-

( )

/ /

2002 1

The Research Centre for the Buddhist Culture, National University of Mongolia

Tibet Foundation in London

LUVSANJAVIIN CHULUUNBAATAR (Ph.D)

THE SCRIPT CULTURE OF NOMADIC MONGOLS/Published in co-operation with Tibet Foundation, London/

Ulaanbaatar 2002 2

: . 1. (, , , ) 2. ( //, ) 3. . /, / : , (1206-1368) 1. 2. : XIV-XVIII , . 1. XIV-XVIII 2. , 3. ( ) 4. (- ) 5. , , 6. (XVI II - XIX ) . XIX-XX . 1. 2. , 3. 4. 1990 213 231 240 188 194 206 176 168 147 160 112 98 56 84 11 42 48 5 9

3

ContentsForward Introduction Part one. Scripts` shapes in the cultural history of ancient nomadic people who had been establishing their states in the territory of Mongolia 1. 2. 3. Runi script (Hunnu, Sumbe, Jujan, Turkye) Ancient time`s Mongol script (Ikh Nirun/Jujan/, Uigar) Script which was adapted from Chinese scripts (Sumbe, Kitan) Part two. Scripts and Culture during the Mongolian Empire 1. 2. Mongol script Pagva`s script Part three. Scripts` role in culture and society of Mongolia during the XIV-XVIII centuries 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Development of Mongolian script and its role in history of XIV-XVIII centuries Development of Buddhism and culture in Mongolian land and consumption of Tibetan script Origin of transliteration and its role for development of Buddhist culture (Transliteration of Ayush gsh) Clear script (Zaya-pandita Namkhai Jamts)ndr Gegeen Zanabazar`s Soyombo and Horizontal square script and their

5 9

11 42 48

56 84

98 112 147 160

role in culture and history Composition of Manju script on base of Mongol script and its consumption (The 2nd part of XVI century and the beginning of XIX century) Part four. Mongol script during the XIX-XX centuries and its change 1. 2. 3. 4. Vagindra script and its composer Agvaan Dorj Plan to adapt latin script and its process Adapted cyrillic script and its further development Movement of reusing Mongol script since 1990 and general argument

168 176

188 194 206 213 231 240

Conclusion Bibliography

4

, , , , , , , . - . . , III , , , , , , , , , . . , , ,

. . 5

2000 . , . . . , , , . , . . .

- , . 2002 05- 25-

6

ForwardThe Studies of Buddhism and Tibetan culture in Mongolia carries out research on the contribution of the Mongols to the bigger five and smaller five sciences of the Buddhist philosophy along with the investigation of Buddhism, Buddhist rituals and textology. The Buddhist Research Centre, National University of Mongolia aims at, in all possible ways, to develop and to deepen the studies of Buddhism and tibetology. The script culture of Nomadic Mongolia by Dr. L.Chuluunbaatar presents you some idea on, within the framework of scripture studies, phonemic scripture of the Mongols as early as III BC, changing of script in accordance with the time, the reasons of changing the script, the traditions and modification of over 10 different types of script, the influence of Buddhism and Tibetan culture in the Mongolian civilization through scripts. In terms of textology and scripture studies of Textology, the Tibetan studies in Mongolia rightfully attracts attention of scholars of the world. There is no other nation in the world that used over ten different script at vaious times. The nomadic tribes and states existed for over 2000 years had their own scripts and Buddhism was practized among them. Thanks to Buddhism, Indian, Tibetan and Oriental culture made its way to spread on tha Mongolian soil. Script is a bearer of culture of any nation. Dr. L.Chuluunbaatar wrote and noted that different kinds of script which were used among the Mongols had close relations among themselves in relation to culture, history and religions history. It is important for comprehensive understanding of scripts. Also he pointed out that in the development of spiritual education of Mongols, Buddhism and script influence made their own contribution. It 7

corresponds to aim of the Buddhist Research Center which is aimed to study and develop Buddhist Culture and its progressive heritage, among the Mongols. May the fruits of scholarship flourish!

Dr. N. Khavkh Director, The Buddhist Research Centre, National University of Mongolia 25 May, 2002

8

, , . , , 2000 . , , . . . ,

, 9

. . , . , , , .

. , .

10

: .1. (, , (), ) , .(1) , , . - . - , , , , , , , , , , , .. .(2) , .

11

700000 , - , - - , , - .(3) , , , . . , , , . , , , , , , , .(4) 15000-20000 10000-12000 . . 12

.. ..., ... .(5) , , , , , , . , , . " , , , . . e , , 8 e e .

13

1

2 , // . , , , 14

. ( ) - // . . e . 6 e .(6) IV e . e . e , , .(7) , . , XI-III e e , . , 15

, e e . ee . . e , e e . 162 - ( ) ( ) . , . , .(8) 90- () , , . . 16

. 119 - . 176 . - 112 e , () . . II ( ) . 125 . . . . e . . I : //, , , . - , , , .(9) 17

, . . . . (10) . III . . e e, , e , , 500 . e . 18

. e . , , e . . e . . . e - - . , . e , . , . , , , 19

. .

. . , , . / , / .(11) e , , . . . e . , . e . e e 20

.(12) e e . , , , , , , , .(13) , VI e . . .(14) . , . /VI / .(15) . , , , , .(16) . XVIII e e . E , . - .(17) 21

.

e e e . e : 1. e e e . . e e e . 1 - 18 . 1884 . 19 30 . 1967 . . . B. e : B1-B38 . .e 1971 e ee . B30-B44 . 22

C. : . .e 1971 .

D.e, e :

E. :

23

D, E- . F. :

2. e : G. :

G1-G109 1968 . e . . . . :

24

H. : . H1-H18 . 1966 e . H19-H36 . - . 20 : .

J. . - 8 . .

25

K. :

4-

.

. .

L. . .- - . .- - 26

e 1000 V-X e . 40% .

