvidreobiTobis safuZ-

vlebi irRveva sakmaod swrafi tempebiT. kapitalizmis dam-

saxureba isaa, rom es warmoebis wesi bolos uRebs viTare-

bas, roca adamiani Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobis gamo

“valSi” iyo mxoloddamxolod Tavisi dabadebis SemTxvevi-

TobasTan.

im momentidan, rodesac mwarmoeblur ZalTa done Sesa-

Zlebels qmnis sociumis qonebriv diferenciacias, nebismieri

privilegirebulobis mTavari materialuri piroba xdeba


72 73

sakuTreba im mwarmoeblur resurze, romelic mocemuli

momentisTvis gadamwyvetia. aseTad, kacobriobis ganviTareb-

is sxvadasxva etapze gvevlineboda xan mona (subieqti), xan

miwa (obieqti), xan ki kapitalis saxiT warmodgenili warmoe-

bis saSualebani. mecnierebis uSualo mwarmoeblur Zalad

gadaqcevam codna gaxada e. w. inteleqtualur kapitalad, da

amdenad, sakuTrebis obieqtad. magram codna - sakuTrebis

gansakuTrebuli obieqtia da misi specifikaa is, rom igi ar

arsebobs misi matareblisgan damoukideblad. Tuki sakuTrebis

iseTi obieqtebi, rogoricaa mona (obieqtad qceuli subieq-

ti), miwa da kapitalis saxiT warmodgenili warmoebis saSu-

alebani mesakuTrisagan calke arseboben, “inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis” obieqti, romelic sinamdvileSi adamianis ganuy-

ofeli Tviseba da kuTvnilebaa, Tavis Tavs sakuTrebad av-

lens mxolod gabatonebuli warmoebiTi urTierTobebis

meSveobiT. amgvarad, codnis mflobeli gamodis rogorc

sakuTrebis subieqti da misive obieqti erTdroulad (“sam-

uSao Zalis” definiciidan gamomdinare, “inteleqtualuri

kapitalis” cneba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rgorc “samuSao Za-

lis” kategoriis Semadgeneli elementi. maSasadame, inteleq-

tualuri unaris gamocalkaveba “samuSao Zalisgan” ab-

straqtuli azrovnebis manipulaciaa mxolod. sxva saqmea,

rom sityvaTSewyoba - “samuSao Zala” asocirdeba, upirate-

sad, am unaris matareblis xelebTan da martiv, rutinul

SromasTan, “inteleqtualuri kapitali” ki - misi mflobe-

lis TavTan da rTul, SemoqmedebiT SromasTan. amitomac,

“samuSao Zalisa” da “inteleqtualuri kapitalis” rogorc

Tvisebrivad araTanazomadi warmoebis faqtorebis gamoy-

enebis uflebis realizacia, asaxvas hpovebs maTi mesakuTreebis

raodenobrivad aseve araTanazomad SemosavlebSi. am Tval-

sazrisiT, cnebebi “samuSao Zala - saqoneli” da “inteleq-

tualuri kapitali”, aRiqmeba rogorc zedmiwevniT adekva-

turebi).

mecnierebis uSualo mwarmoeblur Zalad gadaqcevis

epoqaSi maRali inteleqti ganapirobebs Sesabamisad maRal

Semosavlebsa da solidur adgils socialur ierarqiaSi,

magram mtkicebani, rom postindustriul sazogadoebaSi ni-

Wier adamianebs garantirebuli aqvT Tavis damkvidreba mer-

itokratiis rigebSi mxolod sakuTar codnasa da unarebze

dayrdnobiT, cota ar iyos, gadaWarbebulia. inarCunebs ra

sabazro urTierTobebs, postindustriuli sazogadoeba

mmarTveli elitis formirebisas gamoirCeva SerCeviTi midg-

omiT. ama Tu im codnis fasi da faseuloba ganisazRvreba

swored rom bazris koiunqturiT. rac ar unda Rrma da

fundamenturi iyos codna, is ar iqneba bazris mier aRiare-

buli, Tuki am codnis realizaciiT mosalodneli ara aris

maRali mogebis miReba. bazari ar aRiarebs arakapitalize-

bad codnasa da mis aseve arakapitalizebad produqts. aRniS-

nuli naklebad exeba gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone te-

qnikur codnasa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs, da metad

- fundamentur da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs, romelTa

praqtikuli mniSvnelobis gamovlena xdeba, rogorc wesi,

araimwuTierad. garda amisa, sazmcodneTa “inteleqtualuri

sakuTreba” garkveuli doziT yovelTvis eqvemdebareba ide-

ologizacias, amitomac mecnierebis am dargis bedismwer-

lad gvevlineba aramxolod sabazro, aramed politikuri

koniunqturac. magram, bazari ekonomikuric da politiku-

ric, sakmaod keTilganwyobilia im sazmecnierTa mimarT,

romlebic ar zRudaven TavianT unarebs principebiTa da

msoflmxedveluri mrwamsiT, da amdenad, midrekilni arian

ideologiuri Tu politikuri prostituciisken. aseTi in-

teleqtis Sefasebisas upriania davesesxoT k. marqss: ,,...ta-

lanti mrwamsis gareSe qmnis aramzadebs1”.

mecnierebis uSualo mwarmoeblur Zalad gadaqcevam

Secvala mwarmoeblur ZalTa elementebis Tanafardoba sub-

ieqturi mwarmoebluri resursis sasargeblod. Amitom,

nana absavanana absavanana absavanana absavanana absava ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

1 Ì à ð êñ Ê., Ýíãåëüñ Ô. Ñî÷., 2-å èçä., ò. 31, c. 367.

74 75

sakuTrebas rogorc movlenas, Tavisi arCevani gadaaqvs erTi

obieqtidan (warmoebis saSualebebSi gasagnebuli kapitali)

meoreze (codna personificirebuli mis matarebelSi). aRniS-

nuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom, marTalia, modificirebuli for-

miT, magram subieqti kvlav xdeba kerZo sakuTrebis obieqti.

uxeSad rom vTqvaT, Tanamedrove inteleqtuali, romelic

TiTqos gadamwyveti mwarmoebluri resursis mesakuTrea,

imavdroulad monad gvevlineba, rac mis bunebis gaorebaze

migvaniSnebs. saqme isaa, rom aq iqmneba kerZo sakuTrebisa da

Sromis Serwymis iluzia (aseTi Serwymis uperspeqtivoba

TvalsaCino gaxda jer kidev kapitalis Tavdapirveli da-

grovebis epoqaSi), miuxedavad imisa, rom inteleqtis sakuTrebis

obieqtad gaxdoma sinamdvileSi aris gabatonebuli warmoe-

biTi urTierTobebis mier nakarnaxevi cda adamianisa da

misi imanenturi Tvisebis xelovnuri gancalkavebisa. aseTi

xelovnuri gancalkavebis Sedegia is, rom “inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis” realizacia, anu misi kapitalizacia xdeba ara

uSualod misi matareblis mier, aramed maTi meSveobiT, vinc

dafinansebis solidur wyaroebs flobs. aseTebad ki gvev-

lineba bazris moTxovnaze orientirebuli msxvili kerZo

firmebi. maSasadame, inteleqtze sakuTrebis realizacia re-

alurad xdeba ara misi matareblis mier, visic bunebrivi

kuTvnilebac aris inteleqti, aramed garedan (kapitalis

kategoriis gamoyeneba misi araTavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. kapi-

talis substanciur arss ki warmoadgens Rirebuleba, amit-

om kapitalis namdvili Sinaarsis adekvaturi arsebobis wesi

swored fuladi formaa. e.w. inteleqtualuri kapitali ver

iqneba amosavali wertili moZraobisa, romelic ganapirobebs

mis TviTzrdas. aseT moZraobaSi inteleqtualuri kapitali

rogorc erT-erTi elementi piradi faqtorisa, erTveba mx-

olod fulad kapitalTan SeerTebiT, amitom inteleqtis

matareblis aRqma mis mesakuTred mxoloddamxolod ilu-

ziaa). mecnieruli kvlevebis sagani ki, romelic sabolood

bazris koniunqturasa, uSualod ki dafinansebis wyaroebzea

damokidebuli, ver iqneba nebismieri, amitom SemoqmedebiTi

muSakebi Tavis saqmianobaSi prioritetebis gansazRvrisas

iZulebulni arian ixelmZRvanelon pragmatuli mosazrebe-

biT. samecniero Tanamegobrobis im nawils ki, romelic mate-

rialur keTildReobas amjobinebs SemoqmedebiT Tavisufle-

bas, saeWvoa eRirsos “bunebrivi aristokratiis” rigebis

Sevseba. Tumca, yvela droSi sulieri sferos raindebi, rom-

lebic SeZlebisdagvarad Sors dganan ambiciebisa da

ekonomikuri moTxovnebisagan, arc arasodes miiswarafodnen

socialuri aRiarebis raime formiT damowmebisken. mecniere-

bis uangaro msaxureba ganpirobebulia maTi siyvaruliT

TviT WeSmaritebis da misi dadgenis procesisadmi. TviTsru-

lyofa ar warmoadgens mowodebiT mecnierTa mizans, is mx-

olod Tanmdevi Sedegia maTi Sromisa. meritokratiisaTvis

ki TiTqos damaxasiaTebeli moTxovnileba - sakuTari Tavis

Tvisebrivi zrda, TviTrealizacia - ufro sakuTari ego - sdakmayofilebisken swrafvaa. amaze metyvelebs is, rom meri-

tokratiis warmomadgenelTa mecnieruli interesebis wre

Semoifargleba sabazro moTxovnis Sesabamisi pragmatuli

mosazrebebiT.

codnasa da informaciaze sakuTrebis uflebis negati-

uri mxarea ise, rom am uflebis dakanoneba winaRobad iqceva

misi gavrcelebisaTvis. da es miuxedavad imisa, rom sazoga-

doebisaTvis gacemuli codnisa da informaciis Tvisebrio-

bisa da raodenobrobis TvalsazrisiT inteleqtualuri

kapitalis “mesakuTre” sulac ar ganicdis danakargs. piri-

qiT, codnis gavrcelebis procesSi is zrdis da amravalf-

erovnebs Tavis inteleqtualur potencials. metic, inteleq-

tualuri kapitali sakuTrebis erTaderTi obieqtia, romel-

ic xarjviTa da gacemiT izrdeba. garda amisa, axali codna

ar warmoiSoba cariel adgilze, da rom ara misi sakuTre-


76 77

bis obieqtad gadaqceva da sulieri sferos bazris kanoneb-

isadmi daqvemdebareba, siaxlis Semotana Zvel codnaSi ar

gamoiwvevda sulieri sferos axali e. w. varsklavebis Semo-

savlebis zrdas astronomiul cifrebamde. amasTan, Zveli da

axali codnis sinTezis produqtSi maTi raodenobrivi da

Tvisebrivi wvlilis ganmsazRvrel arbitrad gamodis baz-

ari. ukanaskneli ki, iTvaliswinebs maT ara realur damsax-

urebas axali produqtis SeqmnaSi, aramed im faqts, rom misi

Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod axali codnis mierTe-

biT ukve arsebulisadmi. maSasadame, siaxlis anazRaureba

gulisxmobs Zveli da axali codnis erToblivi produqtis

Rirebulebis im wilis miTvisebasac, romelic Zveli codnis

mier aris Seqmnili. amgvarad, bazris mikerZoebuloba “anei-

tralebs” Semosavlebis viTomda samarTliani ganawilebis

princips, romelsac gulisxmobs meritokratiis arsebobis

TviT idea.

meritokratiuli sazogadoebis mier deklarirebuli

adamianis unarebisa da damsaxurebisadmi Semosavlebisa da

socialuri statusis Sesabamisobis principi bazris pirobeb-

Si realizdeba Zalze paradoqsuli saxiT. amerikel so-

ciologsa da ekonomists l. turous mohyavs magaliTi, romel-

ic aRebulia ara sulieri sferodan, magram Zalze sagulisxmo

da saxasiaToa. igi wers: arsebobs Zalze araswoxazovani

Tanafardoba talantsa da anazRaurebas Soris, rac Tvalsa-

Cinod Cans sportsmenebis anazRaurebisas. maTTvis, visi mo-

nacemebic imaze dabalia, vidre es saWiroa profesional

kalaTburTelad gaxdomisaTvis, Semosavali nulis tolia.

talantis jerovani donis flobisas minimaluri xelfasi

udris 150 000 dolars. Tuki gavzomavT rigiTi kalaT-

burTelebisa da varsklavebis unarebs Soris arsebul gan-

sxvavebas (siswrafe sirbilSi, simaRle xtomaSi, kalaTSi mox-

vedris procenti), aRmovaCenT, rom is Zalze mcirea, maSin,

rodesac sxvaoba SemosavlebSi - uzarmazaria1. erTi Sexed-

viT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Semosavlebis aseTi aSkarad

arasamarTliani ganawileba aris, erTi mxriv, anazRaurebis

“meritokratiul” principsa da, meore mxriv, sabazro meur-

neobis kanonzomierebebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis

Sedegi. magram, Tuki mxedvelobaSi viqoniebT, rom swored

aseTi TvalSisacemi sxvaoba anazRaurebaSi, unarebSi umniS-

vnelo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, SesaZlebels xdis TviT mer-

itokratiis arsebobas, unda vivaraudoT, rom am ukanasknels

swored rom xels aZlevs aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba. mtkice-

bani, TiTqos materialuri keTildReoba aris Sedegi, romel-

sac axali elitaruli klasis warmomadgenlebi aRweven am

Sedegis mizandausaxavad1, metwilad farisevluria. gamdi-

drebis miznad dasaxvaze metyvelebs TviT faqti inteleqti-

sa da codnis kerZo sakuTrebis obieqtad gadaqcevis Sesax-

eb, rac iuridiulad saavtoro uflebebiT aris damowmebu-

li. Tuki ekonomikuri keTildReoba meritokratTa saqmi-

anobis ara mizani, aramed mxolod Tanamdevi Sedegia, maSin

saavtoro uflebebis funqcia mxolod imiT unda Semoifar-

glebodes, rom daicvas inteleqtualebi plagiatisagan. es

ki niSnavs sulieri sferos varsklavebis unarTa kapital-

izaciis dauSveblobas, rac gamoricxavs inteleqtis mier

erTxel miRebuli Sedegis mravaljerad anazRaurebas. sx-

vagvarad ki, inteleqti da misi produqti gvevlineba rogorc

kapitali, xolo masze Semosavlebi - rogorc mogeba daban-

debul kapitalze.

adamian-kapitalis mwarmoebluri Zalebis gadamwyvet

elementad gadaqceva, erTi mxriv, da am resursis deficitis

problema, meore mxriv, qmnis swored safuZvels inteleqtisa

da codnis kerZo sakuTrebis mTavar obieqtad gaxdomis, rac,

saboloo angariSiT, xels uSlis e.w. bunebrivi aristokratiis

gafarToebul kvlavwarmoebas. magram, Tuki am privilegire-

bul fenas surs aseTad darCes, maSin gulubryviloba iqne-


1 È í î ç å ì ö å â Â . Ë . Í àóêà , ë è ÷ í îñòü è î áùåñòâî â ï îñòèíäóñòðèàë ü í î éäåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè. // http: //www.postindustrial.net/pdf/magazines/article58.pdf.

78 79


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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

qveynis konkurentunariani ekonomikuri potencial-

is ganviTarebis problema dakavSirebulia dRevandeli

saqarTvelos mTel rig sxva problemasTan. am problemeb-

is gadawyveta ki mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia

ekonomikis maRalteqnologiur sferoSi arasabiujeto

investiciebis dasabandeblad Tanamedrove safinanso sa-

Sualebebis da meqanizmebis gamoyenebis codnasa da Sesa-

Zleblobaze. maRalriskiani mecnierebatevadi inovaciuri

proeqtebis ganxorcielebis erT-erT yvelaze perspeqti-

ul gzad gvevlineba venCuruli investireba, romlis efeq-

tianobac msoflio praqtikiT aris damtkicebuli.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi, rodesac konkurentuli brZ-

olis meTodebi kopirdeba da modificirdeba, biznesSi

mTavaria inovaciuri garemo, axali ideebis swrafad gavr-

celeba da kooperireba, inovaciebis dargSi sawarmoebis

TanamSromloba sxva regionebis biznesTan.

saxelmwifo inovaciuri politika saqarTvelos sa-

bazo dargebsa da sawarmoebSi mimarTuli unda iyos msof-

lio donis samecniero-teqnikuri da teqnologiuri miRw-

evebis daCqarebul aTvisebze, bunebrivi resursebis kvlavwar-

moebaze (mineraluri wylebi da sxv.).

boda molodini maTi mxridan axali socialuri winaaRmde-

gobis Tundac Serbilebis mizniT garkveuli zomebis miReb-

is Sesaxeb sakiTxis inicirebisa. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom

TeoriaSi socialuri da qonebrivi uTanasworobis gaRrmaveba

fasdeba ara mxolod rogorc kanonzomieri, aramed rogorc

samarTliani da dauZleveli movlena. amasTan, axali so-

cialuri ufskrulis gaRrmavebis gamarTleba xdeba im ar-

gumentiT, rom warmoebul sazogadoebriv simdidreSi sul

ufro izrdeba inteleqtualuri elitis wvlili. rac Seex-

eba arsebuli winaaRmdegobis dauZlevlobas, misi dasabuTe-

ba xdeba argumentiT inteleqtualuri unarebis upiratesad

memkvidreobiTi xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac TavisTavad faSiz-

mis elferi dahkravs. ukanaskneli mosazreba gulisxmobs

da amarTlebs kidec sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomad-

genelTa Soris arsebuli uTanasworobis konservacias. si-

namdvileSi ki, sayovelTaos TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris

uTanabro inteleqtualuri ganviTareba aris Sedegi da ara

mizezi maT Soris arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri ufsk-

rulisa. samwuxarod, sazogadoebaSi, romelsac marTavs e.w.

RirseulTa klasi, ar kargavs aqtualurobas mosazreba: ,,...

yovel adamians udavod aqvs ufleba srulad ganaviTaros

Tavisi unarebi, da sazogadoeba ormagad Cadis danaSauls

pirovnebis winaSe, rodesac umecrebas siRaribis gardauval

Sedegad gadaaqcevs1”.

Light and shade of meritocracyN. Absava

Existence of meritocracy denies the principle of heredity when de-fining a person’s place in social hierarchy and to gain economic welfare.

Becoming one of the main objects of intellectual property means trans-forming its bearer into the object as well as the subject of intellectual proper-ty. This shows artificial contradistinction of a human with its immanent na-ture. The result of this is that, as a rule, “intellectual property” is realized notby its bearer, but from outer forces. Giving birth of so called natural aristocra-cy causes numerous new social contradictions and deepens them.


1 Ì à ð êñ Ê., Ýíãåëüñ Ô. Ñî÷., 2-å èçä. ò. 2, c. 543.

venCuruli investicirebisvenCuruli investicirebisvenCuruli investicirebisvenCuruli investicirebisvenCuruli investicirebis

marTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebimarTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebimarTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebimarTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebimarTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

80 81

Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi bunebrivi resursebis

efeqtiani gamoyenebis problemebis gadawyveta SesaZlebe-

lia inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebiT, romelic saSu-

alebas iZleva dainergos axali, ufro efeqtiani teqnolo-

giebi, ekonomikis yvela dargSi.

venCuruli investireba warmoadgens katalizators

inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebisTvis. ganviTarebul

qveynebSi venCuruli investireba samecniero kvlevebis da

inovaciuri saqmianobis arasabiujeto dafinansebis mniS-

vnelovani wyaroa.

riskuli (venCuruli) investirebis mTavari Tavise-

bureba, sabanko dakreditebisgan gansxvavebiT, aris is, rom

investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba inovaciuri mima-

rTulebis mcire, saSualo kerZo an privatizebul sawar-

moebSi raime garantiiT uzrunvelyofis gareSe. venCuru-

li investori ar cdilobs kompaniis aqciebis sakontro-

lo paketis yidvas da varaudobs, rom kompaniis menejmenti

mis fuls gamoiyenebs finansur berketad sakuTari bizne-

sis ufro swrafi zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.

vixilavT ra venCurul investirebas, aucilebelia

mkveTrad gavmijnoT venCuruli da pirdapiri investicie-

bi. venCuruli investirebis ganmasxvavebelad SeiZleba miv-

iCnioT is, rom msoflios mraval qveyanaSi es meqanizmi

gamoiyeneba mcire da saSualo biznesis inovaciuri sawar-

moebis dasafinanseblad. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, aq Zir-

iTadad moqmedebs pirdapiri investiciebis fondebi.

mTel msoflioSi venCuruli kapitalis ZiriTad

wyaroebs (fondebis kapitalizaciis saerTo moculobis

daaxloebiT 2/3-s) warmoadgens bankebi, sapensio fondebi

da sadazRvevo kompaniebi.

dReisTvis venCuruli dargi ganicdis aRmavlobis

periods, rasac xels uwyobs globalizaciis procesebi,

sazogadoebis informatizeba, codnisa da informaciis

rolis zrda biznesSi. ukanaskneli wlebis liderad, Cveni

azriT, gvevlineba mobiluri telefonebi da usadeno te-

qnologiebi, radios yvelanairi damatebebi, pirvel rigSi

gigahercis diapazonSi.

riskuli investiciebis obieqtebad SeiZleba iqces

samrewvelo restruqturizacia, axali teqnologiebi da

mcire biznesi1. saqarTvelos pirobebSi venCuruli kapi-

talis gamosayeneblad mniSvnelovani prioritetebia: sa-

transporto infrastruqtura, energotevadoba, ekologiuri

energoefeqtiani binebis aSeneba da sxv.

zogadad, qveynis sawarmoebSi inovaciebis xelis-

SemSlelia sakuTari fuladi saxsrebis ukmarisoba, sax-

elmwifos mxridan susti finansuri mxardaWera, axal produ-

qtebze dabali gadaxdisunariani moTxovna, inovaciebis

maRali Rirebuleba, maRali ekonomikuri riski, siaxleTa

amonagebis xangrZlivi vadebi, agreTve inovaciuri infras-

truqturis ganuviTarebloba.

Cveni azriT, inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli in-

vestirebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebis gada-

wyvetisas saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuria rigi problema,

rogoricaa:

_ infrastruqturis ganuviTarebloba, romelsac samec-

niero-teqnikur sferoSi swrafad zrdadi teqnologiuri

axali da arsebuli mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganvi-

Tarebis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia da Seswevs unari gaxdes

mimzidveli obieqti pirdapiri (venCuruli) investirebi-

sTvis;

1 Ginsberg A., Hasan I. New Venture Investment. Hardcover., 2003, p.47.

ioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSvili makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomika

82 83

_ saqarTvelos venCurul industriaSi qarTuli kap-

italis ukmarisoba - sazRvargareTis investorebisTvis

qveynis mimzidvelobis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori;

_ venCuruli investiciebis dabali likviduroba,

rac garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia safondo bazris

arasakamarisi ganviTarebiT da warmoadgens investirebu-

li sawarmoebidan venCuruli fondebis Tavisufali ga-

mosvlis mniSvnelovan saSualebas (instruments);

_ maRalteqnologiuri seqtoris sawarmoebSi pirda-

piri investiciebis mozidvisTvis im ekonomikuri stimulebis

ar arseboba, romelic venCuruli investorebisTvis uzrun-

velyofs dasaSveb risks;

_ venCuruli industriis mxardaWeris arasakmarisi

informacia;

_ venCuruli fondebis kvalificiuri mmarTvelebis

arasakmarisi raodenoba da mewarmeTa sainvesticio kul-

turis dabali done.

venCuruli investorebis stimulirebis RonisZieba-

Ta kompleqsis daxmarebiT nebismier regions aqvs Sesa-

Zlebloba ganaxorcielos naxtomi inovaciuri saqmiano-

bis ganviTarebaSi xarisxiani ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunve-

lyofis mizniT1.

Cveni azriT, obieqtebis investireba, maT Soris te-

qnologiebis dargSic, adreul stadiebze - kapitalis ‘Tes-

vis~ stadiebze SesaZlebelia mxolod saxelmwifos monaw-

ileobiT. Tumca, aseTi investiciebi rig SemTxvevaSia ko-

merciulad momgebiani, magram riskebi imdenad didia, rom

investorebi uars amboben investirebaze. amitomac vTvliT,

rom venCuruli investirebis saxelmwifo regulireba

saqarTveloSi unda ganxorcieldes ori ZiriTadi for-

miT: pirdapiri da iribi.

pirdapiri investireba gulisxmobs pirdapiri sax-

elmwifo investiciebis ganxorcielebas inovaciuri firme-

bis wilobriv kapitalSi im specialuri fondebisTvis aq-

tivebis SeTavazebiT, romlebic venCuruli kapitalis ba-

zris ganviTarebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben.

iribi regulireba gulisxmobs im RonisZiebebs, rom-

lebic mTlianobaSi mowodebulia qveyanasa da regionebSi

Seqmnas sasurveli garemo (klimati) mewarmeobis ganviTare-

bisTvis. mas SeiZleba miekuTvnos iseTi RonisZebebi, rogor-

icaa: samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa, sagadasaxado SeRa-

vaTebis da preferenciebis meqanizmis gamoyeneba, savalu-

to regulirebis da kontrolis procedurebis gamartive-

ba, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba.

venCuruli investirebis pirdapiri regulireba unda

iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg ZiriTad elementebs: jer-erTi,

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetul mimarTulebebze

venCuruli investirebisa da adekvaturi asaxvisaTvis auci-

lebelia, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo proioritetebis

mkafiod SemuSavebuli sistema1. msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs,

rom pirveladi unda iyos mecnierebis da teqnologiebis

prioritetuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra.

konceptualurad prioritetuli mimarTulebebis

gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes

Semdegi kriteriumebi: konkurentunarianoba, cxovrebis

xarisxi da ‘gamrRvevi kapitali~. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

aucilebelia prioritetuli mimarTulebebis da kritiku-

li teqnologiebis regionuli da dargobrivi CamonaTva-

1 Michael J Roberts, Howard H Stevenson. New Business Ventures and theEntrepreneur. Harvard Business School Publishing. Hardbound. 2006,p.284.

1 David Gladstone Laura. Venture Capital Investing.2004,p.193.


84 85

lis SemuSaveba; aseve venCuruli kapitalis bazris sax-

elmwifo mxardaWeris iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, iTvaliswinebs specialuri organoebis, kerZod, ki,

saxelmwifo regionuli da dargobrivi fondebis Seqmnas,

rac prioritetuli mimarTulebebis inovaciuri proeqteb-

is dafinansebis mizniT venCurul organizaciebs aZlevs

garkveul garantiebs.

inovaciuri sistemis ganviTarebis dargSi saxelm-

wifo politika unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi mimarTulebiT:

inovaciur saqmianobasTan damokidebulebaSi xelsayreli

ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi garemos Seqmna; inovaci-

uri sistemis infrastruqturis formireba; inteleqtualuri

saqmianobis Sedegebis komercializebis saxelmwifo mx-

ardaWeris sistemis Seqmna.

saWiroa saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli iniciative-

bis gamoCena:

_ venCuruli fondebis saqmianobisTvis, agreTve, sapen-

sio fondebiT da sadazRvevo kompaniebiT venCuruli in-

vestirebisTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Seqmna;

_ inovaciebidan mosalodneli efeqtis prognozis

misaRebi meTodebis SemuSaveba, agreTve, inovaciuri proeqte-

bis eqspertizis saxelmwifo mxardaWera da samecniero-

teqnikuri sferos mcire sawarmoebis sakonsultacio mom-

saxurebis ganviTareba;

_ gamWvirvaloba Semosavlebis dabegvrasTan da kapi-

talis matebasTan (zrdasTan) mimarTebiT ormxrivi gam-

Wvirvalobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, agreTve, finansuri

stimulebi im investorebisTvis, romlebic saxsrebs aban-

deben safondo birJaze arakotirebul sawarmoebSi (saga-

dasaxado SeRavaTebis da saxelmwifo garantiebis formiT

progresul teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli mcire sawarmoe-

bisTvis kreditebis da investiciebis sanacvlod);

_ meoradi safondo bazris gaaqtiureba venCurul

kapitalSi investiciebis likvidurobis uzrunvelyofis

mizniT;

_ saprocento tarifebis Semcireba imitom, rom in-

vestireba venCurul kapitalSi ufro mimzidvelia im daba-

li saprocento ganakveTebisas, romelic zrdis saaqcio

kapitalis Rirebulebas;

_ sainformacio garemos ganviTareba, venCuruli saqmi-

anobis dargSi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisTvis xelSewy-

oba, mewarmeTa Soris venCuruli kulturis swavleba (aRzr-

da);

_ finansuri mxardaWera miznobrivi grantebis for-

miT, agreTve, sagadasaxdo SeRavaTebi kvlevebze, rasac

proeqtebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia ideebis da sacde-

li nimuSebis damzadebis etapebze, roca komerciuli kred-

itebis an venCuruli dafinansebis miRebis perspeqtivebi

ar aris gansazRvruli;

_ riskuli kapitalis aqtiurobis ufro Tanabari

ganawilebis waxaliseba regionebis mixedviT.

Cven viTvaliswinebT saerTaSoriso venCuruli sa-

zogadoebis Tvalsazriss, romliTac ar aris saWiro ven-

Curuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb specialuri kanonis miReba.

saerTo korporatiul (samoqalaqo), sagadasaxado da savalu-

to kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli problemebi, romlebic xels

uSlis saqarTveloSi venCuruli industriis ganviTarebas,

unda gadawydes Sesabamisi dargebis samarTlebrivi da ukve

arsebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis CarCoebSi. saxelmwifos

amocana swored isaa, rom xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnas

mcire da saSualo biznesSi kapitalis (investiciebis)


86 87

mozidvisTvis, gamoiyenebs ra venCurul kapitals rogorc

investiciebis saSualebas.

saqarTvelos venCurul industriaSi kerZo kapitalis

mozidvis ZiriTad saSualebad (instrumentad) gvevlineba

venCuruli fondis Seqmna saxelmwifos monawileobiT. sax-

elmwifo saxsrebiT unda moxdes kerZo investorebis riske-

bis Semcireba da qveynis venCurul industriaSi kerZo

saxsrebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT erTgvari kataliza-

toris da agitatoris rolic unda Seasrulos.

Cveni azriT, venCurul industriaze orientirebuli

specialistebis momzadeba, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs sagan-

manaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Sesabamisi specialobebis

da personalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebis gaxs-

nas. kargi iqneba, Tu evropis analogiurad, CvenTanac gaix-

sneba qouCing-centrebi, rac orientirebuli iqneba venCu-

ruli mewarmeobis sferoSi konsultaciebze, meTodur da

saganmanaleblo mxardaWeraze.

meore etapze, rodesac venCuruli investirebis re-

gionuli sistemis elementebi TviTganviTarebis myar re-

Jimze gadava, saxelmwifo unda gamovides mis mier adre

Seqmnili fondebidan. amis Sedegad saxelmwifos mier miRe-

buli saxsrebi reinvestirebuli iqneba specializebul

‘Tesvis~ sastarto fondebSi. Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia,

agreTve, komerciuli venCuruli inovaciuri fondebis Se-

qmnac, romelSic saxlemwifos wili 10%-ze meti ar unda

iyos, 90% ki - kerZo investorebis saxsrebi iqneba.

ramdenadac venCuruli investiciebisTvis likvi-

durobis uzrunvelyofa aucilebelia, mniSvnelovnad mig-

vaCnia safondo bazris ufro metad ganviTareba, sadac aq-

ciaTa paketis gayidvis gziT venCuruli fondebi SeZlebs

Tavisuflad gamovides investirebuli sawarmoebidan da

rodesac venCurul investorebs amis Sesaxeb winaswar ukve

ecodinebaT, maTTvis inovacur kompaniebSi investiciebis

dabandebasTan dakavSirebuli riskic met-naklebad garkveu-

li iqneba.

momavlisTvis unda SemuSavdes da dainergos iseTi

proeqti, romlis ZiriTadi mizanic perspeqtivaSi iqneba

erTiani sainformacio sivrcis formireba saqarTvelos

inovaciuri kompaniebis samecniero-teqniukuri potencia-

lis konsolodirebisTvis, sazRvargareTis analogiur

proeqtebTan integracia, inovaciuri struqturebis kompleq-

suri sainformacio mxardaWera adgilobrivi da saerTa-

Soriso teqnologiuri potencialis realizebis mizniT.

venCuruli dafinansebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri

meqanizmis amocanaa, venCuruli kapitalis xelsayreli

funqcionirebisaTvis da maRalteqnlogiuri inovaciuri

biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT, ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi

garemos formirebisTvis xelSewyoba. venCuruli investire-

bis organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmis Sesabamisi fun-

qciaa maRalteqnologiuri inovaciuri biznesis, da

mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis uzrunvelyo-

fa.

