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Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis

ganviTarebis istoriidan

tfilisis hamqari

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Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoria

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nika maxaraZe

aleqsandre saraliZe

Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis

ganviTarebis istoriidan

2012

Tbilis z e m zrun v elTa ga erTian e ba

tfilisis hamqari

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publikaciaze muSaobdnen:

nano zazanaSvili

magda cocxalaSvili

ana WabaSvili

publikacia momzadebulia proeqt „Cemi qalaqi, Seni qalaqi, Cveni qalaqis“

farglebSi fond „Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelos“ finasuri mxardaWeriT.

samwuxarod, internetidan aRebuli zogoerTi fotos mflobels ver mivakv-

lieT, aseTis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi gaviTvaliswinebT yvela SeniSvnas.

© tfilisis hamqari, 2012

i. griSaSvilis q. 10, Tbilisi 0105, saqarTvelo

tbshamkari@gmail.comwww.facebook.com/TiflisHamkari

gamoyenebuli saarqivo fotomasalis originalebi daculia saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis Tbilisis isto riis muzeumis, i. griSaSvilis biblioTeka-

muzeumis da „tfilisis hamqris” arqivebSi, kerZo koleqciebsa da eleqtronul

saresurso bazebSi.

Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan

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sazogadoebrivi transportis idea

jer kidev XVII saukuneSi gaCnda ev-

ropaSi. saqalaqo sazogadoebrivi reg-

ularuli transporti didi frangi

maTematikosisa da fizikosis, blez

paskalis mofiqrebaa. pirveli regu-

laruli reisebi swored misi Taos-

nobiT dawesda parizSi. rvaadgiliani

Ria etli fiqsirebuli marSrutiT

parizis quCebSi pirvelad 1662 wlis 18

marts gamoCnda. Tumca am eqsperiment-

ma mxo lod 15 wels gastana. sazoga-

doebrivi transporti intensiurad

mxolod XIX-XX s.-ebSi ganviTarda.

XIX-XX ss.-is mijna evropis istoriaSi

`mSvenieri epoqis~ (BBBelle Époque) saxeli-

Taa cnobili - kontinentze mSvidoba

sufevda, did aRmavlobas ganicdida

ekonomika, teqnika da xelovneba. arc

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myo-

fi saqarTvelo CamorCeboda am ten-

denciebs. didi yuradReba eqceoda

Tbilisis keTilmowyobas. qalaqis TviT-

mmarTveloba axali transportis - jer

konkis, mogvianebiT ki eleqtroZraviani

tramvais - xazebis gayvanaze zrunavda.

amave periodSi gamoCnda TbilisSi pi-

rveli avtomobilebi da funikuliori.

ase rom, Tbilisis transportisTvis es

marTlac `mSvenieri epoqa~ iyo.

Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan

sabWoTa periodSi Tbilisis mosax-

leoba da teritoria swrafad izrde-

boda. maT kvaldakval viTardeboda sa-

transporto qselic - is mowesrigebuli

iyo, Tumca ki mgzavrebis komforts na-

klebi yuradReba eqceoda. XX s.-is 60-

iani wlebi iyo dro, rodesac TbilisSi

erTdroulad moqmedebda saqalaqo

transportis yvela ZiriTadi saxeoba:

tramvai, funikuliori, avtobusi, tro-

leibusi, metro, sabagiro gzebi, sa-

marSruto da individualuri msubuqi

taqsebi. iyo mtkvarze samdinaro taqsis

Seqmnis mcdelobac.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pi-

rveli wlebis mZime pirobebi Tbili-

sis transportzec aisaxa. manamde avad

Tu kargad awyobilma sistemam swrafi

degradacia gani cada. 1990-ianebis da-

sawyisis yoveldRiur realobad iqca

mgzavrebiT gaWedili, garedan xal-

xiT daxunZluli troleibusebi, denis

gamo rTvis gamo gvirabebSi gaCe rebuli

metros matareblebi da sxva.

avtobusebis, tramvais, trolei-

busebis parkebi da maTi marSrutebis

raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda, ker-

Zo samarSruto mikroavtobusebisa

da taqsebis ricxvi ki, piriqiT, ukon-

trolod gaizarda.

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saukuneebis manZilze galavanSi Ca-

ketili qalaqis viwro teritoriaze,

sadac mcirericxovani mosaxleoba

cxovrobda, saxmeleTo transportis

ZiriTadi saxeobebi iyo sajdomi pi-

rutyvi (cxeni, jori, viri); aqlemi;

agreTve uremi, romelSic xarebi an

kameCebi iyvnen Sebmuli. mdinareze ga-

dasaadgileblad tivebs an borans iyen-

ebdnen.

mtkvarze erTimeoreze mijriT mi-

wyobili didi xis Zelebisagan Sekru-

li tivebi dacuravdnen. mtkvris or

napirs Soris kavSirisTvis bornebi

gamoiyeneboda. borani erTmaneTTan

SeerTebuli ori brtyeli navisagan

Sedgeboda, romelzedac gadebuli iyo

ficrebi. igi napirebs Soris gaWimul

bagirze iyo gamobmuli da erTi na-

piridan meoreze mgzavrebi gadahyav-

da da tvirTi gadahqonda. muxranis

da veris xidebis agebis kvaldakval

bornebi zeviT, mtkvris dinebis aRma

inacvlebdnen. bolo, diRmis, borani

didubis xidis agebis Semdeg, 1955 wels

gauqmda.