M. .

1983 e e . e . 1989 . 1987 ., . , e ., . . . 7 e . :

27

/ , , . / e , . / . / / /- , / /- . 4 , - . - . - 16,32 . - e, , , . . . , , , , , e , : - . , , , , , , . 28

, . : - , , , e .(18) . 4 9 . 3. - . N. . - . . .

29

O. :

. . 85% 30

. . . P. : 1972 . e

- . . . . 520- 21 44, 56, 12, 26, 9, 10, 28, 11, 67, 9, 11, 8, 35, 22, 15, 75, 14, 4, 12 . 31

. : - 3000 - e 1908 - - - - e - - - 24 . . I e . , , I-III , /285-370/, /384-409/, /384-394/ , /338-376/, /386-538/, /IVVII / . .(19) . , 32

, . IV-V , , . 118 . , . , . . . //, .(20) , , , , . . . . . , .... // . , , , , / / 33

, . , . , - . . . , , , , . , , . .(21)

VI .(22) . 13 . 1. Kouo-yu che-wou kiuan / , 15 / 2. Kouo-yu che kiuan / 10 / 3. Sien-pi yu won kiuan / , 5 / 4. Kouo-yu wou-ming sseu kiuan / , , 4 / 5. Kouo-yu tchen ko che kiuan / , 10 /

34

6. Kouo-yi tsa wou-ming san kiuan / , 3 / 7. Kouo-yu che-pa tchouan yi kiuan / 18 / 8. Kouo-yu yu-ko che-yi kiuan / , 11 / 9. Sien-pi yu che kiuan / , 10 / 10. Kouo-yu hao-ling sseu kiuan / , 4 / 11. Kouo-yu tsa wen che-wou kiuan / , 15 12. Sien-pi hao-ling yi kiuan / , 1 / 13. Kouo-yo Hiao-king yi kiuan / , 1 / IV, VI - , I-III, IX . VII . . / / . (23) . 97- // . , . IV . . 35

. 425 . . , . 552 , . , . VI 80- , . , . . , , . .(24) (25) . 36

. . - . XVII , XVIII , . .. 1792 . . , . 1870 , . 1871 . 1889 , .. , , , - 37

. .(26) - . . . ... , , , ... , ... , ... - , ... .(27) , . . . ., ,, .-, ., ., ., ., ., ., .

38

.

Western side of the Southern monument to Tonyukuk in Nalaikha Photo by Dagwasambuu 39

1970- . , , , , . 1990 - . - 40 , , , , , . . .. , . . , , 40

. XIII 1686 . 1. , 2. . .(28) . 1999 (Ph.D)- , . , , , -, , , , , .(29) - , (Ph.D) . , - , . , 41

VI , , . . , . 1924 . . . . 2. ( //, ) . 330 555 , , . / . 42

./ , , , . , . , . ... , , . . . 1898 . . // . (452-455) . . , . , , , . . 43

/ / XIII , . . : XIII . . . XIII : , , , .... . . . , . , , . , . 420-478 , , , . , .(30) 44

. , . ... , . , , , , , . , . , ? : , : , . : ? , : , . . 7- . ? . . , , . .(31) 45

.

, , , (? -489) , 3000 (489-589) . .(32) , ., .. , . . 500- .(33) VIII . , , . A , , , . 758 46

- , . . , , , , , , , , . , (Horchos byun) : 700 , , . , , .(34) 500- . , , . . .(35) 47

. , , . 3. . /, / . /424-452/ 425 ... , , : , , . //, //, //, // ... , . .(36) , . . - X XII (907-1125) - , // , 48

, , , , //, , . X . , , , .(37) . X , 942 1078 6 . , . . /920 / , . , , . 925 400- , .(38) , , . 49

, - , , , - , .(39) , , . : . 20 . 1125 , . . , . XIII . (1047) . X-XII . . .(40) 50

51

. (983-1030) 500 , . , , , , , , , , . .(41) IX , , , , . , , .

52

1. .. . ., 1991, .153 2. . ., 1984, . 63 3. , 1996-8-2, N 153/1371 4. .. . .,1991, .119 5. ... . 1984, . 3 6. .. 6-8 . //, 1997, 1 N.01 7. - . .114 8. .116 9. .. , , , , . .,1980. .112-113 10. .114-115 11. ., .. . .,1995. . 80-82 12. F.Altheim. Geschichte der Hunnen. Erster Band. Berlin, 1969, s.283-284 13. .-, , ., 2000, .15 14. F.Altheim. Geschichte der Hunnen. Erster Band. Berlin 1969, s.286-288 15. . . .-, XIII:I,1987, x.180 16. .. , , , , . ., 1988, x.188

53

17. . . . 1996, N.6 18. ., .. , . ., 1987, .84-99 19. .. . ., 1971, .3 20. .106 21. .116 22. ., .. . ., 1995, .74 23. .. . I, ., 1992, x34 24. - ..,1984, .124-126 25. .. . .,1992, . 59 26. .. - . ., 1990, . 5 27. . 7-8 28. .. - . ., 1990, . 73 29. .. . ., 1999. . 30. - . ., 1984, .123. 31. .. . .,1992, . 5253 32. . 54-55 33. .. . Mongolai, Vol 1 (22), 1990 .110 34. ( Rtam din Hor-chos byun)

54

35. Yongsiyebu Rincen. Les inscription inconnues sur pierre et les plaques dor ornamentees du harnais de Toyoucouc. Central Asiatic Journal vol 4, No 4, p 20 36. . 4- 37. - . ., 1984, .136 38. ., .. , ., 1995, . 97-98 39. .. . ., 2001, . 59 40. - . ., 1984, . 37 41. .. . ., 1992, . 34

55

:

, (1206-1368)1. , , , . XIII-XIV , , . , , , , XIII , , . XII , , , , .(1) , , , , , .(2) . , . 56

. , , .

, , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , . 18 .(3) 57

.(4) 19 .

feyodogek

bisirdokek

Fe

.