SemoTavazebuli marTvis (organizaciul-ekonomikuri)

meqanizmi sistemawarmomqmneli elementebis xuT ti ps

moicavs: normatiuls, organizaciuls, mmarTvelobiTs, fin-

ansurs, sainformacios.

inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis

organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmis normatiuli elementi

inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis normati-

uli regulirebis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsia, romlis safuZ-

velia saxelmwifo organoebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da

normatiuli dokumetebi, agreTve, specializebuli samarT-


88 89

lebrivi institutebis qseli da specialistTa didi jgufi,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen normatiul-samarTlebrivi ba-

zis praqtikul gamoyenebas.

venCuruli investirebis organizaciul-samarT-

lebrivi meqanizmis organizaciul elementSi igulisxmeba

kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorebis organizaciuli proce-

durebis da struqturebis erToblioba, romlebic indi-

vidualurad da erTmaneTTan urTierTkavSiriT ganapirobe-

ben venCuruli investirebis normalur funqcionirebas da

ganviTarebas. mcire mewarmeobaSi inovaciebis SemuSavebis,

investirebisa da danergvisaTvis aucilebelia organiza-

ciuli procedurebis ZiriTadi elementebis arseboba: bi-

znes-skolebi, saagentoebi, mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri

fondebi, samecniero-teqnikuri parkebi, inovaciur-te-

qnologiuri centrebi: sainformacio-analitikuri da sa-

konsultacio centrebi da a.S. mcire inovaciuri kompanie-

bis saqmianobis msgavsad unda moxdes infrastruqturis

sawarmoTa saqmianobis stimulireba - sagadasaxdo SeRa-

vaTebi infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze.

inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis

mmarTvelobiTi aspeqti Tavis aqtualurobas iZens ino-

vaciuri menejerebisa da sainvesticio aqtivebis mmarTveleb-

is profesionalizmisadmi maRal momTxovnelobasTan dakav-

SirebiT. inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis

organizacia da inovaciuri proeqtebis marTva obieqturad

rTuli procesia. amitom, saWiroa gadalaxul iqnes ukve

Seqmnili sistemebis inercia da cvlilebebTan maTi winaaRm-

degobebi. ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikaSi biznes-saqmi-

anobis, maT Soris inovaciebis marTva, didi xania codnis

specialur dargad aris miCneuli, romlis CarCoebSic

muSavdeba meTodologiuri da Teoriuli baza, arsebobs

samecniero skolebi, funqcionirebs menejerTa swavlebis

da momzadebis sxvadasxva instituti, didi moTxovnaa kval-

ificiur mmarTvelebsa da marTvis konsultantebze da a.S.

inovaciuri biznesis venCuruli investirebis finan-

suri infrastruqtura, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan ga-

momdinare, unda aewyos Tanamedrove bazris maRalganvi-

Tarebuli safinanso-sakredito meqanizmebis bazaze, rac

uzrunvelyofs resursebiT samewarmeo ekonomikas. inovaci-

uri saqmianobis finansuri uzrunvelyofis elementaruli

struqtura moicavs bankebs, sainvesticio organizaciebs

(sadazRvevo kompaniebs, sapensio fondebs, sauniversiteto

fondebs, saxelmwifo sainvesticio fondebs da sxv.), kor-

poraciul (sainvesticio) fondebs, individualur inves-

torebs, agreTve, sakuTriv venCurul fondebs.

inovaciuri biznesis venCuruli dafinansebis sain-

formacio uzrunvelyofa – es sacnobaro, sapatento, koni-

unqturuli, analitikuri, teqnikuri da sareklamo infor-

maciaa, romelic mudmivad aris wamodgenili tradiciul

da eleqtronul sainformacio sistemebSi, sacalo da pe-

riodul gamocemebSi, dagrovilia biblioTekebsa da fon-

debSi, regularulad ganaxlebadi da ganvrcobilia mraval-

ricxovani sainformacio institutis mier, sxvadasxva arx-

iT mowodebulia momxmareblis mier.

Cveni azriT, venCuruli investirebis Camoyalibebis

da ganviTarebis SemoTavazebuli koncefcia da masSi war-

modgenili organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmebis danergva,

SesaZlebels gaxdis Seiqmnas inovaciuri saqmianobis ven-

Curuli investirebis sistema saqarTveloSi, rasac mniS-

vnelovani dadebiTi zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia venCuru-

li investirebis ganviTarebaze rogorc mikro, aseve mak-

rodoneze.


90 91

ioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSvili

Management of major in venture investmentI. Masurashvili

The problem of a competitive, technological capabilities of the coun-try is one of the key in the problems of today’s Georgia. Much of the solutionto this problem depends on the ability and skills to use modern financialinstruments and mechanisms to attract high-tech sectors of economy budgetinvestments.One of the most promising ways to implement the high-riskhigh-tech innovation projects is a venture investment, whose effectivenessis confirmed by the world practice. In modern conditions, when methods ofcompetition quickly copied and modified in important business innovationenvironment, the rapid spread of new ideas and cooperation, cooperation ininnovation of enterprises with businesses in other regions. In our view, ven-ture investing is a catalyst for innovation. Institute of venture capital invest-ment in developed countries represents a major source of extrabudgetaryfunding of scientific research, applied research and innovation. The chal-lenge of organizational-economic mechanism of venture investment - fostereconomic and legal environment conducive to the functioning of venturecapital and development of high-tech innovation business. Accordingly, thefunction of the organizational-economic mechanism for venture capital in-vestment is to ensure the growth of innovative high-tech business and theeconomy of northern regions as a whole. Implementation of the proposedorganizational and economic mechanism (normative, organizational, mana-gerial, financial, informational) of formation and development of ventureinvestment in the complex of other activities will create a system of ventureinvestment in innovation activities in Georgia and will have a significantpositive impact on the development of venture investment at both the microand macro levels. In modern conditions, when methods of competition quicklycopied and modified in important business innovation environment, the rap-id spread of new ideas and cooperation, cooperation in innovation of enter-prises with businesses in other regions.


Temur CaligavaTemur CaligavaTemur CaligavaTemur CaligavaTemur Caligava

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

asistent-profesori asistent-profesori asistent-profesori asistent-profesori asistent-profesori

kacobriobis informaciuli ekonomikis epoqaSi

Sesvlam gamoiwvia angariSsworebis iseTi sistemis

Seqmnis aucilebloba, romelTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebe-

li iqneba, rogorc Cveulebriv garemoSi, aseve

eleqtronuli komerciis virtualur sivrceSi. praq-

tika gviCvenebs, rom angariSsworebis arsebuli formebi

srulyofilad ver pasuxobs eleqtronuli komerciis

Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, rac mkveTrad aferxebs am

ukanasknelis ganviTarebis tempebs. amasTan, erTad

gasaTvaliswinebelia fulis emisiaSi saxelmwifo mo-

nopoliis roli rogorc inflaciis winaaRmdeg efeq-

tian brZolaSi, aseve erTiani universaluri angariSs-

worebis formis SemuSavebaSi.

radgan fuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis umniSvnelo-

vanesi instrumentia, sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan

erTad xdeboda fulis daniSnulebis evolucia, izrde-

boda misi informaciuli Sinaarsi, mcirdeboda naRdi

fulis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. kavSirgabmulobis

eleqtronuli saSualebebis da informaciis gadace-

mis Tanamedrove meTodebis danergvam nel-nela mini-

mobiluri angariSsworeba informaciulmobiluri angariSsworeba informaciulmobiluri angariSsworeba informaciulmobiluri angariSsworeba informaciulmobiluri angariSsworeba informaciul

ekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSi

92 93

Temur CaligavaTemur CaligavaTemur CaligavaTemur CaligavaTemur Caligava makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomika

mumamde daiyvana fulis banknotebisa da monetebis

fizikuri gamoyenebis saWiroeba. materialuri fuli

industriuli sazogadoebis angariSsworebis ZiriTa-

di formaa da misi Semdgomi gamoyeneba pirdapiraa

dakavSirebuli informaciuli ekonomikisaTvis Seqm-

nil fulad sistemasTan, romlis safuZvelic unda

gaxdes globalur telesakomunikacio qselebze age-

buli eleqtronuli komercia. jerjerobiT aseTi er-

Tiani fulis sistema Seqmnili ar aris da angariS-

woreba warmoebs sakmaod mravalferovani meTodebiT.

amis ZiriTad mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT internet-

komerciis araTavsebadi standartebiT da meTodebiT

warmoeba, ramac xeli SeuSala am sferos masobri-

obas. amasTan erTad, optikur-boWkovani kavSirebiT Sesa-

Zlebeli gaxda miliardobiT adamianebis urTierT-

dakavSireba. aqedan gamomdinare, mobiluri qselebi

warmoadgens informaciuli momsaxurebis yvelaze

moTxovnad sistemas. rogorc internetma Tavis droze

gaaerTiana adamianebi da dRis wesrigidan moixsna

manZilis problema, aseve, amJamad telekomunikaciis

uaxlesma saSualebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada mobil-

urobis maRali donis Camoyalibeba iseT axal biznes-

sivrceSi, rogoricaa mobiluri komercia. am sferos

sruli da efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia

im fulis erTeulebisa da gacvlis sistemebis Se-

muSaveba, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba mobilur ko-

merciasa da informaciul ekonomikaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom internetis safuZvelze

arsebobs yvela winapiroba ekonomikuri tranzaqcieb-

is efeqtianad da martivad warmoebisTvis, fulis Tan-

amedrove formebs ar SeuZlia aramaterialuri saxiT

saWiro funqciebis Sesruleba. angariSsworebis arse-

buli sistemebi ZiriTadad ori saxeobisaa da igi

damokidebulia imaze, Tu tranzaqciisaTvis fulis

rogori forma gamoiyeneba: naRdi Tu unaRdo. pirv-

els miekuTvneba tranzaqciebi, romelic xdeba liTo-

nis monetebiT, qaRaldis banknotebiT, sxvadasxva saxe-

obis CekebiT, inteleqtualuri smart-baraTebiT da

cifruli naRdi fuliT (es ori ukanaskneli gamoiy-

eneba mxolod internetSi). unaRdo angariSsworebaSi

igulisxmeba sabanko angariSis arseboba, romliTac

sargebloba SesaZlebelia uSualod sabanko ganyo-

filebidan an distanciuri kavSiriT internetidan,

qaRaldis Cekis an misi eleqtronuli analogis gamow-

eriT, aseve sakredito baraTebiT dabolos _ fiWuri

telefonebiT, rac asrulebs mobiluri terminalebis

funqcias. CamoTvlil fulad formebs gaaCnia sxva-

dasxva naklovaneba, rac ar iZleva imis saSualebas,

rom romelime maTgani aRiarebul iqnes angariSwore-

bis universalur an masTan miaxloebul formad. ker-

Zod, SeuZlebelia maTi gadacema satelekomunikacio

qselebis gamoyenebiT, angariSsworeba rogorc mate-

rialuri, aseve virtualuri formiT, usafrTxoebis

arasakmarisi garantiebi, arasakmarisi dafarvis sfe-

ro da a.S. amitom, Tanamedrove fuli, rogoricaa naR-

94 95

di fulis cifruli teqnologia, Tavisi ganviTarebis

didi potencialis gamo SeiZleba CaiTvalos infor-

maciuli ekonomikis idealurTan miaxloebul fulis

erTeulad.

cifruli naRdi fuli warmoadgens fulis

Rirebulebis erTgvar eleqtronul damagrovebels,

ganTavsebuls teqnikur mowyobilobaze, romlis gamoy-

enebac SesaZlebelia angariSsworebisaTvis da ar

saWiroebs tranzaqciisTvis sabanko angariSebis gamoy-

enebas. ̀ teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT cifruli naRdi fuli

warmoadgens fulis cifrul gamosaxulebas~1. igi aris

orobiT formaSi Cawerili cifruli informacia da

radgan `ase Cawerili ricxvebi Zalian didi moculo-

bisaa, xdeba maTi ganTavseba failebis saxiT~2. aqedan

gamomdinare, cifruli naRdi fuli warmoadgens Cveu-

lebrivi qaRaldis fulis eleqtronul analogs.

rogorc cnobilia, SesaZlebelia yovelgvari aramate-

rialuri dokumenti gadagzavnil iqnes nebismieri mo-

mxmareblisTvis telesakomunikacio qselebis gamoy-

enebiT. aseve SesaZlebelia cifruli naRdi fuli

eleqtronuli qselebiT momentalurad gadaigzavnos

dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi minimaluri satranzaq-

cio danaxarjebiT. yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan Sei-

Zleba davaskvnaT, rom cifruli naRdi fuliT angariS-

sworeba aris uqaRaldo fulis brunva, rodesac mon-

etebsa da banknotebSi asaxuli Rirebuleba Sordeba

maT fizikur matarebels da arsebobs aramaterialuri

formiT.

rogorc cnobilia, fulis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs

warmoadgens stabiluroba, uvadoba, cnobadoba, gayofa-

doba da sxv. radgan cifruli naRdi fuli fulis

eleqtronuli eqvivalentia, mas damatebiT unda gaaCndes

mTeli rigi Tavisebureba: gamoyenebis universaluro-

ba, tranzaqciis ganxorcielebis procesis maqsimaluri

usafrTxoeba da Rirebulebis erTeulis arCevis

Tavisufleba. garda amisa cifruli naRdi fuli

materialurs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba cveTis, por-

tatulobis, daculobis da tranzaqciis xarjebis donis

mixedviT. perspeqtivaSi cifruli naRdi fuli Se-

Zlebs fulis yvela ZiriTadi funqciis Sesrulebas.

is gaxdeba mimoqcevis, gadaxdis, dagrovebis universa-

luri erTeuli. is aseve iqneba msoflio fuladi er-

Teuli, Tu ra Tqma unda miiRweva SeTanxmeba erTiani

cifruli naRdi fulis standartebis Sesaxeb, iqneba

is sando da gamosayeneblad moxerxebuli.

unda aRiniSnos, rom cifrul naRd fuls gaaCnia

naklovanebebic, ramac SeiZleba mis masobriv danerg-

vas SeuSalos xeli. kerZod: kompiuteris muSaobaSi

Seferxeba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios cifruli naR-

di fulis nawilobrivi an mTliani dakargva; garkveu-

li albaTobiT, arasanqcirebuli miwvdomis SesaZle-

bloba; eleqtronuli matareblebis moparvis an

dakargvis Sansi; arakompiuterul qselebs gareT an-

gariSsworebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba. zogierTi1 Grabble J. Orlin. Digital Cash and the Regulators.http://www.aci.net/kalliste/dcreg.htm2 Äåìèäîâ Àëåêñàíäð. Digital money – ýëåêòðîííûå äåíüãè//Äåíãè.1997, ìàðò.


96 97

saxelmwifo, cifruli naRdi fulis danergvis wina-

aRmdegia, ramdenadac rTulia mis emitentebze kontr-

olis gaweva; surs arsebuli sagadsaxado sistemis

SenarCuneba; Znelia fuladi brunvis SesaZlo zrdasa

da fulis gaTeTrebaze kontroli; saWirod miiCneven

qveyanaSi erTiani fuladi erTeulis SenarCunebas da

a.S.

miuxedavad amisa, cifruli naRdi fulis dan-

ergvis efeqtianoba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli mis

fizikur materebelTan. ̀ pirveli aseTi sistemebi (Digi-

Cash da MilliCent) Seiqmna personaluri kompiuterebis

gamoyenebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofili iyvnen maT

Sesanaxad adekvaturi mexsierebis moculobiT da tran-

zaqciisaTvis saWiro daSifrvisaTvis saWiro gamoT-

vliTi simZlavriT~1. informaciuli teqnologiebis da

inteleqtualuri mikroprocesuli baraTebis ganvi-

TarebasTan erTad Seiqmna cifruli naRdi fulis

matarebeli iseTi sistemebi (Mondex da smart-baraTe-

bi VISACash), romlebic ufro kompaqturi iyo, vidre

personaluri kompiuterebi. dabolos, ukanasknel pe-

riodSi optikur-boWkovani qselebis ganviTarebasTan

erTad SesaZlebeli gaxda cifruli naRdi fulis

matareblad mesame Taobis mobiluri telefonebis

gamoyeneba.

angariSsworebis yvelaze gavrcelebul da mox-

erxebul sistemad miCneulia internet-bankingebi, rom-

lebic momsaxurebas awarmoeben pirdapiri (Online) re-JimiT. aseTi sistemebi pirobiTad sami saxeobisaa:

1.sistemebi, romlebsac momxmareblisTvis SeuZliaT

mxolod informaciis miwodeba sabanko angariSebis

Sesaxeb;

2. sistemebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT daSorebuli

Siga da gare sabanko gadaricxvebis, komunaluri ga-

dasaxadebis gadaxdis warmoeba, unaRdo angariSswore-

biT saqonlis yidva-gayidva da sxv.;

3.sistemebi, romlebsac zeviT CamoTvlil momsax-

urebasTan erTad SeuZliaT klientebisTvis pirdapi-

ri (Online) reJimiT yvelanairi sabanko momsaxurebis

(maT Soris kreditis aRebis) gaweva, fasian qaRaldebTan

operaciebi da a.S.

miuxedavad momsaxurebis aseTi maRalferovnebisa,

unda aRiniSnos, rom aseT sistemebsac GgaaCnia rigi

SezRudva. kerZod, saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis Ca-

satareblad klients unda hqondes Sesabamisi savaluto

angariSebi, Siga bazrisTvis angariSi erovnul valutaSi,

kavSiri internetTan da a.S.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom momavali ekonomikis

angariSsworebis sistema unda iyos universaluri,

aucilebeli xdeba informaciuli ekonomikisaTvis

fulis axali specialuri koncefciis SemuSaveba,

romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba satelekomunika-

cio qselebis Taviseburebebi da maTi saSualebiT neb-

ismieri tranzaqciebis ganxorcieleba. aseTi koncef-

ciis sfuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes cifruli naRdi fuli,

romelic ganTavsebuli iqneba iseT portatul inteleq-

tualur mowyobilobebze, romlebic usadenod SeZle-1 Ýëåêòðî í íûå äå íüãè è ì îáèëüíûå ïëàòåæè. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ. Ì.,ÊíîÐóñ,2009.


98 99

ben internetTan dakavSirebas. erT-erT yvelaze gavrce-

lebul aseT mowyobilobas warmoadgens fiWuri anu

mobiluri telefoni. aqedan gamomdinare `SeiZleba

SemoRebul iqnes e.w. fiWuri cifruli naRdi fulis

termini~1. misi gamoyeneba erTnairi warmatebiT iqneba

SeaZlebeli, rogorc fiWur telesakomunikacio sfer-

oSi, aseve internetSi. radgan aseTi fuli warmodge-

nilia orobiTi informaciiT erT mowyobilobaSi, ker-

Zod ki, mobilur telefonSi moxdeba daSifruli fu-

lis ganTavsebac da nebismieri tranzaqciis Semdeg

daTvlac. aqedan gamomdinare, fiWuri cifruli naRdi

fulis danergvis dros angariSworebisTvis ar aris

saWiro damatebiTi infrastruqturis Seqmna, radgan

visac eqneba mobiluri telefoni is avtomaturad Se-

Zlebs cifruli naRdi fulis gagzavnas da miRebas

iseve martivad, rogorc magaliTad SMS-Setyobinebeb-

isa, xolo TviT mobiluri telefonebi gaxdeba

eleqtronuli safuleebi. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom mobi-

luri mowyobilobebi sakmaod warmatebulad Secvlis

Cveulebriv fuls, radgan maT gaaCniaT eleqtronuli

komerciis nebismier saqonelsa da momsa-xurebasTan

miwvdomis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, isini ise maso-

brivadaa gavrcelebuli da moxerxebulia, rom maTi

gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba tranzaqciebis ganx-

orcieleba ara marto virtualur, aramed fizikur

garemoSi. statistikis mixedviT, Sin darCenili mobi-

luri telefonebis raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia,

vidre datovebuli sakredito baraTebis da safulee-

bis raodenoba, kompaqturobis da simsubuqis gamo, is

mudam momxmareblis xelSia. mobiluri telefonebis

mesame Taoba iZleva momxmareblis adgilsamyofelos

gansazRvris saSualebas, rac warmoadgens mobiluri

angariSsworebis ganviTarebis erT-erT aucilebel

pirobas, radgan biznesis warmatebuli warmoebisTvis

aucilebelia imis codna, Tu sad imyofeba konkretul

momentSi momxmarebeli, rom mas qondes operatiuli

informacia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.

cxadia, yvela saxeobis mobiluri telefoni ver

gamodgeba fiWuri cifruli naRdi fulis matareblad.

sistemis warmatebuli realizaciisaTvis aucilebe-

lia iseTi fiWuri terminalebis Seqmna, romlebic Se-

Zleben operaciebis Sesrulebas axali formis ful-

Tan. aseTi SesaZleblobebi aqvs mesame Taobis mobil-

ur telefonebs. axali qselebis gafarToebasTan er-

Tad Seicvleba TviT mobiluri mowyobilobebis maxa-

siaTeblebi da dizaini, rac mogvcems imis SesaZle-

blobas, rom isini gamoyenebuli iqnes saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze angariSsworebis terminalebad rogorc

qselSi, aseve fizikur garemoSi. mobilur terminalebs

unda qondeT internetTan mudmivi kavSiris, Catarebu-

li angariSsworebis Sesaxeb informaciis daSifrvisa

da dekodirebis SesaZlebloba, radgan cifruli naR-

di fulis gamoyenebis dros informaciis dacvas eqce-

va yvelaze mTavari yuradReba. globalur qselebTan

kavSiris garda, mobilur terminalebs unda qondeT

usadeno kavSiris interfeisi Bluetooth, romliTac mom-1 Ýëåêòðî í íûå äå íüãè è ì îáèëüíûå ïëàòåæè. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ. Ì.,ÊíîÐóñ,2009.


100 101

xmareblebs miecemaT patara da sagangebo mravalfun-

qcionaluri qselebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. aseTi

mikroqselebis mobiluri teminalebi lokalur gare-

moSi moaxerxeben rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve sxvadasxva

eleqtronul mowyobilobasTan (savaWro avtomatebi,

salaro aparatebi da sxv.) dakavSirebas, fiWuri qseleb-

is gverdis avliT. mobiluri cifruli fulis gamoy-

enebisaTvis sasurvelia telefonebSi energodamoukide-

beli mexsierebis Casma. amiT, faqtobrivad moixsneba

Sesanaxi informaciis moculobis SezRudvis da fiz-

ikuri dacvis problema.

msgavsad informaciis gacvlis nebismieri sistemisa,

mobiluri cifruli naRdi fulis sistemaSi unda

Caidos daSifrvis garkveuli principi. aseT sistemeb-

Si mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnes ormagi gasaReb-

is (RSA) algoriTmze agebuli daSifrvis sistema, rac

uzrunvelyofs ori momxmareblis cifruli naRdi

fulis gacvlas anonimurobis sruli dacviT.

cifruli naRdi fulis potenciuri naklia

mobiluri aparatis dakargva. aseTi situaciidan ga-

mosavalia fiWuri sistemis operatoris angariSze

garkveuli vadiT mobiluri fulis Caricxva avtomat-

urad an iZulebiT, riTac is usafrTxod iqneba Senax-

uli momxmareblis moTxovnamde.

mobiluri angariSsworebisFfinansuri sistemis

mdgradi da efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis aucile-

belia mobilur tranzaqciaSi monawileTa identifika-

cia. yvelaze miRebul meTodad iTvleba cifruli

sertifikatebis infrastruqtura (PKI). tranzaqciis

procesSi mobiluri terminalebi ukavSirdeba PKI in-

frastruqturas angariSsworebis mimRebis Ria gasaRebe-

bis dasadgenad, xolo SemdgomSi es ukanaskneli amave

sistemiT axdens gadamxdelis identificirebas. mobi-

luri qselebiT komerciaSi Ria gasaRebebis erTdrou-

li da ormxrivi gamoyeneba warmoadgens biznesis war-

moebis saimedo gzas.

dasasruls, yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan gamom-

dinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mobiluri cifruli

naRdi fuli Seasrulebs Cveulebrivi fulis yvela

funqcias: SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnes raRac fizikurad

ararsebuli an erovnuli valutiT, rac iZleva mis

saTvlel erTeulad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas; is

SeiZleba gaxdes mimoqcevisa da angariSsworebis er-

Tiani saSualeba, radgan mobiluri telefonebis pa-

tronebi gamoiyeneben mas mTel msoflioSi; mobiluri

cifruli naRdi fulis, rogorc dagrovebis saSualebis,

Rirebuleba uzrunvelyofilia misi emitentiT, iseve

rogorc Cveulebrivi qaRaldis fulis; misi gamoyene-

ba SesaZlebeli iqneba gadavadebuli angariSsworebe-

bisaTvis, radgan Senaxuli iqneba mobiluri termina-

lebis mexsierebaSi; fiWuri qselebis gavrcelebis

arealis safuZvelze mobilur cifrul naRd fuls

SeeZleba msoflio fulis funqciis Sesruleba.


102 103

Mobile payment in the Information Economics

T. Chaligava T. Chaligava T. Chaligava T. Chaligava T. Chaligava

The article focuses on the forms of payment on Shortcom-

ings and on the Information Economics and adequate mobile dig-

ital payment system. According to the author Mobile Digital Cash

Money will perform all the normal functions of money. Can be

expressed physically, something missing or in national currency,

Which allows the unit to use his counting possibility. It can be-

come a circulation and common means of payment, Because mo-

bile phone users will use them in the whole world. Mobile digital

cash as a means of accumulating wealth, cost of is provided Pro-

vided by the Issuing , As well as conventional paper money. Its use

can be delayed for the Payment. Because will be stored in the

memory of the mobile terminals. Cellular networks based on the

distribution area Mobile digital will be able to Performance the

world cash money function


uCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikis da biznesisekonomikis da biznesisekonomikis da biznesisekonomikis da biznesisekonomikis da biznesis

fakultetis doqtorantifakultetis doqtorantifakultetis doqtorantifakultetis doqtorantifakultetis doqtoranti

saqarTvelom, damoukideblobis mopovebis pirve-

li dRidan, ekonomikuri sistemis sabWoTa tipis mbrZa-

neblur-administraciul models, anu totalitarizms

uari uTxra da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobasa da

Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro mod-

elis, anu liberalizmis idea airCia.

Tumca, TiTqmis ori aTeuli welia, saqarTvelo

rogorc axalgazrda saxelmwifo, aramarto transfor-

maciis, aramed erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis swori

mimarTulebis Ziebis procesSia, rac sxva mizezebTan

erTad, liberalizmis mravalsaxeobiTacaa ganpirobe-

buli.

amdenad, mniSvnelovania swori, mizanmimarTuli

ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba, romelSic gaTval-

iswinebuli iqneba saqarTvelos geostrategiuli mde-

bareoba da swrafva evropuli faseulobebisaken, vi-

naidan swored evrokavSirTan daaxloeba da Semdeg

misi wevroba aris Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos

erT-erTi umTavresi sagareo prioriteti. am mxriv

erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyali-erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyali-erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyali-erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyali-erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyali-

bebis procesi da evrointegraciabebis procesi da evrointegraciabebis procesi da evrointegraciabebis procesi da evrointegraciabebis procesi da evrointegracia

104 105

garkveuli nabijebi gadadgmulia, kerZod, 1992 wels

evrokavSirma saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-

bloba da teritoriuli mTlianoba aRiara da dRemde

am poziciazea.

evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebis

iuridiul safuZvels warmoadgens partniorobisa da

TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba (PCA), romelsac 1996 wels

moewera xeli da ZalaSi 1999 wels Sevida. igi evrokav-

Sirsa da saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromlobis samarT-

lebriv meqanizmebs qmnis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa:

vaWroba, investiciebi, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis

uflebebis dacva da saimigracio politika.

2006 wlis 14 noembers, evropis samezoblo poli-

tikis farglebSi (ENP), miiRebul iqna xuTwliani samo-

qmedo gegma, romlis mixedviT evrokavSiri adgens

garkveul pirobebs, romelTa dakmayofilebac saqarTve-

los moeTxoveba momavalSi politikuri, ekonomikuri

da samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis Tanmimdevruli

ganviTarebisaTvis.

2009 wlis 7 maiss ZalaSi Sevida evrokavSiris

aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa, romelic war-

moadgens evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisa da aR-

mosavleTi evropis eqvsi mezobeli qveynis, maT Soris

saqarTvelos erTobliv mcdelobas, ormxrivi da

mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis farglebSi daaCqaron

evrokavSirTan politikuri da da ekonomikuri daax-

loebis procesi.

2010 wlis 17 ivniss, briuselSi xeli moewera SeT-

anxmebas evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi saqarTvelos mo-

uCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSviliuCa gogiSvili makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomika

qalaqeebisaTvis vizebis gacemis gamartivebis Sesaxeb.

amasTan, uaxloes momavalSi dagegmilia molaparakebe-

bis dawyeba evrokavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeT-

anxmebis gasaformeblad. aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba iTval-

iswinebs savizo reJimis gauqmebas da Tavisufali vaWro-

bis Sesaxeb yovlismomcveli xelSekrulebebis dade-

bas, rac uTuod wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba. amasTan,

SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb ar niSnavs imas, rom

saqarTvelo evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidati qveyana

gaxdeba.

imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevri-

anebis sakiTxi daisvas, erovnuli ekonomikuri poli-

tikis (ar vexebiT sakiTxis politikur da iuridiul

aspeqtebs) mizani unda gaxdes:

1. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis dadgenili kri-

teriumebis Sesrulebaze zrunva.

2. saqarTveloSi evropuli qveynebisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyalibeba.

amasTan, aucilebelia ufro meti da ufro mWidro

savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyareba evrokav-

Siris wevr calkeul qveyanasTan da saerTo evropul

struqturebTan.

evrokavSiris gafarToebis SesaZlebloba mis yve-

la damfuZnebel dokumentSia dafiqsirebuli. 1992 wels

miRebul maastrixtis xelSekrulebaSi weria, rom

wevrobaze ganacxadis Semotana “nebismier evropul

saxelmwifos SeuZlia”. Tumca, wevrobis kandidati qvey-

nebisadmi saTanado kriteriumebi mxolod 1993 wels,

kopenhagenSi iqna miRebuli, roca dRis wesrigSi cen-

106 107

traluri da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebis gawevri-

anebis sakiTxi dadga. e.w. “kopenhagenis kriteriumebis”

mixedviT aucilebelia evrokavSiris wevrobis kandi-

dat saxelmwifos gaaCndes:

- stabiluri saxelmwifo institutebi, romlebic

warmoadgens demokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobis, adami-

anis da erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis ga-

rantias;

- qmediTi sabazro ekonomika, romelsac Zala unda

Seswevdes gauZlos evrokavSirSi arsebul konkurenciis

da sabazro Zalebis wnexs;

- im valdebulebebis aRebis unari, romlebic

evrokavSiris wevrobidan gamomdinareobs da politikur,

ekonomikur da savaluto kavSirebs iTvaliswinebs.

amsterdamis 1997 wlis xelSekrulebiT gadawyda,

rom “kopenhagenis kriteriumebi” evrokavSiris xelSek-

rulebis ZiriTadi principebi gaxdeboda.