Tbilisuri transportis uZvelesi saxeobebi

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etlebi

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqSi gamoC-

nda sxvadasxva saxis etlebi. es iyo, pi-

rvel rigSi, erTcxeniani droSkebi

(дрожки) - msubuqi oTxTvala rkinisbor-

bliani etlebi, romlebic TandaTan daix-

vewa da tyaviT da brezentiT gadaixura.

1824 wels ramdenime fxianma moqalqem

mgzavrebis gadayvanisTvis qira daawe-

sa. Tavdapirvelad aseTi etli qalaqSi

sul TxuTmeti iyo. magram Zalian male

stiqiurad aRmocenda ramdenime sad-

guri, e.w. `birJa~, saidanac droSkis ay-

vana SeiZleboda – erevanskis (axlandeli

Tavisuflebis moedanze), madaTovisa

da aleqsandres moednebze (axlandeli

aTonelis quCis midamoebSi) da somxis

bazarze (amJamad kote afaxazis, yofili

leseliZis quCis midamoebSi).

aTwleulebis mere, rkinigzis gayvanis

Semdeg, birJa vagzlis moedanzec gaCnda.

birJis etlebiT, anu droSkiT mgzavroba

Zviri Rirda. 1829 wels TbilisSi yofnis

Semdeg puSkini werda: `mas Semdeg, rac iz-vozCikiT ori quCa gaviare ,da naxevar saaTSi gavuSvi, ori vercxlis maneTi momTxova. Tav-dapirvelad vifiqre, undoda, axalCamosu-lis arcodniT esargeb la-meTqi, magram Sem-deg miTxres, fasi swored esaao”.

ruseTis armiis oficeri, baroni tor-

nau (romelmac TbilisSi 1830-ian wleb-

Si imogzaura) werda: `droSkebi mwkrivad idgnen SuabazarSi, madaTovis moedanze, tfilisis medroSkeni ki ise daaqrolebdnen TavianT cxenebs, rom gamvlelebs SiSis zars

scemdnen~.

Semdeg gaCnda faetoni (xalxuri

gamoTqmiT - faitoni), gadasaxsnelsa-

xuraviani etli, romelSic wyvili cxe-

ni iyo Sebmuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

faetonSi kidev ori cxenis Sebma SeiZle-

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boda. faetonSi oTxi adgili iyo (win da

ukan or-ori), xolo mexuTe mgzavrs kuC-

erTan (кучер - meetle) SeeZlo dajdoma.

faetons Tavdapirvelad rkinis borble-

bi hqonda da qalaqSi gadaad gilebisas

saSinlad xmaurobda. TandaTan isi-

ni rezinis borblebma Secvala, ramac

xmauri Seamcira. 1887 wels TbilisSi

oficialurad 520 mefaetone (xalxuri

gamoTqmiT - mefaitone) iricxeboda.

etlis kidev erTi saxeoba iyo kareta,

yoveli mxridan daxuruli, oTxbor-

bliani ekipaJi.1 pirveli kareta Tbi-

lisSi garsevan WavWavaZes ekuTvnoda.

is peterburgidan XVIII saukunis bolos

Camoiyvanes.

kaliaska (коляска) – resorebiani2 oTx -

bo rbliani Tavaxdili ekipaJi iyo. pi-

rveli kaliaska qalaqSi 1826-28 wlebSi

gamoCnda. is Tbilisis samxedro guber-

nators, sipiagins ekuTvnoda. 1830-ian

wlebSi TbilisSi 10 kareta da kaliaska

iyo. isini didmoxeleebs da mdidar ojax-

ebs ekuTvnoda. magaliTad, grigol or-

beliani Tavis Zmas swerda: `Cemo iliko,

pirobaze rogora xar? Tribeliuzis ka-

liaskas rom dampirdi, aba, sad aris? am

moxucebulobaSi maS riT viaro?~.

karetas, kaliaskas da droSkas adinoCka

(одиночка) - erTcxeniani etlic mohyva.

lineika (линейка) - mravaladgiliani,

grZeli, farTo, oTxTvliani, resore-

biani erT - an orcxeniani Ria etli Tbi-

lisSi XIX s. meore naxevarSi gamoCnda

da faetonTan erTad Secvala uresoro

droSka.

Tovlian zamTarSi TbilisSi zogjer

marxilic gamoiyeneboda. gareubnebTan

kavSirisTvis moqmedebda diliJansebi -

mravaladgiliani daxuruli etlebi da

omnibusebi (laT. omnibus yvelasTvis) -

cxenebSebmuli mravaladgiliani karete-

bi. omnibusi reisebs gansazRvrul dros,

gansazRvruli marSrutiT asrulebda.

omnibusi ocadgiliani iyo da TiToeuli

mgzavri adgilSi garkveul safasurs ix-

dida, romelsac iRebda konduqtori. is

signalebsac iZleoda da sxv.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi TbilisSi

ekipaJebis ramdenime saxelosno gaixsna:

slavickis, ibragimbekovis, kotrinis da

maierisa. mixeilis (dRevandeli daviT

aRmaSeneblis) gamzirze mdebareobda

rixard maderis karetebis saxelosno.

vilhelm maderis aseTive saxelosno

gaixsna peterburgis quCazec. riyeze

muSaobda kadmanis, aRamovebis, karu-

novis saxelosnoebi.

1 ekipaJi - saerTo saxelwodeba msubuqi samgzavro sazidrebisa (etlisa, msubuqi avtomobilisa da misT.)