58

, , - . . . . . , . , . 1205 , , (5) , XIII 59

, (6) , . . - 124 , . : - , : . . . , , , . . , . . 1204 . .. . . .. 1204 , 60

, . , , XIII , .(7) - , 1765 - , , , , (8) . . (9) . . . . , , (10) . , , . , 61

- . 203- , , . . -- . , , . .

. 1210 , , . - , . 62

. . , , .(11) . , . -- , , (12) . , .(13) (14) . 1920- .. . , . . XIII . (15) . 63

, /: , - , ,

f* t FrHt -, - /

., .., ., ., ., . , . , , , - , , , - . . . // .(16) . 1220-1225 . , - .(17) . , , ... (18) . . : (19) . 9 650-700 . V 64 .

65

,

/

Hor- chos byun/ :

700 , , , . , , , (20) . . V . , (21) . . : XIII (22) , . . (23) . , . , , , 66

, , . , , , 5-6 (24) . XIII XIII-XIV . XIII-XIV , , . , . III , 1225 , . 67

XIII . , . IX-X . 400-500 1000 . .., . .(25) . , IX-X . , , . .. . . . . , , , III 68

85-84

971-1125 . . , . , . , . . , , - . (26) . . 69

, . , . IV , , , , . . 1219 , . 1222 4 5- . , . 70

. - . . , , , , , . , . 1206 , . . 1189 . 17 - . - 71

. ,

, . -- . 1206 . .: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (27) . - . . , , , . , 72

. , . . . . , , . 1237 , 4030 , , . . , . , , .(28) 30 . 1234 . 73

. 9 . . , . , 3 /1244/ . . . . . . . .(29) . . .(30) , , . 74

, . , , . . , .(31) . , , , 50 . , , . , , . .(32) , , , , , , , , . , , , 75

? . . , . , , , .(33) . , 1320 , 1326 , 1348 1360, 1351 1363, 1352, 1353 , 1267 1279 , 1289 , 1302 , 1305 , , , . .. . . ., . . , 76

1240 , . .. -

, . , XII-XIV . , --- , , 12 . , , , , , , , , , , - , , , . , , , XIII . 77

XIII , . XIV - , , , , .(34) XIII, XIV , , , , . , , , , . , , 1219 . . ... 78

. 1221 10 , 3 , , 10 .(35) . , . , , . . . . : , , . , . , . , , , 79

. . . . . , , .(36) , . , . , . , . , . , , 80

, . . , , , , ,

hido) t , hidoeeb , hirgeeeb , hiRoHt , cir)t , cirK . hi - , .

cir- - . , XVI-XVII , , . XVI-XVII , , , , . XVI-XVII , , , . XIII , . , . 81

- - , , 11 . 11 9 . XIII , -, , , ., . , , . XX . , , , . XIII, XIV , , , , , . , . 20000 . , , , , , , , , , 82

, . . , , , , , 210 , / / 1917- 1923 . - 14 . , . 1921-1945 . , , , , , , , , , , , . , ,

83

, . 2. : 1260 46 1265 , , . 1294 . , . 17 , , , , . , , . , 35 , . , 84

,

. .(37) . , . / / / / , , , 1264 . 210 . . XII-XIII . , . XIII . /123585

1280/ . /1182-1251/ XIII , - . 18 1253 . . 1258 . , , , . 9 , , , . , . , 86

. , , , , . . , XIII-XIV . , 1269 . . . . , . , . , . , , . . , , 87

.

(38)

. , , , .. . XIII , , , . , , , . 1269 169 1272 , .

88

89

1275 . , , , , . , -- -- 41

.(39) 41 28- . . , . . . . . . 90

.

1839

.. .(40) , , . ., ., .., .., .., .., .., ., .. , ., .. , .., ., ., ., ., ., ., . 1911 .. 41 . - . . 1941 - .(41)

. . ., ., ., ., ., . . ., 91

. . (Ph.D)

, , , . (42) ., ., . . . . , . , . 1271 , , . , , / / , 92

. 100 . : 1. , , , , . 2. , , . 3. . . , , , , , . : 1. . . - /1285-1320/ .

93

2. , , , . , , . 3. , , . 1906 . , . . 4. , , , . 1377, 1382 . , . .

94

1. . ., 1995, .3-7 2. .. . 1206-1260, , ., 1994, .121 3. . . , 1985, , .63 4. .. . / /, 1, 1990 5. . . . , 6. .. . , 1973, .162 7. ... - . .,1964, .89 8. ... Altan Tobchi. XVIII . -., 1970 9. P.Pelliot. Les systemes decriture en usage chez les anciens mongols. AM vol. Secumdum: 1925, p.285 10. .. . , 1972, .18 11. .. . ., 1973, .163 12. .163 13. .163 14. Robert L.Binnick. Modern Mongolian A Transformational Syntax. University of Toronto, 1979, .19-20 15. ... . . 1. , 1939, .740 95

16. . , 1974 17. A.Rona Tas. Some notes on the terminology of Mongolian writing. AON, T18, 1965, p.121 18. .. , . , .5-6 19. Yongsiyebu Rincen. Les inscriptions inconnues sur pierre et les plaques dor ornamentees du harnais de Tonyoucouc. Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 4. No.4, p. 2 20.