2001 wels nicaSi miRebuli evrokavSiris xelSek-

rulebis me-6 muxlis 1-l abzacSi aRniSnulia, rom

evrokavSiri efuZneba Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, ad-

amianis uflebebis, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos (kano-

nis uzenaesobis) da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis (saqon-

lis Tavisufali moZraoba, adamianebis Tavisufali

gadaadgileba, cxovrebisa da samuSao adgilis Tavisu-

fali arCeva, servisisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufleba,

kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba) principebs. imave xe-

lSekrulebis 49-e muxli ki gansazRvravs, rom nebismi-

er evropul saxelmwifos, romelic aRiarebs me-6 mux-

lis 1-li abzaciT gansazRvrul principebs, SeuZlia

ganacxados evrokavSiris wevrobis survili.

swored am principebis safuZvelze moxda 2004 wels

aTi centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis saxelmwi-

fos (maT Soris sami baltiispireTis saxelmwifos),

xolo mogvianebiT 2007 wels, damatebiT kidev oris –

bulgareTis da rumineTis - evrokavSirSi gawevriane-

ba. amave kriteriumebis gamo ver xerxdeba TurqeTis

rogorc wevrobis mravalwliani kandidatis, ganacxa-

dis dakmayofileba.

“kopenhagenis kriteriumebis” me-2 punqtSi xaz-

gasmulia “qmediTi sabazro ekonomikis” funqcionireb-

is aucilebloba, rac garkveuli ekonomikuri wesrigis

formirebas gulisxmobs.

ekonomikuri wesrigis cnebaSi igulisxmeba

ekonomikis organizaciuli mowyobisa da ekonomikuri

procesebis msvlelobis da marTvis arsebuli wesebis

erToblioba. ekonomikuri wesrigis amocanebia:

ekonomikis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofa,

ekonomikuri aqtivobebis mizanmimarTul koordinire-

ba da sxva sazogadoebriv-politikur amocanebi.

amisTvis, uwinaresad unda ganisazRvros rogori

tipis sabazro ekonomika gvinda, anu ra doneze unda

ereodes saxelmwifo qveynis ekonomikis funqcionire-

baSi. civilizebuli samyaro sabazro ekonomikis or

ZiriTad models ganasxvavebs: Tavisufali sabazro

ekonomika da socialuri sabazro ekonomika.

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika efuZneba klasikuri

liberalizmis Teorias, romlis TvalsaCino warmomad-


108 109

geneli aris adam smiTi. am TeoriiT saxelmwifo ayal-

ibebs sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis zogad Car-

Coebs, maqsimalurad xels uwyobs konkurenciis ganvi-

Tarebas da TiTqmis ar ereva sabazro ekonomikis fun-

qcionirebaSi. saxelmwifos umTavresi prioritetia

mewarmeobis xelisSewyoba, xolo mosaxleobis social-

uri dacva ar aris saxelmwifos prioritetul mima-

rTulebebs Soris. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis

arsebobis saukeTeso magaliTia aSS (Tu ar CavTvliT

bolo drois finansuri krizisis Semdgom ganviTare-

bul movlenebs, kerZod, barak obamas ekonomikis stimu-

lirebis pakets da misive inicirebuli jandacvis re-

formas).

socialuri sabazro ekonomika efuZneba neolib-

eralizmis Teorias (Cikagos skola) da ordoliber-

alur Teorias (fraiburgis skola). am modeliT sax-

elmwifo ayalibebs sabazro ekonomikis funqcionireb-

is zogad CarCoebs, xels uwyobs mewarmeobas, konkurenci-

is ganviTarebas, aseve garkveulwilad aregulirebs

sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebas, mosaxleobis so-

cialuri dacva ki saxelmwifos erT-erTi prioritet-

uli mimarTulebaa. meore msoflio omis Semdeg msgav-

si ekonomikuri wesrigi evropis mraval saxelmwifoSi

Camoyalibda.

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis

TvalsaCino magaliTia germania, romlis „socialuri

sabazro ekonomikis” ganmsazRvreli Teza ase JRers:

“So wenig Staat wie möglich, so viel Staat wie nötig” (“imdenad

cota saxelmwifo - rac SeiZleba, imdenad bevri sax-

elmwifo - ramdenic saWiroa”). am magaliTidan garkveviT

Cans, rom saxelmwifo regulirebis moculobis raode-

nobis ganmsazRvreli universaluri formula ar ar-

sebobs. socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi sasurvelia, rom

saxelmwifos roli SeizRudos maqsimalurad, magram

ara imdenad, rom saxelmwifom Tavisi socialuri fun-

qciis Sesruleba ver SeZlos.

ra viTarebaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi?

2009 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos prezidentma

mixeil saakaSvilma parlamentSi gamosvlisas e.w.

“ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis aqti” waradgina, romlis

mixedviTac saqarTvelo msoflio liberaluri

ekonomikis flagmani unda gaxdes. “konstituciuri kanon-

proeqti ekonomikuri Tavisuflebebis, SesaZleblobeb-

isa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb”, moicavs rig axal iniciati-

vas: kerZod, unda aikrZalos ukve dadgenili licen-

ziebis da nebarTvebis raodenobis gazrda da axali

saxelmwifo maregulirebeli organoebis Seqmna. aseve,

saxelmwifos aekrZaleba komerciuli bankebis wileb-

is floba da nebismieri saxeobis produqciisa da mom-

saxurebaze fasis daweseba, riTac “saqarTveloSi mud-

mivad iqneba uzrunvelyofili fasebis dadgenis Tavisu-

fleba.” aRniSnuli aqti aseve gulisxmobs valutis

konvertaciis SezRudvis da investoris mier miRebu-

li Semosavlebis da kapitalis repatriaciis dauSve-

blobas. amasTan, prezidenti gamovida iniciativiT, rom

momavalSi saxelmwifos mier nebismieri gadasaxadis

SemoReba da gadasaxadis ganakveTis gazrda SesaZle-

beli unda iyos “gamonaklisis saxiT”, saerTo-saxalxo

referendumis gziT.


110 111

amdenad, prezidentis inicirebulma winadadebaTa

paketma konstituciurad unda SezRudos aRmasrule-

beli xelisuflebis SesaZleblobebi gaduxvios lib-

eraluri ekonomikuri mmarTvelobidan, rogorc arse-

buli, aseve momavali mTavrobebis pirobebSi.

prezidentma ganacxada: “Cveni gamocdileba

gviCvenebs, rom araferi kargi ar xdeba iq, sadac aris

saxelmwifo”. misive gancxadebiT, “Tavisuflebis aqti”

SemdgomSi ganaviTarebs biujetis socialur nawils

im principis mixedviT, rom sabiujeto saxsrebi mima-

rTuli unda iyos mxolod imaT daxmarebaze, vinc amas

yvelaze metad saWiroebs.

cxadia, aRniSnuli iniciativa xels Seuwyobs in-

vesticiebis mozidvas, gamoiwvevs biznesis gaaqtiure-

bas, rac garkveulwilad stimuls miscems qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebas. magram, aseve unda iTqvas, rom

“Tavisuflebis aqti” warmodgenili saxiT ver uzrun-

velyofs konkurenciis ganviTarebas da gazrdis mo-

saxleobis socialur uTanasworobas, rac faqtobri-

vad dagvaSorebs evropul idealebTan.

zogadad, saxelmwifos rolis Seswavlis proces-

Si umTavresia pasuxi gaeces or kiTxvas:

1. rogoria konkurenciis saxelmwifo xelSewyo-

bis politika?

2. rogoria saxelmwifos socialuri politika?

konkurenciis saxelmwifo xelSewyobis politika

gansakuTrebul rols unda aniWebdes antimonopoli-

ur, antitrestul da antidempingur regulirebas, rom-

lis mTavari mizania konkurenciuli garemos Camoyal-

ibeba, konkurenciis dacva da stimulireba, rac sab-

oloo angariSiT gulisxmobs momxmarebelTa intere-

sebis dacvasac.

samwuxarod, verc ,,monopoliuri saqmianobisa da

konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanoni

da miT umetes, verc axali - ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa da

konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, romelic ZalaSi 2005 wlis

3 ivniss Sevida, ver uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi re-

alurad efeqtiani politikis ganxorcielebas am sf-

eroSi.

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris partnioro-

bisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb luqsemburgSi 1996

wels gaformebuli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad,

saqarTvelos mier evrokavSiris winaSe aRebul iqna

valdebuleba, rom qveynis kanonmdebloba, maT Soris,

konkurenciis maregulirebeli normebi da momxmare-

belTa dacvis sakiTxebi, etapobrivad harmonizaciaSi

movidoda evrokavSiris Sesabamis kanonmdeblobasTan,

xolo, meore mxriv, evrokavSiris mier gamoTqmul iqna

mzadyofna am valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saqmeSi

saqarTvelosaTvis gaewia teqnikuri daxmareba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom SeTanxmebis es nawili gamom-

dinareobs 1957 wels romSi miRebuli evrogaerTaneb-

is damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi muxlebidan.

amasTan, qarTuli sakonkurencio samarTlis srulyofis

procesSi, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia evrokavSiris iseTi

reglamentebi, rogoricaa _ evrokavSiris sakonkuren-

cio samarTlis 1989 wlis reglamenti (masSi 1997 da

2004 wlebSi Setanili cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).


112 113

aRniSnuli reglamentiT ikrZaleba evrogaerTianebis

sivrceSi konkurenciis SemzRudavi koncentraciebi.

amas garda, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris

partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb dadebul

SeTanxmebaSi Cadebulia momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva,

romelic konkurenciuli (antimonopoliuri) politikis

ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.

samwuxarod, evrokavSiris winaSe aRebuli valde-

bulebebi, rogorc antimonopoliuri regulirebis (maT

Soris sareklamo saqmianobis), aseve momxmarebelTa

uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT, dRemde araa Sesrulebuli.

imis miuxedavad, rom evrokavSiris eqspertTa monawi-

leobiT (,,tasisi~, ,,jeplaki~) saxelmwifo antimonopo-

liuri samsaxuris mier jer kidev 2003 wlis pirvel

naxevarSi iqna momzadebuli da farTo sazogadoebis

winaSe gansaxilvelad wardgenili evrokavSiris kanon-

mdeblobasTan met-naklebad miaxloebuli axali anti-

monopoliuri kanonis proeqti. misi saboloo miReba,

garkveuli subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo,

dRemde ver moxerxda.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi miT ufro aqtualuri gaxda

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo antimonopo-

liuri samsaxuri gauqmda, romelsac, marTalia, pirda-

pir ar evaleboda ,,dacvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb~ msof-

lio savaWro organizaciis xelSekrulebiT gaTval-

iswinebuli meqanizmebis aRsruleba, magram qveyanaSi

imdroisaTvis moqmedi antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblo-

bis Sesabamisad is axorcielebda arakeTilsindisieri

konkurencis faqtebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTas qveynis

konkretul sasaqonlo bazrebze, xolo misi likvidaci-

isa (2005 wlis 19 agvisto) da ,,monopoliuri saqmiano-

bisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis

gauqmebis Semdeg am mimarTulebiT (arakeTilsindis-

ieri konkurenciis faqtebis gamovlenisa da aRkveTis

kuTxiT) arc erTi saxelmwifo organo ar muSaobs, rac

faqtobrivad realur safrTxes uqmnis adgilobrivi

warmoebis dacvas moZalebuli importis fonze.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos erovnul socialur

politikas, 1990-iani wlebidan, rodesac saqarTvelom

aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba, qveyanaSi ver gatarda met-

naklebad dabalansebuli socialuri politika.

wlebis manZilze centralur socialur proble-

mad siRaribis daZleva saxeldeboda, xolo social-

uri politikis seqtorul speqtrSi jandacvis, ganaTleb-

is, mecnierebis, kultrurisa da sportis reformireba

ganixileboda.

2008-2012 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis samoqme-

do programis mixedviT, mTavrobis ZiriTad mizans war-

moadgens “saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe”. mosaxleo-

bis keTildReobis gasaumjobeseblad mTavrobis Zal-

isxmeva mimarTuli iqneba, erTi mxriv, swrafi da farTo

efeqtis mqone ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisaken

da meore mxriv, siRaribis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

masStaburi socialuri programebis ganxorcielebi-

saken.

xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli mosaxleobis

socialuri dacvis koncefciis mTavari momentebia:

kanoni adgens SemTxvevevbis garkveul raodenobas (sap-


114 115

ensio asakis miRweva, ojaxis marCenalis dakargva da

sxva), rodesac moqalaqes ufleba eZleva miiRos qveya-

naSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisi daxmareba

saxelmwifosgan.

vfiqrobT, sakiTxis amgvarad dasma warmatebis miR-

wevis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. cxadia,

ekonomikuri ganviTareba keTildReobis safuZvelia, amiT

iqmneba materialuri dovlaTi da bunebrivia, rom mas

udaod dadebiTi zegavlena gaaCnia socialur keTil-

dReobaze, magram faqtia, rom qveynis ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tareba ar aris socialuri dacvis garanti.

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelm-

wifos mTavari mizania samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, rac

miiRweva sainvesticio klimatis da konkurenciuli

pirobebis gaumjobesebis, privatizebisa da deregulire-

bis, biurokratiis Semcirebis gziT. amasTan, saxelm-

wifo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs adamianTa

socialur dacvas, rac gamoixateba: dasaqmebulTa ufle-

bebis dacvaSi, samuSaos armqoneTa, anu droebiT umuSe-

varTa Semweobebis gacemaSi, maTTvis garantirebul

janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi da daxmarebaSi Sesaferisi

samuSaos moZebnaSi, invalidTa da SromisuunaroTa

socialur reabilitaciaSi, pensionerTaTvis Rirseu-

li siberis uzrunvelyofaSi.

Tanamedrove msoflios yvela civilizebuli sax-

elmwifos ekonomikuri wesrigi warmoadgens wminda

liberaluri Sexedulebebisa da socialur probleme-

bze orientirebuli midgomebis garkveul balanss.

dabolos, kvlavac xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is,

rom arCevani dgas ultraliberaluri Tavisufali

sabazro ekonomikasa da evropuli tipis socialuri

sabazro ekonomikas Soris. migvaCnia, rom swori arCeva-

nis gakeTebaSi qveynis sagareo prioritetic unda gav-

iTvaliswinoT. aqedan gamomdinare unda SevecadoT, rom

qveynis politikuri, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri Tu

socialuri sistema ise movawyoT, rom mizans mivuax-

lovdeT da ara piriqiT.

aRniSnulis dasturad, aqve moviyvan evrokavSiris

gafarToebis sakiTxebSi evrokomisris Stefan fules

2010 wlis 12 maisis gancxadebas. man, erTi mxriv, dadeb-

iTad Seafasa is miRwevebi, rac saqarTvelos gaaCnia

evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi SemuSavebu-

li samoqmedo gegmis mixedviT, Tumca, iqve aRniSna, rom

saqarTveloSi arsebuli “ultraliberalur ekonomikur

garemosTan” dakavSirebuli zogierTi idea, evrokav-

Sir-saqarTvelos momavali partniorobis ZiriTad

principebTan winaaRmdegobaSia.

The Process of Formation of National Economic Order andEuro Integration

U. GogishviliOn transitional stage it is very important to work out purposeful

economical policy, including geostrategic location of Georgia and striv-ing for European values. As one of the principal foreign priorities ofGeorgia is to gain close relationship with European Union and its mem-bership.


116 117

For moving out the issue of membership of Georgia in EuropeanUnion, the goal of national economical policy should be the following:

1. Formation of economical order in Georgia typical for Europe-an countries;

2. To follow the criteria established for the membership of theEuropean Union.

Thereby, it is necessary to establish more and more close trade-economical relations in various member-countries of the EuropeanUnion and common European structures.

Within social market economy, main goal of the state is to createworking places, which is reached by improving investment climate andcompetition conditions, privatization and deregulation and decreasingof bureaucracy. Thereby, state pays special attention to social protec-tion of people, which means: protecting of employees’ rights, financialaids for unemployed i.e. temporarily unemployed persons, guaranteedhealth insurance for them and assisting in finding proper jobs, socialrehabilitation of disabled and incapable persons, guaranteeing adequateconditions for pensioners.

So, in formation of National Economic Order the state role isdetermined as principal and correspondingly we must answer the fol-lowing three questions:

- How should the state support competition?- What kind of state social politics should be?- What is their correlation?And finally, the choice should be made and it should be made as

soon as possible: ultra liberal free market economy or European typesocial market economy? While making the right choice we must con-sider foreign priority of the country. So, we should try to arrange coun-try’s political, legal, economical and social system as to reach goal butnot vice versa.


Eekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebisEekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebisEekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebisEekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebisEekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis

Taviseburebebi transformirebadiTaviseburebebi transformirebadiTaviseburebebi transformirebadiTaviseburebebi transformirebadiTaviseburebebi transformirebadi

ekonomikis qveynebSiekonomikis qveynebSiekonomikis qveynebSiekonomikis qveynebSiekonomikis qveynebSi

ekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili

Tsu Aasistent-profesoriTsu Aasistent-profesoriTsu Aasistent-profesoriTsu Aasistent-profesoriTsu Aasistent-profesori

Tanamedrove periodSi ekonomikis tramsformacia

gulisxmobs sabazro ekonomikisken swrafvas. saxelm-

wifos roli transformaciis procesSi, bazris Camoy-

alibebasa da regulirebaSi araerTgvarovania. ama Tu

im qveynis ekonomikis regulireba xdeba saxelmwifos

mier ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebaSi Carevis

gziT. amgvar Carevas, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi formebi

da sazRvrebi. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikuri urT-

ierTobebis ganviTareba moiTxovs ekonomikis funqcion-

irebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis iseTi instrumentaris

gamoyenebas, rogoricaa efeqtiani fiskaluri da fu-

lad-sakredito politika. saxelmwifo regulirebis

efeqtianobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas trans-

formirebadi ekonomikis qveynebSi (maT Soris

saqarTveloSic), sadac ekonomikis sferoebis saxelm-

wifo regulireba mravalferovania Tavisi formebis,

ganxorcielebis meTodebisa da maTi erovnuli

ekonomikis ganviTarebis ama Tu im periodTan misadage-

bis mixedviT. regulirebis procesTa amgvari saxesx-

vaoba iZleva erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul efeqtebs,

118 119

romlebsac, bunebrivia, Tan axlavs adekvaturi social-

ur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi.

cnobilia, rom transformirebadi ekonomikis qvey-

nis saxelmwifo marTvis realuri Sedegi xSirad upir-

ispirdeba savaraudos da warmoadgens mosalodnel-

isagan diametrulad gansxvavebuls. ase, magaliTad,

ekonomikis mosalodneli stabilizaciis magivrad, Sei-

Zleba adgili hqondes warmoebis ganmeorebadi dace-

mis faqtebs, realuri seqtoris waxalisebis magivrad

_ misi funqcionirebis Seferxebas, samamulo mwarmoe-

blebis sabaJo RonisZiebebis daxmarebiT dacvis magi-

er _ nedleulis uzomod gatanas sazRvargareT da a.

S.

aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom nebismieri trans-

formirebadi ekonomikis qveynis saxelmwifo regulire-

bis efeqtianobis gansazRvrisas saWiroa: pirveli, Semow-

mdes miRebuli Sedegebis Sesabamisoba dasmul social-

ur-ekonomikur mizanTan da Sefasdes aseTi Sesabami-

sobis xarisxi; meore, moxdes dasaxuli miznix misaRw-

evad mosalodneli xarjebis minimizeba. mxolod am

gziTaa SesaZlebeli ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulire-

bis efeqtianobis amaRleba.

msoflio gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom nebismieri

qveynis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis instru-

mentebis umetesobis gamoyenebis procesi winaaRmde-

gobrivi bunebisaa. amitom, bunebrivia, rom transformire-

bad ekonomikaze saxelmwifo zemoqmedebis dros auci-

lebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes arsebuli social-

uri memkvidreoba.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis formebisa

da meTodebis SerCevis process Tan axlavs sxvadasxva

saxeobis SezRudva. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.

qveynis ekonomikis maregulirebelma organom efeq-

tiani ekonomikuri politikis SesamuSaveblad garkveviT

unda Camoayalibos mizani, romlis miRwevasac iswrafvis.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis mizanTa simrav-

les Seesabameba miznis funqciaTa erToblioba. am uka-

nasknelis maTematikuri gansazRvra aris rTuli da

mravalwaxnagovani procesi da dakavSirebulia poli-

tikuri strategiebis SemuSavebasTan. aseTi gansazRvris

dros, mniSvnelovania imis garkvevac saxelmwifo unda

eswrafodes Tu araSesabamis funqciebSi asaxul mi-

zanTa erTdroul miRwevas. amasTan, isic unda gairkves

yvela miznis miRwevisadmi erTdroulad swrafvas

ajobebs Tu ara maTi prioritetuli ranJireba da mniS-

vnelobis xarisxis mixedviT ganxorcieleba. es sak-

iTxi namdvilad rTuli gadasawyvetia. miznis funqci-

is formireba warmoadgens Tanamedrove ekonomikuri

mecnierebis umniSvnelovanes problemas. ekonomikis

sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis msoflio gamocdile-

ba adasturebs, rom miznis funqciebis formireba yve-

laze ufro gonivrulia upiratesobis gaTvaliswineb-

is, e.i. pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelovnebis miznebis

gamoyofis safuZvelze. sakiTxis amgvarad dasma gan-

sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens transformirebadi

qveynis ekonomikis regulirebis pirobebSi. es umTavre-

sad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom jer erTi, aseT qveynebSi

miznis funqciaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens faq-

makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikaekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili

120 121

torebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia Seqmnili viTarebiT

da mimdinare procesebiT Camoyalibebuli faqtorebi.

magaliTad, ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba am qvey-

nebSi amJamad warmoebs Rrma sistemuri cvlilebebis

pirobebSi, romlebic moicavs instrumentalur da stru-

qturul gardaqmnebs, agreTve, ekonomikis liberalizaci-

is mcdelobebs. amitom, bunebrivia, rom aseTi qveynebis

mTavrobebs, nacvlad efeqtiani xangrZlivvadiani strate-

giis SemuSavebisa, imaze zrunva uxdebaT, rom aramdgra-

di ekonomikis pirobebSi droulad moaswron reagire-

ba uaxloesi problemebis simZafriT warmoqmnil mos-

alodnel Sedegebze. amasTan, roca problema bevria,

xelisufleba iZulebuli xdeba ekonomikuri politika

aagos rigiTobis principis gamoyenebis safuZvelze.

meore, saxelmwifos maregulirebeli potenciali

am qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia. amitom, ram-

denime masStaburi miznis moTxovnebis erTdroulad

realizaciisaTvis mTavrobas SeiZleba ar eyos saSu-

alebebi da instrumentebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

gasaTvaliswinebelia cnobili ekonomistis i. timber-

genis azri( imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikis saxelmwifo

regulirebisas, miznebis raodenoba arasdros unda

aRematebodes saxelmwifos xelSi arsebuli ekonomikuri

politikis instrumentebis marags (es Teoria cnobil-

ia, rogorc i. tinbergenis utoloba).1

aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios qveynebis umravleso-

baSi saxelmwifo regulirebis gamocdilebis dagrove-

bis Sedegad miznis funqciis ganzomileba TandaTan

mcirdeboda. XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi, miznis fun-

qcia rva elements moicavda: saxelmwifo xarjebis

moculobas, realuri xelfasis cvlilebis temps, dasaqme-

bis dones, Semosavlebis ganawilebis indikators, in-

vesticiebs, erTobliv moTxovnas, warmoebis dones, saga-

dasaxdelo balansis saldos. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis miznis funqcia

moicavda mxolod oTx mizans: sruli dasaqmebis miRw-

evas, fasebis stabilurobas, saxadasaxdelo balansis

umarTavi deficitis ararsebobas, ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis myar dones. amJamad msoflios ganviTarebuli

bevri saxelmwifo izRudeba ori iseTi strategiuli

amocanis dasmiTa da gadawyvetiT, rogoricaa mdgradi

ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva da umarTav inflaciasTan

brZola. miznis funqciaSi Semavali miznebis raodeno-

bis SemcirebiT saxelmwifoebs gaezardaT qmediTobis

unari da gauadvildaT ekonomikis regulireba.

mesame, transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebis, maT

Soris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis miznebis

SezRudva da prioritetebis ranJireba dakavSirebu-

lia imasTan, rom saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi arsebu-

li regulatorebis umravlesoba winaaRmdegobriv zemo-

qmedebas axdens ekonomikaze. magaliTad, Znelia moiZeb-

nos ekonomikuri instrumentebi da ganisazRvros maTi

iseTi kombionacia, romelic saxelmwifo xelisufleb-

is mier inflaciuri procesebis stabilizaciisaken

mimarTuli zomebis Sedegad ar gamoiwvevs situaciis

gauaresebas Sromis bazarze (gansakuTrebiT mokleva-1 Tinbergen Jan. income Distribution: Analysis and Policies. Amsterdam, 1995,p 35-36.


122 123

dian periodSi). garda amisa, inflaciis damamuxruWebe-

li da adapturi molodinis Camqrobi (SemzRudavi) poli-

tika imavdroulad iwvevs procentuli ganakveTebis

gadidebas (rac mTavrdeba warmoebis zrdis SenelebiT)

da piriqiT, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da socialuri

daxmarebebisaTvis saWiro sabiujeto asignebebis gamoy-

ofa, erTi mxriv, aadvilebs mdgomareobas samuSao Za-

lis bazarze, meore mxriv, igi iwvevs inflaciuri zew-

olis zrdas. aseT pirobebSi ki mizanSewonilia gan-

isazrvros upiratesoba da mis Sesabamisad arCeul iqnes

erTi romelime problemuri sakiTxi (magaliTad, in-

flacia) da mTeli Zalisxmeva moxmardes mis gadawyve-

tas. amasTan, aucilebelia gatardes iseTi ekonomikuri

da politikuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs

ekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebas, raTa antii-

inflaciuri regulirebis negatiuri Sedegebi rac Sei-

Zleba sustad igrZnobodes Sromis bazarze.

transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebSi, kerZod

saqarTveloSi efqtiani ekonomikuri politikis Se-

muSavebisaTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes

sxvadasxva instrumentebis gamoyenebis aramarto miznebi

da zemoqmedebis xarisxi, aramed misi siswrafec. praq-

tika cxadyofs, rom ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulire-

bis instrumentebis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, pirdapir

ar zemoqmedebs miznis miRwevaze. amgvar instrumentebs,

maT gamoyenebas da miznis miRwevas Soris aris mTliani

ekonomkiuri sistema, romelic funqcionirebs Tavisi

kanonebis mixedviT. magaliTad, fasebi damokidebulia

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebaze, warmoebis xar-

jebze, konkurentul reJimsa da mraval iseT sxva faq-

torze, romelTa Soris fulad politikas ar ekuTvnis

mTavari roli. amsTan, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikur

sistemas, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifo regulire-

bis obieqts, gaaCnia garkveuli inertuloba.

cnobilia, rom nebismieri ekonomikuri procesis

realizacia moiTxovs resursebis da drois danaxar-

jebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifoebirvi regu-

lirebis sxvadasxva formisa da meTodebis gamoyenebi-

sas warmoiqmneba e.w. ,,dayovnebis efeqti”. magaliTad,

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis fulad-sakredi-

to an fiskaluri politikis instrumentebi ganviTare-

baze zemoqmedebas axdens ara myisierad, aramed drois

garkveuli periodis anu Sualedis (e.w. lagis) gavlis

Semdeg. amasTan, es Sualedi, misi xangrZlivobis mixed-

viT, SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli. am Sualedis xangr-

Zlivobis sworad Sefaseba mniSvnelovan rols as-

rulebs ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis

organizaciis dros. aucilebelia, rom ama Tu im sax-

elmwifoebrivi zemoqmedebis albaTuri da sasurveli

Sedegi, aseve, mis misaRwevad saWiro dro, yovelTvis

winaswar iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad, antiin-

flaciuri programis SemuSavebisas saWiroa winaswar

(jer kidev dagegmvis stadiaze) iqnes gaTvaliswinebu-

li aramarto is, Tu rogor ,,imuSavebs” fulad-sakredito

politikis instrumentebi, aramed isic, Tu Sedegis miReba

rodis aris mosalodneli.

ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da

ganxorcielebis procesSi drois faqtoris Sefasebis


124 125

sakiTxi ekonomikuri Teoriis yvelaze rTuli prob-

lemaa. laguri struqturis gaTvlisa da aRricxvis

praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar SeiZleba Sefasdes gada-

Warbebulad.