2 resori - etlis, avtomibilis, vagonisa da a.S. zambara, romelic RerZsa da Zaras Soris aris moTavs-ebuli biZgebis Sesarbileblad.

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avtomobili

avtomobilebi TbilisSi 1904 [1908?]

wels gamoCnda. pirveli avtomobili

mefisnacvals ekuTvnoda. miuxedavad

imisa, rom manqanebi cota iyo, ukve 1910

wels Seiqmna `kavkasiaSi saavtomobilo

mimosvlis franguli saaqcio sazoga-

doeba~, romlis sammarTvelo olgas

(dRes - kostavas) quCis 46-Si ganTavsda.

TbilisSi avtomanqanis daqiraveba gax-

da SesaZlebeli. saavtomobilo saaqcio

sazogadoeba `adleris~ saxeliT Sek-

veTebs karetebis ostatTa, maderebis

erT-erTi Zma, alfredi iRebda.

TbilisSi popularuli yofila

velosipedic. 1896 wels qalaqSi 250

velosipedi iyo aRricxuli. adolf vai-

sis firma Tbiliselebs iwvevda hanis

(axlandeli galaktionis) quCaze `in-

glisuri da germanuli velosipedeb-

is kavkasiaSi udidesi sawyobis~ sana-

xavad. qalaqis saTaTbirom erTxel

ganixila velosipedebisTvis gadasaxa-

dis dawesebis sakiTxi, Tumca es idea

Cavarda. velosipedebis mflobeleb-

ma, piriqiT, anazRaureba moiTxoves,

vinaidan, maTi TqmiT, cud mdgomareoba-

Si myofi quCebis gamo maT xSirad uzian-

debodaT velosipedebi.

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konka

konka (конка – конно-железная городс-кая дорога) cxenSebmuli tramvais vi-

wroliandagiani rkinigzaa. TbilisSi is

1883 wlis 26 Tebervals kerZo mewarmis,

Sevcovis TaosnobiT amuSavda. ukve 1885

wels is `tfilisis tramvais belgiuri

saaqcio sazogadoebis~ xelSi gadavida.

1889 wlis 15 oqtombers gaixsna yor-

Ranovis kerZo xazi, romelic ramdenime

weliwadSi aseve belgielebis kompaniam

SeiZina.

konka oTxive mxridan Ria patara va-

goni iyo, rkinis boZebze dayrdnobili

saxuraviTa da TiTo grZeli safexuriT

baqnis orsave mxares. SigniT gadasaxs-

nelsazurgiani skamebi idga. konka oc

mgza vrs itevda. vagoni or cxens dahyav-

da. aRmarTSi foreitorebi (wina cxen-

ze mjdomi meetleebi, rogorc wesi,

mozardebi) damatebiT kidev or cxens

ubamdnen. TiToeul vagons dahyveboda

konduqtori (bileTebis gamyidveli),

romelic mgzavrebis moTxovniT aCe-

rebda vagons, vinaidan sagangebo gaCe-

rebebi ar iyo dawesebuli.

pirvelma xazma vagzlis moedani vo-

roncovis moedans daukavSira. mogvi-

anebiT konkis gza gagrZelda. vo-

roncovisa da nikolozis (mSrali)

xidebis, bazris (orbelianis) moednisa

da puSkinis quCis gavliT konka adi-

oda erevanskis (Tavisuflebis) moed-

namde, saidanac sasaxlis quCis (axlan-

deli rusTavelis gamziris monakveTi

Tavisuflebis moednidan mefisnacv-

lis (amJamad moswavle axalgazrdobis)

sasaxlemde), golovinis (rusTavelis)

prospeqtisa da veris daRmarTis meS-

veobiT kirxis (marjaniSvilis) moedans

aRwevda; bolos, mixeilis (daviT aR-

maSeneblis) gamzirisa da vagzlis quCis

(Tamar mefis gamziris) gavliT isev vag-

zlis moedanze brundeboda.

1904 wlidan konka eleqtrotramvaim

Secvala. avWalis - dRes Citaias quCaze

konkis xazi 1910 wlamde SemorCa. am pe-

riodSi Tbilisis mosaxleoba daaxloe-

biT 100 aTass Seadgenda. ase rom, konkas

maSindeli qalaqisTvis daaxloebiT ise-

Tive mniSvneloba hqonda, rac dRes met-

rosa aqvs.

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tramvai

pirveli eleqtrotramvai simensis firmam warmoadgina berlinis sam-rewvelo gamofenaze 1879 wels. Tbi-lisSi tramvais pirveli xazi 1904 wlis 21 noembers gaixsna. is konkis gzas ime-orebda. marSruti aseTi iyo:

vagzlis moedani, vagzlis quCa (Tamar mefis gamziri), elisabedis (winamZ-RvriSvilis) quCa, pirogovis (karga-reTelis) quCa, mixeilis (daviT aRmaSen-eblis) gamziri, mixeil voroncovis (zaarbriukenis) moedani da nikolo-zis (mSrali) xidi, madaTovis (giorgi aTonelis) quCa, bazris (orbelianis) moedani, puSkinis quCa da erevanskis

(Tavisflebis) moedani.tramvais eqspluatacias axorcieleb-

da `tfilisis tramvais belgielTa saaqcio sazogadoeba~, romelTanac qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas 20-wliani xelSekruleba hqonda gaformebuli 1931 wlamde. Tumca ukve 1915 wlis 15 marts sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT Tbi-lisis tramvai municipalitetis xelSi gadavida.

tramvai sazogadoebrivi transpor-tis aucilebel da xelmisawvdom saxe-obas warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo `heliosisa~ da `simens-Sukertis~ 28-adgi liani vagonebi. 1926 wlidan isi-

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ni TandaTan mitiSCis (qalaqi moskovis olqSi) qarxnis vagonebma Secvala.

1960 wels Tbilisis tramvai-trolei-busebis sammarTvelom sakuTari Zale-biT gamouSva ori eleqtromatarebeli. am models `Tbilisi~ daerqva. 1969-1990 wlebSi TbilisSi ust-katavis (qala-qi ruseTSi) vagonmSenebeli qarxnis (es igive sawarmoa, saidanac 1901 wels TbilisSi `simensis~ pirveli tramvai Camoiyvanes. maSin es qarxana swored `simensis~ firmas ekuTvnoda) da rigis qarxnis sxvadasxva modifikaciis vago-nebi Semodioda.

1965 wels tramvais xazebis saerTo si-grZem 105 km-s miaRwia, 299 vagoniT 107 milioni mgzavri iyo gadayvanili. 2000 wlisTvis xazebis sigrZe 71,6 km.-mde Semcirda da vagonebis raodenoba mxo-lod 39 erTeuls Seadgenda. tramvais xazebi TbilisSi 2006 wlis 4 dekembers gauqmda. miuxedavad amisa, transportis

am saxeobas dResac bevri enTuziasti da gulSematkivari hyvas. maTi azriT, tramvais aRorZineba moawesrigebda sa-transporto situacias da xels Seu-wyobda ekologiuri mdgomareobas gaumjobesebas, komfortul samgzavro pirobebs Seuqmnida Tbileselebs, gaa-lamazebda qalaqs. amitom arsebobs imedi, rom odesme tramvai aucileblad dabrundeba Tbilisis quCebSi.

troleibusi

troleibusic, eleqtrotram vais

msgav sad, simensebis gamomgonebluri

niWis wyalobiT Seiqmna. idea 1880 wels

vilhelm fon simensma aRwera inglisur

JurnalSi, xolo 1882 wels misma Zmam,

verner fon simensma ganaxorciela ber-

linSi. Tumca sazogadoebrivi trans-

portis saxeobad troleibusi mxolod

XX saukunis dasawyisidan iqca.

ruseTis imperiaSi troleibusis pi-

rveli xazi daproeqtda 1904-05 wlebSi

novorosiisksa da soxums (!) Soris. mag-

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ram, miuxedavad imisa, rom detalurad

iyo damuSavebuli, am gegmas ganxor-

cieleba ar ewera.

TbilisSi troleibusis pirveli xazi

1937 wlis 30 marts amoqmedda `dina-

mos~ stadionidan plexanovis gamziris

(amJamad daviT aRmaSeneblis) gavliT

marqsis (zaarbriukenis) moednamde.

1938 wels ki troleibusi rusTavelis

gamzirzec gamoCnda.

Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa (iaroslavlis

qarxnis) modelebi gamoiyeneboda, 1955

wlidan - Cexur firma `Skodas~ sxvada-

sxva modifikaciis troleibusebi. sxva-

dasxva dros TbilisSi troleibusis 21

marSruti arsebobda. 1955-1990 wlebSi

troleibusebs yovelwliurad daax-

loebiT 53 milioni mgzavri gadahyavda.

1997 wlisTvis ki maTma ricxvma mxolod

15 milioni Seadgina. 1990 wels qalaqSi

204 troleibusi dadioda. 1997 wels –

zustad orjer naklebi (102). momdevno

wlebSi es monacemebi kidev ufro Sem-

cirda. 2006 wels TbilisSi troleibu-

sis xazebi saerTod gauqmda.

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avtobusi

TbilisSi avtobusis pirveli regu-

laruli marSruti 1934 wels gaixsna.

man rusTavelis gamziri vagzlis moe-

dans daukavSira. jer kidev 1960-ian

wlebSi qalaqSi wamyvan rols eleqtro-

transporti (tramvai, troleibusi,

axlad aSenebuli metro) asrulebda.

Tbilisis teritoriis swrafma zrdam

da axali kvartalebis momravlebam ki

avtobusebis raodenobis swrafi zrda

ganapiroba.

Tavdapirvelad TbilisSi sabWoTa

warmoebis avtobusebi dadioda. 1973

wlidan isini TandaTan ungruli war-

moebis yviTelma `ikarusebma~ Secvala

(ikarus-260). `ikarusi~ aRmosavleT

evropis da sabWoTa respublikebis

qalaquri landSaftis erT-erT damaxa-

siTebel niSnad iqca. `ikarusis~ modi-

fikaciebi gamoiyeneboda dasavleT ger-

maniaSi, skandinaviis qveynebSi, kanadasa

da aSS-Sic, rac mis maRal xarisxze me-

tyvelebs.

1990-ian wlebSi avtobusebisa da maTi

marSrutebis raodenoba mkveTrad Sem-

cirda.

2004 wlidan avtobusebis parki mTli-

anad ganaxlda. dRes TbilisSi ori

markis avtobusebi moZraobs. pirvelia

Ex-NZH 5226 markis avtobusebi. maTi

mwarmoebeli, cnobili holandiuri

kompania `den audsteni~ 2001 wels ga-

kotrda da amitom is avtobusebi, rome-

lebic holandiaSi aRar gamoiyenebo-

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da, masobrivad gaiyida sxva qveynebSi

(saqarTveloSi, poloneTSi, nigeriaSi,

vietnamSi, kubaSi, trinidadsa da to-

bagoSi). meorea `bogdani~. ukrainuli

warmoebis es avtobusebi iaponur kom-

pania `isuZus~ (Isuzu) Zravaze muSaobs da

ukrainis gareT, rogorc wesi, `isuZus~

markiT iyideba.

bolo wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda av-

tobusis marSrutebis raodenobac.

samarSruto mikroavtobusi

samarSruto mikroavtobusi, e. w. `ma-

r Srutka~, rogorc kompaqturobiT, ise

momsaxurebis principiT (gansazRvrul

marSrutze moTxovnisamebr gaCereba)

omnibusisa da lineikis pirdapiri `STa-

momavalia~. samarSruto taqsi, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi transportis erT-erTi

saxeoba, jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi gaC-

nda, magram transportis sxva saxeobebs

realur konkurencias ver uwevda. es

gamowveuli iyo `marSrutkebis~ moZrao-

bis arc ise didi sixSiriT da sxva mraval-

adgilian satransporto saSualebebTan

SedarebiT mgzavrobis maRali Rirebule-

biT (20 kapiki 3-5 kapikis nacvlad) da indi-

vidualur taqsisTan SedarebiT naklebi

komfortiT.

samarSruto taqsebis parki, romelic

mTlianad saxelmwifos xelSi iyo, ri-

gis saavtomobilo qarxnis TerTmetad-

giliani mikroavtobusebis `rafebisgan~

(РАФ - Рижская Автомобильная фабрика)

Sedgeboda. maT modifikaciebs saswrafo

daxmarebis da zogierTi sxva saqalaqo

samsaxuri iyenebda. 1990-iani wlebidan

Tbilisis quCebis tipur atributad ukve

kerZo kompaniebis samarSrutoebi iqca.

qalaqSi, sadac sxva saxis sazogadoeb-

rivi transportis raodenoba mkveTrad

Semcirda, maT mosaxleobis did nawils

gadaadgilebis problema gadauwyvites

da am mxriv mniSvnelovani funqcia Sea-

srules.

amasTanave, sxvadasxva markis, teqni-

kurad gaumarTavi manqanebis mozRvave-

bam, marSrutebis numeraciis, moZraobis

ganrigis, mimarTulebisa da traeqtoriis

srulma usistemobam, cvalebadma fasebma,

servisis dabalma xarisxma, quCaSi moZra-

obis wesebisadmi mZRolebis daudevarma

damokidebulebam Tbilisis satranspor-

to sistemaSi qaosi Semoitana. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom `marSrutka~ qveyanaSi 1990-ian

wlebSi Seqmnili mZime viTarebis erT-erT

yofiT simbolod iqca.

18

rkinigza

rkinigzis sadguri (vagzali) qalaqSi

1872 wels gaixsna. Tbilisze gamavali

xazi akavSirebs ara mxolod saqarTve-

los sxvadasxva kuTxes, aramed Tbili-

sis ramdenime raionsac. samwuxarod,

misi arsebobis TiTqmis 140 wlis man-

Zilze rkinigzis Sidasaqalaqo saWiroe-

bebisTvis gamoyenebaze aravis uzrunia.

rkinigzis xazis mimdebare ubnebis misi

meSveobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSireba

sagrZnoblad gauadvilebda cxovre-

bas am raionebSi mobinadre da momuSave

xalxs, gantvirTavda sxva saxeobis

transports da qalaqis gzebs. Tumca

dReisTvis ukve mimdinareobs muSaoba

rkinigzis qalaqgareT, Tbilisis zRvis

meore mxares gadatanaze.

2007 wels, Tbilisis aeroportis axa-

li terminalis aSenebis Semdeg gaix-

sna rkinigzis specialuri xazi, romel-

mac aeroporti Tbilisis centralur

vagzals daukavSira. aseTi eqspresebi

TiTqmis yvela didi Tanamedrove qala-

qis aucilebeli atributia, magram Tbi-

lisSi mgzavrebis nakadi Zalian mcire

aRmoCnda. am xazis momavali Tbilisis

aeroportSi mgzavrTbrunvis zrdasa da

saqarTveloSi masobrivi turzmis gan-

viTarebazea damokidebuli.

misi reformirebis kidev erTi saSu-

alebaa xazis ufro aqtiuri gamoyeneba

qalaqis SigniT, adgilobrivi mosaxle-

obis saWiroebebisaTvis. am mimarTule-

biT pirveli nabiji ukve gadaidga:

2009 wlis 28 oqtombridan aeroportis

eqspresi navTluRSic (samgoris sad-

gurSi) Cerdeba. matarebeli dReSi rva-

jer moZraobs.

kergza (kojris eleqtro rkinis gza)

- ganuxorcielebeli proeqti mTaw-

mindasa da kojors Soris eleqtro-

rkinigzis gayvanis idea, TbilisSi

funikulioris aSenebis ideis msgavsad,

`konkis~ mmarTvels, belgiel inJiners,

alfons robis ekuTvnis. qalaqis TviT-

mmarTvelobasa da belgielTa saaqcio

19

sazogadoebas Soris funikulioris

Taobaze dadebuli xelSekruleba ko-

jris gzis mSeneblobasac gulisxmobda.

sxvadasxva mizeziT es proeqti maSin

ver ganxorcielda. Tumca, gasabWoebis

Semdegac, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

kergzis proeqti jer kidev aqtualuri

iyo. am periodSi ibeWdeboda krebule-

bi, sadac warmodgenili iyo momavali

sadgurebis eskizebi. Zneli saTqmelia,

ra zegavlenas moaxdenda es gza kojri-

sa da misi midamoebis ganviTarebaze.

`mziuris~ monorelsi

1960-ian wlebSi arsebobda Tbilis-

Si (ssrk-s ocamde sxva did qalaqTan

erTad) monorelsis aSenebis gegmebi,

romelic SemdgomSi daviwyebas mieca.

monorelsi aris sayrdenebze gama-

grebuli calrelsiani sahaero gza,

ro melzedac gorgolaWebiT Camokide-

buli vagonebi moZraobs. monorel-

sis gayvanis idea 1982 wels `sabavSvo

qalaq mziuris~ gaxsnasTan dakavSire-

biTac ganixileboda. monorelsi `dis-

neilendisa~ da `msoflio gamofenebis~

futu ristuli garemos aucilebel

atributad iTvleboda. miT ufro didi

iyo misi TbilisSi xilvis survili.

monorelsi parkis erT-erT mTavar

atraqcionad unda qceuliyo, amave dros,

mas veres xeobis rekreaciuli zonis

farglebSi satransporto funqciac See-

Zlo etvirTa - zooparkisa da `mziuris~

teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilebis erT-

maneTTan dasakavSireblad.

metro

Tbilisis metropolitenis mSeneblo-

bis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRes 1951

wlis 29 seqtembers. sagangebo komisiam

SearCia trasa sadgur `didubesa~ da

`samgors~ Soris. daigegma 14 sadguri.

maT Soris ZiriTadad ganisa zRvra erT-

kilometriani manZilebi. 1952 wlis 2

ianvars daiwyo Saxtebis gayvana. mSen-

eblobas saTaveSi Caudga moskovis

metros erT-erTi mSenebeli, inJineri

Salva danelia. 1953 wels (savaraudod,

stalinis sikvdilis, lavrenti berias

daxvretisa da kandid Carkvianis ga-

dasaxlebis gamo) Tbilisis metropo-

litenis mSenebloba SeCerda. proeqti

1960 wels ganaxlda. Tbilisis metro

msoflioSi ocdameeqvse, xolo yofil

sabWoTa kavSirSi meoTxe iyo.

20

1965 wlis 28 noembers, RamiT, meman-

qane noe lacabiZem pirveli sacdeli ma-

tarebeli gaiyvana reisze. 1966 wlis 10

ianvars sadgur `rusTavelze~ sazeimod

gaiWra lenti da Tbilisis metropo-

liteni amoqmedda. matarebelma metros

sadgur `didubemde~ waiyvana mgzavrebi.

11 ianvars dilis 6 saaTidan ki metro

yvelasTvis amuSavda.

Tbilisis metros mSenebloba ramde-

nime etapad ganxorcielda. samuSaoebs

`TbilmetromSeni~ awarmoebda, romel-

sac ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZ-

Rvanelobda inJineri viqtor gociriZe.

1971 wlisaTvis sadgurebis saerTo

raodenobas kidev xuTi daemata: 1967

wels sami - leninis moedani (amJamad

`Tavisuflebis moedani~), `ocdaeqvsi

komisari~ (amJamad `avlabari~) da `300

aragveli~, uSualod 1971 wels ki kidev

ori - `isani~ da `samgori~. 1985 wels am

xazs sami sadguri Seemata: `RrmaRele~,

`guramiSvili~ da `varkeTili~, 1989

wels ki - `axmeteli~ da `sarajiSvili~.

1979 welis 15 seqtembers eqspluata-

ciaSi Sevida metros meore, saburTa-

los, xazi, romelic `vagzlis moedansa~

da `deliss~ akavSirebda erTmaneTTan.

im droisaTvis xazi xuTi sadguris -

`vagzlis moedani~ (amJamad `sadguris

moedani~), `wereTlis gamziri~, `po-

liteqnikuri~ (amJamad `teqnikuri uni-

versteti~), samedicino instituti (am-

Jamad `samedicino universteti~) da

`gociriZe~ (amJamad `delisi~) - Sedge-

boda. 2000 wlis 2 aprils maT kidev

erTi sadguri - `vaJa-fSavela~ Seemata.

mSeneblobis procesSia sadguri `uni-

versiteti~.

sabWoTa periodSi dawyebuli metros

mesame xazis mSenebloba (rusTaveli-vo-

roncovi-elia-vazisubnis monakveTze)

1992 wlidan SeCerebulia.

2005 wlidan mimdinareobs metros sad-

gurebisa da matareblebis rekonstruq-

cia. garda imisa, rom ganaxlda teqni-

kuri infrastruqtura, mniSvnelovnad

Seicvala zogierTi sadguris interie-

ri. miuxedavad imisa, rom TbilisSi met-

ro naklebad gamoiyeneba qalaqis cen-

tris farglebSi gadaad gilebisTvis,

ganapira ubnebisTvis is centrTan da

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis umTavresi

saSualebaa. Tbilisis uaxlesi istoriis

yvelaze mZime periodSi, 1992-1994 wleb-

Si, metroze modioda transportiT ga-

dayvanil mgzavrTa 90%-ze meti. qalaqis

erTiani satransporto sivrce daSlis-

gan maSin swored metrom gadaarCina.

funikuliori

funikuliori (frang. < laT. funicu-lus Toki, bagiri) cicabo ferdobze ba-

giris meSveobiT momuSave transportia.

funikulioris gayvanis idea 1896 wels

qalaq Tbilisis `konkis~ mmarTvelma,

belgiel inJiners alfons robis gauC-

nda. gadawyvetileba TbilisSi funi-

21

kulioris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb qalaqis

TviTmmarTvelobam 1900 wlis ivlis-

Si miiRo. swored maSin moewera xeli

xelSekrulebas belgielTa saaqcio

sazogadoebasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac

es kompania aaSenebda da 45 wlis ganma-

vlobaSi eqspluatacias gauwevda funi-

kuliors, xolo Semdeg usasyidlod ga-

dascemda qalaqs.

sainteresoa, rom Tavdapirvelad fu-

nikulioris gayvanas sruliad praqti-

kuli mizani hqonda. XIX saukunis meore

naxevarSi gadawyda mTawmindis platos

aTviseba. qvemo da axali, zemo Tbilisis

umoklesi gziT dakavSirebis saukeTeso

saSualebad funikuliori miiCnies.

zemo Tbilisis gaSenebis idea rom sak-

maod seriozuli iyo, amas Tbilisis

arqivebSi mTawmindis platos dageg-

marebis dRemde Semonaxuli sqemebi

adasturebs. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, es

gegmebi CaiSala. pirvel rigSi imis gamo,

rom ver mogvarda mTawmindis platoze

wylis gayvana, Tanac am gegmebs dae-

mTxva ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli rev-

oluciuri gamosvlebi. funikulioris

gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoe-

brivi azri gaiyo. qalaqis sabWos sx-

22

domaze erT-erTma xmosanma ganacxada:

`es nageboba gancxromis sagania, TbilisSi

funikulioris gakeTeba SeiZleba maSin,

rodesac igi miaRwevs keTilmowyobas. es ki,

albaT, 1000 wlis Semdeg iqneba~.

magram, winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,

funikulioris aSeneba mainc gadawy-

da. mSenebloba 1903 wlis seqtemberSi

daiwyo. mSeneblobaSi mravali ucxoeli

specialisti monawileobda: proeqtis

avtori frangi inJineri a. blanSi (robis

pirvandeli proeqti uaryves), erovne-

biT poloneli Tbiliseli arqiteqtori

a. SimkeviCi, mSeneblobis xelmZRvaneli

belgieli inJineri i. ragoleri, misi

TanaSemwe, italieli inJineri a. fon-

tana-rosi (romelic funikulioris

mSeneblobis damTavrebis welsve (1905)

gardaicvala da is kukiis sasaflaozea

dakrZaluli).

funikulioris mSeneblobaSi didi

wvli li Seitana niko nikolaZem. swored

misi iniciativiT mokle droSi Ses-

rulda rkinabetonis samuSaoebi funi-

kulioris estakadisaTvis (xidisebri

nageboba, romelzec rkinigza gadis).

funikulioris mSenebloba ZiriTadad

1904 wlis bolos damTavrda (es Tari-

Ri liandagzecaa aRniSnuli). 1905 wlis

24 Tebervals specialurma komisiam

Seamowma funikulioris teqnikuri mx-

are, muSaobis reJimi da misi eqsplu-

ataciis nebarTva gasca. 1905 wlis 27

marts, dilis 10 saaTze, Tbilisis funi-

kuliori sazeimo viTarebaSi gaixsna.

funikulioris pirveli memanqane vaso

yvavilaSvili igonebs: `pirvelad xalxs

eSinoda bagiris gawyvetisa da vagonSi ar

sxdeboda. faetonebiT xalxi mohyavdaT da

fuls aZlevdnen - aiReT fuli, nu geSiniaT,

CasxediTo. mere, xalxi rom SeeCvia, icocx-

le, bileTebze rigi idga.~

funikulioris qveda sadguris

qalaqis centrTan dasakavSireblad

erevanskis (Tavisuflebis) moednamde

tramvais xazi gaiyvanes. Tbilisis funi-

kulioris gzis sigrZe 501 metria, li-

andagis daxris kuTxe - 28-33 gradusi.

funikulioris zeda sadguris simaRle

zRvis donidan 727 metria, qveda sad-

gurisa – 460 metri.