21. .. . ., 1971, .113 22. .. . ., 1981, .10 23. L.Ligeti. Le Tabghatch, un dialecte de la language sien-pi. Mongolian Studies. Budapest, 1970, .265-308 24. .. . ., 1986, .3 25. .. , ., 1992, .38 26. .. , , , . ., 1980, .111-112 27. . ., 1995 28. .. . , 1990, .40 29. .. . , 1990, .31-35 30. .. . . /1206-1260/, , ., 1994, .59-60 31. , . . ., 1988, .72 32. ., .. . ., 1997, .54-55 33. .. . ., 1992, .37 34. - . ., 1984, .173

96

35. Joirnal of the American Oriental Society. vol., 83, 1963, No.2, p.234 36. .. . , 1972, .40 37. E.D.Phillips. The Mongols. London, 1969, p.100 38. .. . ., 1974, 12, .3 39. .. . ., 1973, .157-158 40. H.C.Gabelentz, Versuch uber eine alte mongolische Inschrift. ZKM II.1, 1939, pp.1-21 41. .. . , ., 2000. .18-22 42. . .18-22

97

. XIV-XVIII , .1. XVI-XVII . XVII . , . XVII . , , . . , . , . . ,

98

. . , . , , , , . . XVI , XVII . , , , . . /1592-1634/ . , . , . . . , . , . . 99

, . . , , , .(1) . , . , , , , . XVI , XIX, XX , , , . , . 100

, , . , . , . . 204, 205, 220-224- - , , , , , , , 50 . - , , , , , , , . - XIII-XIV , , . XIV -, 101

XVIII , , , , . , . (2) XVII . XVIII , XVIII , 1789 - 1864 . , .(3) , , , , . ..

102

.(4),(5)

103

104

. . 8000 . 90-100 .(6) . , , , , , , , , . . .(7) , , , . ., ., ., ., . . , . , 105

. . , , . , , /, /, /, /, (8), /, / . 1617 , 8 / / 1640 /, / , . XVII , , , , , , . . . 106

.. . , XIII . .(9) . 1906 ,

1911 . 41 . - . 1269 . . XIII , XIV XVIII 1878-1879 XIX . XIII . - 1305 1312 107

1748 . 1330 2000 . . 12 , . XV , , 1708 XIX . 1648 1650-1662 170 . , , , , . , , . /1604-1634/ , , , 50 1629 . / / 100 1717-1720 .(10) 108

. , , . 500 .(11) / / , 3400 . , XIII-XIV XIV . XIV , . XVIII /1642-1714/, /1717-1786/ 200 .(12) 1240 , , 1716 7 1910 . . XVII XVIII , I , . , , . : , , 109

,

, , , . , . , . . , . XIII . , . . XVIII . , , , - . XIX . , , , , , 110

, , . XIII-XVIII XIX . . XVII . , , . . . 1000 , , , 30 . 100 . , . 300 . 1917-1918 . XVII-XIX , 111

, . . XIX , . , . 222 52 560 . XX , 1494 . 2320 .(13) 2. , , , , . , . 40%, 26%, 12.5%- .(14) 2000 . - 420-450 , 3000 112

. . /402-409/ . . 521-524 . V-VI . , , . 552 - . . , .(15) , . , , . , . , . 1260 113

, . , . ,

. , .(16) , . . 200 , , . , . 1576 , , , . , , 114

. 1577 , /1542-1588/ . , , . , . III . , . ... , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , . , 1580-1590- . , , . 115

, .(17) 1586 . , , , . XX 600 , 1000 , 113000 , 160 . XIV-XVII , , , - , . , , . . 1640 , , . . . , . 1650- , , . , , . 116

. , , . . . , . ., ., ., ., ., .. ., ., ., ., ., . ., ., .,

.,

. . . .. , (18) .. 1961 , 117

. .(19) . , 300 . . /1797-1864/

, , 1797 10- 24- 6 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 1831 - , . : , , ,

118

. , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , . . , , . . . . 119

. . . . . XIV ( ) . . , , 25 . , . , 1843 , . , . , .

, 120

, 25 . . , , , , , , , , . , , , . , . 1832 , 98 , , , , , 121 ,

, , , , , . 1835 , 112 -- ( ) . () , , . , , , 107 1846 , . 1848 , 30 , . 122

, . 1857 184 (1478-1554)- - , - . , , , , 12 . , , . , . . , , 123

. () 6 . VI . 1861 188 . , , 6 . , , , , , , , , . 1836-1847 124

, , , . 96 . 30 4 .(20),(21),(22),(23) /1867-1937/

, . / 5 /. . XV 1867 , . , , , , , , , . , 1891 , . ,

125

,

. , . , , , , 1905 39 . 1984 500 , . , XIV . . , . , , . , . . 364 17 , . . 1986 126

. . 1000 / /- , , . . 1910 . , . , . , , , . XIV , . , /VIII/ . // 127

, . , . , 17 , , , , , , , 1919-1931 , . , , , . . - . - . , . . . - 1918 . , - . 128

1924 . 70 , 1937 .(24),(25),(26) . . : /1642-1715/ / /, /1704-1784/ / / , , , , , /XVIII / / /, /1740-1810/ , /XVIII XIX / / -/, / -/ .(27) . . 81- 2- 5- ... ... . 1261 . 129

. , . 70-80 .(28) , , , , , Lingua Franca , . , / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, , / /, / /, / /, / /, //, / /, 130

/ /, //, / /, / /, / / .(29) , . .(30) XIV . . . . - XIV - /1604-1634/ . /1727-1745/ . . XVI 131

1685 . , . . XIV XX ., ., ., ., . .

.(31) , /1836-1894/- , , , , . , 132

- . . , . .(32) . , . , , , . , , , , .(33) XVI . , . . 133

. . , . , , . , 6000 10- , . , . , .(34) , , , , . , , .(35) , XVI , , , , 134

. , , , , . . 5/8 , . (36) . .. . 30 5-6 , . (37) . . , 135

, .

, , , . . - , , . , . , , , , , . 30- . . .(38) .

136

137

(39)

138

.. , ., . . . - . . . . . . , . . . //, //, //, //

. , , , , - . . , , . . ou, u, eu

139

.

,

,

. -

. - . . . , , ,

. . , , , , , , . :

1937

140

. bayisan spas-,ag-san .

-

/--/,

-

/--/

. , . / /- -

. . .

141

:

1937

. . as- , os- , us, es- - . gigu ai-, oi-, ui- .

- ,

- ,

-

.

//-

142

//- -

. : -

, -

,

-

. :

1937

:

. : -, - , - , - , -, -, - , - , - , - ,

143

- , - , - , - , - , - , - , -

.

, , . . , .

144

145

146

3. / / , , , , . , .(40) , . , , , , . , , , . 123 . 147

XVIII .(41) , , . , , XVI 200- . , VI-VII , , , , , , , , .(42) .. 148

. 1720- - . .. : I , . , , - , - , , . 1747 . , , , . , , .

149

. :

A A A A A Aft Ftt It ~t t fit Nt zt fb st fwA F~t pt qt Fh \t Dt st fih Fb Fob Rh rih Lh Lih

A A A A AFwA FwwA Fowa Fowwa

,Ft

AXHt I~t Nit ct ]t [t [~t dt Wt Ft . dt Zt t

wt w~t

Ft . ,Ft Fowwa

dt F~t fowa d~t kst kt vt Nt pt pt

Mt Yt bt b~t Rt wt Lt

wt Lt

Zt

.

:

A A A A

\t Ht Nt jt Ct

Jt ~t Dt Wt

dt

Ot qt pt

Ot jt }t [t wt ot ct ht Yt Rt &t

AFt

.

,

150

-

pt

,

-

pt ,

-

pt

, -

qt

.

//

// -

. , - J- -,

j-

- -

-

j-, - J-,

-

j-,

-

j- .

-

,

-

. , ,

c-

-

-

c-,

-

]-

.

//,

//

151

o- z- c- S- .

. 60 . 30

gt ct jt

.

. :

H-

.

. : , , , , , , , . :

jendea

jedh

. 152

jeKwera

jevb~exa .

,

j-

. . .

p-

q-

.

. . 1961

j-

-,

j-

-

. .

Sroweeit bjea S\evKwa Leeja-

. -

p-,

p-

,

153

. 1967 .. , 1978 . , , 1979 . , 1986 ., . . 1964 .

c-

-,

j-

-

.

.

. 1981 . , 1986 ., . , 1995 ., . .

p- p-

, . . . :

Rjwbcoedempt

.

154

.

. . . 400- , .

. 1960

. , 30 .

. 1961 73- :

\-b t I-b t S-b t F~-b t

H-b t

j-b t

~-b t

d-b t

c-b t

]-b t

C-b t

R-b t

&-b t

Z-b t

o-b t

`-b t

F~b t

SEb t

155

kob t k-b t(

138-

.

. 138-

c- - - j- - . . 1981 .

. . ., . 1986

\ob t \-b t Kbt

) . 156

K-b t H-b t Hobt

~-b t ~-b t

d-b t

]-b t

c-b t

R-b t

&-b t

Z-b t

F~-b t

`-b t `-b t

o-b t

F~-b t

d-b t Rjbt

c-b t

j-b t \ob t

R-b t

&-b t

Z-b t

o-b t kob t krbt

Bwa d~I St d- (

Kb t pybt

/124- /.

) Bwed~iseoewt

. 165-

Bd~isedo

Bwed~isedb t

.

Bwed~isoewt : -

.

DoWa .

. . , , . . : , , , , . 157

. . ., . 1995 - , . , , . .

158

159

4. (- ) XVII . 1635 , . , , , , . , , . , . , , . 164 9- , , , , , , . , , , , , (42) . / / . . 160

, , . , , (43) . , (44) . 164 - .. .(45) 164 , , .. .(46) - , , , . 1642 1645 . . , , , . . , . 161

/1599-1662/ 1648 . . . , . 379 . . . 1650-1662 177 . 37 162

. , , , , - , , . . . .(47) . .(48) , . . , , . 1599 5- . . 17 , 19 . 1616 // 20- 163

, . 1639 1662 , , , , , , . , , , ,, . , 4 , . , , , , , , , , - , , , , .(49),(50),(51) .

164

165

166

167

5.

, , , , . . 1640 , , . . . /1635-1723/ , , , , /1635/ - 9- 25- . 5 , . , . , , . 15 //- , V 168

, . 13 , 20 7 , , 75 , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , . 36 , , . 1686 90 , , , , , , 169

, . , , , , . svayan-bhu . . 1952 . XVII Acta Oriental , , . . 1959 . . 1967 . , . . 1975 . 1981 . 12 170

. . , . , . , . . . . , , , , , . XIV , XVI , XVII , .(52) . .. 1803 171

., , .. . hor-yig 1952 . . 1972 . - . . 1981 . . . , - /1907-11978/ .(53) 1997 . , .

/1878-1961/ , , , , 4 , 9 , 3 , , . 172

. . . , , , , . , , . (54),(55),(56)

173

174

175

6. . (XVI II XIX ) /1115-1234/ , . 1191 . , , , . . 40 /, / . 1196 . .(57) XVII . . 1616-1911 / / . , 159 1634 . . , , , 176

. , . . 1599-1632 /tongki fuqa xergen-I bidxe/ . 4 Corpus scriptorum mongolorum . . /Tom V, 1959/ , .(58) XVII XX , -, -, -, ---, --- , , , . : - , - 21 XVIII .(59) , , , , . 177

. , , . 1767 , 8, 2, 4, 2, 2, 20 . .., - . , , 1898 , , , . // . , , , , , . 41 /1776/ , , 178

. 46 /1781/ , , , . 1785 17 3 .1790 6- 9- , , , . , . 16 /1811/ 14 . /1851-1861/ , 2 , , . 1898 10- 1- , 2 , , , , , , 1898 10- 24- . , , , , , 179

. 1908 8- 16 , , , , , , - ... , - . , // 40 , 14, 13- . 2- , 40 30 2 , 2 . 25 15 17 , , 2 /1910/ , 17 , 30 . 1911 1- 20 , , , 3 , 23 , 220 . 3 /1911/ 180

23, // 10 . 129, // 12 . 7 230 . , . : 1902 , , , , , , , , , , , . 1905 . , // , .(60) . ... , , , , .(61) , , 150- 181

. , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , .(62) , 1911 . , . .