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli fundamenturi da gamoy-

enebiTi xasiaTis ekonomikuri gamokvlevebis arasakma-

risma gamoyenebam, xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi

Tavisufali gadawyvetilebebis miRebisadmi gavrcele-

bulma midrekilebam, ideologiuri stereotipebis

gamodevnebam da a.S. gamoiwvia qveynis ekonomikis efeq-

tiani regulirebis problemis Semecnebis lagis xan-

grZlivobis arsebiTad gazrda da arasaxarbielo Sede-

gebi, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri mima-

rTulebiT.

qveynis makroekonomikuri politikis formirebis

dros aucilebelia, e.w. multiplikatoris efeqtis

gaTvaliswineba. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba ekonomi-

kaSi iseTi gadamcemi meqanizmebis arseboba, romlis

zemoqmedebiTac saboloo Sedegi mravaljeradad faravs

romelime rgolis ganxorcielebul pirvelsawyis qmede-

bas (,,impuls”) da, Tavisi arsiT, ganasaxierebs regu-

lirebis obieqtis yvela struqturul elements Soris

arsebuli urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTgavlenis

xarisxs. ase, magaliTad, sameurneo sferoSi warmoqmni-

li calkeuli disproporcia, rac gamowveulia bazris

negatiuri mxareebis an ekonomikuri politikis sfero-

Si miRebuli araswori gadawyvetilebebiT, multiplika-

toris efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, SeiZleba mniS-

vnelovnad gadiddes. amasTan, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom

ekonomikur sistemaSi Tavdapirvelad dafiqsirebuli

mcire da saSualo donis Seferxebebi da Secdomebi,

multi plikatoris efeqtis zegavleniT, SeiZleba

sagrZnoblad gaizardos. cxadia, rom aseTi efeqti

garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba gadaiqces destabili-

zaciis gamomwvev faqtorad.

multiplikaciuri efeqtis Sefasebis sakiTxebs

Soris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs drois faqtors.

amJamad specialur literaturaSi gvxvdeba mraval-

ricxovani gamokvleva1, romlebic eZRvneba drois faq-

torebis multiplikatorTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxeb-

is Seswavlas. amgvari gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom

ekonomikaSi SesaZlebelia multiplikatoris sim-

Zlavris droSi ganawilebis gansxvavebuli varianteb-

is arseboba.

ekonomikis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis mul-

tiplikaciuri efeqti mokle da xangrZlivvadian peri-

odebSi gansxvavebulia. ekonomikuri politikis instru-

mentebi, rogorc wesi, moqmedebas ganagrZobs miznis miR-

wevis Semdegac, Tumca, am qmedebas sawyisis qmedebis

sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba gaaCnia. magaliTad, cno-

bilia, rom biujeturi eqspansiiT ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis stimulireba grZlvadian periodSi negatiur

inflaciur Sedegs iZleva da multiplikatoris efeq-

tis zemoqmedebiT iwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis damuxru-

Webas. amitom, garkveuli regulatoris gamoyenebis Sem-

deg miRebuli da droSi ganawilebuli dadebiTi efeq-


126 127

ti aucileblad unda aWarbebdes uaryofiTi Sedegebis

mTlian sidides.

ekonomikis regulirebis dros, mTavrobis mier

winaswar Camoyalibebuli miznebis miRwevam, SeiZleba

moiTxovos fuladi da sabiujeto regulatorebis

urTierTSenacvlebiTi gamoyeneba. am dros yvelafers

gansazRvravs is, Tu rogori reluri situacia Seiqmne-

ba da ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneba erTmaneTisagan

miznis mimdinare da sasurveli doneebi. aranakleb mniS-

vnelovania miznebis prioritetulobis sakiTxic.

ekonomikis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis didi

gamocdileba gaaCnia msoflios rig ganviTarebul

qveynas, romlebmac swored am gziT miaRwies saTanado

warmatebebs. maTi gamocdilebis gacnoba ki cxadyofs,

rom saxelmwifo regulirebis dros iseTi instrumen-

tebiT manipulireba, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi, saxelm-

wifo xarjebi da sxva, unda CaiTvalos SedarebiT uxeS

meTodebad. amitom, am instrumentebis xSirad gamoyene-

ba transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebis, maT Soris

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi, sadac dinamikurad ganvi-

Tarebad garemoSi erTdroulad warmoiqmneba erTmane-

Tisagan gansxvavebuli lokaluri problemebi, ar iqne-

ba efeqtiani. aucilebelia iseTi gansakuTrebuli

meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba, romliTac Sesa-

Zlebeli iqneba efeqtiani reagireba ekonomikaSi amJa-

mad mimdinare Siga da gare cvlilebebze da romlebic

adapturi an prevenciuli zomebis miRebisaTvis saWiro

drois mogebis saSualebas miscemes xelisuflebas.

zemoT ganxiluli analizidan gamomdinareobs, rom

qveynis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba unda gan-

vixiloT sistemis saxiT, romlis Semadgeneli elemen-

tebia miznebi, meTodebi, instrumentebi, multiplikator-

ebi da a.S. amasTan, rac ufro warmatebiT xorcieldeba

sistemis aRniSnuli elementebis SeerTebis procesi

da rac ufro metad Seesabameba misi struqtura Camoy-

alibebis procesSi myof ekonomikur garemos, miT ufro

efeqtianad wydeba bazrisaTvis miuwvdomeli social-

ekonomikuri problemebi.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas gaaCnia

Tanamdevi negatiuri efeqtebic. kerZod, amgvari Carevis

Sedegad warmoiqmneba e.w. ,,saxelmwifo wuni” (,,saxelm-

wifo defeqti”). saxelmwifo wunis cnebaSi ekonomikur

literaturaSi1 gulisxmoben mis uunarobas uzrunve-

lyos resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba da socialur-

ekonomikuri politikis Sesabamisoba samarTlianobis

Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi arsebul warmodgenebTan.

ekonomikis regulirebis mizniT, xSirad dgeba samTavro-

bo programebi, romlebic ara Tu asworebs bazris ,,de-

feqtebs”, aramed ganapirobebs resursebis araefeqtian

ganawilebas da Semosavlebis uTanabrobis donis ama-

Rlebas. es ki saxelmwifo wunis negatiur Sedegebze

mianiSnebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saxelmwifo

wunis arseboba TavisTavad ar varaudobs calsaxa

arCevans sabazro urTierTobebis SeuzRudavi moqmede-

bis sasargeblod. sabazro urTierTobebis garkveuli


128 129

zomiT SezRudva da xelovnuri daregulireba auci-

lebelia, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs, e. w. ,,ba-

zris defeqtebi”.

THE PARTICULARITIES OF STATE REGULATION OFECONOMY IN THE COUNTRIES OF TRANSITIONAL

ECONOMY

E. Mekantsishvili

Regulation of any countries (including transitional economy coun-tries) economy occurs by means ot state intarvation has its own formsand limits.

The countries in transitional economy area (including Georgia)in the process of working out the economic policy it is necessary todefine clearly desirable results of political decision and expected jointeffects. It is also necessary to estimate the justification of expences toachieve such results and the possibility of their decrease. At the sametime,the basis for state regulation of economic sphere in a transitionaleconomy countries should be the system consisting of such elements,as goals, methods, mechamizms, multiplicators. Such approach to stateregulation of the economy would create a teoretical platform and con-ception of efficient economic policy formation in the country, wouldadequately define real possibilities to avoid negative results of marketdefects and state flaws.

ekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili

solomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

sruli profesori,sruli profesori,sruli profesori,sruli profesori,sruli profesori,

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTva xasiaTdeba rogorc mTli-

anad qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze (makroekonomikuri done),

aseve zogadad sawarmoTa efeqtian funqcionirebaze (mik-

roekonomikuri done) zemoqmedi problemebiT. makroekonomikurs

miekuTvneba: investiciebis ganxorcielebis dabali done; sabanko

kreditebis maRali ganakveTi; sagadasaxado sistemis arasakmarisi

efeqtianoba; biurokratia da proteqcionizmi; samTavrobo aparatis

saqmianobis dabali efeqtianoba; energoresursebis fasebis maRa-

li done; gamokvlevebisa da damuSavebis dabali done; materi-

aluri resursebis deficiti da sxva. mikroekonomikur mizezebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos: moZvelebuli sawarmoebi da mowyobiloba;

menejmentisa da marketingis dabali done; orientacia mimdinare

miznebze; progresuli teqnologiebisa da organizaciis ugulve-

belyofa; arasakmarisi yuradReba xarisxisadmi; personalis mo-

mzadebis dabali done; Sromis susti stimulireba da sxva. am

CamonaTvalSi Sedis rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi mizeze-

bi.

rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve sxva postsocialisturi qveyneb-

is gamocdileba gviCvenebs, sawarmos zaralianoba xSirad menej-

mentis mier xelovnurad inicirdeba pasiurobiT, efeqtianobisadmi

uyuradRebobiT da a.S.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sawarmoTa 2002 wlis (privatizeb-

is axali etapis dawyebamde) angariSebis analizi Semdeg suraTs

iZleva: es weli mogebiT daamTavra 121 sawarmom. wminda mogebis

mTlianma Tanxam 72, 8 mln lari Seadgina, zaraliT daamTavra 137

sawarmom, zaralis mTlianma Tanxam ki 25, 4 mln lari Seadgina. 8

sawarmos balansiT naCvenebi hqonda neitraluri Sedegi, xolo 36

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvissaxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvissaxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvissaxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvissaxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvis

srulyofisaTvissrulyofisaTvissrulyofisaTvissrulyofisaTvissrulyofisaTvis

130 131

solomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvilisolomon pavliaSvili menejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

sawarmo ver funqcionirebda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. maSasadame,

zaraliani da umoqmedo sa-warmoebis ricxvma 57% Seadgina, rac

Zalian maRali maCvenebelia da gamouyenebel rezervebsa da sawar-

moebis restruqturizaciis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs. amJaminde-

li mdgomareoba TiTqmis identuria, anu 1400 sawarmodan mxolod

317 aris momgebiani, 163 _ zaraliani. am mimarTulebiT mkveTri

gaumjobeseba ar igrZnoba da zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mdgomar-

eoba gauaresebulic aris1.

2002 wels, uwyebrivi saministroebidan saxelmwifo sawar-

moebis marTvis funqciis dabruneba qonebis marTvis saministrosTvis,

Zalze winaaRmdegobrivi procesi iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom qoneb-

is marTvis saministros kanoniT uSualod evaleboda saxelmwifo

qonebis marTva, floba da gankargva.

uwyebrivi interesebi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom am sakiTxs

ori - samis garda arcerTi saministro ar uWerda mxars. sawarmo-

Ta marTvis TvalsazrisiT, saministroebi uSualod ereodnen am

sawarmoebis sameurneo saqmianobaSi, niSnavdnen sameTvalyureo sa-

bWos wevrebs da direqtorebs, romelTac xSirad sawarmoebis efeq-

tianad funqcionirebis araviTari iniciativa da interesi ar gaaCn-

daT sawarmoebis efeqtianad funqcionirebisaTvis. isini Tavs Tv-

lidnen am sawarmoebis batonpatronad da maTi Tanamdeboba aRqmu-

li iyo, rogorc mxolod Tbili adgili~. yovelive aRniSuli

xels uSlida ekonomikis gajansaRebis procesebis dawyebas, sawar-

moTa restruqturizacias, privatizaciis procesis daCqarebas, ga-

kotrebis meqanizmebis amuSavebas, investiciebis mozidvas da sxva.

dasamali ar aris, rom es ganpirobebuli iyo qveyanaSi arsebuli

qaosiT, klanuri mmarTvelobiTa da imdroindeli xelisuflebis

ususurobiT. es problema garkveulwilad dResac arsebobs.

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebad

iniSnebian sruliad araprofesionali adamianebi. damkvidrda man-

kieri praqtika, rom sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi xdebian saqarTve-

los parlamentis yofili wevrebi, romelTac, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

araviTari samewarmeo saqmianobis gamocdileba ar gaaCniaT. sameTva-

lyureo sabWos wevri unda iyos sawarmoSi saxelmwifo poli-

tikis gamtarebeli. amitom, dauSvebelia misi uSualod aRmasrule-

beli direqciis funqciebSi Careva an pasiuroba da direqciis

zegavlenaSi moqceva. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia. sameTvaly-

ureo sabWos wevrebi valdebulebi arian kargad erkveodnen arama-

rto moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi, aramed agreTve sawarmoebisa da dargis

problemebSi, saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis strategiasa da saer-

Tod qveynis ekonomikur da finansur problemebSi.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac gakeTda saxelmwifo qonebis mar-

Tvis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, es iyo is reformebi, romelic

ganxorcielda saxelmwifo energetikuli sawarmoebis marTvis sf-

eroSi jer kidev 2000-2003 wlebSi. am reformebma xeli Seuwyo

privatizaciis procesis daCqarebas da aRniSnuli obieqtebiT ucx-

oeli investorebis dainteresebas. aRniSnuli reformebiT gamsx-

vilda energetikuli obieqtebi da samarTavad gadaeca ucxoel

investorebs. kerZod, jer kidev 2000 wels, saqarTvelos energet-

ikuli bazari 5 wliani marTvis uflebiT espanur kompania „iber

drola”-s gadaeca. mogvianebiT, saxelmwifo kompaniebis Sps

„eleqtrodispetCerizacia 2000"-is da ss „eleqtrogadacemis” gaer-

Tianebis Sedegad Seiqmna Sps „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtro-

sistema”. 2003 wlis martidan, es kompania saxelmwifo qonebis mar-

Tvis saministrom samarTavad 5 wliani vadiT irlandiur kompania

,,ESBI”-s gadasca. irlandiuri kompania intensiurad TanamSrom-

lobda donor organizaciebTan _ msoflio bankTan da germanul

bank ,,KFW”-sTan. kompaniaSi msoflio bankis dafinansebiT mowveulni

iyvnen kompania ,,SIENS”-is specialistebi, ramac xeli Suwyo axali

teqnologiebis danergvas, energo sistemis marTvis srulyofas.

sayuradReboa, rom danakargebis pikuri maCvenebeli 2007 wlisTvis

ukve 4%-ze naklebi iyo.

aseve Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo raionuli da regionuli en-

ergosadistribucio kompaniebis gaerTianeba 2001-2002 wlebSi. maTi

gaerTianeba im droisTvis sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, vinaidan

adgilobrivi distribuciebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgenda adg-

ilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, merebisa da gubernatorebis gavle-

nis sferoebs. moSlili iyo aRricxvianoba, menejmenti _ Zalian

susti, Sesabamisad, dabali iyo gadasaxadebis amoReba, energomomx-

marebeli ar iyo uzrunvelyofili sabiTumo, komunaluri da indi-

vidualuri mricxvelebiT. didi iyo urC gadamxdelTa wili, maRa-

li iyo danakargebi, masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda datacebis SemTxve-

vas. aRniSnuli garemo awyobda rogorc mimwodebels, aseve momx-1 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros. statistikuri

masalebi.

132 133

marebels, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis gadaxda xdebo-

da urTierTmolaparakebis safuZvelze, korufciuli garigebis gziT.

sadistribucio kompaniebs uzarmazari valebi daugrovda,

rac imdroindeli potenciuri investorebisaTvis (myidvelebisaTvis)

yovlad aramimzidveli, ararentabeluri iyo. sabolood, 2002 wels

xelisuflebam SeZlo imereTis, qvemo qarTlis, guriis, samegrelo-

zemo svaneTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, mcxeTa-mTianeTisa da Sida qarT-

lis sadistribucio kompaniebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze, “saqarTve-

los gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompaniis” Seqmna.

aRniSnuli kompaniis mZime finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

TavisTavad xels uSlida da aramimzidvels xdida saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaSi arsebul hidroeleqtrosadgurebs, romlebic Ziri-

Tadad imereTis regionSi iyo ganTavsebuli (,,lajanurhesi”, ,,ri-

onhesi”, ,,awi”, ,,gumaThesi”, ,,Saori”, ,,Zevlura”). miuxedavad imisa, rom

2002-2003 wlebSi bevri ucxoeli Tu adgilobrivi investori dain-

teresebuli iyo mxolod aRniSnuli eleqtrosadgurebis Sesyid-

viT sadistribucio kompaniis gareSe, saxelmwifom donor orga-

nizaciebTan erTad, Tavi Seikava maT privatizebaze (rogorc Semdgom-

Si gamoCnda, es gadawyvetileba qveynisTvis Zalze momgebiani iyo).

am sferoSi marTvisa da privatizebis ZirTadi strategia

2001-2003 wlebSi Semdegi iyo:

* jer unda gaumjobesebuliyo sadistribucio kompaniis me-

nejmenti;

* mogvarebuliyo eleqtroenergiis uwyveti miwodeba momx-

marebelze;

* gazrdiliyo moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris

amoRebis maCvenebeli;

* mowesrigebuliyo aRricxvianoba;

* momxdariyo valebis restruqturizacia da nawilobrivi

dafarva da a.S.1

yovelive es ki gulisxmobda hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mier

miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris droulad amoRebas da

eleqtrosadgurebis sruli datvirTviT amuSavebas. es sagrZno-

blad gazrdida maT saprivatizacio Rirebulebas, risi gakeTebac

adgilobriv menejments Zalze gauWirdeboda. swored am mizniT

saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrom, energetikis saminis-

trosTan erTad, miiRo gadawyvetileba da „saqarTvelos gaerTianeb-

uli sadistribucio energokompania” 2003 wlis maisSi, ,,USAID”-is

dafinansebiT, amerikul kompania ,,PA CONSULTING GROUP”-s 18 Tvi-

ani vadiT gadasca. 2004 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam

ori wliT gaagrZela aRniSnuli kontraqti.

,,PA CONSULTING GROUP”-is muSaobis Sedegad, drois mciremonakveTSi, eleqtroenergiaze amoRebuli gadasaxadebi sagrZno-

blad gaizarda, kerZod, 2004 wlis bolos - 20%-dan, 2006 wlis

dekembrisTvis - 85%-mde.

yovelive aman ki, Semdgom periodSi qveynis axal xelisu-

flebas sami sadistribucio energokompaniis da eqvsi hidro-

eleqtrosadguris maRali fas privatizebis saSualeba misca (300

mln-mde dolaris gansaxorcielebeli investiciebis CaTvliT).

sawarmoTa davalianebis warmoSobis mizezi, xSirad, sawar-

moTa susti menejmenti, qaosi da xelisuflebis ususuroba iyo.

bevrjer saxelmwifo sawarmoSi daqiravebuli direqtorebis da

sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomareebis azri aRiqmeboda rogorc

SromiTi koleqtivis azri, rac yovelTvis am xelmZRvanelebis pi-

radi interesebidan gamomdinareobda da araviTari saxelmwifoe-

brivi xedva aq ar igrZnoboda. xdeboda am koleqtivebis gamoyene-

ba piradi miznebisTvis. magaliTad, rusTavis metalurgiul ko-

mbinats 123 mln dolaris sakredito davalianeba hqonda, maT Soris

60 mln _ saxelmwifo biujetis. aseT situaciaSi, 2001-2003 wlebSi

metalurgiuli kombinatis adgilobrivi menejmentis gaugebari

winaamdegobis gamo, xelisuflebam ver moaxerxa msoflioSi udides

Turqul kompania „Cuqurova holdingTan” 100 milioniani sainves-

ticio kontraqtis gaformeba (rasac Tan erTvoda populisturi,

marTvadi gamosvlebi Turquli investiciebis winaaRmdeg), roca

qarTuli mxare aRniSnul sakiTxze TurqeTis saxelmwifosTan mar-

Tavda molaparakebas da SeTanxmeba TiTqmis miRweuli iyo, maSin

sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam saeWvo reputaciis mqone italiur ko-

mpaniasTan - „ares interneiSeneli” daiwyo TanamSromloba, romelsac

saerTod Sexeba ar hqonda metalurgiul warmoebasTan da mxolod

jarTis eqsportiT iyo dakavebuli saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom mas 2004 wels rusTavis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT aekrZala

rusTavis metalurgiul kombinatSi saqmianoba.

aseve xelisuflebis ususurobis Sedegi iyo is, rom zogier-

Ti kerZo satelekomunikacio saSualebis mepatroneebis intrigeb-


1 pavliaSvili s. privatizaciis fenomeni da problemebi saqarTvelo-

Si, gamomc teqnikuri universiteti; Tb; 2009w, gv-117.

134 135

is, maT mier qarTul mediaSi gakeTebuli tendenciuri, dakveTili

siuJetebis gamo ver moxerxda saqarTvelos „eleqtrokavSiris”

privatizeba. rodesac 2002 wels msxvili norvegiuli kompania

„telenori” apirebda „eleqtrokavSirSi” menejmentis

ganxor-cielebas da saprivatizaciod mis momzadebas, am seriozu-

li kompaniis Semoyvanas xeli SeuSales imaT, visi kerZo interese-

bic uSualod iyo mibmuli „eleqtrokavSiris” saqmianobasTan.

analogiuri mdgomareoba iyo, rodesac “TbilgazSi” israelis ko-

mpania “tahali” Semodioda. xSir SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebuli mcire

jgufebis azri aRiqmeboda rogorc sazogadoebrivi, romelic sab-

olood xels uSlida qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas.

Cveni azriT, sawarmoTa marTvis gaumjobesebisTvis mizanSe-

wonilia maTi or jgufad klasifikacia: pirvel jgufSi saWiroa

im sawarmoebis Tavmoyra, romelTa privatizeba SezRuduli an akrZa-

lulia moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT da sawarmoebi, romlebic gan-

sakuTrebuli funqciiT da saqmianobiT ga-moirCeva, xolo meore

jgufSi moxvdeba is sawarmoebi, romelTa privatizeba SezRuduli

ar aris da aqedan gamomdinare, droebiTaa saxelmwifo marTvaSi.

cnobili ungreli ekonomistis i. kornais azriT, mizanSe-

wonili ar aris nebismier fasad SevinarCunoT qronikulad wamge-

biani saxelmwifo sawarmoebi. saxelmwifos mkacri sabiujeto -

safinanso politikis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi, konkurenciis

safuZvelze, am sawarmoebs Soris bunebrivi SerCeva mimdinareobs.

amitom aucilebelia aseT sawarmoebSi amuSavdes restruqturizaci-

is, gakotrebisa da likvidaciis meqanizmebi, rogorc sakuTrebis

formis Secvlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formebi.1

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sawarmoebSi saxelmwifos war-

momadgenlis institutis muSaobis srulyofas. sameTvalyureo sa-

bWos wevri ar aris sameurneo muSaki. igi sawarmoSi saxelmwifos

politikis gamtarebelia. amitom dauSvebelia misi uSualod aR-

masrulebeli direqciis funqciebSi Careva an umoqmedoba da

direqciis zegavlenaSi moqceva.

aucilebelia sawarmoTa biznes - gegmebis SemuSaveba da ganx-

orcieleba, maT mier marketinguli, teqnologiuri, konkurentuli,

sagareo-ekonomikuri, finansuri strategiis realizacia, antikriz-

isuli marTvis daufleba, radgan sxvanairad warmatebis miRweva

globalizaciis da riskebis zrdis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia.

Zalian seriozuli sakiTxi iyo da aseTad rCeba sawarmoTa

kreditoruli davalianebis gamo, kreditorebis mxridan maTi qonebis

dayadaRebis, auqcionis wesiT am qonebis realizaciisa da miRebu-

li SemosavlebiT kreditorebis gastumrebis arsebuli wesi. aseT-

ma qmedebebma saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT moqmedi sawar-

moebis mimarT, sagadasaxado samsaxurebis mimarT, masobrivi xas-

iaTi miiRo. erTi SexedviT, aq yvelaferi TiTqos misaRebia, saxelm-

wifo nawilobriv ikmayofilebs fiskalur interesebs. magram ar

SeiZleba angariSi ar gaewios imasac, rom es faqtobrivad xdeba

saxelmwifo qonebis ganiavebis xarjze, radganac saxelmwifo qoneba

iyideba Zalian dabali fasebiT. aseTi qmedebiT xSirad xdeba

winaswar SemuSavebuli sqemebis realizacia, saxelmwifo qonebis

faruli privatizeba, maSin rodesac qveynis aRmasrulebeli xe-

lisuflebis mier SesaZlebelia gamoinaxos saxelmwifo qonebis

didad ufro efeqtiani gamoyenebis mimarTulebebi.

bevr sawarmos biujetis mimarT gaaCnia mniSvnelovani vada-

gadacilebuli davalianeba, magram es ar unda gaxdes maTi qonebis

masobrivad dayadaRebisa da ukiduresad dabali fasiT gayidvis

safuZveli. saWiroa yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sawarmoTa fi-

nansuri mdgomareobis mizezebis da SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba da

amis safuZvelze saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba, saxelmwifo

strategiuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sawarmoTa mier warmodge-

nil balansebze TandarTuli auditoruli daskvnebi xSirad araf-

rismTqmelia da balansSi asaxuli cifrebis dadasturebas war-

moadgens. aSkarad Cans xolme, rom auditoruli kompaniebi moq-

ceulia sawarmoTa kompaniebis zegavlenaSi da Tavisi daskvnebiT

obieqturi informaciis miwodebas ki ara, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelo-

bis qmedebis kanonierebis dasabuTebas emsaxureba. amitom, audito-

riuli kompaniebis SerCeva unda moxdes tenderebis meSveobiT ucx-

ouri da qarTuli kompaniebis monawileobiT.

amgvarad, saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnil

sawarmoebSi marTvis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis, aucilebelia

rogorc instituciuri faqtorebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba, aseve

menejmentis xarisxis da piradi pasuxismgeblobis gazrda. kerZod,

prioriteti unda mieniWos:


1 Êî ð í à è ß . Ïóòü ê ñâî á îä í î é ýêî í îì è êå: äåñÿòü ëåò ñïóñòüÿ, æóðí. Â î ï ð îñèýêî í îì è ê è, ¹ 12, 2000, ñ.27.

136 137

• sawarmoTa marTvis saagentos saqmianobis racionalizacias;

• saxelmwifo sawarmoebis igive samarTlebriv sivrceSi mo-

qcevas, rogorSic kerZo sawarmoebi moqmedebs;

• sameTvalyureo sabWoebis qmediTunarianobis gaZlierebas;

• menejerebisa da direqtorebis kvalifikaciisa da pasux-

ismgeblobis amaRlebas.

unda amaRldes sawarmoTa marTvis saagentos kontrolis

xarisxi sawarmoTa finansur mdgomareobaze, angariSgebaze. vgulisx-

mobT ara marto finansuri angariSgebis regularulad wardgenas

saagentoSi, aramed imasac, rom xSirad bevri sawarmos balansebi

Sedgenilia arakvalificiurad, buRaltruli aRricxvis

saer-TaSoriso standartebis darRveviT.

unda davaCqaroT sawarmoTa restruqturizaciis, likvidaciis

da SemdgomSi privatizebis procesebi. wamgebiani sawarmoebis priva-

tizeba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes gakotrebis Semdeg aqtiveb-

is saxiT an pirdapir movaxdinoT maTi privatizeba simbolur

fasad, insvesticiebis Semdgomi ganxorcielebisa da profilis Se-

narCunebis mizniT, Tu es profili aucilebelia qveynisTvis.

rac SeiZleba male unda ganTavisufldes saxelmwifo aRniS-

nuli sawarmoebisgan, vinaidan saxelmwifo biujetidan warmoud-

genelia aseTi sawarmoebis dafinanseba, maTi investireba, radganac

isini kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebia. gansakuTrebul SemTx-

vevaSi, saxelmwifom unda daitovos iseTi sawarmoebi, romelTac

ama Tu im formiT socialuri daniSnuleba aqvs.

The major problems of the management in the state owned factories

S.Pavliashvili

The article covers the main problems,tsendences and dynamics in the statemanagemant.It speaks about the characteristic drawbacks which hinder to defendand carry out the interests of the country as a partner.The article also shows a consid-erable improvement in the directions of a factory management process.According tothe auther,the restruction of privatisation and liquidation of the non profitable facto-ries should be carried out immediately.The article also underlines the importance ofchoosing the memebers of the watch board in the correct way.


Tanamedrove menejmenti daTanamedrove menejmenti daTanamedrove menejmenti daTanamedrove menejmenti daTanamedrove menejmenti da

qarTuli realobaqarTuli realobaqarTuli realobaqarTuli realobaqarTuli realoba

soso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvili

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

profesori profesori profesori profesori profesori

biznes-menejmenti asrulebs kapitalis marTvis funqcias, qvey-

nis simdidris Seqmnis procesis wammarTvelia, amave dros, TviT

socialuri garemos gardamqmneli da ganmaviTarebelia. XX sauku-

nis bolodan dasavleTSi intensiurad mimdinareobs menejmentis

nacionaluri Taviseburebebis kvleva. ukanasknel wlebSi, dasav-

leTSi Camoyalibda axali kvleviTi da saswavlo disciplina `Se-

darebiTi menejmenti~ (Comporative Management), romelic swavlobs

menejmentis funqciebis realizaciis specifikas sxvadasxva biznes

- kulturaSi, mowinave Teoriuli koncefciebisa da praqtikuli

gamocdilebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas nacionalur garemoSi.

SedarebiTi konteqstiT ganixileba menejmentis sxvadasxva mode-

li, vlindeba `sxvisi~ da `sakuTari~ modelebis susti da Zlieri

mxareebi. Sesabamisad ikveTeba srulyofis mimarTulebebi, msofli-

oSi arsebuli gamocdilebis transformirebis da gamoyenebis Sesa-

Zleblobebi.

f. teilori werda, rom mecnieruli marTvis xelovneba aris

evolucia da ara gamogonebao. istoriuli movlenebis gamo, saqarTve-

lo praqtikulad CamoSorebuli aRmoCnda biznesis marTvis ganvi-

Tarebis evoluciur process, romelic dasavleTSi mimdinareobda

XX saukuneSi.

saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba obieqturad

moiTxovs menejmentis dasavluri Teoriisa da gamocdilebis Semo-

qmedebiT gaazrebas da amis safuZvelze biznesis marTvis sistemis

Camoyalibebas, biznesis marTvis problemebisadmi Teoriuli da

meTodologiuri poziciebis SemuSavebas.

statiaSi ZiriTadad vexebiT biznesis menejments, amitom mok-

led ganvixilavT Tu ras warmoadgens dRes struqturulad qarTuli

biznes-seqtori. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris

monacemebiT, im sawarmoTa raodenoba, romlebic realurad funq-

cionirebs da iyenebs daqiravebul Sromas, daaxloebiT 33 aTasia.

138 139

soso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvilisoso vardiSvili menejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

maTgan msxvili sawarmoa (100 kacze meti dasaqmebuli 1,5 mln larze

meti wliuri brunva) 6%, saSualo (100 kacze naklebi dasaqmebuli

da 1,5 mln larze naklebi wliuri brunva) _ 11%, mcire sawarmo (20

kacamde dasaqmebuli da 0,5 mln larze naklebi wliuri brunva)

83%. msxvil sawarmoebSi warmoebuli produqciis wili Seadgens

daaxloebiT 85%-s, dasaqmebulTa wili 62%-s sawarmoTa mTlian

raodenobaSi yvelaze didi wili ukavia vaWrobis, avtomobilebis,

sayofacxovrebo nawarmis da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remontis

sawarmoebs - daaxloebiT 47%, gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas - 12%,

transportis da kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebs - 6%, sastumroebs

da restornebs - 4%, mSeneblobis sawarmoebs - 5%1 da a.S.

specialistebs Soris ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma biznes-

menejmentis wamyvani figuris, sazogadoebis yvelaze dinamikuri

elementis2 menejeris Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin iTvleba mene-

jerad, rogoria maTi Semadgenloba da struqtura. CvenTvis yve-

laze misaRebia cnobili amerikeli mecnieris T. parsonsis Sexed-

uleba, romlis mixedviT TviToeul sawarmoSi marTvis funqciebs

axorcielebs personali, romelic iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad3 :

1. menejerebi _ xelmZRvaneloben daqvemdebarebul muSakebs,

iReben gadawyvetilebebs, pasuxs ageben resursebis gamoyenebaze;

2.funqcionaluri specialistebi _ marTvis sxvadasxva funq-

ciaze daspecializebuli diplomirebuli muSakebi _ buRaltrebi,

finansistebi, marketologebi, sociologebi, komersantebi da sxv;

3. infrastruqturuli personali _ axorcielebs menejerebis

saqmianobis teqnikur, informaciul da sameurneo uzrunvelyofas;

4. institucionaluri personali _ eqspertebi da konsultan-

tebi.

menejerTa kategoriac erTferovani ar aris. Sesrulebuli

funqciebis xasiaTisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT, piter druqeri

gamoyofs menejerTa sam kategorias:

_ qveda donis menejerebi (supervisors), romelTa ZiriTadi

funqciebia sawarmos muSebis da specialistebis saqmianobis kon-

troli informaciis uwyveti gadacema marTvis zemdgomi rgoli-

saTvis. tipuri Tanamdebobebia _ ostati, biuros ufrosi;

_ saSualo rgolis menejerebi, romlebic axorcieleben sawar-

mos struqturuli qvedanayofis marTvas _ saamqros umfrosi, ka-

drebis, marketingis da sxva ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelebi;

_ top-menejerebi _ kompaniis prezidenti, direqtorTa sabWos

Tavmjdomare, aRmasrulebeli direqtori.

moqmed sawarmoTa raodenobisa da mosaxleobis 2002 wlis

aRweris monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi menejerTa raodenoba

daaxloebiT 50-60 aTasi kacia. aqedan msxvil biznesSi dasaqmebu-

lia 10 aTasamde, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa 85% menejeri TviT

mesakuTreebi, biznesis damfuZneblebi arian, e.i. Serwymulia kapi-

talis flobisa da marTvis, Sesabamisad, mewarmeebisa da menejeris

funqciebi. am pirobebSi xelmZRvanelis saqmianoba gacilebiT rTuli

da mravalferovania. mewarmeoba dakavSirebulia sakuTari kapi-

talis dabandebasTan, inovaciasTan, riskTan. menejerisa ki _ pro-

fesiul codnasTan, Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis zustad Sesrule-

basTan, adamianebTan muSaobasTan. Sesabamisad gazrdilia menej-

eris Teoriuli da praqtikuli momzadebisadmi wayenebuli moTx-

ovnebi.

