محركات الديزل
Transcript of محركات الديزل
א ثقل ١٧٢
אאא א
אאאאאאאא
FFEE
١٢٣١٢٣
א ١٧٢ א
אאא א
،،אא،אW
א א א אאאא א אאא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אא؛אאאאאא
אאK
אאאאאאא א ،א אא
א אא א א ، א אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאא،אK
K
א א ?א J ? ?א אא?אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא
،א،אאאאאאאאאK
א א אא؛אK
אאאא
א ثقل ١٧٢
אאא א
אאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאאאKאא
אאא،אאKאאאאאK
אאאאאא،אאKאאאאא
،אא،אאאא،אאא،אאא،אאאK
אאFEFאאאEאאאאאא،אאאK
אאאאאW
אאאK
אאאאאK
אאאK
אאאאK
אאאK
אאאאK
אאאאאK
אאאK
אאאאK
א ثقل ١٧٢
אאא א
אאאאאאאKאאK
אא
אא
א
א
١
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١ -
אא אא
Lא
אאW ١- א
E FEK EFאאEK ٢- אWF١ J١E
EאFאאKE EאFאKE EאFאKE ٣- אWF١ J١E
EK EK ٤- אWF١ J٢E
EאK EFVKE EאK
EאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢ -
٥- FEאWF١ J٣E EFI KE EFL KE EFFE K EFTKE
٦- FEאWF١ J٣E
EאK EK
٧- FEאW
EאK EK ٨- אW
E١٠٠٠אK Eא١٠٠٠ J٢٥٠٠אK E٦٠٠٠אK
٩- אאW
EK EאאK EK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٣ -
אFE
אFE
א
F١ J١E
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٤ -
F١ J٢E
١- אK ٢- VK ٣- אK ٤- אK ٥- אK ٦- אK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥ -
LI
TF
F١ J٣E
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦ -
Lאאא אאW
١- אW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאKK
٢- אאW אאאאאא
אאK
٣- אאאW אאאאאK
٤- אW
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧ -
אאW ١- אאאאאא
אאאK ٢- אאאאאא
אK ٣- אאK ٤- אאאאאK ٥- אאאאK ٦- אאאK ٧- אאאאFKE
אW ١- אאW EאאאK EאאאאאאאK EאאאWאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאK ٢- אאאK ٣- אK ٤- אאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٨ -
אא
אא ١ J٢ J٣ J٤ J٥ J٦ J٧ J٨ J٩ J١٠ J١١ J
אאK אאאאK
אK אK
אK אאא
אאאK אאאאPmaxK
אאאאK אאאאאK
אאאK
١٠٠٪ ٤٥٠ J٥٥٠K
J٢٥K ١W٦–١W١٢
٤٠٠ J٦٠٠K٣٠ J٦٠
٢٠٠٠ J٢٥٠٠K٧٠٠ J١٠٠٠K
٧٠٪ ٣٥٠ J٣٨٠
٥٥١W١٤ J٢٢W١
٧٠٠ J٩٠٠ ٦٥ J٩٠
٢٠٠٠ J٢٥٠٠٥٠٠ J٦٠٠
אאאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٩ -
אא א
LאאאFour-stork Diesel cycle אאאאא
אאK אאאאW
١- אWאאאK
٢- אWאאאאא Eא١:20אאאK Eא١:18אאK Eא٣٠ J٥٥K Eאא٥٠٠א J٧٥٠K
אאאאK ٣- אWאאאאאFאאEK ٤- אWאאאאאK
F١ J٤Eאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٠ -
Lאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אא٥}١٤W١אK אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אW ١- אאאאא
אאאאאאא٩٠٠אK
٢- אאאאK ٣- אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא
אאאאא٢٠٪٣٠٪אאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١١ -
Lאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאW ١K אK ٢K אאאאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאאK ٤K אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK אאאW
JאW אאאאאאאא
אW ١K אFKE ٢K אאאאW Fא–א–א Jא JאKE ٣K אאK ٤K אאאאK
JאאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK FאאאKE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٢ -
JאאW אאאאאא
אK JאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
٧٠٠אאאאאאאאאאאאא
א،אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK JאאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאK
JאאW אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٣ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
F١ J٥EאאאK
אאא
F١ J٥EאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٤ -
אא אאא
١KאFאECYLINDER HEAD
אאאאאאאVאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאאאא،אאא