funikulioris pirveli rekonstruq-

cia 1936-1938 wlebSi Catarda. Zveli

sadguris `rotondas~ nacvlad funiku-

lioris zeda gaCerebaze aSenda axa-

li, samsarTuliani Senoba restorni Ta

da ga nieri Ria terasiT (arq. z. qur -

diani, n. qur diani, a. volobuevis Ta-

na monawileobiT). funikulioris me-

ore rekonstruqcia 1968-1969 wlebSi

ganxorcielda. amjerad Zveli qveda

sadguris nacvlad axali Senoba aigo,

Seicvala vagonebis Zarebi. 1989 wels

dawyebuli rekonstruqcia 1992 wels

Sewyda. gaCerebuli, gapartaxebuli

funikulioris zeda sadguris Senoba

Tbilisis omis (1991-92 ww.) umZimesi pe-

riodis erT-erTi yvelaze metyveli

23

simboloa. amJamad mimdinareobs funi-

kulioris rekonstruqciis axali gaWia-

nurebuli etapi. 3

sabagiro gza

XX saukunis Sua wlebisTvis mTawmin-

dis funikuliori veRar audioda qala-

qis mzardi mosaxleobisa da turisteb-

is nakads. 1958 wels daiwyo Tbilisis

pirveli sahaero-sabagiro gzis mSeneb-

loba. is amave wlis oqtomberSi amo-

qmedda. xazi, romelic rusTavelis moe-

dansa da mTawmindis parks akavSirebda,

maSinve Tbilisis kidev erT turistul

RirsSesaniSnaobad iqca. 1990 wlis 1

ivnisis dRis 3 saaTze moxda ubeduri

SemTxveva: sabagiro gzis `rusTavelis

moedani - mTawminda~ bagiri gawyda. ad-

gilze daiRupa cameti, xolo momdevno

dReebSi - xuTi adamiani, aqedan oTxi

bavSvi. daSavda 47 kaci. sabagirom muSa-

oba Sewyvita. Tumca misi aRdgenis idea

drodadro isev ganixileba.

TbilisSi kidev ramdenime sabagiro

xazi aSenda. dRes municipaluri sawar-

mo `Tbilbagirtransi~ oTx sabagiro

gzas ganagebs: delisi - lisis tbis, vake

- kus tbis, universiteti - bagebis da

samgori - vazisubnis.

aqedan delisi - lisis tbisa da uni-

versiteti - bagebis damakavSirebeli

sabagiroebi ar funqcionirebs. vake

- kus tbisa - sezonurad, xolo samgo-

ri - vazisubnis sabagiro erTaderTia,

romelic sruli datvirTviT muSaobs

da dRemde mniSvnelovan satransporto

funqcias asrulebs vazisubnis mosax-

leobisTvis.

sabWoTa periodSi kidev ramdenime

xazis proeqti ganixileboda: funi-

kulioris zeda sadguri - kus tbis,

bagebi – wyneTis, nucubiZis plato -

sairme-baxtrionis da vagzlis gadasav-

leli xidi - lotkinis mTis.

TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo samuSaoebi

veris parkisa da marjaniSvilis moednis

damakavSirebel sabagiroze. veris park-

is aRmosavleT nawilSi (mtkvris mxares)

gada kidebuli betonis ucnauri kon-

struqciebi swored am sabagiro gzis

3 gamoyenebulia mzia qucniaSvilis werilis masalebi (`mudmivi kavSiris samyaro~ #3, 2001 w. noemberi)

24

zeda sadguris dausrulebeli baqnebia.

Tbilisis reliefis Taviseburebebis

gamo sabagiro gzebi qalaqisTvis metad

saWiroa. miuxedavad bundovani perspeq-

tivisa, am saqmis gulSematkivrebi imeds

ar kargaven, rom Tbilisi transportis

am originalur, ekologiurad sufTa

saxeobaze uars ar ityvis da mis ganvi-

Tarebas axali biZgi miecema. 4

transporti dRes

XX saukunis 1960-iani wlebidan saav-

tomobilo industriis ganviTarebam

gamoiwvia mzardi konkurencia sazoga-

doebrivi transportisa da individu-

aluri saavtomobilo transportis

momxreebs Soris. Agasuli saukunis gan-

mavlobaSi ori polaruli azri arse-

bobda sazogadoebrivi da individu-

aluri transportis Tanaarsebobis

Sesaxeb. Aam antagonizmma gamoiwvia sa-

zogadoebrivi transportis rolis

daknineba ara marto saqarTveloSi,

aramed mTel msoflioSi. rig qveynebSi

sazogadoebrivi transporti saerTod

gauqmda. Mmsgavsma radikalurma damo-

kidebulebam Tbilisis msgavsi istori-

uli qalaqebis satransporto sistemis

mdgomareoba daamZima, gadatvirTa ar-

sebuli sagzao qseli, sakmarisi aRar

aris avtosadgomebi, gaizarda munici-

paluri xarjebi axali satransporto

saavtomobilo kvanZebis, estakadebis

asaSeneblad, ramac Sedegad ekologi-

uri da socialuri problemebi moitana.

XXI saukuneSi bevr qalaqSi daiwyo Zve-

li radikaluri poziciebis gadasinjva.

izrdeba ekologiurad sufTa sazoga-

doebrivi transportis roli. igegmeba

Zveli tradiciuli satransporto sa-

Sualebebis – tramvais, sabagiro gzebis

aRorZineba da modernizacia.

bolo wlebSi energiuli nabijebi

gadaidga Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi

transportis mowesrigebisa da mo-

dernizaciis mizniT: mTlianad ganax-

lda avtobusebis parki, sagrZnoblad

gafarTovda marSrutebis qseli; rekon-

struqcia Cautarda metros sadgurebsa

da matareblebs; rkinigzis specialur-

ma xazma aeroporti qalaqis centrTan

daakavSira. am cvlilebebis sxvadasxva

aspeqti kritikas iwvevs, magaliTad,

TbilisSi eko logiurad sufTa, didi

istoriis mqone transportis – tram-

vaisa da troleibusis xazebis gauqmeba

am sistemis modernizaciisa da gafar-

Toebis nacvlad. zogadad ki es cvli-

lebebi mainc dade biTad SeiZleba Se-

fasdes.

4 wyaro: http://www.tavisupleba.org/content/article/1550257. tml

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