2009 wels saqarTvelos statistikis erovnulma samsaxurma

biznes - seqtorSi ganaxorciela sociologiuri kvleva1, romlis

Sedegebis analizi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi

ver floben samewarmeo da sagadasaxado samarTlis elementarul

sakiTxebsac ki. xelmZRvanelTa mxolod 20% icnobs srulyofi-

lad qveyanaSi moqmed sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas, mxolod 22%

sargeblobs kreditiT da auxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi bi-

znesis gafarToebas ar apirebs 75%. menejerebi aramobilurni ari-

an, ara aqvT ucxo kulturul garemosTan urTierTobis codna da

gamocdileba. maTgan mxolod 2,3%-s aqvs uSualo urTierToba sa-

gareo bazarTan. TviT Sps - is arsi Sps -s menejerebidan daaxloe-

biT 70%-ma swored ver ganmarta. menejerTa umetesi nawili mijaW-

vulia garkveul bizness, garkveul teqnologias, ris gamoc sxva

biznesis an ufro Tanamedrove teqnologiur pirobebSi biznesis

marTva ar SeuZliaT, xolo maTgan mxolod 5%-mde miiCnevs, rom maT

mier gamoyenebuli teqnologiebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso stan-

dartebs.

saqarTvelos biznesSi menejerTa didi nawili diletantia,

ar gaaCniaT menejmentis specialuri codna, ar icnoben finansebis,

marketingis, xarisxis marTvis Tanamedrove instrumentebs. bazarze

winmswreb moqmedebebs ki ar axdenen, aramed, mxolod reagireben

bazris gamowvevebze. Seqmnil situacias arTulebs isic, rom sawar-

moTa didi nawili mcire da saSualo bizness miekuTvneba. zustad1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. specialurigamokvleva - mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi, 2009 w.2 Ï . Äðóêåð. Çàäà÷è ì å í åä æ ì å í òà â ÕÕI âåêà . Ì . , 2002.3 Ïàðñîíñ Ò. Î ñîöèàëüíûõ ñèñòåìàõ. Ì.,2002, ñ. 91.

1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. specialurigamokvleva - mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi, 2009 w.

140 141


aseTi sawarmoebebia yvelaze maRali riskis Semcveli. menejmentis

cnobili specialistebi miuTiTeben, rom efeqtiani menejmenti gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania SedarebiT mcire sawarmoSi, vidre msx-

vilSi. mcire sawarmoSi menejers koleqtivis wevrebTan aqvs pirda-

piri da uSualo kavSiri, misi avtoriteti damokidebulia mis pro-

fesionalizmze, piradad is, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi erT-or muSakTan

erTad marTavs finansebs, marketings, momaragebas. is kargad unda

erkvevodes sagadasaxado da samewarmeo kanonmdeblobaSi, nor-

maluri SromiTi atmosfero unda Seqmnas da Camoayalibos efeq-

tian muSakTa jgufi.

menejerTa saerTo korpusis mxolod 10-12%-ia specialuri

ganaTlebis mqone profesionali menejeri, romlebmac momzadeba

gaiares rogorc dasavleTis, aseve saqarTvelos universitetebsa

da biznes-skolebSi. menejerTa es jgufi dasaqmebulia ZiriTadad

msxvil biznes-struqturebSi.

darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli ekonomikis ino-

vaciuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani problemaa maRalkvalifici-

uri menejerebis deficiti, romelTac unari eqnebaT axal ideebze

da proeqtebze aagon mdgradi biznesi. biznesze arsebiTi gavlena

ar mouxdenia im faqts, rom menejeruli kadrebis momzadeba

saqarTveloSi, TiTqmis 20 weliwadia mimdinareobs. Cveni azriT,

Seqmnili mdgomareoba gamowveulia imiT, rom saqarTveloSi ar

aris Camoyalibebuli `menejerTa kapitalizmi~. profesiul mene-

jerebze naklebi moTxovnaa, radgan mesakuTreebis didma nawilma

ise ver gaafarTova Tavisi biznesi, rom menejerebi daiqiravos.

amasTan, saqarTvelos universitetebis did nawilSi am mxriv swav-

lebis dabali donea, xolo SedarebiT mcire nawilSi, romelTac

pretenzia aqvT, rom dasavleTis universitetebis adekvatur ga-

naTlebas aZleven, swavleba xdeba dasavluri programebiT da pop-

ularuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT yovelgvari adaptirebis gareSe.

konkretuli biznes-situaciebic ganviTarebuli qveynebis wamyvani

kompaniebis praqtikidanaa aRebuli, radgan TviT leqtorebis Zalian

mcire nawils aqvs menejeris an biznesis praqtika, studentebs ki

faqtobrivad ar gaaCniad empiriuli gamocdileba, romelic auci-

lebelia Teoriis Segnebulad gaazrebisa da menejeris Cvevebis

SesaZenad. Sedegad amisa, saqarTveloSi menejeruli kadrebis Teo-

riuli momzadeba da praqtikuli garemo erTmaneTisagan mowyvetilia.

aseTi ganaTlebis mqone menejmentis Tanamedrove Teoriis kon-

cefciebis da instrumentebis mcodne, kursdamTavrebulsac ki, Sei-

Zleba didi dro dasWirdes saqarTvelos biznesis realur garemo-

Si garkvevisaTvis.

cxadia, mejerebis momzadebaSi da praqtikul saqmianobaSi

farTod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli menejmentis mecnierebis msof-

lio miRwevebi, magram es ar gulisxmobs brma kopirebas, misi kon-

cefciebi da modulebi ganxiluli da adaptirebuli unda iqnes

saqarTvelos sinamdvilesTan, radgan, rogorc m. veberi werda, dasav-

luri tipis kapitalizmi SesaZlebelia mxolod dasavlur civi-

lizaciaSi. menejmentis dasavluri Teoriebic mravalferovania,

romlebic mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan da maTSi asax-

ulia Sesabamis sazogadoebaSi ekonomikis funqcionirebis pirobe-

bi, damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi, sazogadoebis mentaloba, saqmi-

ani kultura da a.S.

menejerTa mcire nawils ganaTleba dasavleTis biznes-skoleb-

Si aqvs miRebuli, rac xels uwyobs profesiuli da adamianuri

Tvalsawieris gafarToebas, saqmiani kontaqtebis damyarebas. ma-

gram, dasavleTis biznes-skolebSi ganaTlebis miRebisas studenti

mowyvetilia Tavisi qveynis sinamdviles, misi codna fokusirebu-

lia sruliad gansxvavebuli qveynis ekonomikur problemebze..

zogjer did energias axmaren iseTi sagnebis swavlas, romelic

samSobloSi ar gamoadgebaT. magaliTad, pensilvaniis universite-

tis uortonis (Wharton) biznes-skolis qarTveli kursdamTavrebu-

li, romelic ori welia, rac dabrunda TbilisSi, aRniSnavs, rom is

kmayofilia, rom iswavla strategiuli menejmentis da marketingis

zogadi Teoria, finansuri modelireba, magram didi dro da energia

daxarja biznes-samarTlis Seswavlaze, rac mas aq ar gamoadga.

saerTod, bolo periodSi, dasavleTSic didi davaa biznes -

ganaTlebis, gansakuTrebiT praqtikasTan misi kavSiris problemeb-

is Sesaxeb. ganviTarebuli krizisis fonze, aseve mwvave kritikis

obieqti gaxda menejerTa ganaTlebis mwvervalad miCneuli MBA-s

programa, romlis Sinaarsi TiTqmis standartizebulia dasavle-

Tis biznes - skolebSi. MBA-s arsebuli sistemis mkveTri mowi-

naaRmdegea menejmentis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili specialisti,

profesori henri mincbergi (Henry Mintzrberg). man gamoaqveyna naS-

romi saTauriT ̀ gvWirdeba menejerebi da ara MBA-s kursdamTavre-

bulebi~ (Managers not MBAs), sadac amtkicebs, rom biznes-skolebis

kursdamTavrebulni potenciur saSiSroebas warmoadgenen TviT

biznesisaTvis, radgan maT marTvis Teoria aswavles jer kide maSin,

sanam isini praqtikul gamocdilebas SeiZendnen. mxolod


142 143

1 Ìå í åäæìåíò ÕÕI âåêà. Ì., 2002.2 www.continent.kz/2008/18.8htm.

gamocdilebiT aris SesaZlebeli Secnobil iqnes marTvis proce-

sis mravali niuansi. Hh. mincbergis cnobili postulatia _ `ar

arsebobs auditoria, sadac SeiZleba menejeris Seqmna~. praqtikasTan

kavSiris naklebobaze miuTiTebs oqsfordis universitetis biznes-

skolis (Said Business school) dekani entoni hopvudi (Anthony Hop-

wood), niu-iorkis universitetis biznes_skolis dekani g. uaiti

(G.Whyte).

sTanfordis universitetis biznes-skolis cnobilma profe-

sorma jefri pfeferma (Jeffrey Pfeffer) gamoikvlia MBA-s xarisxis

mqone da am xarisxis ar mqone menejerTa miRwevebi da daaskvna, rom

MBA-s programis swavlas azri ara aqvs, radgan is warmatebis xe-

lisSemwyobi ar aris. londonis biznes_skolis profesori sumatra

goSali (Sumatra Ghoshal) wers, rom ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlo-

baSi menejmentis araefeqtiani meTodebisa da koncefciebis umete-

soba damuSavebeli iyo msoflios cnobili biznes-skolebis pro-

fesorebis mier. biznes-skolebi studentebs ar uyalibeben mor-

alur pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas, ris gamoc MBA -s diplomis mqone

top-menejerebi xSirad finansur afiorebSi arian gareuli. oqs-

fordis universitetis dekani profesori entoni hopvudi (Antony

Hopwood) akritikebs MBA-s programebs, da specialuri gamokv-

levebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom kompaniebSi rac ufro meti mene-

jeria MBA-s diplomiT, miT ufro metia darRvevebi.1 igi xazs us-

vams, praqtikasTan kavSiris naklebobaze, Tumca, miuTiTebs, rom dasav-

lur biznes-skolebs aqvT wamyvan kompaniebTan mWidro kavSiris

awyobili sistema, kompaniebs warmomadgenlebi hyavs biznes-skolebSi

da mzad arian leqtorebisa da studentebis perspeqtiuli ideebi

dauyonebliv daafinanson; didi praqtikuli gamocdilebis mqone

leqtorebi paralelurad muSaoben cnobili kompaniebis konsult-

antebad; biznes-skolebi sistematurad eZeben saintereso biznes-

gamocdilebas swavlis procesSi gamoyenebisaTvis. magram, rogorc

Cans, yovelive es sakmarisi araa praqtikuli codnis gaRrmavebi-

saTvis. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos universitetebs, maTi praqtikasTan

kavSiri amoiwureba imiT, rom TviTon studentebma unda moZebnon

kompaniebi, sadac praqtikas gaivlian da rogorc wesi, isic for-

malur xasiaTs atarebs.

oficialuri statistika ar arsebobs, magram Cveni monaceme-

biT, saqarTveloSi sazRvargareTeli kompaniebis warmomadgenle-

bad an adgilobriv msxvil kompaniebSi dasaqmebulia 1500-mde eqs-

pati (expat inglisuri sityvidan expatriate _ menejeri, romelic spe-

cialurad aris mowveuli sxva qveynidan). saerTod, eqspatebs aqvT

specialuri ganaTleba, floben menejmentis mowinave Teorias da

praqtikas, biznesis gaZRolis meTodologias, calkeul situaciaSi

ar sWirdebaT `velosipedis gamogoneba~, isini civiluri biznes-

kulturis matareblebi arian. maTi yvelaze Zlieri mxareebia proeqt-

menejmenti, strategiuli menejmenti, dargis ganviTarebis tenden-

ciebis Rrma codna. uaryofiTia is, rom maTi momsaxureba mniS-

vnelovan xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli. maRal xelfasTan erTad

unazRaurdebaT binis, avtomibilis, Tavis qveyanaSi gamgzavrebis da

sxva xarjebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom arc Tu iSviaTad, am special-

istebis momzadebis done imdenad dabalia, rom maTze moTxovna

TviT maT mSobliur qveyanaSi ar aris. mTavari mainc is aris, rom

akliaT saqarTvelos biznesis specifikis codna, anu ama Tu im

problemasadmi realuri midgomis codna. biznesis kvlevis saer-

TaSoriso kompaniis (romelsac 90 qveyanaSi 9000 meti klienti em-

saxureba) generaluri menejeri a. nilseni (A. Nielsen) wers: `ar

arsebobs globaluri myidveli, TviToeuli qveyana da TviToeul

qveyanaSi myidveli avlens gansxvavebul qcevas da gansxvavebul

damokidebulebas fulis xarjvisadmi.~1 magaliTad, kompania ̀ silqne-

tis~ (yofili `gaerTianebuli telekomi~) menejmentma, strategiad

daisaxa usadeno satelefono kavSiris gavrceleba. SeZenil iqna150 aTas abonentze gaTvaliswinebuli ZviradRirebuli teqnikurisaSualebebi. magram, tarifis dadgenisas ar iqna gaTvaliswinebu-li mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabali done, ar iqna SeTavazebuli

SeRavaTiani gadaxdis sistema, riTac kargad isargebla konkurent-ma kompaniam, romelmac dagvianebiT, magram ufro SeRavaTiani tari-fiT SesTavaza mosaxleobas igive momsaxureba. Sedegad amisa ̀ silqne-

ti~ momsaxurebiT sargeblobs mxolod 20-22 aTasi abonenti, umoqm-doTdaa didZali teqnika, araefeqtiani aRmoCnda gaweuli inves-ticiebi. realoba gviCvenebs, rom eqspatebi saqarTvelos, sul sxvaspecifikiT arian dainteresebulni, razec miuTiTebs internetSi

ganTavsebuli maTi monaTxrobebi, magaliTad, yazaxi qali - eqspatiwers: `TbilisSi oqros birJaze SeZenili briliantis beWedSi ga-davixade 430 dolari, romlis fasic CvenTan, sul mcire 800 dola-

ria~. avstrieli eqspati ki siamovnebiT ixsenebs, rom ̀ megobar gog-onas TveSi 500 evros vaZlevdi da is Zalian kmayofili iyo, CvenTan

venaSi ki 500 evro qalis erTi RamiT gamoZaxeba Rirs~.2

eqspatebTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSic SeiniSneba erTi


1 www.evidence-based/management.com.

144 145

movlena, romlis Sesaxebac wers menejmentis cnobili specialisti

s. CoudCari (S. Chowdhury): globalizaciam Seqmna inglisurenovan

biznesmenTa elita, romlebic qveynebsa da nacionalur bazrebze

maRla dadga da saWirod ar miiCnevs maT TaviseburebaTa Sec-

nobas.1 saqarTvelos msxvil biznesSi Semosuli ucxouri kompanie-

bis filosofia da interesebi, zogjer, ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni mosax-

leobis keTildReobis interesebs, ufro metic, xdeba maTi abuCad

agdeba da Seuracxyofa. aseTi damokidebulebis magaliTi bevria:

`energoprojorjias~ mier SemoRebuli komunaluri mricxvelebi,

zestafonis feroSenadnobsa da kaspis cementis qarxnebSi Sesuli

kompaniebis menejerTa udieri damokidebuleba garemosadmi, `yaz-

transgazTbilisi~-is TanamSromlebTan ori kviris xangrZlivo-

biT dadebuli SromiTi xelSekruleba da a.S.

dasavleTis wamyvan universitetebSi iqmneba mkvlevar-mecni-

erTa jgufebi, romlebic qveynis kulturul-instituciuri Tavise-

burebebidan gamomdinare gansazRvraven menejerTa Teoriuli da

praqtikuli momzadebis prioritetebs da Taviseburebebs. Sedare-

biTi menejmentis meTodologiis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiyos

saqarTveloSi menejerTa momzadebis da praqtikuli saqmianobis

specifikis ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqti:

_ menejmentis dasavluri skolebi orientirebulia ufro

praqtikuli Cvevebis Camoyalibebaze, vidre Teoriul codnaze. me-

nejers unari unda Seswevdes arastandartuli, swarfad cvalebadi

situaciebi gaaanalizos da swrafad miiRos gadawyvetileba. Cven-

Tan ki, menejerebis ganaTleba ZiriTadad agebulia Teoriul cod-

naze, praqtika meore planze dgas. apriori igulisxmeba, rom Teor-

iulad momzadebuli menejeri nebismier situaciaSi ipovis swor

gamosavals;

_ teqnikur codnasTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba eniWeba menj-

eris unars - marTos adamianebi da resursebi. maSinac ki, Tu is

xelmZRvanelobs teqnikur an sawarmoo qvedanayofs, iTvleba, rom

menejers piradi avtoritetis Selaxvis gareSe SeuZlia teqnikur

sakiTxebze konsultaciebis da daxmarebebis miReba. mis magier

sxva ver miiRebs aseT gadawyvetilebas;

_ menejeris erT-erT mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iTvleba prezen-

taciis unari. mis ganviTarebas didi yuradReba eqceva aramarto

biznes-skolebSi, aramed kompaniebSic. rogorc wesi, mniSvneloba

ara aqvs risi prezentireba xdeba _ qvedanayofis miRwevebis, biuje-

tis, axali saqonlis Tu sakuTari miRwevebis. auditoriasTan urT-

ierTobis unari ufro fasobs, vidre molaparakebebis warmarTvis

unari.;

_ dasavlur kompaniebSi didi moTxovnaa praqtikos admianebze,

romelTac didi ambiciebi aqvT. samsaxurSi miRebisas, rogorc wesi,

usvamen SekiTxvas: rogor xedavT Tqvens momavals 3-5 wlis Semdeg

_ kargi momavlis rwmena proaqtiuri poziciis niSnad aris miCneu-

li. dasavlur kompaniebSi adamianis ambiciurobas aqvs mkveTrad

gamoxatuli dadebiTi Sinaarsi. CvenTan ki xSirad ismis _ ̀ merwmu-

neT, me ambiciuri ara var~. ambiciis qona miCneulia uaryofiT

Tvisebad, yoyloCinobad, mokled aqvs mkveTrad uaryofiTi Sefase-

ba. gansxvavebulia xelmZRvanelsa da mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof

pirebs Soris damokidebuleba. dasavlur kompaniebSi yovelnairad

xazi esmeba maT partniorul urTierTobas da siaxloves. xelmZR-

vanels SeiZleba ar qondes calke kabineti da saqmianobdes daqvem-

debarebul pirebis Tvalwin, isargeblon erTi manqaniT, erTi sasa-

diloTi da a.S. zogierTi kompania Tavis struqturas sqematurad

gamosaxavs gadmotrialebuli piramidis saxiT. ucxouri kompanie-

bi did yuradRebas uTmoben gundurobas, koleqtivSi muSaobis un-

aris ganviTarebas, imas, rasac dasavleTSi ̀ Team building~-s an ̀ Team

spirit~-s uwodeben. tardeba koleqtiuri TamaSebi, erToblivi saR-

amoebi, RonisZiebebi.

dasavlur kompaniebSi yvela TanamSromlisaTvis naTelia, rom

maTi Sroma fasdeba saboloo SedegiT. Sedegis misaRwevad ki yve-

la iCens Seupovrobas da qreaTiulobas. CvenTan ki, sayovelTaod

gavrcelebulia absurduli warmodgena, rom saqmianoba fasdeba

ara saboloo SedegiT, aramed intensiuri SromiT. menejerisaTvis

davalebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb angariSis wardgenisas, xelqveiTebi

yuradRebas amaxvileben TviT Sesrulebis procesSi warmoSobil

problemebze, maTi gadalaxvis mcdelobaze da miuxedavad imisa,

rom saboloo Sedegs ver miaRwies, Tvlian, rom kargad imuSaves,

radgan Zalian daiRalnen, e.i. maTTvis saqmianobis Sedegianobis

Semfasebeli kriteriumi aris daRliloba. vimeorebT, rom es ganw-

yoba farTodaa gavrcelebuli, rasac mosdevs moCvenebiToba da

cru facifuci.

dasavleTis demokratiis pirobebSi cxovrebis Sedegad sa-

zogadoebis wevrs miaCnia, rom is irCevs da inaxavs mTavrobas,

Cinovnikebi sazogadoebis mier arian daqiravebulebi da valdebu-

li arian izrunon maT keTildReobaze. amitom, mas sruliad mis-

aRebad da Rirseulad miaCnia sazogadoebaSi mis mier SemCneul


1 Ìå í åäæìåíò ÕÕI âåêà. Ì., 2002.

146 147

naklovanebebze miawodos informacia Sesabamis organoebs, es cud-

adac rom exebodes nacnobs, mezobels da a.S. kompaniebSi muSaki

Tavs grZnobs saerTo saqmis monawiled, partniorad da mzad aris

menejers miawodos informacia arsebul naklovanebebze, TanamSrom-

lis mier daSvebul Secdomebze. Cven sazogadoebaSi ki aseTi qceva

miCneulia ̀ CaSvebad~, ufro metic, aqtiuroba da iniciativa SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos cud `tonad~, ufosisadmi Tavis mowonebis mcdelo-

bad. amitom, menejerisTvis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi Sei-

Zleba SeumCneveli darCes koleqtivis romelime wevris kompanii-

saTvis zianis momtani qceva. an kidev - calkeul muSaks SeiZleba

gaaCndes efeqtianobis amaRlebis realuri winadadeba, magram araferi

gaakeTos mis praqtikul realizaciaze;

_ dasavleTSi Seicvala menejerTa warmodgenebi biznesis

gaZRolis formebis da meTodebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove menejmen-

tis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maxvilde-

ba operaciul procesebze. menejerebs Soris formirebulia azri,

rom efeqtianobis amaRlebis mTavari rezervia biznes- procesebis

optimizacia. procesuli midgoma saSualebas iZleva amaRldes

kompaniis moqniloba, principulad gaumjobesdes produqciis da

momsaxurebis xarisxi. procesuli midgomis danergva ki moiTxovs

specialuri instrumentaris gamoyenebas, romliTac moxdeba biznes-

procesebis aRwera da analizi. magram, saqarTvelos kompaniebSi

procesebis dokumentireba ar xdeba, werilobiT ar aris dafiq-

sirebuli calkeuli qvedanayofis funqciebi, Sedegebis Sefasebis

maCveneblebi, sxva qvedanayofebTan urTierTobis xerxebi. e.i. qarTuli

menejmentisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia `maxsovrobiTi marTva~. rode-

sac Tanamdebobaze modis axali menejeri, zepir instruqcias Rebu-

lobs zemdgomi Tanamdebobis pirisagan, Semdeg daqvemdebarebaSi

myofi muSakebisagan da qvedanayofs marTvas iwyebs ise, rogorc

miiCnevs saWirod. procesebis da maTi Sesrulebis dokumentirebis

ararsebobis gamo, ver xdeba biznes-procesebis optimizacia, Seu-

Zlebelia funqciebis delegireba, radgan ver fiqsirdeba dele-

girebiT miniWebuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis sazRvrebi. Tan-

amSromeli, vinc flobs zepir informacias Sesasrulebeli pro-

cesebis Sesaxeb, xdeba Seucvleli, radgan misi wasvlis SemTxveva-

Si kompaniaSi ikargeba es informacia da xSirad am informaciis

mflobeli xdeba konkurenti firma (Tu es piri iq dasaqmda).

Camoyalibebuli Taviseburebebis, marTvis kulturisa da

konkurenciis pirobebis TiTqmis ar arsebobis gamo SeuZlebelia

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi realurad danergili da efeqtis mo-

mtani iyos Tanamedrove menejmentis iseTi cnobili koncefciebi,.

romlebic dasavleTis kompaniebSi farTod gamoiyeneba da saqarTve-

los universitetebSi intensiurad iswavleba, rogoricaa:

a) m. porteris koncepcia SCM (Supply Chain Managmenet), romel-

ic miwodebis jaWvis operaciebis dagegmvis, danergvis marTvis pro-

cesebze orientirebuli strategiaa. saqarTvelos kompaniebis praq-

tikaSi SCM-is gamoyeneba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan kompaniebs

Soris ndobis dabali donea, sabaJo kanonmdebloba da sabaJo stru-

qturebis muSaobis xasiaTi, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdis miwode-

bis efeqtian organizacias;

b)saqarTvelos kompaniebSi ormagi buRalteriis, iZulebiTi

`qvelmoqmedebis~ da sxva gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis arseboba

gamouyenebels xdis nortonisa da kaplanis BBSC (Balansed score-

card) koncefcias, romelic dasavleTSi efeqtian instrumentad aris

aRiarebuli da gulisxmobs resursebis ganawilebas strategiis

Sesabamisad;

g) Toyota-s sawarmo sistemis (Toyota Production System), JIT (just

in Time) , kanbanis sistemebis, agreTve xarisxis marTvis Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis (ISO-9000, TQM, ̀ eqvsi sigma~) praqtikuli gamoyeneb-

isaTvis, aucilebelia, Sesabamisi garemos arseboba, kerZod, saimedo

partniorebis SerCevis SesaZlebloba, e.i. konkurentuli garemo,

ganviTarebuli sabazro urTierToba, kompaniebs Soris ndobis ma-

Rali done, kompaniebSi dasaqmebulTa aqtiuroba da SemoqmedebiTi

damokidebuleba da rac mTavaria, marTvis procesuli midgoma,

romelic biznes-procesebis optimizaciis saSualebas iZleva.

saqarTvelos kompaniebSi marTvis stili TiTqmis yovelTvis mkac-

ri da avtoritarulia, maSin roca dasavleTSi menejmentis ganvi-

Tarebis strategiuli perspeqtivaa - ufro rbili da moqnili da

SinaarsiT ufro efeqtiani formebisken moZraoba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos universitetebSi momaval

menejerebs aswavlian msoflios wamyvani biznes-skolebis profe-

sorTa Sexedulebebs, koncefciebs, sistemebs, meTodebs, ganixilaven

dasavluri kompaniebis magaliTze agebul qeisebs, magram es xdeba

qarTul biznesSi mimdinare procesebisgan mowyvetilad. qarTuli

sinamdvile, sadac saboloo angariSiT, unda dasaqmdes momavali

menejeri, Seucnobel, virtualur samyarod rCeba.

imisaTvis, rom saqmianobis dawyebisTanave, menejers Camoyal-

ibebuli pozicia qondes, Tavidanve auRos alRo, ar moixiblos, ar

Seeguos `gruzinuli menejmentis~ (qarTul praqtikos menejerTa


148 149

SoTa SaburiSvili,SoTa SaburiSvili,SoTa SaburiSvili,SoTa SaburiSvili,SoTa SaburiSvili,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

Tsu asocirebuli profesoriTsu asocirebuli profesoriTsu asocirebuli profesoriTsu asocirebuli profesoriTsu asocirebuli profesori

Tanamedrove biznesSi miRebulia kopmaniis zrdisa

da ganviTarebis procesis dayofa etapebad. ganviTarebis

stadiebis gamoyofisas gadamwyvets riskis done da misi

xasiaTi warmoadgens. magaliTad, moiazreba, rom Tesvis

stadiis dasruleba xsnis axal teqnologiasTan, saqonel-

sa an momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul risks. sTarT-af (Startup) stadiis dasruleba ki uzrunvelyofs principuli

arakomerciulobis (saqonlis bazarze gasvlis SeuZle-

bloba) riskis moxsnas (ix. cxrili 1).

biznesis ganviTarebis etapebis klasifikacia qvey-

nebisa da konkretuli investorebis mixedviTac ki gansx-

vavebulia. zogjer erT kategoriaSi aerTianeben Tesvisa

da sTarT-af proeqtebs, an piriqiT damatebiT gamoyofen

ideis Tavdapirveli damuSavebis stadias (Pre-Seed). aRniS-nulis miuxedavad, proeqtis ganviTarebis etapebis gamoyo-

fa did mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove biznesSi. mas aqvs

mkafio praqtikuli datvirTva, radgan sxvadasxva etapze

proeqti gansxvavebuli wyarodan finansdeba. am movlenas

‘sainvesticio jaWvi~ ewodeba (ix. nax. 1).

biznesis dafinansebis apeqtebibiznesis dafinansebis apeqtebibiznesis dafinansebis apeqtebibiznesis dafinansebis apeqtebibiznesis dafinansebis apeqtebi

dinamikuri WriliTdinamikuri WriliTdinamikuri WriliTdinamikuri WriliTdinamikuri WriliT


Soris gavrcelebuli terminia, romelic asaxavs qarTul-rusuli

menejmentis da mentalitetis nazavs) mravalferovan kombinacias,

universitetebSi Teoriuli ganaTleba unda ganxorcieldes re-

aluri konteqstiT, qeisebis ideebi gadatanil unda iqnes realur

praqtikaSi, ganxiluli da gaanalizebul unda iqnes ara marto

dadebiTi praqtika, is uaryofiTic, rac ase mravladaa qarTuli

menejmentis realobaSi da rac aucileblad unda gamoswordes,

raTa warmatebuli da efeqtiani gaxdes menejmenti. saboloo anga-

riSiT dagrovdeba Tanamedrove menejerTa is `kritikuli masa~,

romelic Secvlis saerTo situacias menejmentSi.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, studentebis mier Seswavlili menej-

mentis dasavluri Teoriebi, koncefciebi, sistemebi ise moZveldeba

da Seicvleba axliT, rom saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi maTi arc

Zvelis da arc axlis gamoyenebis mzadyofna da SesaZlebloba ar

iqneba. miTumetes, TviT dasavleTSi, specialistebs Soris Camoyal-

ibebulia azri, rom im menejmentma, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara XX

saukunis dasawyisSi, miaRwia ganviTarebis zRvars da saWiroa misi

axladSeqmna sruliad axal principebsa da koncefciebze.

Modern Management and Georgian Reality

S. Vardishvili

The article is dedicated to peculiarities of Georgian Management, moderntheoretical conceptions and practical experience use ability in the managementfunctions realization of Georgian socio-cultural surroundings.

In the article on the ground of statistical data and sociological researcheswas made a decision that most part of managers is dilettante, only 10-12% aremanagers with special professional education. In Georgia, training of managers’takes place for nearly 20 years, but at the universities education is lead by westernprograms and text-books all without adaptation, they discuss the cases made byexamples of western companies. Few lectors have managerial or business practice.As a result, theoretical training of managerial stuff and practical surroundings areseparated from each other, Georgian reality where the future manager has to beemployed by the final account stays a virtual reality. The graduates need long timeto get acquainted with real Georgian business surroundings.

It is obvious that in preparing of managers and practical activities therehas to be widely used the world achievements of science, but it cannot be blindlycopied without adaptation with Georgian reality.


150 151


sawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba dinamikaSisawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba dinamikaSisawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba dinamikaSisawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba dinamikaSisawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba dinamikaSi1


1 _ Tesvis stadia; 2 _ sTarT-afi; 3 _ adreuli zrda;

4 _ gafarToeba; 5 _ mdgradi ganviTareba.

sawarmos finansuri Cavardna, romelic gamosaxulia

naxaz 1-ze, gamocdili kerZo investorebis wreSi `sikvdi-

lis velis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. misi piki sTarT-

afidan adreuli zrdis fazisaken gardamaval etapze mde-

bareobs. es dakavSirebulia warmoebis moculobis zr-

dasTan, rodesac firma cdilobs mzard sabazro moTxov-

nas Sesabamisi miwodebiT upasuxos. amisaTvis, bunebrivia,

saWiroa damatebiTi dafinanseba, raTa daifaros gasawevi

xarjebi mowyobilobebze, nedleulze, masalebze, samuSao

Zalaze, energiaze da a.S.

aranakleb rTulia Tesvis stadiac, rodesac proeqti

mxolod ideis an inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis paketis

donezea, xolo sawarmo jer isev formirebis stadiazea.

rogorc wesi, am etapze mkveTrad ar aris gamokveTili

biznesis modeli, ZiriTadi gundis Semadgenloba, mizno-

mogeba

T

zarali

1 2 3 4 5

1 K. Ïàðêñ, Êàê ôèíàíñèðîâàòü áèçíåñ. Ì., «Äåëî è Ñåðâèñ», 2008, c. 53.

SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSvili

dasaxel

eba

ingl

isuri

qarTul

i

saWiro

inve

sticiebis

mocul

oba

Mmokle aRwera

Seed

sawyisi, Tesva

1000000

dol

aramde

sawarmos formireba, pr

oeqtisa da biznes-ideis

arseboba, mmarTve

li gundis Seqmn

a da ma

rketingul

i

kvlevebis Ca

tareba.

Star

t up

sTarT-af

1000000-d

an

5 000000

dol

aramde

sawarmo funcionirebs, arsebobs biznes-gegma,

sacdeli nimuSebi, mimdinareobs seriuli warmoebis

organizeba, tardeba samu

Saoebi produqtis bazarze

gasatanad.

Earl

y st

age,

Ea

rly

grow

th

adreuli

zrda

5000000-d

an

10000000

dol

aramde

mimdinareobs mza produqciis gamoSveba da

komerciuli realizacia. sawarmo

s jer ar gaaCn

ia

myari mogeba. am stadiaze xdeba uzaral

obis

wertil

is mi

Rweva.

Axs

pant

ion

gafarToeba

10000000

dol

arze meti sawarmo ikavebs myar po

zicias bazarze, iRebs

stabilur mo

gebas, farTovdeba warmo

eba da

real

izacia, izrdeba Zi

riTadi fondebi.

Late

r sta

ge

gviani stadia,

mdgradi

ganvi

Tareba

damokidebul

ia

sawarmos

saWiroebebze

mtkice po

ziciebia sxva

dasxva

miznobriv bazarze,

mdgradia mogeba da dividendebis gadaxda.

yovel

wliuri zrdis tempi mcirea, sawarmos aqciebi

ukve

iyi

deba safondo birJaze.

saw

armo

s gan

viTar

ebis stad

ieb

isaw

armo

s gan

viTar

ebis stad

ieb

isaw

armo

s gan

viTar

ebis stad

ieb

isaw

armo

s gan

viTar

ebis stad

ieb

isaw

armo

s gan

viTar

ebis stad

ieb

i1

cxrili 1

cxrili 1

cxrili 1

cxrili 1

cxrili 1

1 Õèë

ë Á

., Ïà

óýð

Ä.,

Áèç

íåñ-

àíãå

ëû, Ì

., «Ý

êñìî

», 2

008,

c 6

7.

152 153


is doniTa da saWiro finansebis moculobiT gansxvavdeba.

amasTan, TiToeul etapze dafinansebis sxvadasxva wyaroa

prioritetuli (cxrili 2).

dafinansebis wyaro sawarmos ganviTarebis fazisdafinansebis wyaro sawarmos ganviTarebis fazisdafinansebis wyaro sawarmos ganviTarebis fazisdafinansebis wyaro sawarmos ganviTarebis fazisdafinansebis wyaro sawarmos ganviTarebis fazis

mixedviT (mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevamde)mixedviT (mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevamde)mixedviT (mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevamde)mixedviT (mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevamde)mixedviT (mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevamde)

cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2

Cevn mier gansaxilveli sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad

gavmijnoT Tesvis da sTarT-af stadiebi. sTarT-afi _ ukve

arsebuli sawarmoa, romelic saqmianobas anviTarebs maSin,

rodesac Tesvis proeqti Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myo-

fi biznesia. am ori stadiis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli

niSnebi mocemulia cxrilSi (ix. cxrili 3).

saWiroa kargad gaviazroT, rom Tesvis da sTarT-af

stadiaze riskebs gansxvavebuli buneba gaaCnia. Tu pirveli-

saTvis ZiriTadi riski dakavSirebulia proeqtis perspeq-

tivis gaurkvevlobasTan, meore SemTxvevaSi esaa sabrunavi

saSualebebis ukmarisobasa da warmoebis gafarToebis

xarjebTan dakavSirebuli riski. amitomac, sTarT-afSi da-

bandebuli kapitali mniSvnelovnad aRemateba Tesvis sta-

diis sawarmoSi ganxorcielebul investiciebs.

Tesva sTarT-afi

adreuli zrda

gafarToeba mdgradi

ganviTareba asobiT mln dolari

aTobiT mln dolari

mln dolari

aTobiT da asobiT aTasi dolari

1 2 3 4 5

ganviTarebis stadia

dafinansebis wyaro

Tesva biznes angelozebi, 3F1 saTesle fondebi, saxelmwifo fondebi

sTarT-afi venCuruli fondebi

adreuli zrda da

gafarToeba

bankebi, sainvesticio fondebi, safondo bazarze gasvla

13F _ friends, family, founders (fools) (megobrebi, ojaxi, damfuZneblebi(gulubryviloebi).

SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSvili

brivi bazari da misi aTvisebis strategia, xolo finan-

suri maCveneblebi ki sawarmos damfuZneblebis optimis-

turi varaudebi ufroa, vidre obieqtur gaTvlebze dafuZneb-

uli prognozebi. Tumca, ̧ sikvdilis velis~ fazisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, saWiro finansebis moculoba arc ise didia.

amis saWiroeba gaCndeba mogvianebiT, rodesac saqoneli

warmatebiT gaivlis sabazro gamocdas, warmoebis te-

qnologiisa da xarisxis mixedviT SeiZens saboloo, stan-

dartul formas da daiwyeba misi masobrivi warmoeba.

firmis Rirebuleba arawrfiv damokidebulebaSi imy-

ofeba misi ganviTarebis etapebTan, rac, bunebrivia, TviT

sawarmos Taviseburebebidan da misi ganviTarebis stadie-

bis gansxvavebuli, rTuli bunebidan gamomdinareobs. bi-

znesis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, mkveTri zrda

`gasvlamde~ bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRweva.

am movlenis amsaxvel grafiks, investorebis JargoniT,

`xokeis joxs~ uwodeben (nax. 2.).

sawarmos kapitalizaciis zrda misi ganviTarebissawarmos kapitalizaciis zrda misi ganviTarebissawarmos kapitalizaciis zrda misi ganviTarebissawarmos kapitalizaciis zrda misi ganviTarebissawarmos kapitalizaciis zrda misi ganviTarebisstadiasTan mimarTebiT (`xokeis joxi~)stadiasTan mimarTebiT (`xokeis joxi~)stadiasTan mimarTebiT (`xokeis joxi~)stadiasTan mimarTebiT (`xokeis joxi~)stadiasTan mimarTebiT (`xokeis joxi~)1

amgvarad, sawarmos dafinansebis erTiani procesi

SeiZleba davyoT fazebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan risk-

1 À. Êàøèðèí, À. Ñå ìå í î â . Â Ï î èñêàõ áèçíåñ-àíãåëà, Ì., «Âåðøèíà», 2008, ñ.24.


154 155


gansxvaveba sawarmoTa miznebSi, ganapirobebs arsebiT

gansxvavebas maTi marTvis stilSi. starT-afis dros mimdinare

da strategiuli amocanebis Sesrulebis safuZvels biznes-

gegma warmoadgens, romelic gadaxedvas iSviaTad eqvemdebare-

ba. sawarmoSi Tesvis stadiis strategia da mmarTvelobiTi

procedurebi formirebis procesSia, biznesi ki zogadi WriliT

gansazRvruli da xSirad koreqtirebadi miznebis pirobebSi

xorcieldeba. swored amitom, strategiis formireba Tesvis

stadiis sawarmos erT-erTi urTulesi amocanaa, romelic proeq-

tis monawileebisagan didi droisa da energiis xarjvas iTx-

ovs.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tesvisa da sTarT-af sata-

diis sawarmoebs bevri saerTo niSanic gaaCnia, rac maT anaTe-

savebs da mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebs ganviTarebis ufro gvi-

an stadiaze myofi sawarmoebisagan. Tesvis stadiaze myofi

proeqti da sTarT-afi _ esaa martivi marTvis struqtura,

araformaluri urTierTobebi sawarmos koleqtivSi, mdgradi

mogebis uqonloba, axal bazrebze muSaoba, msxvili da likvi-

duri aqtivebis arqona. amitom, adreuli stadiis sawarmoebze

msjelobisas xSirad orives (Tesva da sTarT-afi) erTad moiaz-

reben.

Business Funding Aspects in Dynamics

Sh. Shaburishvili

Business development and growth process are divided into stages. Risklevel and its feature has paramount role in the moment of picking out firm devel-opment stages. Diversifing of the project develompent stages are gaining greatsignificance in the contemporary business. It has distinct practical meaning asthe project is financing from the various sources. This phenomenon is called asan „Investment chain”.

Firm value has no rectilinear dependence with its development stages,which is caused because of particular feature of the firm and different andcomplicated nature of its development stages. As usual, in case of business suc-cess, firm achives superior growth during several last years. According to theInvestors’ slang the diagram that describes above mentioned phenomenon iscalled „Hockey Stick”.

SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliTes

vis da

sTar

T-af stad

iis Sed

areb

aTes

vis da

sTar

T-af stad

iis Sed

areb

aTes

vis da

sTar

T-af stad

iis Sed

areb

aTes

vis da

sTar

T-af stad

iis Sed

areb

aTes

vis da

sTar

T-af stad

iis Sed

areb

a

cxrili 3

cxrili 3

cxrili 3

cxrili 3

cxrili 3

parametrebi

Tesva

sTarT-afi

momava

li ful

is nakadi

prognozirebas TiTqmis ar

eqvemdebareba

eqvemd

ebareba arsebiTi sizustiT

prognozirebas

sawarmos formireba

formi

rebis pr

ocesSia

Fformi

rebul

ia

biznes-gegma

arsebobs biznesis zogadi xedva

da gegmis cal

keul

i el

ementi

arsebobs Ca

moya

libebul

i biznes-

gegma

gundi

formi

rdeba

Fformi

rebul

ia

damfuZn

ebl

ebis samewarmeo

gamocdil

eba

mwiri, saWiroeben investoris

daxma

rebas

SeuZl

iaT damo

ukidebl

ad

gadaWran probl

emebi

Bbazari

mimd

inareo

bs Seswavl

a, arsebobs

zogadi xedva

da mosazrebebi

produqtis winsvl

is Taobaze

bazari Seswavl

il

ia,

gansazRvr

ul

ia mi

znobrivi

segmen

ti, mimd

inareobs

market

ingul

i strategiis

Semu

Saveba

intel

eqt

ual

uri sakuTreba

arasrul

yofil

i saxe gaaCn

ia,

xSird ar aris daregistrirebul

i pirvel

adi paketi Camo

yal

ibebul

i

da registrirebul

ia

warmoeba

xdeba sacdel

i warmoebis awyo

ba

sacdel

i warmoeba awyo

bil

ia,

mimd

inareobs masobriv warmo

ebaze

gadasvl

a

saWiro investiciebi

mln dol

aramde

1-dan 5

ml

n dol

aramd

e

danaxarjebis struqt

uraSi

gamo

kveTil

ia

sawarmos registraciis xarjebi,

gundis wevr

ebis xel

fasi, Senobis

arenda, intel

eqt

ual

uri

sakuTrebis gaformeba,

nedl

eul

is da masal

ebis Sesyi

dva,

bazris Seswavl

is da saqo

nl

is

winsvl

is samu

Saoebi

TanamS

roml

ebis Statis gazrda,

masobriv

warmo

ebaze gadasvl

is

samu

Saoebi, marketingul

i

kvl

evebi,

rekl

ama, sawarmo

s imi

jis

formi

reba, sabrunavi

saSual

ebebi

investorisa da mewarmis

Sexvedrebi

araformal

uri piradi Sex

vedrebi formal

uri Sexvedrebi dadgenil

i

grafikiT

156 157

marine RuduSaurimarine RuduSaurimarine RuduSaurimarine RuduSaurimarine RuduSauri

Seexo ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes dargsac _ turizmsac.

moiSala da gaCanagda turistuli infrastruqtura, sas-

tumroebis, dasasvenebeli saxlebis, sanatoriumebis da pan-

sionatebis didi umravlesoba devnili mosaxleobis TavS-

esafrad iqca. 1 9 9 3

wels, mas Semdeg rac saqarTvelos mier aRiarebul iqna

`turizmis qartia da turistis kodeqsi~, saqarTvelo gaw-

evrianda msoflio turistul organizaciaSi. 1997 wlis 6

marts miiRes saqarTvelos kanoni ̀ turizmisa da kurorte-

bis Sesaxeb~. kanonSi ramdenjerme Sevida cvlilebebi da

damatebebi, rac dargis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan

momentebs iTvaliswinebda, SemuSavda aseve sxva sakanonm-

deblo da normatiuli aqtebic. aqedan iwyeba turizmis

TandaTan aRorZinebis procesi.

turizmis meSveobiT drois mokle monakveTSi Sesa-

Zlebelia infrastruqturaSi investiciebis mozidva, adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobese-

ba, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da Semosavlebis miRe-

ba, soflis ganviTareba. mTavrobam, gaiTvaliswina ra tur-

izmis potenciali, igi gamoyo, rogorc mTavari ekonomikuri

prioriteti. bolo ramdenime weli saqarTveloSi ganxor-

cielebuli reformebis Sedegad am mxriv daiwyo gamo-

cocxleba. infrastruqturis mowesrigebaze zrunvisa da

sakanonmdeblo sistemis daxvewis Sedegad turizmis sfer-

oSi aSkara winsvla fiqsirdeba, Tumca turizmsa da sakuror-

to biznesSi arsebuli sakanonmdeblo vakuumi mainc arse-

bobs. zogadi kanonebis paralelurad aucilebelia, rom

sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi sastumroebis, dasasvenebeli sax-

lebis, sanatoriumebis da a.S. funqcionirebis da momsax-

urebis normativebi detalurad regulirdebodes garkveu-

li standartebis mixedviT. kerZod, aucilebelia, rom

turproduqtis momxmareblis uflebebi da interesebi da-

culi iyos sayovelTaod miRebuli standartebisa da norme-



ekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

turizmi bolo wlebSi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze

momgebiani biznesi gaxda. msoflio eqsportSi turizmidan

miRebul Semosavlebs mesame adgili uWiravs navTobisa da

avtomobilebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebis Sem-

deg. eqspertebis prognoziT, saerTaSoriso turizmis gan-

viTareba SemdgomSic gagrZeldeba.

saqarTvelos Tavisi bunebrivi, geografiuli, rekreaciuli

SesaZlebelobebis da istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreo-

biT turizmisa da sakurorto saqmianobis didi potencia-

li gaaCnia. am mniSvenlovani resursebis meoxebiT saqarTve-

lo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis gamorCeuli qveyanaa. ker-

Zod, ganviTarebis didi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia turizmis

Semdeg saxeobebs: 1. sakurorto da rekreaciuli turizmi;

2. kulturuli turizmi (arqeologia, istoria, eTnogra-

fia); 3. saTavgadasavlo turizmi (laSqroba, wyaljomar-

doba, cxenebiT jiriTi, TxilamurebiT sriali); 4. eko-tur-

izmi (dakvirveba florasa da faunaze); 5. agro-turizmi; 6.

specialuri dainteresebis turizmi (meRvineobis moy-

varulebisTvis, gurmanebisTvis, fotomoyvarulTa da kin-

odokumentalistebisTvis); 7. saqmiani turebi (Tematuri

Sekrebebi, festivalebi, kongresebi da konferenciebi).

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi

Seqmnilma politikurma da socialur-ekonomikurma kriz-

isma qveyana mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena. krizisi mwvaved

turizmis ganviTarebisturizmis ganviTarebisturizmis ganviTarebisturizmis ganviTarebisturizmis ganviTarebis

tendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSi

158 159

truqturiT.

amJamad dawyebulia turizmis strategiis SemuSaveb-

is procesi mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis. aSS-is saerTaSoriso

ganviTarebis saagentos mcire da saSualo biznesis mx-

ardaWeris proeqtis sagranto programis farglebSi sa-

zogadoebrivi azris kvlevisa da marketingis institutma

Caatara turizmis samomxmareblo potencialis kvleva,

romlis mizani iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi tur-

istuli potencialis Seswavla, romelSic kaxeTi gamoiyo,

rogorc prioritetuli regioni. ZiriTadi aqcenti am re-

gionze im mizniT gakeTda, rom kaxeTSi da kerZod, qalaq

siRnaRSi ganesazRvraT Rvinis turizmis ganviTarebis

saukeTeso strategia.

bazris aRniSnuli kvleva wingadadgmuli praqtiku-

li nabijia, romlis Sedegebsac gaecno yvela dainterese-

buli mxare. momxmareblisTvis saboloo produqtis SeT-

avazebis mizniT, maT saSualeba miecaT zustad gansazRvron

sastumroebTan, kvebasTan, turistul marSrutebTan da sxva

turizmTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi.

mimdinare wels, 23-25 aprils, sagamofeno centr ̀ eqs-

po-jorjiam” umaspinZla XII saerTaSoriso turistul

gamofenas _ “CTF 2010-s”, sadac warmodgenili iyo 90 sxva-

dasxva organizacia, kerZod, turistuli kompaniebi, dasas-

venebeli kompleqsebi, sastumroebi, muzeumebi, turistuli

profilis saswavleblebi da sxva. am gamofenaze damTva-

lierebeli gaecno saqarTvelos turistul potencials

da saSualeba mieca saqmiani kontaqtebi daemyarebina sxva-

dasxva kompaniis warmomadgenlebTan, aqve arsebobda sazafx-

ulo dasvenebis (rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve sazRvarga-

reT) winaswari dagegmvis SesaZleblobac.

gamofenaSi, garda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva region-

isa, monawileobdnen turizmis sferos warmomadgenlebi

somxeTidan da azerbaijanidan. es imiTac aris mniSvnelo-

marine RuduSaurimarine RuduSaurimarine RuduSaurimarine RuduSaurimarine RuduSauri menejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmimenejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

bis Sesabamisad.

turizmi, rogorc momsaxurebis sferos dargi, Sedge-

ba saerTaSoriso turizmisa da Siga turizmisagan. saer-

TaSoris turizmi, Tavis mxriv, moicavs Semomyvan da gamyvan

turizms. saqarTveloSi am etapze aqcenti keTdeba Semomy-

van turizmze. es martivad aixsneba, radgan am seqtorSi

SedarebiT ioli mosagvarebelia Semosavlebis miReba ucx-

oeli rezidentebis mxridan, gadasaxadebis akrefa da sxva,

vidre gamyvani turizmis seqtorSi, romelic jer-jerobiT

sruliad gaukontrolebeli sferoa. aRsaniSnavia is faq-

ti, rom saqarTvelos kanoniT `turizmisa da kurortebis

Sesaxeb~, ucxoeli turistebis miReba da momsaxureba

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganixileba, rogorc turistu-

li momsaxurebis eqsporti, amitom saqarTvelos sagadasax-

ado kodeqsiT turoperatorebis mier saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze ucxoeli turistebis organizebuli Semoyvana da

maTTvis turistuli momsaxurebis paketis miwodeba ibe-

greba dRg-s nulovani ganakveTiT.

Semomyvani turizmis ganviTarebis kvaldakval saWiroa

saqarTveloSi ganviTardes sastumro meurneobis iseTi

industria, romelic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabam-

isi iqneba. amisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa qveyanaSi tur-

izmis ganviTarebis erTiani saxelmwifo programis, erovnuli

strategiuli gegmis SemuSaveba, romelsac koordinacias

gauwevs saqarTvelos mTavroba da romelSic gansazRvru-

li iqneba am sferos ganviTarebis miznebi, prioritetebi,

strategia, samoqmedo gegma da is saxelmwifo uwyebebi,

romlebic monawileobas miiReben samoqmedo gegmis ganx-

orcielebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresia TurqeTis re-

spublikis gamocdileba, sadac turistuli industriis

erTiani saxelmwifo programis safuZvelze mokle droSi

SesaZlebeli gaxda xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze aSenebu-

liyo sastumroebis Tanamedrove qseli Sesabamisi infras-

160 161

tunariania. turistul industriaSi gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania turproduqtis fasisa da xarisxis iseTi Se-

fardeba, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba rogorc

lokalur (adgilobriv), aseve uaxloesi mezobeli qveyneb-

is bazrebzec. turizmis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis uzrun-

velsayofad mizanSewonili iqneba moxdes saqarTvelosa

da konkurenti qveynebis turistuli kompaniebis saSualo

dRiuri Rirebulebebis Sedareba. am TvalsazrisiT Turqu-

li da ruminuli turproduqtis upiratesoba aSkaraa. aseve,

yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom es aviabileTebis Se-

darebiT dabali fasebiTacaa miRweuli, rac zrdis am

qveynebis turproduqtebis konkurentunarianobas qarTul-

Tan SedarebiT.

saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis didi xelis-

SemSleli faqtoria is, rom Tbilisis saerTaSoriso

aeroportis momsaxureba analogiuri moculobis evropis

aerportebTan SedarebiT 5-jer da xSirad metjer Zviri

jdeba. Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis operatori

kompania ̀ tav urban jorjias” momsaxurebis maRali tarifebi

mniSvnelovnad aZvirebs aviabileTebs. es faqtori

saqarTveloSi evropeli turistebis raodenobas Zlier

amcirebs. magaliTad, baltiispirelma turistma saqarTvelo-

Si Camosvlisas marto aviabileTSi 500-600 dolari unda

gadaixados, maSin, roca am fasad avstriaSi gaemgzavreba

da sastumros Rirebulebasac dafaravs. turizmis depar-

tamentis cnobiT, saqarTveloSi Camosuli vizitoris xar-

jebis 40-50%-s mxolod aviabileTis fasi Seadgens, rac

turizmisaTvis damRupvelia.

garda amisa, qveyanaSi arsebobs sastumroebis dajav-

Snis problemac. internet-gverdi ,,TOP.GE” gvTavazobs in-

ternetis qarTveli momxmareblebis statistikas, romlis

mixedviTac saqarTveloSi moqmedi turistuli firmebis

did umetesobas internetSi gaaCnia sakuTari veb-gverdi


vani, rom yovelwliuri gamofenis meSveobiT Tbilisma SeiZ-

ina kavkasiuri turizmis platformis erTgvari imiji. unda

aRiniSnos, rom gamofena wels naklebad masStaburi iyo,

rac globalur finansur kriziss ukavSirdeba.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumi (Jeneva, Sveicaria)

yovelwliurad 1 marts aqveynebs mogzaurobisa da turiz-

mis konkurentunarianobis angariSs. qveynebis gradacia

efuZneba mogzaurobisa da turizmis konkurentunariano-

bis indeqss (Travel &Tourizm Cometitiviness Index - TTCI), romel-

ic moicavs msoflios 130-mde qveyanas. indeqsi afasebs im

faqtorebsa da politikas, romelic mimzidvels xdis mog-

zaurobisa da turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebas sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi. Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba Semdegi faqtorebi: 1.

politikis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da regulireba; 2. gare-

mos regulirebis wesebi; 3. daculoba da usafrTxoeba; 4.

jandacvisa da higienis mdgomareoba; 5. mogzaurobisa da

turizmis prioritetuloba; 6. sahaero transportis in-

frastruqtura; 7. saxmeleTo transportis infrastruqtu-

ra; 8. turistuli infrastruqtura; 9. sainformacio da

sakomunikacio teqnologiebis infrastruqtura; 10. faseb-

is konkurentunarianoba; 11. adamian-kapitali; 12. turizmis-

admi erovnuli damokidebuleba; 13. bunebrivi da kultu-

ruli resursebi.

aRniSnuli gradaciis mixedviT saqarTvelo 2007 w.

124 qveyanas Soris 66-e, 2008 w. 130 qveyanas Soris _ 72-e, 2009

w. ki 133 qveyanas Soris _ 73 adgilze imyofeboda.1

saqarTveloSi turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTareb-

is miuxedavad, TTC-s indeqsis mixedviT winsvla ar fiq-

sirdeba, es ki ZiriTadad arastabiluri politikuri vi-

Tarebisa da fasebis dabali konkurentunarianobiT aris

ganpirobebuli.

saqarTvelos turproduqti arasakmarisad konkuren-


1 World Economic Forum _ The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009.

162 163

turizmis ganviTarebaze.

qveynis da dargis ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosv-

lis mTavari pirobaa sainvesticio politikis gaaqtiure-

ba. sainvesticio aqtiuroba, rogorc cnobilia, didad aris

damokidebuli faqtorTa mTel rigze (magaliTad, stabil-

uri politikuri viTareba, mowesrigebuli infrastruqtu-

ra, sabaJo-sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba), romelic qmnis gan-

sazRvrul sainvesticio klimats. saqarTvelos turizmisa

da kurortebis departamentis monacemebiT, 2004-2008 wleb-

Si (omamde) mniSvnelovnad gaizarda investiciebi turizm-

Si da 2007 wels 1 mrd. aSS dolars gadaaWarba, ramac

xeli Seuwyo turistebis nakadebis zrdas saqarTveloSi.

amJamad investorebis interesebis sferoSia saqarTvelos

zRvis sanapiro. aseve dRis wesrigSi dgas kurort wyal-

tubos reabilitaciis da kurortebis _ ujarmisa da bax-

maros perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.

turizmis ganviTarebisTvis sasurvelia mTavrobis

xelSewyobiT moewyos gacnobiTi turebi masmediis da Zir-

iTadi bazris warmomadgenlebisTvis, saerTaSoriso tur-

operatorebisTvis _ turizmis yvela seqtoris monaxulebiT.

kargi iqneba turizmis saxelmwifo departamentis

saqmianoba pirdapir ukavSirdebodes da orientirdebodes

turizmis biznesidan saxelmwifo biujetis zrdaze. tur-

izmis sferoSi arsebuli iuridiuli da kerZo pirebis

Semosavlebis zrda unda xdebodes sagadasaxado ganakveT-

ebis Semcirebis safuZvelze, xolo turizmis departamen-

tis muSakebis (romlebic pasuxismgeblebi arian dargis

warmatebiT funqcionirebaze) Sromis anazRaureba dakav-

Sirebuli unda iyos turizmis dargidan miRebuli sax-

elmwifo Semosavlebis zrdis procentul maCvenebelTan.

Sedegad, mmarTveli organos muSakebi metad motivirebulni

iqnebian efeqtianad marTon turistuli industria.

msoflio turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT, 2010


da monacemebs met-naklebad anaxlebs. miuxedavad amisa,

sastumroebisa da saintereso turebis onlain dajavSna

mainc didi problemaa. internetis gamoyeneba qarTuli

turistuli produqtis mimarT xSirad mxolod daTvaliere-

biTa da eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT dakavSirebiT

amoiwureba.

turizmis ganviTarebis RonisZiebaTa realizaciisTvis,

aucilebelia kadrebis momzadebis Tanamedrove sistemis

Seqmna, kerZod, saWiroa komunikabeluri da kvalificiuri

kadrebis momzadeba. rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, axlo

momavalSi wina planze wamoiwevs e.w. ̀ axali turisti”, rac

niSnavs, rom turizmis tradiciuli saxe _ yovelwliurad

zRvaze, an mTaSi dasveneba, TandaTan garkveul adgils

dauTmobs axal saxeobebs, magaliTad, saqmian turizms, eko-

turizms, saTavgadasavlo, SemecnebiT turizms da a.S. sam-

wuxarod, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mmarTvelobiTi

gamocdilebis uqonlobisa da finansuri SezRudvebis gamo

ganTavsebis adgilebSi momsaxurebis donis amaRleba rTul-

deba. es faqtori xarisxiani turproduqtis miwodebis saqme-

Si mniSvnelovan bariers qmnis da Semomyvan turoperator-

ebs xels uSlis saerTaSoriso turistuli programebis

SemuSavebaSi.

turizmis dargis ganviTarebisa da misi efeqtiani mar-

TvisaTvis aseve udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momsaxure per-

sonalisaTvis aucilebeli saganmanaTleblo programebis

SemuSavebas. amJamad saqarTvelos maRalmTiani regionebis

mosaxleobisTvis moqmedebs programa, romlis fargleb-

Sic adgilobriv mosaxleobas eZleva saSualeba, rom Seis-

wavlos inglisuri ena, aseve sxvadasxva regionSi tardeba

treiningebi turistTa kvalificiuri momsaxurebisaTvis.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi usaTuod dadebiTad aisaxeba

1 World Economic Forum _ The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009.


164 165

giorgi doRonaZe,giorgi doRonaZe,giorgi doRonaZe,giorgi doRonaZe,giorgi doRonaZe,

paata koRuaSvili,paata koRuaSvili,paata koRuaSvili,paata koRuaSvili,paata koRuaSvili,

iv. javaxiSvilis Tsuiv. javaxiSvilis Tsuiv. javaxiSvilis Tsuiv. javaxiSvilis Tsuiv. javaxiSvilis Tsu

profesorebi, ekonomikur profesorebi, ekonomikur profesorebi, ekonomikur profesorebi, ekonomikur profesorebi, ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa DdoqtorebimecnierebaTa DdoqtorebimecnierebaTa DdoqtorebimecnierebaTa DdoqtorebimecnierebaTa Ddoqtorebi

vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (vmo), romelic aRi-

arebulia msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier, adgens msoflio

vaWrobis wesebs da aregulirebs am wesebTan dakavSirebul

sadavo sakiTxebs. vmo–s ZiriTadi mizania msoflio vaWrobaSi

yvela xelisSemSleli pirobebis aRmofxvra an Semcireba.

dReisaTvis vmo -Si gaerTianebulia 153 qveyana.

samrewvelo saqonlis bazrebTan SedarebiT soflis

meurneobis produqciis bazrebis liberalizaciam nakleb

warmatebas miaRwia. ramdenadac tradiciulad soflis

meurneba erovnuli ekonomikis yvelaze regulirebad seq-

tors warmoadgens, sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi GATT-isCarCoebSi is mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis Temas saerTod

ar warmoadgenda.

soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis amaRlebis, sof-

lis mosaxleobis Sesabamisi cxovrebis donisa da misaRebi

fasebiT mosaxleobis sasursaTo produqciiT uzrunvely-

ofis mizniT, TiToeuli qveyana Tu gaerTianeba sakuTari

,,TamaSis wesebs” Tavad adgens. ase magaliTad, evrokavSirma

(ek) ganvlil periodSi saerTo agraruli politikis far-

glebSi metad daculi Siga bazari Seqmna. Arasac adas-

vaWrobis msoflio vaWrobis msoflio vaWrobis msoflio vaWrobis msoflio vaWrobis msoflio

organizaciis `dohas raundi~organizaciis `dohas raundi~organizaciis `dohas raundi~organizaciis `dohas raundi~organizaciis `dohas raundi~


wlisTvis saerTaSoriso turistuli Semosvlebi gaizrdeba

937 mln kacamde, xolo msoflio turizmis yovelwliuri

zrdis tempi 3,5% gaxdeba.

ramdenad aisaxeba saqarTvelos turizmis sferoze

es dadebiTi tendenciebi, amas wlevandeli turistuli

sezoni aCvenebs.

Trends of Tourism Development in GeorgiaTrends of Tourism Development in GeorgiaTrends of Tourism Development in GeorgiaTrends of Tourism Development in GeorgiaTrends of Tourism Development in Georgia

M. GhudushauriM. GhudushauriM. GhudushauriM. GhudushauriM. Ghudushauri

This article aims to discuss general problems and basic tendencies oftourism development in Georgia. Lately tourism became one of the most profitable businesses in the worldand according to the experts prognosis, development of the internationaltourism will continue in the future. Georgia is one of the most distinguishedcountries according to its natural resources. Due to the reforms realized in Georgia, tourism started reviving. It aimsto maintain high standerds of castomer care. Also it is necessary to work autunifed plan of the government program for developing tourism in our country. It is necessary to make mational strategical plan, which will be coordinatedby the Georgian government and in which, there will be defined aims fordeveloping this field , its priorities and strategies. Besides, it is important towithdraw country and this sphere of business from crisis , increase theinvesting environment and become more active. At present a process of the government tourisnm strategy has started allover the country. Acoording to the data presented by tourist organization (UNWTO) , numberof visitors increased to 937 million in 2010. The yearly rate of the world tourism will increase by 3.5% How all these positive basic tendencies reflect on Georgian tourism willshow tourist season this year.

saerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

166 167

Tad awveba biujets. Aase magaliTad, 2003 wels misi biuje-

tis 45% saerTo agraruli politikis ganxorcielebaze

daixarja.

pirveli nabijebi soflis meurneobis produqciis ba-

zrebis liberalizaciisTvis ̀ urugvais raundis~ maraTonul

molaparakebaze (1986-1994w) gadaidga, sadac soflis meur-

neobis Sesaxeb pirvel mravalmxriv SeTanxmebas miaRwies.

SeTanxmebaSi gansazRvruli iyo valdebuleba saeqsporto

subsidiebis Semcirebisa da soflis meurneobis produqtis

bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. Ees SeTanxmeba

Sefasda rogorc warmateba, radgan pirvelad gaxda Sesa-

Zlebeli agraruli seqtoris CarTva msoflio vaWrobis

sistemaSi. miuxedavad amisa, SeTanxmebis Sedegad jer kidev

SezRudulia konkurenciuli bazris Camoyalibebis pirobe-

bi, xolo barierebi soflis meurneobis produqciiT vaWroba-

Si Zalze maRalia. soflis meurneobaSi proteqcionizmis

gansazRvrisTvis gamoiyeneba mewarmeTa mxardaWeris Sefasebis

maCvenebeli – PSE, romelic absoluturi gamoxatulebiT

soflis meurneobis produqciis mwarmoeblebisTvis momx-

mareblebisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis mier gadaxdil

Tanxebs gviCvenebs (qvemoT naCveneb diagramaSi mocemulia

sxvadasxva qveynis PSE-s monacemebi procentobiT).

PSE rogorc indikatori moicavs yvela politikur

RonisZiebas, miuxedavad misi miznebisa da gavlenisa sof-

lis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis moculobasa da Se-

mosavlebze.

proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebiT, yvela saxeobis

produqciis mixedviT, ek-is (PSE=43%), Sveicariisa da iapo-

nis Semdeg, wamyvani adgili ukavia. Aamave dros, aRsaniSna-

via, rom produqciis arc Tu ise didi asortimenti Zlierad

aris daculi, xolo sxva produqtebze proteqcionistuli

g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe, pþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvili

turebs isic, rom evrokavSirSi soflis meurneobis produ-

qciaze sabaJo mosakreblebi saSualod 62%-s Seadgens. M

ek-ma ukanasknel wlebSi eqsportis subsidirebaze gamoy-

ofili Tanxebis moculoba mniSvnelovanad Seamcira. 2000

wlisTvis igi daxloebiT 5 mlrd aSS dolars Seadgenda.

saxelmwifos mier eqsportis finansuri mxardaWera, xe-

lovnurad zrdida erovnuli mwarmoeblebis konkurentunar-

ianobas sagareo bazarze, mniSvnelovnad amaxinjebda saer-

TaSoriso vaWrobas da gavlenas axdenda soflis meurneo-

bis produqciis fasebze.1 A

ek-is saerTo agraruli politikis mniSvnelovan in-

struments fasebis Siga mxardaWera warmoadgens. igi vmo-smier aRiarebuli ,,sami yuTis” sistemiT aris formirebuli.

maT Soris, daxmarebebi, dakavSirebuli warmoebis moculo-

basa da fasebis subsidirebaze, ̀ qarvis yuTis~ RonisZiebebs

miekuTvneba da sagareo vaWrobis SemzRudveli RonisZiebe-

bia. `lurji yuTis~ RonisZiebebs saxelmwifo pirdapiri

daxmarebebi miekuTvneba. isini an saerTod ar abrkoleben

vaWrobas an es dabrkoleba umniSvneloa (magaliTad dax-

marebebi pirutyvis suladobis an miwis farTobis mixed-

viT). ,,mwvane yuTis” RonisZiebebs is saxelmwifo daxmarebe-

bi miekuTvneba, romlebic warmoebis moculobis cvlilebas

ar ukavSirdeba da sagareo vaWrobas ar aferxebs (magali-

Tad, struqturuli adaptaciis mxardaWeris programebi,

agraruli ekonomikuri programebi, regionuli mxardaWeris

programebi, sasursaTo daxmareba).

ek-is qveynebis Siga mxardaWeris RonisZiebebis dax-

loebiT 53% ,,qarvis yuTze” modis, xolo danarCeni _ ,,mwv-

ane” da ,,lurj” yuTebs Soris daaxloebiT Tanabrad aris

ganawilebuli. Eek-is aseTi agraruli politika mZime tvir-

1 samaxsovro saerTaSoriso-savaWro reJimebze. saqarTvelos savaWropolitikisa da samarTlis saerTaSoriso centri, Tb., 2004.


168 169

vmo-s wevrma qveynebma 2000 wels aiRes valdebuleba

daewyoT molaparakebebi soflis meurneobis Semdgomi

liberalizacis Sesaxeb. marTlac 2001 wels dohas raundi

daiwyo (yatari, doha, 9-14 noemberi, 2001). Ddohas raundis

deklaracis mixedviT mis grZelvadian mizans soflis meur-

neobis produqciis bazarze samarTliani da sabazro urT-

ierTobaze damyarebuli savaWro sistemis Camoyalibeba war-

moadgenda. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo bazrebze Sesvlis

Tavisuflebis xarisxis amaRleba, yvela saeqsporto produ-

qciis subsidiebis TandaTanobiT Semcireba an sruliad

gauqmeba da vaWrobis Siga mxardaWeris RonisZiebebis Sem-

cirebis gagrZeleba1.

ek-i rogorc soflis meurneobis produqciis meore

msxvili eqspertiori msoflioSi, Zalian dainteresebulia

sazRvargareTis bazrebze Sesvlis TavisuflebiTa da sof-

lis meurneobis produqciiT msoflio vaWrobaSi Tavisi

xvedriTi wonis SenarCunebiT. ek-is TvalsazrisiT sasurve-

li iqneboda aSS-is rZis bazari an Roris xorcis bazari

iaponiaSi gaxsniliyo (msoflioSi sabaJo mosakrebli sof-

lis meurneobis produqciaze saSualod daxlobiT 40%-s

Seadgens). bazarze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis mizniT ek-is moiTx-

ovda sabaJo mosakreblebi 36%-iT, xolo TviTeuli satar-

ifo xazis mixedviT ara nakleb 15%-iT SeemcirebinaT. Ees

migvaniSnebs, rom ek-is survili aqvs, sabaJo mosakreblebis

SemcirebasTan erTad, sxvadasxva saxeobis produqciaze gan-

sxvavebuli reagireba moaxdinos. saqme isaa, rom ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi sabaJo tarifebi mosakreblebis ganakveTebis

progresuli struqturiT xasiaTdeba, Ee.i sabaJo mosakre-

blebis ganakveTebi izrdeba sawarmoo ciklis mixedviT, gad-

1 vmo ministrTa meoTxe konferencia, doha 2001 wlis 9-14 noemberi.seqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros biuletini, 2005.


RonisZiebebi TiTqmis ar vrceldeba. Aase, magaliTad, ek-Si

2001 wels pirutyvis xorcis mixedviT PSE Seadgenda 73%-s,

Saqarze 44%-s, marcvleulze _ 46%-s, rZeze _ 41%-s. es

maCvenebeli Roris xorcze ki mxolod 20% iyo. swored

calkeul produqciaze mxardaWeris doneebs Soris gansx-

vaveba rogorc ek-is SigniT, aseve sxvadasxva qveynis mixed-

viT, sasaqonlo nakadebis damaxinjebis ZiriTad mizezs war-

modgens. urugvais raundze miRweuli mravalmxrivi SeT-

anxmebiT PSE umniSvnelod Semcirda. ek-ma daiwyo saeqspor-

to subsidiebis Semcireba (vaWrobis SezRudvis aRmofx-

vris winaaRmdeg), aRiniSna Semosavlebis dacvisTvis maRali

fasebis mxardaWeris politikaze uaris Tqmis tendenciac.

mewarmeTa mxardaWeris Sefasebis maCvenebeli (PSE)%%


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1986-88 2001

evrokavSiri

iaponia

aSS

axali zelandia

Sveicaria

CexeTi

ungreTi

poloneTi

170 171

Tesls iyeneben. amitom, aSS-s mTavroba genuri inJineriis

patentebis urTierTaRiarebas ara marto mniSvnelovnad

miiCnevs, aramed Tvlis, rom transgenuri sakvebi produqte-

biT vaWroba ar unda SeizRudos. ek-i, iaponia da meqsika

sul ufro xSirad gamoTqvamen SeSfoTebas am sakiTxis mi-

marT, ris gamoc did politikur mniSvnelobas momxmare-

belTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi iZens. yovelive es ki miu-

TiTebs imaze, rom genetikurad modificirebul sakveb produ-

qtebTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiri Tavis poziciebs daicavs.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs saeqsporto subsidiebis sak-

iTxs. msoflioSi soflis meurneobis produqciaze gacemu-

li subsidiebis 90% ek-ze modis. amitom, soflis meurneobis

produqtebis iseTi didi eqsportiorebi, rogoricaa aSS, ̀ ker-

nis jgufis~ qveynebi _ avstralia da axali zelandia, aseve

zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyna, magaliTad, indoeTi da bra-

zilia ek-sgan uaxloes wlebSi saeqsporto subsidiebis

srul gauqmebas moiTxovdnen. ek-i mzad aris mxolod misi

etapobrivi SemcirebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom dohaSi

miRweulia SeTanxmeba saeqsporto subsidiebis gacemis Sew-

yvetaze, ek-i dRemde mainc ikavebs ukompromiso pozicias da

miRebul gadawyvetilebas srulyofilad ar asrulebs.

bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis da saeqsporto sub-

sidiebis gauqmebis diskusiebTan erTad dohas raundze aseve

Siga mxardaWeris Semcirebis sakiTxi ganixileboda. aSS da

`kernis jgufis~ qveynebi aseve zogierTi ganviTarebadi qvey-

ana vaWrobis SemzRudvel saxelmwifo subsidiebis

radikalur Semcirebas moiTxovda. Aamis sapirispirod, ek-i

mzad aris Seamciros saeqsporto subsidiebi 35%-iT AMS-Tan SedarebiT.

ek-is gafarToebam aRmosavleTiT, vmo-Si molaparakebe-

bis dros mis agropolitikur poziciaze moaxdina gavlena.


amuSavebis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. ek-is, Sveicariis, nor-

vegiisa da iaponiis moTxovna sabaJo ganakveTebis Semcire-

bisas ubralo saSualo ariTmetikuli yofiliyo gamoyeneb-

uli, sabaJo mosakreblebis arsebuli struqturis Senar-

Cunebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. ek-is maRali sabaJo mo-

sakreblebi, pirvel rigSi, zRudavs, Saqris, ucximo rZis, xil-

is, bostneulisa da pirutyvis xorcis imports.

sabaJo mosakreblebis efeqtiani Semcirebis misaRwe-

vad aSS da bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana Sveicariuli for-

mulis gamoyenebas moiTxovda, romlis mixedviTac mosakre-

blis maRali ganakveTebi ufro met Semcirebas unda daeqvem-

debaros. ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabaJo mosakreblebis

progresiuli ganakveTebiT dabegvris praqtika, upirveles

yoflisa, am qveynebs eqsportze orientirebuli kvebis

mrewvelobis dargebis ganaviTarebis SesaZleblobas ar

aZlevs. maRali ganakveTebis ufro metad Semcireba ki ek-is

proteqcionistul bazrebze mTel rig problemas gamoi-

wvevda (magaliTad rZisa da Saqris bazarze).

molaparakebebze ek-i aseve did yuradRebas arasatar-

ifo problemebis ganxilvas uTmobda. sanitarul da fito-

sanitarul sakiTxebTan erTad, mas momxmareblebis dacvis

iseTi aspeqtebic miekuTvneba (magaliTad, sakvebi produqte-

bis usafrTxoebis, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi msxvilfexa

rqosani pirutyvis encefalitis daavadebis krizisis Sem-

deg), rogoricaa produqtebis markireba da mwarmoebeli

qveynis aRniSvna, rac vmo-s mier naklebad regulirdeba.

`dohas raundze~ sakamaTo sakiTxs genetikurad sax-

ecvlili sakvebi produqtebis eqsporti warmoadgenda. am

kuTxiT, pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia aSS-s msxvili koncerne-

bi: ,,monsanto” da ,,novarcosi”, romlebic saTesle masalad

simindis, xorblisa da soios genetikurad modificirebul


172 173

gnairad: ,,qarvis yuTi”_ 9%, ,,lurji yuTi~ _14%, ,,mwvane

yuTi”_77% ; latviaSi: ,,qarvis yuTi”_ 24%, ,,lurji yuTi”_0%,

,,mwvane yuTi” _76%.

2002 wlidan dohas raundis molaparakebebi CixSi Sev-

ida. Mministrebis me-5 konferenciaze (kankuni, 10-14 seqtem-

beri, 2003 weli) dasawyisSive aRiniSna agraruli sakiTxebis

SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba mTlianad molaparakebis warmate-

biT dasrulebaSi, magram konferenciis mimdinareobis xuT

dReSi ver moxerxda poziciebis daaxloeba. monawileebma

isic ki ver SeZles, rom pirobebze anu molaparakebebis

safuZvelze SeTanxmebuliyvnen. amis ZiriTad mizezs ganvi-

Tarebadi qveynebis rolis gaZliereba warmoadgenda, rom-

lebic molaparakebebis dawyebis win G_21 jgufSi gaerTi-

andnen. Aam process xelmZRvanelobdnen brazilia, indoeTi

da CineTi. maT industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebs moTx-

oves erTmniSvnelovnad gaexsnaT TavianTi bazrebi da

amavdroulad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis gansakuTrebu-

li uflebebi miecaT. ek-ma G_21 –is winadadeba daaxasiaTa

rogorc ,,aradamakmayofilebeli da dausabuTebeli”.1

aseve gamovlinda winaaRmdegobebi sxva Temebis mixed-

viT (e. w. singapuris Temebi: investiciebi, konkurencia, sax-

elmwifo SekveTebis gamWvirvaloba da vaWrobis liberal-

izacia), ris Sedegad CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis pozicieb-

is raime mniSvnelovani daaxloeba ver moxerxda. soflis

meurneobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT me-5 konferencia uSede-

god Sewyda. ministrebis konferenciis moulodneli Sew-

yvetiT xelidan iqna gaSvebuli msoflio vaWrobis siste-

mis Semdgomi ganviTarebis didi SesaZlebloba.

ek-i moiTxovs molaparakebebis saswrafod ganaxlebas

da agrarul sakiTxebSi kompromisebze mzadyofnas acxa-

1 saqarTvelo da msoflio savaWro organizacia. saqarTvelos bi-znesmenTa federacia. Tb., 2006.


saqme isaa, rom axal wevr _ qveyanebs (yvela aris vmo-s

wevri) aqvT mosakreblebis bmuli ganakveTebis ufro daba-

li done, vidre ek-s. 2001 wlis martSi gamoqveynebul vmo-smonacemebiT, 2000 wels saSualo agraruli mosakreblebi

ek-Si Seadgenda 62%, maSin roca is poloneTSi – iyo 41%,

ungreTSi - 45%, CexeTis respublikaSi -54%, slovakeTSi -27%

da latviaSi – 25%. axalma wevrma qveynebma ek-Si gaer-

Tianebis Semdeg ufro maRali sabaJo mosakreblebi miiRes.

vmo-Si arsebuli principebidan gamomdinare sabaJo da

savaWro barierebis axali valdebulebebis miRebis Sede-

gad vmo-s sxva wevri qveynebisaTvis igi unda iyos _

‘mTlianobaSi dabali an ufro SemzRudveli”, vidre sabaJo

kavSirSi integraciamde.

vmo-is debulebiT, mis wevr qveynebs maTi savaWro in-

teresebis darRvevis pirobebSi ufleba aqvT moiTxovon

kompensacia savaWro-politikuri daTmobebis formiT. aseT

SemTxvevaSi ek-i valdebulia Sesabamis qveynebs gansazRvrul

saqonelze arsebul sabaJo mosakrebelze da importis moc-

ulobaze SeRavaTebi misces.

ek-is gafarToeba ar gamoiwvevs subsidirebuli eqspor-

tis zrdas, radgan centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis

qveynebs vmo-s CarCoSi TiTqmis an saerTod ara aqvT valde-

buleba saeqsporto subsidiebis Taobaze.

ek-is gafarToebam Siga mxardaWeris moculobaze mniS-

vnelovani gavlena aseve ar moaxdina, radgan am qveynebs

GATT-is farglebSi gansazRvruli subsidirebis Zalian

mcire Tanxebi aqvT. magaliTad, vmo-s monacemebiT, 2000 wels

poloneTSi mTeli Siga mxardaWeris 28,4% ,,qarvis yuTis”,

xolo 71,6% _ ,,mwvane yuTis”, RonisZiebebze modioda. RonisZ-

iebebi romlebic miekuTvneba ,,lurj yuTs,” saerTod ar

subsirdeboda. sloveniaSi subsidiebi nawildeboda Semde-


174 175

dac soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb pirvel mravalmxriv SeT-

anxmebas miaRwies. SeTanxmebaSi gansazRvruli iyo valde-

buleba saeqsporto subsidiebis Semcirebisa da soflis

meurneobis produqcis bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis

Sesaxeb.

vmo-s wevrma qveynebma aiRes valdebuleba daewyoT

molaparakebebi soflis meurneobis Semdgomi liberal-

izacis Sesaxeb. marTlac 2001 wels dohas raundi

daiwyo.Ddohas raundis deklaraciis mixedviT grZelvadian

mizans soflis meurneobis produqciis bazarze samarTliani

da sabazro urTierTobaze damyarebuli savaWro sistemis

Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda. bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobese-

bis da saeqsporto subsidiebis gauqmebis diskusiebTan er-

Tad dohas raundze aseve Siga mxardaWeris Semcirebis sak-

iTxi ganixileboda. aSS da `kernis jgufis~ qveynebi aseve

zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana vaWrobis SemzRudvel sax-

elmwifo subsidiebis radikalur Semcirebas moiTxovda. Aamis

sapirispirod, ek-i mzad aris Seamciros saeqsporto subsi-

diebi 35%-iT AMS-Tan SedarebiT. 2002 wlidan dohas

raundis molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida. Mministrebis me-5 kon-

ferenciaze (kankuni, 10-14 seqtemberi, 2003 weli) dasawyisSive

aRiniSna agraruli sakiTxebis SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba

mTlianad molaparakebis warmatebiT dasrulebaSi, magram

konferenciaze ver moxerxda poziciebis daaxloeba. monaw-

ileebma isic ki ver SeZles, rom pirobebze anu molaparake-

bebis safuZvelze SeTanxmebuliyvnen.

molaparakebebis gagrZeleba da misi SesaZlo war-

mateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamoavlenen monaw-

ileebi SemdgomSi mravalmxrivi procesebis gagrZelebaze

mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas an miscemen upiratesobas ormxriv

savaWro SeTanxmebebs.


debs. Mmsoflio SeTanxmebis moqmedebis vadis gasvlis Sem-

deg (2003wlis bolos) Seiqmna saSiSroeba, rom ek-s mouwevs

mravalricxovan qveyanasTan grZeli molaparakebebis war-

moeba, raTa aRmoifxvras arsebuli uTanxmoebebi. Aamitom, ek

msoflio SeTanxmebis gagrZelebiTaa Zalian dainteresebu-

li. amasTan, igi moiTxovs ,,yuTebis” sistemis SenarCunebas

da ewinaaRmdegeba ,,lurji yuTis” gauqmebis moTxovnas (poli-

tikuri SexedulebiT es iTvleba aucileblad soflis meur-

neobis multifunqcionaluri rolidan gamomdinare.). ,,lurji

yuTis” RonisZiebebis gauqmeba ek-s soflis meurneobis

mxardaWeris SesaZleblobebis radikalur Semcirebamde

miiyvans. Eek-Si soflis meurneobis Zlieri lobis arsebo-

bis pirobebSi aseTi agropolitikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba

Zalian Znelia. reformebis gagrZeleba gardauvalia ara

marto imitom, rom miiRweul iqnes daTmobebi molaparakebe-

bis sxva monawileebTan (upirveles yovlisa, ganviTarebad

qveynebTan), aramed imitomac, rom ek-is qveynebis soflis

meurneobis produqciis mwarmoeblebi uzrunvelyofili

iyvnen gamarTuli moqmedebis wesebiTa da samarTliani poli-

tikuri CarCo pirobebiT.

molaparakebebis gagrZeleba da misi SesaZlo warmateba

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamoavlenen monawilee-

bi SemdgomSi mravalmxrivi procesebis gagrZelebaze mniS-

vnelovan Zalisxmevas an miscemen upiratesobas ormxriv

savaWro SeTanxmebebs.

soflis meurneba sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi GATT-is CarCoebSi mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis Temas saerTod

ar warmoadgenda. pirveli nabijebi soflis meurneobis

produqciis bazrebis liberalizaciisTvis ̀ urugvais raun-

dis~ maraTonul molaparakebaze (1986-1994w) gadaidga, sa-

1 g. doRonaZe _ vmo da saqaeTvelos agraruli politika. `socialuriekonomika~, #6, 2006.


176 177

saqarTvelo evrokavSirs SorissaqarTvelo evrokavSirs SorissaqarTvelo evrokavSirs SorissaqarTvelo evrokavSirs SorissaqarTvelo evrokavSirs Soris

Tavisufali vaWrobis barierebiTavisufali vaWrobis barierebiTavisufali vaWrobis barierebiTavisufali vaWrobis barierebiTavisufali vaWrobis barierebi

eTer sarjvelaZe,eTer sarjvelaZe,eTer sarjvelaZe,eTer sarjvelaZe,eTer sarjvelaZe,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

Tsu asistent-profesori.Tsu asistent-profesori.Tsu asistent-profesori.Tsu asistent-profesori.Tsu asistent-profesori.

dali wulaiadali wulaiadali wulaiadali wulaiadali wulaia

teqnikur mecnierebaTa teqnikur mecnierebaTa teqnikur mecnierebaTa teqnikur mecnierebaTa teqnikur mecnierebaTa

akademiuri doqtoriakademiuri doqtoriakademiuri doqtoriakademiuri doqtoriakademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelosaTvis evropuli samezoblo politi-

ka, sxva mniSvnelovan aspeqtebTan erTad, gulisxmobs

evrokavSirTan ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis

ganviTarebas, vidre es partniorobisa da TanamSromlo-

bis SeTanxmebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. evrokomisiis

internet-gverdze1 aRniSnulia, rom “evrokavSiri

saqarTvelos ganixilavs e.w. gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynad, romelic evrokavSiris mxridan sargeblobs

droebiTi (AD-HOC) sabazro ekonomikuri midgomiT”

(Market economy treatment).saerTaSoriso gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom qveynis

integracia evropul savaWro urTierTobebSi dadeb-

iT zegavlenas axdens adgilobriv bazarze, xels uwy-

obs meti konkurentunariani kompaniis warmoqmnasa da

ganviTarebas, pozitiurad aisaxeba momxmareblis janm-

rTelobisa da uflebebis dacvaze, Semosavlebis done-

sa da cxovrebis xarisxze.

1 www.europa.eu.int.

World Trade Organization Doha Round

G. Doghonadze, P. Koguashvili

In 2000 World Trade Organization member countries undertook anengagement to start negotiations about subsequent liberalization of agri-culture. Indeed, Doha round started in 2001 (Qatar, Doha, November 9-4,2001). According to Doha round declaration its long-term object was de-fined as the fear distribution of agriculture product on the market and theformation of trade system that would be based on market relations.

On Doha round there were reviewed discussions about market en-tering improvement and canceling export subsidies, also the question ofshortening internal support. The USA, “KERN Group” countries and alsosome developing countries were demanding the radical decrease of statesubsidies as the restrictive of trade. In contrast of this, EK is ready todecrease exporting subsidies by 35% in comparison with AMS.

From 2002 Doha round negotiation went in trouble. At the start ofthe fifth ministerial conference (Cancun, September 10-14, 2003) therewas mentioned about the importance of agreement about agrarian issuesas the end of successful negotiation, but during five days positions did notmet.

The continuation of these negotiations and its possible successdepends on the courage of the members of the negotiation of multilateralprocesses or prefer of bilateral trade agreement.

saerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebig. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe,g. doRonaZe, pþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvilipþ koRuaSvili

178 179

• produqciis usafrTxoebis standartebisa da

reglamentebis SemoReba.

es politika evrokavSiris erTiani bazris regu-

lirebis Semadgeneli nawilia da pirvel rigSi evrokav-

Siris moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis dacvas

uzrunvelyofs.

evrokavSiris qveynebi, romelTac aRniSnul sfer-

oebSi regulaciuri kontrolis maRali done aqvT, ar

dauSveben uvneblobisa da usafrTxoebis dabali stan-

dartebis mqone qveynis produqciis imports TavianT

bazarze.

globalizaciis pirobebSi vaWrobam aCvena, rom

mesame qveynebi1 metnaklebi warmatebiT axerxeben e.w.

satarifo, anu administraciuli barierebis, magaliTad,

sabaJo da sxva administraciuli procedurebis gadal-

axvas, magram mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegobebi eqmnebaT

swored arasatarifo barierebis daZlevis procesSi.2

evrokavSiris arasatarifo barierebi evrokavSiris

institutebis mier damtkicebuli sakanonmdeblo aqteb-

isa da wevri qveynebis erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis

harmonizaciis Sedegia. sagulisxmoa isic, rom am gziT

miRebuli sakanonmdeblo baza mudmivad ganaxlebis

procesSia da, Sesabamisad, Tu mewarmes surs evropul

1 mesame qveynebad iwodeba is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ar arian evrokav-Siris wevri qveynebi, im qveynebis CaTvliT, romlebic evrokavSirTanspecialuri politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT sargebloben(evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevri qveynebi, evrokavSirTan stabil-urobisa da asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT dakavSirebuli qveynebi,a.S.).2 arasatarifo barierSi igulisxmeba is teqnikuri (maT Soris, sani-taruli Tu fitosanitaruli) standartebi, rasac produqcia undaakmayofilebdes evrokavSiris bazarze SesaRwevad.


saqarTvelos xelisuflebac da evrokavSiris war-

momadgenlebic aRiareben, rom evrokavSiris samezoblo

politikidan saqarTvelo yvelaze metad dainteresebu-

lia evropasTan Tavisufali vaWrobis ganviTarebiT,

Tumca, am miznis miRwevis aucilebeli winapirobaa qvey-

anam evropis standartebTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiy-

vanos Siga bazarTan dakavSirebuli regulaciebi1.

evrokavSiris savaWro sistemaSi monawileobisaTvis

saqarTvelos Seqmnili aqvs xelsayreli pirobebi. igi

aris vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis (vmo) wevri, qvey-

ana sargeblobs evrokavSiris SeRavaTebis ganzogade-

buli sistemiT (GSP) gaTvaliswinebuli satarifo Se-

RavaTebiT. GSP rogorc politikuri CarCo, asocirebu-

li SeTanxmebis farglebsac ki scdeba da qveyanas er-

Tian ekonomikur sivrceSi gaerTianebas Tavazobs, rac

ekonomikuri zrdisa da, Sesabamisad, siRaribis efeqti-

anad daZlevis axal SesaZleblobebs iZleva.

evropuli integracia saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT

mTavar prioritetad rCeba. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos

evrokavSirTan integraciis kursis SesanarCuneblad,

ekonomikuri integracia uaRresad mniSvnelovania, ma-

gram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom evrokavSiri moiTxovs

partniori qveynis zogierT sferoSi, Zalze mkacri wese-

bis danergvas, es aris:

• momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva;

• sursaTis uvneblobis, sanitaruli da fitosani-

taruli wesebis danergva;

1 evrokavSiris samezoblo politika da saqarTvelo. damoukidebeleqspertTa analizi -publikacia momzadda da gamoica fridrix eber-tis fondis (FES), Copyright ©, 2007, fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTve-lo” (OSGF) da fondis”qordeidi” (CORDAID) mxardaWeriT.

e. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaia

180 181

uli produqtebis warmoebis ganviTarebiT) “saqonlis

erTiani bazris” efeqtiani funqcionirebis xelSewyoba.

uvneblobisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT evropis

bazars esaWiroeba stabiluri xarisxis sursaTi, rom-

lis miwodeba moxdeba xelSekrulebiT dadgenil dro-

Si. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi savaWro partnioroba ar

Sedgeba.

“saqonlis erTiani bazris” efeqtiani funqcion-

irebis safuZvels warmoadgens evrokavSiris wevr sax-

elmwifoTa survili evrokavSiris Siga bazarze Seqm-

nan samarTliani konkurenciis pirobebi, anu ar dauSvan

iseTi produqciis Semosvla bazarze, romelic ar See-

sabameba evrokavSiris standartebs, aqvs dabali TviTR-

irebuleba, da Sesabamisad garkveuli upiratesoba.

evrokavSiris bazris damcavi meqanizmebis SemuSave-

bisa da efeqtiani kontrolis gawevis TvalsazrisiT,

gansakuTrebuli roli evrokomisias ekisreba.

evrokomisiis janmrTelobisa da momxmarebelTa

dacvis generaluri direqtorati ayalibebs sasursaTo

produqciis usafrTxoebis saerTo-evropul standart-

ebs da sxva qveynebidan importirebuli sasursaTo

produqtebis monitoringis wesebs.

evrokavSiris erTiani bazari, saxelwodebis miuxe-

davad, ar emorCileba kanonmdeblobis erTian sistemas

da erToblivad regulirdeba, rogorc evrokavSiris

kanonmdeblobis, aseve evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaTa

erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis mier. amitom, evropis Ti-

Toeuli saxelmwifo importirebuli produqciisaTvis

SeimuSavebs damatebiT moTxovnebs.

bazarze moxvedra, is mudmivad unda iyos mimdinare

cvlilebebis saqmis kursSi.

mesame qveynebis mewarmeebma produqciis eqsportire-

bisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, es barierebi unda gadalaxon

da daakmayofilon samizne bazrebis moTxovnebi sasur-

saTo produqtebis uvneblobasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve,

uzrunvelyon safrTxis mikvlevadoba warmoebis mTeli

jaWvis procesSi.

zrdis zogadi tendenciis miuxedavad, evrokavSir-

sa da saqarTvelos Soris savaWro brunva mcire da

arasakmarisad diversificirebulia, gansakuTrebiT, rode-

sac saqme saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqsports Seex-

eba. evropel eqspertTa azriT, arsebobs imis Sansi, rom

evrokavSiri, rig sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, obieqturi mize-

zebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelosTan kompromisze wav-

ides, magram Siga bazris daregulireba is Temaa,

romelzec evrokavSiris pozicia ukompromiso iqneba.

eqsportis ganviTarebis perspeqtivis mixedviT, sur-

saTis biznesi warmoadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikis

umniSvnelovanes segments, magram erovnuli produqci-

is evrokavSiris bazarze realizaciisaTvis aucilebe-

lia man daakmayofilos vmo-s, Codex Alimentarius”is ko-

misiis, msoflio jandacvis organizaciis (WHO) da

evrokavSiris moTxovnebi.

amJamad evrokavSiris sasursaTo produqtebis poli-

tikis ZiriTadi mizania sasursaTo usafrTxoebis maRa-

li donis uzrunvelyofa, mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa

da momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvis mizniT da amasTan

erTad (kulturuli gansxvavebebis, maT Soris tradici-

saerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisaerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebie. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaiae. sarjvelaZe, d. wulaia

182 183

6.qveyanaSi unda tardebodes efeqtiani RonisZiebe-

bi konkretul cxovelTa infeqciuri Tu gadamdebi daa-

vadebebis Tavidan asacileblad (prevenciisaTvis).