אאK
F١ J٦EV
אאא
אאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٥ -
١ JאK٢ Jא ٣ J٤ Jאא ٥ Jא٦ Jאא ٧ Jאאא٨ Jאא ٩ Jא١٠ Jא
١١ Jא١٢ Jא ١٣ Jא١٤ Jאא ١٥ Jאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٦ -
٢Kאvalves Wאאא
FאEאאאאאאFאאאE
אאאאFEאאFEאאאאאאאא
אאאK
١ J٧Eאא ١ Jא٢ Jאא ٣ Jאא٤א Jאא ٥ Jאא٧ Jאא٨ Jא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٧ -
٣Kאא אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאWאאאאא
١ JאאDIRECT INJECTION CHAMBERS ٢ JאאאTURBULENCE CHAMBERS ٣ JאאאPRE- COMBUSTION CHAMBERS ٤ JאאאאאAIR CELL CHAMBERS
F١ J٨Eאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٨ -
אאאאאאא
אאאאא،אאאאFAEאא
אאאאאאאK
אFBEאאאFCEאא
א אאאW
١ JאאK ٢ Jאאאאאא
K ٣ JאאK ٤ JאאאFאKE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ١٩ -
٤KאINTAKE MANIFOLD
אא?אאאאאא?אK
אאאאאא)(Lאאאא(E) אאא)(VKאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
F١ J٩Eאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢٠ -
א אאאאFE
אאFאEאאאא
אאאK אאאא٣٪אאא
אאאאא،אאאאאאאא،
אאאאא،אאאאאא
אאאאאאא،אא
F١ J١٠Eא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢١ -
٥KאPISTON אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא،אא،אא
،אאאאאאאאאאא،אא
،אאא،אאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאאא،אאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אא
F١ J١١Eא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢٢ -
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אאאאאא،אאא،אאאאאא
אאא،אאאK
F١ J١٢Eאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢٣ -
٧KאCRANKSHAFT אאאאאאאא
אאאK אאאאא،א،אא،אאאא
אא
F١ J١٣Eאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢٤ -
٨KאFאECAMSHAFT אאאאא،
אאאALLOY STEEL?א?אאא
אאאאאאא א،אאא
אאאאאאאאאא،אא
،אאאא
F١ J١٤Eאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢٥ -
אאFLYWHEEL
אאאאא،אאא،אאאאא
א،אאאFאאאEא،אאאאא
א،אאאאאאאאא،א،
אאאאאאK
F١ J١٥EאאF١EאאF٢E
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٢٦ -
אאאאאא
אא
א
א
א
א
א
א
٢
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٢٦ -
אא א
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאW
W אאW
١ JאK ٢ JאאאאK
W אW
١ JאK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאK
אאאW ١ JאאK ٢ JK
W אW
١ JאK ٢ JאאאK
אW ١ Jא
FאאאאE אאאK
١٧٢ א אא
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- ٢٧ -
٢ JאאאאK ٣ JאK
אW ١ Jאאאאאאא
אאאאK ٢ JאK ٣ JאK ٤ JאאK
אW אאא
אא F٢ J١EאK
אאאאאאאאK
W אאאאאאאW
١ JאK ٢ JאאאאK
אאW ١ JאאK ٢ JאK
F٢ J١EאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٢٨ -
א
אאאא אאK אאW
١ JאF٢EIn-line pump system K ٢ JאאF٣E The distributor pump system K ٣ JאF٤EThe unit injector fuel systemK ٤ JאF٥ECommon rail systemK ٥ JאF٢E.Electronic Diesel Control
F٢ J٢E
F٢ J٣EאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٢٩ -
F٢ J٤EK
F٢ J٥EK
F٢ J٦EK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٠ -
אא אאאא
١ JאW W
אאאאאK אW
EאK EאאK EאK EאאאK
EאאK EאאאאאK
٢ JאFאא JאאWE W
אאאאאK אW
EאאאK EאK EאאK EאFאאKE
EאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣١ -
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٢ -
٣ JאW אאאאאאKF٢ J٧EאאאK
אאאW
• אאFא٠٠١}٠KE • אאאאאK • אאאK
F٢ J٧Eאאאא
١ JאK ٢ JאK ٣ JאאK ٤ JאאK ٥ JאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٣ -
אאW
١ JWK ٢ JאאK
אאאW :ُمسخن الوقود ) أ
אאאאאאאאאH٥H١٥אאאF٢ J
٨EאPTCK :ُمبين مستوي الماء الكهربي ) ب
אאאאאאאאK
F٢ J٩E
F٢ J٨E