182

183

1. .. . ., 1976, .5 2. .. . . ., 1989, .232 3. .. , . ., 1967, .88 4. .. . ., 1959 5. B.Rinchin. Four Mongolian historical records. New Delhi, 1959 6. .. . , 1993-11-7, 256 7. .. . / / ., 1997, .15 8. .. . ., 1959, .320-335 9. ... . ., 1992, .21 10. .. . ., 1997, .23 11. .26 12. .29 13. .. . ., 1965, .5-14 14. . , 1983, .3 15. .. . . ., 1989, .76 184

16. .. , . ., 1987, .195-196 17. ., .. , . ., 1997, .114-115 18. ... . , , . II, 1920 19. ... . , 1961, .35 20. .. . . , ., 1978, .40-50 21. .. . ., 1995, .7 21. . I , ., 1995, .494 22. .. . ., 1998, .154-155 23. .. . .1-44 24. . . . 25. . / /, N. 227, 1996 26. .. - , . ., 1977, .28-29 27. .. . ., 1991, .18 28. ., .. . ., 1990, .30-37 29. .. . ., 1991, .20 30. ., .. , ., 1990, .30-37 185

31. .. . ., 1991, .18 32. .. . , . .,1998, .37 33. .. . //. 1990-3-18, 59, 34. . ., 1997, .28-29 35. ... . . , 1967, .1-2 36. .. . ., 1969, .5 37. . ., 1966, .426 38. .. . , 1982, .1966-1969 39. .. . ., 1991, .12 40. .. . , XVII , 1-20 , .40 41. .. . ., 1964, .99-102 41. ... - 1640 , - , -. , 1880, .2 43. .3 44. .4 45. ... . , 1964, 186

.176-177 46. .177 47. . ., 1959 48. . ., 1959 49. .. ., 1995, .67 50. .. . / /, 1998, N. 26-27 51. . II , ., 1977, .250-252 52. . , 1998, ., .11-12 53. .. . ., 1981, .98-110 54. . I , ., 1996, .499 55. .. . ., 1995, .48 56. . , , , ., 1998 57. ., .. . .,1995, .60 58. .64 59. .. , . ., 1967, .89 60. . 17761911, , .,1965, .4-7 61. .10 62. .. , 1691-1911, .,1964, .68

187

. I- .1. XIX XX .., .., ., , . - .(1) . , , , , , , , , .(2) , .(3) /1854-1937 . / - 1853-1938 / , , , 14 188

18 1876 , , 1888 , 1889 XIII , . , , . . . , , , 1921 , . : 18 189

. 53 1905 , , . . . , , , .(4) , , , . , . , , , . . 1905-1910 - . , 190

, . 1908 - - . , . . . , 33

, 1907 20- . // . . , , . . , .(5),(6),(7)

191

192

193

2. , 1911-1912 200 , . : , . : - , , : , , , , , , , : , , , , , , , .(8) 1911 5 , 5 , . 2- 1500 . 1912 , 194

. 1913 3- 5- , 1915 9- 1- . . . . , , , , , . 1918-1919 11 . . , , , .(9) , , .(10) , . , . 1914 - , , . 195

. , / 52000 / . , , . 1912 3- 24- , 47 . , 60 .(11) 1921 . 1911 - . : ; : , , ; - , . 1911 1921 , , , . 196

, 1921 .(12) 1921 8- 14- , . 1921 11- - . 1925 - IV - . . ., , . , . . , . , . 1920- , 197

. . , - . , , , , . 1930 , , , , -, , , , , , , , , , ., -, , 30- , . , , , . , . ., . , . IV . 198

VIII, IV , . , , , , , , . , , , , , 1930 VIII , . . . . 1930 10- 17- 66- 199

, . 26 , . 1931 1-

, . , . - , , , 1931 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1931 11- , , , , 1932 5- 1 , 1933 5- 1- . 1932 4- 13- . , - 200

. , - - . . - 1932 7- . , . , 1932 11- 1- , . . . 29 . . 1934 . .(13) 1932 r suraad busadiig surga

201

. Aa, Bb, Gg, Dd, Z, , Ii, Ll, Mm, Nn, , Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Yy, Kk, Cc, , , Ee, Jj. . : Aradiig Gegeeryylke Jaama, biyede kyregsediig surgaka, Kuuin ine yseg kabsarsan 5 daki keblel, sedkyyl, sain . , . - j- . . : Jma, Tujaa . i- . : tariaanar, Proletarinar . . . . - 1935 3- 11- 10- , , , 202

, , . 1936 - , 8- 14- , . , . , , . 1932-1940 . - 1936 2- 10- 46- 1936 , 1935-1937 20000 . , , . - 1937 10- III 203

. 1940 - X, VIII , . - 26 . 1940 5- 3- - - , . - , X . . 1940 6- 16- - , , . 1941 5- 15- 1944 1- , 1944 1- . 1940 7- 26- . ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .,

., , . 17 .

204

1941 2- 21- - XVII/XIII . . , .

29 , 1941 3- 20- - . ., . . , . 1941 3- 25- , XV/XVIII , , // . . . - . - , , 205

, , . , . . . 3. 1941 3- 25- , XXV/XVIII , , // . . 1941 4- 25- , 4- , 258 . 1941 5- 9 , XXV/XXVII 5 , , , , . , , , , 206

1, 2 1941-1942 , , , ., . . 1941 5- , 1941 11- 19- , . . 1980- ? . . . , , . . . , . . . . , . . 80- 1941 . , , 35 207

. . : , , , , , , , . , , , . - . : , , . , . : , . . , , , , , . . .

208

W

-,

-

d -, - io , ,

Fw

-, -

-

j-

-, -

[- -, - \q-

, -

-, -

-, -

D-

-, -

]-

-, - , -

Fio Fioi

. , 1-19 , , , , , , , , . 1945 65 . 1945 5- 8- - 209

1945 10- 1- . 1946 4- - 1947 16-4 , . 5-6 . 1947 7- 14- , , , , . 1941-1948 6147 . 1949 12- 1- - . 55 45 , 195 7- 1- , , , . . , , 210

, (14) , . , . : . , - . , , . , . . , , . , . . , 211

XXI . , . , , , .(15) . 1500 . , . 1970 - . , , . . , . . 212

. , . 4.1990 1941 , . 1990 , . . , . 1962 - III . : .

, , . . . . , .(16) 1980- 213

, . 50- 7, 8- , . 1970- ., . 1986 ., . , , , , - . , . , . 1990 . 1990 6- 285 1990-1995 , . . , , , . 1941 , 214

. (17) . . , (18) (19). , . .(20) 1990 1991 . , .(21) . , .(22) , . 21 . 1991 , 215

1994 36- . 1991 6- 21- - 186- . ., . , .

., ., ., ., ., .-, ., , ., . . : 1991-1993 , , , , , , , 1992 , ,

, , , , 1992-1993 , 216

, , , , .(23) 1991 . . 1000 . - ., .- . 1991-1993 . . , . 1993 . , , . , , . . , , 217

. , /, / . , , .(24) 1941 , , . . . . , , , , , . 218

, . . 1993 . , . 1994 , , , , . , , . 1994 3- 16- 64 . : , , 1994 , 1995 , 16-49 1995-1996 , 1994 , I-IV , V-X 219

, , , , , , , , , , 1994 , , . . . . . . , 220

64- . 1994 - 66- . . , , , , . . , .(25) , . , , , . . , , . . , , , 221

. 50 . , , , , , , , , . . , . 50- , . XX . . , , . 1953 . , . , , 222

. . XIII - - . . . 70 1948 . . , , . . . . . . . . . 30000 8000 . 1000 85 223

. 1000 800 . 120000 60000- . 60-70 20 . . . . , , . . ? . 1990- , , , , . 70,80224

; - : - . , . , . . , , - .(26) , . , , . . , , .(27) , .

225

, VIII , XI . , . (28) . . XVI , .. .(29) , . , , , . 226

, , , . , , . . . , , , , , ,

, , , , , . , , 227

, .(30) , . , . . , , , , , . . , ? , . .

228

1. .. . , 1972, .95-97 2. - . II , ., 1968, .591-592 3. ., .. . -, 1997, .23 4. .. . , ., 1964, .160 5. .. . ., 1981, .113 6. .. XIII . . , 1996, .8-9 7. . (XVIII - XX .), -,1997, .91-95 8. .-, .. . ., 1996, .13-15 9. - . II , ., 1968, .590-591 10. .. . ., 1965, .5-14 11. - . II , ., 1968, .588-589 12. .-, .. . ., 1996, .29-30 13. . ., 1996, .225 14. .. 2, 426. 25- 15. ., .. . //, 1990-3-3, 53 16. .-. . / /, 1990-2-9,7 229

17. .. . / /, 1990-29, 7 18. .. , . / /, 1990-2-9, 7 19. .-. . / /, 1990-2-9, 7 20. . , .. . //, 1990-3-3, 53 21. .. . / /, 1990-3-23, 13 22. .13 22. - , . - . 1991 , .320-323 23. . . / /, 1993-6-1-10, 14 25. .. . ., 1981, .5 26. .. , . / /, 1999 3- 27. .. . , . .,1998, .40 28. .. . ., 1991, .137 29. ... .1987, .67 30. .. . , . .,1998, .42-43

230

, , , . ( VI XII ) , . , , //, . , . , . , , . // , . . , 231

. , , . 2. , , . XIII . , . , , , XIII . : , - , . . 3. XVII , 232

, . . . , , , , . , . , . , . , , , , , . , , . , XVI 233

. : , , , , . , , . , , . , , . . 1911 . 4. , , . , , 234

,

. , . , , , , , , . . , . 5. . 6. , , . . 7. ,

235

, . 8. , . 9. , , , .

236

HUNNU

SIYAMBI

Runi

Siyambi

Chinese Sogd Runi

Chinese

JUJANSogdMongol script

TUREG

Runi

Brahma Runi Chinese Mongol

UIGAR

KIDAN

Mongol Uigar

Siyambi

Brahma Runi Mongol

Chinese

237

MONGOLIAN EMPIRE

YANI DINASTY

Mongol

Pagva`sscript

Chinese Latin Chinese Arabian

Mongol

Tibet

Arabian

XVII-XX centeries MONGOLIA

ALI GALI 1587

Mongol Soyombo Vertical square script

Transcription, Transliteration

Mongol

Tibet

Sanskrit

Tibet

Sanskrit

JUNGARY

CHIN DINASTY

Clear script

Manju

Mongol

Mongol

Tibet

Sanskrit

Clear script

Chinese

238

MONGOLIA 1911-1941

BURIYAT 1905-1930

Mongol

Bagindra Mongol Cyrillic Clear script Latin Cyrillic

Latin

MONGOLIA 1941-

Cyrillic Mongol

Cyrillic latin

239

, . 1. . . 1998 2. . , . / /, 1990-2-9, 7 3. . . I, II . ., 1967 4. . 1996-8-2, N 153/1371 5. . . .-. XIII:I,1987 6. ., . . ., 1990 7. . . . 1990 8. . - . ., 1984 9. . . / /, 1993-11-7, 256 10. . . / /, 1998, N. 26-27 11. - ., . . ., 1996 12. ., . . ., 1995 13. . - , . ., 1977 14. - , . - . 1991 15. . - . ., 1990 16. ., . . ., 1997

240

17. . . / /, 1990-3-23, 13 18. . XIII . / . /, 1996 19. . . / /, 1993-6-1-10, 14 20. . . ., 1995 21. . . .,1998 22. . . ., 1973 23. . . . /1206-1260/, , ., 1994 24. . 6-8 . //, 1997, 1 , 01 25. . . ., 1986 26. . . ., 1959 27. . . ., 1957 28. . . ., 1961 29. . . ., 1980 30. . . , ., 1997, .15 31. , . . ., 1988 32. . . . . ., 1978

241

33. . , . ., 1987 34. ., . . //, 1990-3-3, 53 35. . / /. 227, 1996 36. . . //, 1990-3-18, 59 37. . , . ., 1975 38. . . / /. .6. facs.6 39. . . ., 1966 40. . . , 1990 41. . 17761911, . .,1965 42. , 1911-1920, ., 1966 43. . ., 1966 44. . ., 1984 45. . / / 46. . . . . ., 1947 47. . ., 1996 48. . I , ., 1995 49. . II . ., 1977 50. . ., 1995 51. - . . / /, 1990-2-9, 7

242

52. , . , . ., 1987 53. . , . ., 1967 54. . . ., 1956 55. . . 1691-1911, .,1964 56. . 1996, 6 57. . , ., 1978 58. . . SM. T.1, facs. 25, ., 1969 59. . . ., 1959 60. . . SH.1965. V . 7- 61. . . . SM. .3. facs.13. ., 1962 62. . , . / /, 1999 3- 63. . ., 1959 64. .. , . / /, 1967 65. . , . . 1956 66. . . ., 1964 67. . . , 1985 243

68. .. . ., 1992 68. . . . , 1996 69. . . ., 1965 70. . . , . .,1998 71. . , , , , . .,1980. 72. . . ., 1988 73. . , , , . ., 1971 74. . . ., 1983 75. . . I, ., 1992 76. . ./Mongolica/. Vol. 1(22), 1990 77. . . - . 1967. 2 78. . . 1969. .7.17 79. . . /- /. 1969. 2 80. . . / /. ., 1989 81. . ./ /, 1, 1990 82. . ., 1997 83. . . ., 1992 244

84. . . / /. ., 1989 85. . . / /, XVII , 1-20 86. . 1990-3-23, 13 87. . . /, , /, ., 1998 88. . . /SM. T. 9. Facs/. 15. 1982 89. . . ., 1976 90. . XIII-XIV . SLL. T.2 / / f.10. ., 1964 91. . . ., 1997 92. . . ., 1959 93. . . ., 1993 94. ., ., ., . . I, II . ., 1999, 2000 95. . . / /, 1990-2-9 96. . I , II ., 1996 97. . . , ., 2001 98. . - . - . 1983 1, 2 99. . . - . 1989 6, 100. . . - , 1990 , 2 245

101. 102.

. . 1989 . . , . 1992, 2

103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109.

. . - 1989.1. 24, 1 . . / / 1998.2.10-20 . . ., 1991 . . ., 1981 . . ., 1938 . . , 1968. 2 . ., 1995

. 1. . . , , ... ., 1973 2. .. . -, 1967 3. ... Altan Tobci. XVIII . -., 1970 4. . . . . ., 1955 5. .. .. . . ., 1962 6. . (XIII-XVII ). ., 1978 246

7. . - 8. .. . . ., 1981 9. .. . ., 1987 10. .. / /. . . II, 1920 11. .. XIII . / /. ., 1931 12. .. . ., 1939 13. .. . ., 1983 14. .. - 1640 , - , -. -., 1880 15. .. . ., 1977 16. .. - (1853-1938). ., 1991 17. .. . ., 1964 18. .. . ., 1965 19. . . ., 1972 20. ... . ., 1983 21. .. . ., 1983 22. .. . ., 1984 23. .. . ., 1993

247

24. .. . - . -., 1941 25. .. -. . I-II, -., 1938 26. .. - 30- . / /. -., 1989 27. .. - - XVIII . ., 1981 28. .. . / /. II. -., 1941 29. .. /1289/ /1305/. / /. 1949. 6 30. --. . 1,2. ... ., 1960 31. .. . ., 1961 32. . (XVIII - XX .). -.,1997 33. . ., 1974 34. .. . .,1964 35. .. . ., 1960 36. .. . ., 1934 37. . . ., 1970 38. . . / SM. 1970. .8.f.9/ 39. - .. . / /. 1980

248

40. ., . . ., 1997 41. .. . ., 1928 42. .. . ., 1987 . 1. Altheim F. Geschichte der Hunnen. Erster Band. Berlin, 1969 2. Bawden Ch. Modern History of Mongolia. L., 1966 3. Ligeti L. Le Tabghatch, un dialecte de la language sien-pi /Mongolian Studies/. Budapest, 1970 4. Pelliot P. Les systemes decriture en usage chez les anciens mongols /Asia Major/, vol. Secundum, 1925 5. Phillips E.D. The Mongols. London, 1969 6. Poppe N. The Mongolian Monuments in Phags-pa script. Second Edition Translated and Edited by John R.Krueger. Wiesbaden 1957 7. Rinchen B. Four Mongolian historical records. New Delhi, 1959 8. Robert L.Binnick. Modern Mongolian. A Transformational Syntax. University of Toronto, 1979 9. Rona Tas A. Some notes on the terminology of Mongolian writing /Acta Orientalia Hungarica/, t. 18, 1965 10. Shiro Hattori. The Mongolian Monuments found in Olon-Sume. /The Toho Gakuho 11/. Part 2. Tokyo, 1940 11. Yongsiyebu Rincen. Les inscription inconnues sur pierre et les plaques dor ornamentees du harnais de Toyoucouc /Central Asiatic Journal/, vol 4, No 4 12. Kenneth Katzner. The languages of the World. London, 1999

249

. 1. . . I, II . ., 1967 2. Rtam din Hor-chos byun

3. . 4- 4. . . 5. . ., 1996 6. . I , ., 1995 7. . . . 8. . ., 1959 9. . . I, ., 1992 10. . . . . . 1. . . . . . ., 1982 2. . . . . . ., 1976 3. . . . . . ., 1999 4. . , ...., 2000

250

. 2002 05- 25 6090 15,6 1000

- .251

- 1952 . , 2 , - - - . , , - . I,II ; , I,II 30 , , . 6 , . , , - , , , 1981 .

252

253