Tu es moTxovnebi1 dakmayofilebulia, qveyana Seva

im saxelmwifoTa siaSi, romelTac SeuZliaT ganaxor-

cielon produqtebis eqsporti evrokavSiris qveynebSi.

amasTan, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebma garantia

unda gascen, rom sakvebad gankuTvnili saeqsporto

produqtebi warmoebulia evrokavSiris standartebis

Sesabamisad. xeli unda Seuwyon, rom dawesebulebebi,

sadac xdeba am produqtebis warmoeba pasuxobdes

evrokavSiris qveynebis msgavsi sawarmoebis standart-

ebs.

Tu mwarmoebels survili aqvs ganaxorcielos sak-

uTari produqciis eqsporti evrokavSirSi, man unda mi-

marTos Tavis mTavrobas da miiRos misgan Sesabamisi

Tanxmoba (sanqcia).

am siZneleebis daZlevisaTvis aucilebelia

saqarTvelos kanonebis evrokavSiris kanonebTan har-

monizacia. arsebul etapze mniSvnelovani da aucile-

belia iseTi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, romelic

mas daaxloebs evropis parlamentis da sabWos reg-

ulacia (EC) # 178/2002-Tan, romelic sursaTis

Sesaxeb evrokavSiris kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. reg-

ulaciaSi aRniSnulia:

`evrokavSirSi bazarze ganTavsebis mizniT im-

portirebuli sursaTi da cxovelis sakvebi unda See-

satyvisebodes sursaTis kanonis Sesabamis moTxovnebs

an, sul mcire, iyos evrokavSiris mier miRebuli pirobe-

1 http://www.parliament.ge/prs/ip/sursati_xarisxi.pdf.

Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos kompaniebs evrokavSiris

bazarze produqciis sarealizaciod am moTxovnaTa

dakmayofileba mouwevT.

kerZod, qveyanam, vidre mas miecema ufleba awar-

moos kvebis produqtebis eqsporti, unda daakmayofi-

los ramdenime moTxovna qveynis doneze.

1. cxovelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba unda See-

sabamebodes evrokavSiris qveynebis moTxovnebs;

2. evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebis mTavrobebma unda

uzrunvelyon swrafi da regularuli informireba maT

teritoriaze konkretuli infeqciebisa da gadamdebi

daavadebebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb;

3. qveyanas unda hqondes efeqturi kanonmdebloba

sxvadasxva nivTierebis (magaliTad, hormonaluri, Tireo-

statikuri, veterinaluri preparatebis) gamoyenebisa,

kerZod, nivTierebis akrZalvasa da sanqcirebasTan, maT

gavrcelebasa da realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve

kanonebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs maT administrire-

basa da inspeqtirebas;

4. qveyanaSi unda moqmedebdes programa, romelic

ganaxorcielebs konkretuli/calkeuli nivTierebis

gamoyenebis (magaliTad, veterinaluri preparatebis)

monitorings da Seamcirebs maT Semcvelobas im cx-

ovelebsa da xorcproduqtebSi, romlebic eqsportisTvis

aris gankuTvnili;

5. qveyanaSi unda arsebobdes kvalificiuri veteri-

naruli samsaxuri, romelic ganaxorcielebs saWiro

kontrols;


184 185

midan suframde”, Tumca, kanonSi 2006-2007 wlebSi Seta-

nil iqna cvlilebebi da damatebebi1, ris Sedegadac

saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrce daSorda evrokav-

Siris 178/2002 regulaciis moTxovnaTa ZiriTad princ-

ipebs da amasTanave Semcirda saxelmwifos pasuxismge-

bloba mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis

xarjze. Sedegad mosaxleoba aRmoCnda samomxmareblo

bazris pirispir yovelgvari dacviTi meqanizmebis gareSe.

rogorc saqarTvelos xelisufleba Tvlis, cvlile-

bebis ganxorcieleba gamowveuli iyo im mizeziT, rom

am etapze Siga bazarTan mimarTebiT evrokavSiris moTx-

ovnebis srulad Sesruleba, rac saxelmwifo regulaciis

gazrdasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Seaferxebs qveyanaSi

ekonomikur aqtivobas. dReisaTvis, xelisuflebis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia damyarebulia sax-

elmwifo regulirebis maqsimalur SezRudvaze, rac ori

mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli:

• mTavrobas amJamad ar Seswevs imis unari, rom efeq-tiani kontroli ganaxorcielos Siga bazarze;

• xelisufleba korufciis SezRudvisa da biznes-

garemos gaumjobesebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan berketad

miiCnevs Siga bazarze saxelmwifos rolis maqsimalu-

rad Semcirebas.

saxelmwifos umTavresi pasuxismgebloba da strate-

giuli amocanaa qveyanaSi sursaTis uvneblobis mini-

maluri donis uzrunvelyofa da mis aRsrulebaze

swored man unda izrunos, magram misi moqmedeba araefeq-

tiani iqneba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobas ar

miiRebs yvela dainteresebuli mxare (saxelmwifo, bi-

znesi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, momxmarebeli).

bis ekvivalenturi, an evrokavSirsa da eqsportior qvey-

anas Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, See-

sabamebodes am xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul

pirobebs~ (regulacia 178/2002, muxli 11.)1

msoflios masStabiT mravlismomcveli harmonize-

buli sistemebis Seqmnas da am kanonebis praqtikaSi

danergvas udidesi sargeblis motana SeuZlia saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

warsulSi saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiqmeboda

rogorc mxolod saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis regu-

lirebis iaraRi. igi adgenda saxelmwifos moqmedebis

wesebs msoflios sxva qveynebTan. amJamad mdgomareoba

mkveTrad Seicvala, saerTaSoriso da regionaluri sa-

marTlis normebi sul ufro did wils ikavebs Siga

samarTalSi. is uSualod miuTiTebs saxelmwifos _ risi

gakeTeba SeiZleba da risi ar SeiZleba, ara marto saer-

TaSoriso asparezze, aramed nacionalur donezec. am

pirobebSi, yvela qveynisaTvis, nacionaluri da saerTa-

Soriso normebis harmonizacia xdeba kanonSemo-

qmedebiTi procesis ganuyofeli nawili.

am mizniT 2005 wlis 27 dekembers miRebul iqna

saqarTvelos kanoni “sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisx-

is Sesaxeb”. kanoni ar iyo dazRveuli xarvezebisagan,

magram igi Sefasebul iqna rogorc sursaTis uvneblo-

bis sferoSi saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrcis daax-

loeba evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan. am kanonis miRe-

biT saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi Semovida

sursaTis uvneblobisadmi axleburi midgoma – e.w “fer-

1 evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos veb-gverdi:www.eugbc.net – Legislation, EU Regulations.


1prezidentis brZanebuleba 29.12.2006 #4328; 29.06.2007 #3120.

186 187

mikvlevadobis da HACCP-is sistemebis danergvasursaTis biznesSi xels Seuwyobs:

• partnioruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas biz-

nessa da saxelmwifos Soris, gazrdis momxmarebelTa

dacvis xarisxs, stimuls miscems qveynis ekonomikur

ganviTarebas;

• Tavis wvlils Seitans adgilobrivi produqciis

xarisxis amaRlebaSi;

• daexmareba konkurentunariani saqonlis warmoeb-

is ganviTarebas, rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saeqspor-

to bazrebisaTvis;

• aamaRlebs qarTuli sasursaTo produqciisadmi

ndobas, xels Seuwyobs sasursaTo sferoSi evrokavSir

saqarTvelos Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xe-

lSekrulebis amoqmedebas;

• daexmareba saqarTvelos mTavrobas dasaxuli

reformebis realizaciaSi, evrokavSirsa da saqarTve-

los Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis xelSek-

rulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis ganxorcielebaSi,

romlis mixedviTac soflis meurneobisa da kvebis

mrewvelobis produqciis eqsporti prioritetad aris

miCneuli.

evropuli integracia saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT

mTavar prioritetad rCeba, magram gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia, rom evrokavSiri moiTxovs partniori qveynisagan

zogierT sferoSi, Zalze mkacri wesebis danergvas, es

aris: momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva, sursaTis uvneblo-

bis, produqciis usafrTxoebis standartebisa da regla-

mentebis SemoReba.

`GEPLAK~ -is proeqtis farglebSi Cvens mier kav-

Sir `21-e saukune~-sTan erTad Catarebulma kvlevis

Sedegebma1 aCvena, rom:

1.evrokavSirisa da dsT-s yvela ganxilul qveyana-

Si (CexeTi, litva, estoneTi, ukraina, moldaveTi, yazaxe-

Ti) mikvlevadobis sistema harmonizebulia evroregu-

lacia 178/2002-is moTxovnebTan da danergilia praqtikaSi;

2. “sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb”

saqarTvelos kanonisa da `sursaTis warmoebis sfero-

Si mikvlevadobis, safrTxis analizisa da sakontrolo

kritikuli wertilebis dadgenis wesi” mikvlevadobasTan

dakavSirebuli normebi da koncefciebi ar aris kalkire-

buli evroregulacia 178/2002-is moTxovnebTan. is har-

monizebulia da adaptirebulia saqarTvelos realo-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram, amJamad SeCerebulia kano-

nis ZiriTadi muxlebis da teqnikuri reglamentis moTx-

ovnebis Sesruleba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba evrokavSir-

Tan samezoblo politikis moTxovnebs;

3.fokus-jgufebis gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizis

Tanaxmad dRevandel etapze mosaxleobis janmrTeloba

samomxmareblo bazarze daucvelia. ar arsebobs aranairi

saxelmwifo dacviTi meqanizmi da momxmarebeli damok-

idebulia mxolod mewarmeebis keTil nebaze.

kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania

sakanonmdeblo doneze iseTi cvlilebebis ganxorciele-

ba, romelic mas daaxloebs evropis parlamentis da

sabWos regulacia (EC) # 178/2002-Tan.

1 `jeplak~-is proeqti - saqarTvelos kanonis `sursaTis uvneblobisda xarisxis Sesaxeb~ - Sesabamisobis dadgena 178/2002 evroregula-ciasTan.


188 189

The barriers in the free trade betweenGeorgia and European Union

E. Sardjveladze

D. Tsulaia

European integration still remains one of the top priorities forGeorgia. However, European Union requires the implementation of thestrict rules and regulations regarding the consumer rights, food safetyand establishing the standards for product quality assurance.

Food products on European market must meet the certain stan-dards by their quality and safety. If these food products are not suppliedin the amount of time provided by the agreement, the trade partnershipwill not be formed.

At this point, it is very important for us to make the necessarylegislative amendments to resemble and approximate the regulation (EC)# 178/2002 of European Parliament and Council.

Introducing and establishing traceability clause of the law andHACCP systems in food product business:

• Will facilitate the development of partnership between the Stateand the business private sectors; improve the consumer safety and havea positive impact on consumer health; it will also help to create morecompetitive companies and will stimulate the economic development ofthe country;

• Will improve the quality of the local produce; Help with theproduction of the competitive goods for not only the local market, butfor the export as well;

• Will enhance the reputation of Georgian made food products;expedite the activation of the food product free trade agreement be-tween European Union and Georgia.

uvneblobisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT evro-

pis bazars esaWiroeba stabiluri xarisxis sursaTi,

romlis miwodeba moxdeba xelSekrulebiT dadgenil

droSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi savaWro pertnioroba

ar Sedgeba.

arsebul etapze, mniSvnelovania iseTi sakanonm-

deblo cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, romelic mas daax-

loebs evropis parlamentis da sabWos regulacia (EC)# 178/2002 moTxovnebTan.

kanonis SeCerebuli muxlebidan mikvlevadobis da

HACCP-is sistemebis danergva sursaTis biznesSi xels

Seuwyobs:

• partnioruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas biz-

nessa da saxelmwifos Soris, gazrdis momxmarebelTa

dacvis xarisxs, pozitiurad aisaxeba momxmareblis jan-

mrTelobaze, xels Seuwyobs meti konkurentunariani

kompaniis warmoqmnas. stimuls miscems qveynis ekonomikur

ganviTarebas.

• Tavis wvlils Seitans adgilobrivi produqciis

xarisxis amaRlebaSi;

• xels Seuwyobs konkurentunariani saqonlis war-

moebis ganviTarebas, rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saeqspor-

to bazrebisaTvis;

• aamaRlebs qarTuli sasursaTo produqciisadmi

ndobas , xels Seuwyobs sasursaTo sferoSi

evrokavSir_saqarTvelos Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis

Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis amoqmedebas.


190 191

mocemuli wignis dasasruls SemoTavazebulia

buRalteriis qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, romelic,

migvaCnia, erTgvar daxmarebas gauwevs sabuRaltro

aRricxvis problemebiT dainteresebul specialistebs.

wignis mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas SeniSvnebic:

me-4 ganyofileba, romelic dawerilia sabuRal-

tro aRricxvis erT-erT umTavres kategoriaze - bal-

ansze, pirdapir iwyeba balansis maketiT da amasTan

dakavSirebiT mosazrebebi avtors gamoTqmuli aqvs

Semdeg. vfiqrobT, es araa Txrobis marTebuli forma.

wignis dasasruls miTiTebulia gamoyenebuli

literaturuli wyaroebi, magram maTSi araa dasaxele-

buli Teoriuli naSromebi aRricxvis problemebze.

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, migvaCnia, rom am 246-gver-

diani wignis dastambviT sabuRaltro saswavlo-sagan-

manaTleblo centrma didad sasargeblo saqme gaakeTa.

wigni sargeblobas moutans ara marto damwyeb buRal-

trebs, Teoretikos, praqtikos buRaltrebs, is gan-

sjisTvis ganawyobs ekonomist mecnier-muSakebs da, rac

aranakleb mniSvnelovania, jerovan daxmarebas gauwevs

aseve finansistebsac.

migvaCnia, rom sarecenzio wigni SeiZleba samagi-

do iyos damwyebi buRaltrebisTvis da ara marto maT-

Tvis. es ki, udavod misasalmebelia.

murman turava murman turava murman turava murman turava murman turava

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori profesori profesori profesori profesori

murman turavamurman turavamurman turavamurman turavamurman turava

sarecenzio wigni Sedgeba eqvsi ganyofilebisgan.

pirvel ganyofilebSi avtori uwinaresad istori-

ul wiaRsvlebs akeTebs da Cerdeba aRricxvasTan dakav-

Sirebul standartebze.

ganyofileba meore eZRvneba sagadasaxado kode-

qss sabuRaltro saqmianobaSi. aqve naTlad da sru-

lad warmogvidgens gadasaxadebis nairsaxeobas, akeTebs

sagulisxmo daskvnebs.

mesame gamyofilebaSi dakvirvebiTaa gadmocemuli

sabuRaltro aRricxvis angariSTa gegma, ZiriTadi wesebi,

buRalterTa uflebebi, movaleobani, pasuxismgeblobis

sakiTxebi.

ganyofileba meoTxeSi saqmis codniTaa gaSuqebu-

li ormagi Caweris wesi, cnobilma italielma,

mravalmxrivi ganaTlebis luka paColim rom daamkvidra

da dResac aRricxvis xerxemlad iTvleba.

aqvea srulyofilad axsnili buRaltruli bal-

ansis, brunviTi uwyisis, buRaltruli gatarebis, doku-

mentaciis arsi.

wignis mexuTe ganyofileba eTmoba mza produqci-

is kalkulacias. avtori aqac sakiTxis codnas avlens.

sarecenzio naSromis meeqvse ganyofilebaSi dama-

jerebeli msjelobaa sabuRaltro programa `orisze~.

damwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevidamwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevidamwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevidamwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevidamwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevi*****

* vaxtang doborjginiZe, aRricxvisa da praqtikis safuZvlebi damwye-

bi buRaltrebisaTvis. red. prof. nino burkaZe. Tb., 2010, 246 gv.

axali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoria

profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?

192 193

kvaturi qarTuli Sesatyvisebis moZebnas. am mimarTulebiT

arsebobs qarTvel avtorTa ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo, ma-

gram maTSi ZiriTadad yuradReba gadatanilia an mxolod

ekonomikur terminebze, an im biznes- terminebze, romlebic,

ase vTqvaT, biznesis yoveldRiur yofaSi gamoiyeneba. CvenTvis

metad mniSvnelovania daveufloT iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic

uSualod saerTaSoriso biznesisa da saerTaSoriso

ekonomikis sferos ganekuTvneba. saqarTvelos ratificire-

buli aqvs aTeulobiT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri xelSek-

ruleba, romelTa avTentikuri teqsti umravles SemTxveva-

Si inglisuri enaa; aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa maTi qarTul

enaze saTanadod gadmocema dedanTan maqsimaluri Sesabam-

isobiT, qarTuli enis normativebis dacviT (mag: Tavisufa-

li vaWrobis SeTanxmebebi, kapitalsa da Semosavlebze or-

magi dabegvris Tavidan acilebisa da sxva SeTanxmebebi).

zemoaRniSnul moTxovnebs akmayofilebs mimdinare wlis

maisSi gamomcemloba ,,raizis~ mier dabeWdili saxelmZRv-

anelo _ ,,inglisuri ena saerTaSoriso biznesisa da

ekonomikisaTvis~. igi gankuTvnilia biznes-inglisuris kurse-

bis msmenelTaTvis; aseve, im pirTaTvis, romlebic Cabmulni

arian saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi da aqvT

saqmiani urTierTobebi inglisurenovan qveynebTan; saxelmZR-

vanelo saerTaSoriso biznesis yvela ZiriTad Temas moicavs.

damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia leqsikuri

savarjiSoebi da saTargmni davalebebi, rac Seswavlili

terminebisa da enobrivi formebis ganmtkicebisTvisaa

gankuTvnili.

saxelmZRvanelos erTvis: inglisur-qarTuli da

qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

urTierTobebSi gavrcelebul SemoklebaTa sia, msoflios

qveynebis erovnuli valutebis saxelwodebebi da maTi Semok-

lebuli aRniSvnebi.

nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili

Tanamedrove globalizebad msoflioSi eWvs ar iwvevs

inglisuri enis rogorc ZiriTadi sakomunikacio enis, dom-

inanturi roli. gansakuTrebiT es exeba im bizness, romlis

masStabebi scildeba erovnul sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso,

anda globalur saxes iZens. biznes-komunikacia araingli-

surenovan qveynebTanac umetesad inglisur enaze myardeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, biznes-inglisuris swavleba praqtiku-

li aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

biznes-inglisuris Seswavla qarTul saganmanaTleb-

lo sivrceSi ZiriTadad ucxouri saxelmZRvaneloebiT (Pear-son, Longman-is gamocemebiT) mimdinareobs. am wignebSi ZiriTa-

di aqcenti gadatanilia mimdinare biznes-procesebsa da

yoveldRiur biznes-operaciebSi inglisuri enis gamoyenebaze.

enis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodikis TvalsazrisiT am

wignebs bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs, magram isini ZiriTadad

gankuTvnilia enis Seswavlis nebismieri msurvelisaTvis, misi

mSobliuri enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

inglisuri enis swavlebis Taviseburebebidan gamom-

dinare, ucxour saxelmZRvaneloebTan erTad, saWiroa iseTi

orenovani saxelmZRvanelos gamoyeneba, romelSic qarTuli

enis, rogorc mSobliuri enis, Taviseburebebi gaTvaliswineb-

uli iqneba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Sesabamisi ekonomikuri

terminebis Seswavlas, saerTaSoriso biznesis dinamikur sf-

eroSi warmoqmnili axali inglisuri terminebisaTvis ade-

* giorgi yufaraZe, inglisuri ena saerTaSoriso biznesisa daekonomikisaTvis, redaqtori Tsu asocirebuli profesoriirina gogoriSvili, Tb., 2010, 177 gverdi.

inglisurenovani damxmare saxelmZRvaneloinglisurenovani damxmare saxelmZRvaneloinglisurenovani damxmare saxelmZRvaneloinglisurenovani damxmare saxelmZRvaneloinglisurenovani damxmare saxelmZRvanelo

ekonomikasa da biznesSiekonomikasa da biznesSiekonomikasa da biznesSiekonomikasa da biznesSiekonomikasa da biznesSi*****

axali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoriaaxali wignebi: rogoria

profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?profesional-rezenzentTa azri?

194 195

lia garkveva saerTaSoriso komerciuli samarTlis, sakon-

traqto samarTlis ZiriTad debulebebSi. aqve Sesabamisi

qarTuli SesatyvisebiT ganxilulia kontraqtis tipiuri

formebis elementebi, ofertis pirobebi, misi Tanxmobisa da

uaryofis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.

saxelmZRvanelos erTvis inglisur-qarTuli da

qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, saerTaSoriso biznesSi gavr-

celebul SemoklebaTa sia, ucxouri valutebis saxelwode-

bebi qveynebis mixedviT da maTi miRebuli aRniSvnebi savalu-

to bazrebze.

vfiqrobT, g. yufaraZis wigni sasargeblo SenaZeni iqneba

saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da biznesiT dainteresebuli pire-

bisaTvis.


ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tsu asocirebuli profesori


pirvel TavebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sabazo

ekonomikuri da biznes-teminologiaze. gansakuTrebiT sain-

teresoa sarecenzio wignis me-4, me-6, me-10, me-11 Temebi.

me-4 TemaSi ganxilulia biznesis samarTlebrivi forme-

bi, saqarTveloSi kanonieri warmomadgenlobis daarsebis

sakiTxebi, TiToeuli samarTlebrivi formis Taviseburebe-

bi, upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi; aseve ganxilulia

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebebi; moyvanilia

Sesaswavlad aucilebeli samarTlebrivi terminebi (ingli-

sur-qarTuli Sesatyvisebi) rogorc Cveni qveynis, aseve ucx-

oeTis samewarmeo kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT; ganxilulia

biznes- gegmis Sedgenis Taviseburebebi. aRniSnuli Temis

Seswavlis Semdeg studenti Tavisuflad SeZlebs Camoay-

alibos biznes-gegma inglisur enaze, ganmartos da part-

niors warudginos biznesis samarTlebrivi formebis arCe-

vani saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebSi.

me-6 TemaSi ganxilulia eqsport-importis operacieb-

is Taviseburebebi, ganxilulia miwodebis sabaziso pirobe-

bi _ Incoterms-2000; ZiriTadi sakontraqto pirobebi Sepiri-

spirebulia Sesabamis qarTul terminebTan (E, F, C,D,jgufebi).

Tavs erTvis Sesabamisi saTargmni davalebebi, rac ingli-

sur enaze dadebul tipur kontraqtSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes.

me-10 TemaSi mocemulia saerTaSoriso dabegvra, yura-

dRebas iqcevs saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado terminebis ganx-

ilva. ganxilulia saerTaSoriso ormagi dabegvris da

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Taviseburebebi. aRsani-

Snavia, rom aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi (ormagi dabegvris

YTavidan acilebis Sesaxeb) saqarTvelos gaformebuli aqvs

20-ze met qveyanasTan; avTentikur teqstad ki inglisuri

teqsti iTvleba. amdenad, es Tavi ormagi dabegvris proble-

mebze momuSave sajaro moxeleebisaTvisac sasargeblo iqneba.

me-11 TemaSi ganxilulia gayidvis kontaqtebi, aqcep-

tisa da ofertis saxeebi. am Tavis SeswavliT SesaZlebe-

axali wignebiaxali wignebiaxali wignebiaxali wignebiaxali wignebi

196 197

tia Sromis ekonomikisa da adamianuri resursebis marTvis

(personalis marTvis) problemebi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-

mde samecniero naSromi, maT Soris 3 monografia da 5 sax-

elmZRvanelo.

profesori n. paiWaZe arCeulia saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiisa da saqarTvelos biznesis mecniere-

baTa akademiis wevrad.

n. paiWaZe universitetSi muSaobis periodSi samecnie-

ro-pedagogiur saqmianobas aqtiurad uTavsebda adminis-

traciul muSaobas. 1974-1979 wlebSi iyo Tsu sainJinro-

ekonomiuri fakultetis dekanis moadgile, xolo 1979-2005

wlebSi _ amave fakultetis (Semdgom menejmentis fakulte-

tis) dekani. 1999 wlidan 2006 wlis seqtembramde muSaobda

menejmentis kaTedris gamged. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul

wlebSi mimdinareobda umaRlesi ganaTlebis reforma, rom-

lis ganxorcielebaSi igi rogorc dekani da kaTedris gamge,

aqtiurad monawileobda. misi xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalib-

da fakultetze biznesisa da marTvis mimarTuleba, Seiqmna

sabakalavro da samagistro programebi iseT specialobeb-

Si, rogoricaa: menejmenti, adamianuri resursebis menejmen-

ti (personalis marTva), ganaTlebis ekonomika da a.S.

n. paiWaZe yovelTvis gamoirCeoda aqtiuri sazogade-

brivi saqmianobiT: 1979-2004 wlebSi iyo Tsu didi samecni-

ero sabWos wevri, orjer (1980-1984ww; 1998-2006ww.) iyo Tsu

reqtoratTan arsebuli ekonomikuri fakultetebis sakoor-

dinacio sabWos Tavjdomaris moadgile, wlebis ganmavlo-

baSi iyo saqarTvelos swavlul eqspertTa sabWosa da misi

ekonomikuri seqciis wevri, amave seqciasTan arsebuli sak-

oordinacio sabWos Tavjdomaris moadgile da sxva; 1994-

2006 wlebSi n. paiWaZe Tavjdomareobda Tsu-Tan arsebul

sadisertacio sabWos, sadac samecniero xarisxebis dacva

nugzar nikolozis Ze paiWaZe daibada 1940 wlis 22

ivniss, dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT ulamazes da kopwia

sofel gamoCinebulSi, sadac didi qarTuli tradiciebis

ojaxSi gaatara mTeli bavSvoba. iqve 1956 wels warCinebiT

daamTavra arasruli saSualo skola, xolo 1958 wels _

saWamiaseris saSualo skolis sruli kursi. 1959-1962 wleb-

Si sabWoTa armiis rigebSi gaiara savaldebulo samxedro

samsaxuri. 1964 wels Cairicxa da 1969 wels warCinebiT

daamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetis ekonomikuri fakulteti. jer kidev stu-

dentobis periodSi eweoda aqtiur sazogadoebriv muSaobas.

1965-1969 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda fakultetis axalgazr-

dul orga-nizacias. amave wlebSi aqtiurad monawileobda

studentTa samSeneblo razmebis muSaobaSi, rogorc fakul-

tetis (1966w.) da universitetis (1970w.) saamSeneblo razme-

bis meTauri.

1972 wels warmatebiT daamTavra Tsu aspirantura da

1973wels aseve warmatebiT daicva disertacia ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad

(mecnier-xelmZRvanelebi: akademikosi irakli miqelaZe da

profesori pavle garuCava).

1972 wlidan 2009 wlis seqtembramde Tsu-Si eweva aqti-

ur samecniero-pedagogiur saqmianobas, sadac gaiara yvela

samecniero-pedagogiuri Tanamdeboba _ dawyebuli asisten-

tidan, damTavrebuli profesoriT.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoria 1988, xolo profe-

sori 1989 wlidan. misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi obieq-

profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70

saxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galerea

198 199

amSromelTa Tu studentTa saqmianobis miukerZoebeli, obieq-

turi Sefasebis unariT.

nugzar paiWaZe Cinebuli meojaxea, misi meuRle q-ni

marine brwyinvale meojaxe da meurnea, aseve samSoblos bedsa

da momavalze mofiqrali. yavs sami Svili _ erTimeoreze

ukeTesebi _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aRzrdil-

ebi da amJamad SesaniSnavi specialistebi. batoni nugzari

mdidaria SviliSvilebiTac (jer-jerobiT _ 5).

da erTic – igi megobrobaSi gamorCeuli pirovnebaa,

sityvisa da saqmis erTianobis kacia. am principidan ar

gadauxvevia da arc sxvas apatiebs amas.

70 wlis nugzari mxned gamoiyureba, mtkicedaa darwmu-

nebuli, rom saqarTvelo male gabrwyindeba da mzadaa Tavi-

si wvlili kvlavac Seitanos am procesSi.

elene xarabaZeelene xarabaZeelene xarabaZeelene xarabaZeelene xarabaZe

Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

dekani, sruli profesori, dekani, sruli profesori, dekani, sruli profesori, dekani, sruli profesori, dekani, sruli profesori,

vladimer papava vladimer papava vladimer papava vladimer papava vladimer papava

avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe

leo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqava

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-korespondentebi, wevr-korespondentebi, wevr-korespondentebi, wevr-korespondentebi, wevr-korespondentebi,

elguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvili

Tsu sruli profesori\,Tsu sruli profesori\,Tsu sruli profesori\,Tsu sruli profesori\,Tsu sruli profesori\,

revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia

Jurnal èkonomika da biznesis~ mTavari Jurnal èkonomika da biznesis~ mTavari Jurnal èkonomika da biznesis~ mTavari Jurnal èkonomika da biznesis~ mTavari Jurnal èkonomika da biznesis~ mTavari

redaqtori, profesori, redaqtori, profesori, redaqtori, profesori, redaqtori, profesori, redaqtori, profesori,

grigol Todua grigol Todua grigol Todua grigol Todua grigol Todua

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,

mirian tuxaSvili mirian tuxaSvili mirian tuxaSvili mirian tuxaSvili mirian tuxaSvili

Tsu sruli profesori Tsu sruli profesori Tsu sruli profesori Tsu sruli profesori Tsu sruli profesori

xdeboda iseT specialobebSi, rogoricaa: menejmenti, Sro-

mis ekonomika, seqtoruli ekonomika, mikroekonomika da sxva.

n. paiWaZe aqtiurad monawileobs ekonomikuri profi-

lis Jurnalebis muSaobaSi. igi aris Semdegi Jurnalebis

redkolegiis wevri: èkonomika da biznesi~, `socialuri

ekonomika~ (2008 wlamde); saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis Jurnali `macne~ (ekonomikis seria); èkonomika~ (mak-

ro da mikro ekonomika).

n. paiWaZe aris araerTi monografiis, saxelmZRvanelos,

samecniero Sromebis krebulis, leqsikonis redaqtori, red-

kolegiis wevri an recenzenti.

n. paiWaZe xangrZlivi da nayofieri samecniero-peda-

gogiuri, administraciuli da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobi-

saTvis dajildoebulia sxvadasxva ordeniTa da medliT,

maT Sorisaa: medali ̀ yamiri miwebis aTvisebisaTvis~ (1966w.);

ordeni `SromiTi mamacobisaTvis~ (1970w.); `Rirsebis orde-

ni~ (1998w.); ìvane javaxiSvilis medali~ (2000w.).

n. paiWaZe aRiarebulia rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso

sauniversiteto leqtori, romlis leqciebic gamoirCeva

mecnieruli siRrmiTa da imavdroulad sisadaviT, masaleb-

is studentTaTvis gasagebi formiT miwodebiT. misi sem-

inarebi Taviseburi sadiskusio klubia, sadac studentebi

Tamamad ayeneben mwvave sakiTxebs da leqtorisagan iReben

amomwurav da savsebiT damajerebel informacias maTTvis

saintereso yvela problemaze. yvelasaTvis misabaZi da

sanimuSo iyo misi mRvaweoba fakultetis dekanis, Tu kaT-

edris gamgis Tanamdebobaze. mas rogorc fakultetis pro-

fesor-maswavleblebTan, aseve studentobasTan hqonda har-

moniuli, megobruli, magram mkacrad saqmiani urTierToba.

igi dajildoebulia ama Tu im saswavlo Tu sxva organiza-

ciuli problemis swrafad da efeqtianad gadawyvetis, Tan-

saxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galereasaxelovan adamianTa galerea

200

gadaeca asawyobad - 10.07.2010xelmowerilia dasabeWdad - 20.07.2010

saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi - 12, tiraJi - 150

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba,0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14

0128, Tbilisi, 14, I. Chavchavadze Av.www.press.tsu.ge (25-14-32)

daibeWda stambaSi - ,,georgika~Tbilisi, jiqias 10.

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -manana jixviSvili

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