١ JאאK٢ JאK٣ JK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٤ -
٤ JאK٥ JאK
F٢ J٩E
١ JאאK ٢ JאK ٣ JK ٤ JאK ٥ JאK
٤ JאW אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאW
• אאK • אאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٥ -
אK
אאW ١ Jא FאאאאKE ٢ J FאאKE
F٢ J١٠EאאK
אאאא
K ١٣٠K אK
אK אאאK
K ١٨٠٣٠٠K
K ٣ ٩ K
אאאא
אאאאW אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK אאאאאאאא
אאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٦ -
F٢ J١٠Eאא
١- אאK ٢- אא ٣- אאK ٤- אK ٥- אK ٦- אאK
٧ JK ٨ JאאK ٩ JאK
١٠ JאK ١١ JאK ١٢ Jאא
אK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٧ -
٥ JאGlow Plugs : אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK אאאאאאאאא
אKאאאF٢ J١١KE
F٢ J١١Eא
W
אאאאאאK אאאאK
א٤٠٢٠،אאא אאK
אאW
١- K ٢- K ٣- FאKE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٨ -
F٢ J١٢Eאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٣٩ -
אא
شمعة تسخين قضيبية سلكية شمعات تسخين
F٢ J١٣Eאא
١- ٢- אאאK ٣- אK ٤- אאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٠ -
٥- K ٦- אFאKE
אאא
F٢ J١٤Eא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤١ -
F٢ J١٥Eא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٢ -
٢ JאW אאאאאאא
٢ bar ) J 5 barEאאאKאאאW
١- אא EKEK ٢- ٣- א ٤- א
אאאא١KאאאאW ١KאאאאW
F٢ J١٦Eאאאא ١K٢Kא٣K
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٣ -
אאאאW
אאW ١ JאFאאאKE ٢ JאאאK ٣ JאK
WאW
אאאאאאאאW
١ J אFaE ٢ J אFbE
אאFאאאאאEK
WאאW
אאאאאאW
١ J אFaEאK ٢ J אFbKEאאא
אאאK
WאW אאאאא
אאאFאאEאאאאאאא
אFאאEF٢ J١٧KE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٤ -
אW
אאאאאאאאאאKאאW
١- אאאאFKE ٢- אאאאFKE ٣- אאאאאK
אאאא אאא אאא
F٢ J١٧Eאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٥ -
٧Kאא אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאWאאאאא
١ Jאא ٢ Jאאא ٣ Jאאא ٤ Jאאאאא ١Kאא אאאאאא،א
אאאאאFAEאאאאא
אאאאK אFBEאאאFCEאא
א אאאW
١ JאאK ٢ Jאאאאאא
K ٣ JאאK ٤ JאאאFאKE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٦ -
F٢ J١٨Eאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٧ -
٢KאאאאW אאאא،א
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאK
F٢ J١٩Eאאאאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٨ -
٣KאאאW אאאאאWאWאא
KאWאאאאא،אאאאאא٣٠٪٤٠٪אא
K אאאאW
١ Jאאא ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאאאאאK ٤ JאאK
F٢ J٢٠Eאאא
١Kאא٢K٣K٤K٥K
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א אאא
- ٤٩ -
٤KאאאאאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא
אK
F٢ J٢١Eאאאאא
- ٣٦ -
אא
אא
א
א
٣
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٠ -
אא אא
אאאאאאא
אאאK،אא،א،א،אאא
،א،א،אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאKKKKKאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאV אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥١ -
F٣ J١Eאאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٢ -
אאאאW אאאW
١K FEאאK ٢K FEאאK ٣K FEאK ٤K א ٥K א ٦K אאא ٧K א ٨K א
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٣ -
אא
١K אאK ٢K אאאK ٣K אא.
١EאאW אא?א?
אאאאאאא??אא?א?א
אאאאאאאאאא?אא?א
אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW ١. אK ٢. אאK ٣. אK ٤. אK ٥. אK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٤ -
٢EאאאW אאאא
אאאאאאאK
٣EאאW אאא،אא?
א?אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
א٢א–٤L٢K
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٥ -
אא אא
אאאא W ١K אFאאאאאKE ٢K אאFאאאKE ٣K אאFאKE ٤K אאFאאא
אKE ٥K אFאאאאKE ٦K אאFאאאאKE ٧K אFאאאאKE ