' ( ) v Fracta/. . . . " " , , . I ' ( ) : : , v ' ( ) PHYSICS,COMPREHENSIVELYCEUM,CLASS '( ) 2003,2006 : : : . ISBN9963-0-4256-2 : : 1997 ' , , ' , . . , , , . , . . v v ' . , , ' . , - . , , , . , , - , , . . . , , . .1 - -1.1 ............. .. ..................................................................................................... 2 - - - - - - - - VoIta- CouIomb- - - 1.2 ........................ .. ............................... .......... .. ................................................ 27 - - - - - - - - - - Millikan- - - 1.3 l .................................................................................. 60 - ( Gauss)- - - - Gauss- - - - - VandeGraaff - - - 1.4 ..................................................................................................................93 - - 1.5 ........................................................................................................... 97 1.6 ................................................................................................................................99 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .2 2.1 ..................................................................................................................... 152 - - - - - - 2.2 ................................................................................................................ 165 - - - - , - - - - - - - 2.3 ..............................................................................................189 Jou/e- - -2.4 ........................................................... 193 - - - - Kirchhoff - - - 2.5 Wheatstone........................................................... 212 2.6 ......................................................................................................................213 2.7 .........................................................................................................................216 - Faraday -2.8 ..............................................................................................................219 - - - - - 3.1 ............... ......................................................................................................................236 - - 3.2 ................................................................................ 237 3.3 Oersted............................................................... 238 3.4 Laplace.. .............................................................239 3.5 .................................................................................... 240 3.6 .. ........... ........................................................... 243 3.7 .........................................................................................."............................ 244 3.8 .............................................................................. 245 3.9 .................................................... 247 Biot-Savart 3.10 ............ ............................ .............. .................................. 248 3.11 Ampere.... .............. ............. .... ...... ........ ............. .. ................................................249 3.12 .......................... 250 3.13 ..........................................................................................252 3.14 ...................................................... .............................................. 254 3.15 ............. ...... .................................. 257 3.16 ................................................258 3.17 - ......................................................................................260 3.18 ............................................................................................ 261 - - - - 3.19 ................. ........ .................. .......................................................................266 3.20 ..... ....... .. ............ ...... ........................................................... 267 - - .4 ~ l M O H A 4.1 ............................................................................ 286 4.2 ................................................................................................. 288 4.3 ...................................................................................................... 289 - 4.4 ................................................................................................................ 294 - 4.5 ................................................................................................................. 298 4.6 .................................................................................... 298 4.7 ...........................................................................29 - - ---.....111 - - --- , . , . , , . - , , . , . . Vande Graaff , 14000000V . , . 2 1.1 1.1 1.1.1 - 1.1) 1.2) . 600 1.1.2 : 10 ceIIuloseacetate) , 20 1 30 1.3 1.3 3 4 BenjaminFranklin ( 1706 - 1790) duFay 1745 1752, BenjaminFranklin, (6) coulomb C. 1mC =1.1 0-3C 1 =1.1 0-6C 1nC =1.1 0-9C 1pC =1.10-12C Qq) 1.1.3 190 1o-10m. 1897 JosephThomson Thomson 1911, ErnestRutherford 10-14m), Rutherford, 1930, 5 SirErnestRutherford ( 1871- 1937 ) McGi11 Manchester Cavendish Cambridge. Nobel 1908. 6 1.1 1,0073u+e n1,0087u e0,00055 u-e 1u ;1 66 . 10- 27 kg , 1.1. 1.1.4 . : (6) qe q q= qe n= 1, 2, 3, ... 1qe qe. (quarks) , 1.5 1"

/ . cL l 9 1 1.1.6 10 . . , . , . . , . , , , , , , , . . 20 ( ) . . . . , . , , , , , . . . , K Q . . . . . , , . ' , , . , , . . ( . . , . . ) , , . . , . (Si) , (Ge) , (Ga) . . 11 12 c::::::;:= " -------- \ \ 1,10 .. : 1.1.7 1.9) 1.2.1 1.1 1.11 . 13 14 1.12. ------- '--___---' '-------' /

. '--___--' 15 1.1.8 Volta 1775 AIessandroVoIta. 1.13). 1.13. __ r-:: - - -- - - + + + + + + + + ---------------- 1.13 16 CharlesAugustindeCoulomb ( 1736 - 1806) 5'3 q, Q (

.. .l... " ., '" . . . ,,..., .. Coulomb q2 Q ). 1.15 ; 1.1.9 Coulomb ; Coulomb 1785. Coulomb 1.14) F (q1 q2) (r) r\ 1.15). F= q1

r Coulomb(1.1) Coulomb, (1 .1) 1 C 1m. 17 18 1.2 1,0006 2,4 4-8 2,7 80,0 27,0 2,0 , (1.2) = . =1 , , > 1. 1.2. (8. 1.) , - _1_ - 4 (1 .3) (1 .3) (1.1) Coulomb 1q 1 'Q2 F=4 '- r -2 - , (1 .2) F =1q1'Q2 4 - - 2- (1.4) r (1.4) . (1 .1) , q F r , ( , ) . r. F1,2 F2.1 Coulomb) Coulomb 1.1 q1=+5q2=-4 q3=+ 1 q2 q2 q1,(F2,1), q3, (F23) , 19 q, q, F21 q,q, +--F" 1.16 q, 1.16 +q, .. .. F21 +q, q,q, 8()8( r",=2cmr",=6cm 1.17 q, )8 20 Coulomb 1.1). q,q,q3 . ... 9 109.5 . 14 . 10-6F21F'3 F2,1 = q1q2 F2,1 r2 (2 ' 10-2)2 1.17 1.2 F2,1=450 F2,3 q2 q3 F2,3 9 109 410- 6 1010-6 r2 (6'10-2) 2 2,3 F2,3=100 q,q,q3 F2,1 F2,3 ... F q2 F 1,17 F ="F2 1- F23 ,F = 1. 2. 3. 4. 8.1. coulomb(C). 21 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Volta 11 . F- _1_ . q1. q2 - r2 Coulomb) 12. ( = 22 ( ) - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1.18 Cou-10mb. -qo -q +q. 23 -q+q --- 24 . 1. 450." , , . . . . . . 2. 1.19 F , (r) .1.19 3. , r F. r . F . F . L . L . F 4. -q,-q,+q,+q 1.20. -qo 1.21 ___ ---\j/ 1r ,/ = 5. +Q q1 q2, 1.22. q1 q2 q1=-91 q2 q13 q2= q12 q2=3" q19 q2= 25 -- - - > :: . q,+0q, ( > 26 d=40cm R:e \ 1.23 1. q1=+2nC q2=+8nC, e =3 cm qo q1 q2 Q1' 1cm) 2. F 1 =1-1 5mm, F2 =25'10-6 : 5mm, 5,271Q.10C) 3. 1.23) e =40 cm. m=0,19 g=10 Nkg-1) . 1.2 1.2.1 , , , . . . ' , . , ' ( ) ( ) , . . : ( ) , ( ) , ' . . 27 28 --- i' [+qo +Q;/ '"/" F / /

+Q /' F 1.2.2 +qo F 1.24. (1 .5) (1.5) (1.6) 8.1. . C-1. V . m-1 F. F +qo 1.24). qo 1.25). qo = ::::} (6)*" ::::} 1.26) . (1.5) (1.6). 1.27). +Q 29 F +Q +qo r' 12830 4 1 -Q+qo = KQ. r' 1.28 +qo r Q, Coulomb 1.1), (1 .7) (1.6) =L qo (1 .7) (1.8) (1.3) = _ _

- r2 _ (1.8) (1.9) (1 .1 (1 .9) (1.1 r =f =f (r); 1.2 Q1=q2=-8pC r=8cm : +Qo Q1 Q2 (1.9) =45 NC-1 9 . 109 . 8 . 10-12 (4 ' 10-2)2 31 : (,)

q,=-8pC4cm

q,=-8pC - - ) r=8cm 1.29 q, q, +qo < 1.29 32 , r q,450

=32cm 1.29 : +qo 9 109. 8 10-12 (132. 10-2)2 = 22,5NC-1 9 . 109 . 8 . 10-12 (132. 10-2)2 ,-1 = 22,5NC =(22,5)2 +(22,5) 2. +222,5 22,5 auv90 = 31,82NC-1 1.2.3 (1.9). +0 1.31. petri 6mm 1.32. 33 1.30 1.30 1.31 34 ( ) ( ) ( ) \1[[[[[[1 ( ) .1.32 1.33). (6) 35 (1) 36 m,y h 1 = m,gh = m2gh m2 Q 19 h * m, =m2 = gh= 1.34 :J .9 ij+q 8-9- 1.2.4 ) (V) , 1.34). qo, . 1.35). = . (1 .11) (1.11) (6) (1.11) 8.1. joule/coulomb volt(V), 11V = 1J C- ' 37 AlessandroCountVolta ( 1745 - 1827) Pavia. Luigi GaIvani(1737-1798) 38 ) ) +qo. +qo ) ) ) 1.36 ) ) +qo +qo ) ) ) 1.36 1C 1J. V, =106V,1 mV=10-3V. (V=O) 1.2.5 VA Vs V V) = +qo, W W +qo W = (1.12) V__ Woo, A - qo =_ (1 .12) volt 1 J 1 C (1 .13) W 39 40 Vx>Q + V=Q 1.37 V=Q 1.1 (1.13) 1.37) 1.3 =+2. 104V. me =9,11 10-31kg,qe=-1,6 10-19c). 1.12, =_W A,B qo WA,B> W = , ( = WA,B= - WA,B= = WA,B=- =- 1 m q 2e=- e, -2 , (- 1,6 . 10-19) . 2.104 9,11 10- 31 = 8,38' 107ms-1 1.2.6 +0 1,38) +qo r +0, W=, 41 42 V=f(r) \ w- - qo - r (1 .14) (1 ,14) (1 ,15) (1.15) V r V=f(r) 1.39. 1.40 +0 VB =r (VB - V V-V rB rA (1.16) +01 ' +02 -03 1.41) (1.15) 1.2.7 +qo 1.42). 8 8 F F =qo =F . . = F ) =00, =qo . . (1.17) 8 (1.13) , = (1 .17), = =- ( 1.18) 43 1.41 1.42 44 (1 . 18) (1.18) (1.18) dV= - _dV - dx (1.19) gV (1.19) NC' 1) V ' m-1 1.2.8 +qo 1.43. (1.18), = V = = = =- (1.20) (1.20) (1.21) VB = 1.44. 1.2.9 +Q 1.45 - r' 45 ) < +qo - - - ... - - - - - - - - - - .. +qo ) ) ) 1.43 e . 1.45 46 1 ) > :;: m11 ih m= 5, 3.53). =1 m = 5 . m2 (3.1 = m . . = =900=?= m 1Tesla, ih -7 3.54). 317 - =f ' e m=T5 S 3.55 R. 3.56) . 318 """"' 261 -m - ee2 m=S= i-f) , :1-

, \< ..) G(6? , 0-.: ,' ,' -- - - --- - - ----- -- --- - ----- -- " 3.5f 262 n* 3.13 = n* = =. = AWb . m 0,999 1,001 104. 3.57. 263 264 . . ' . . . . . 1) ) ) ) , ) . , . . . 2) . ) ) ) . . , Alnico Ticonal . . . , , Weiss. . Weiss. . 3.58) . 3.58) . 3.59) . Weiss Weiss Curie, Curie 1043 3.60. 265 (Weiss) 3.58

3.59 266 s S 361 Bunsen. 3.19 3.61 3.1 (projects) 3.20 3.62 Laplace, Laplace Hooke, = (3.11) = 3.62 267 268 .C 3.63). Laplace = . . . (3.12) =1) S = (3.11) , (3.12) = S (3.13) ! ' (3.13)i =, rad/ = (3, 13)= = NBS, rad/V. KR v ' =1 V =1 269 1. 2. -'> 3. : 1 m 51 Telsa = . .m-1 4. 5. 5 =. S' 51 Weber (Wb) IWb = 1 m2 6. Laplace F = . F = . q. 7. dB Biot - 5avart dB = id2S 270 8. Ampere: 9. = = r 10. 11'12 F l

- 2nd 11 . (m). m =. S 12. m m' 13. 14. =:0 = . 81 Wb .m-1. 271 -> 15. -> M=v 16. Weiss): 17. ' 18. Laplace 272 +q OUx s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. LapIa:ce 3.64. 8 .8)8 -q ) ) ) 7. 8. 3.65 - S Laplace N-S 9. 3.66 10. 3.67) . 11 . - - 12. 13. 3.68. 273 3.66 274 14. S.I . 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 8 20 1. 2. 3.69 3. 3.71 N-S 4. 1. 2. 3. 1 1 2 2 3 3 1, 2 3. 5. A.Tm 8' - 2 m Wb 'm m m . 6. l 2 275 3.59 3.71 3. 72 276

1/2 7. 3.73 R ' . 2R '" ,1"-.

2R ---7 8. 9. l 1) 2) 3) 1 2 3 8. 2 1 3 1 2 10. )< 37;;. 11. 12. 3.76 277 13. 278 6cm 3.77 D (WJJ/,// ,,,, ,.. 3.78 14. F 2F .9 4F .9 2F .3 4F .3 E.6F 15. 3.77 21 12 cm 12 cm 6 cm 6 cm 4 cm 16. F d F =t(d) F =t( F =t(logd) F =t( d2) 17. 3.78. . . . . . . . . . .. 18. , : . . . . . . . . . . 19. , : . . . . . . 279 280 08 5cm f ...,.... ) 3.81 1. 3.79) 1009 0,8m 0,2 Laplace 2. (g=1m . 5-2). 6.25 3.80 59 5cm. 0,2 Laplace 38,66) 3. Biot-Savart R1 = 8cm R2 = 6cm 1= 3.81) . =4 S m-1) . 6,54.

281 4. d =6cm. d jJ =1 3.82. l=4cm. = 0-7VS m-1). 4,8.

5. 1cm 1 3.83). 1,5 V. =57,50 1,5V = VS m-1). 2.

6. 3.84) d =16cm. ljJ '1 b-d '2=8 d/2 d/2-7e '1' = 10-7VS m-1) . 8 .

2,4.10-4Nm-1) eO 7. 3.85 -- . ) 282 3.86 r 10cm

1

R =5mm. =1 = 10-7VS m-1) . 1,028 m 0,8m 8. 100 0,5m =10-7 VSm-1) . 11 r: 4cm) 9. 3.86 2000 = 10 cm = 3 cm. 0,29 5 cm 3,64 10. 1 cm 30 cm 300 12 S 1 cm 3.87. 1,1810-4 Wb) 11 . 3 .88 Kdl 5 3cm1 6

12. 20cm. 3.89. 2. 10-5 3,95.10-5m-1 71 ,560 5,3.10-5 m-1 450 13. r = 5 10-11m = 0,16.10-15S. : (e=1,610-19 C 10-7 VSm-1) 12,56 7,8510-24m2) 14. =5cm =10cm 10 == 283 284 fl; .... 3.90. = =600. =600. 0,25 m2, 0,1 4,33102 5 10-3. m 2,5.10-3m 8,6610-5 Wb) -------1141....----- . . . ; . . 286 4.1 287 ( ) , , , - , . , , . , . ( ) . (=h ) . , , . Rbntgen, , . , , . , . . , , . , ; 288 4.2 G 1=0 4.1. 289 4.2) Rbntgen 4.3). ; Rbntgen), 4.3 4.3.1 4.4). -----7 G Rontgen. -> G 290 , .( ; ) . . ( ) . . . . , - , , . ; , , W =e (4.1), e . 4.1, . . . , 291 4.3.2 4.5 1 cm 292 4.6 4.4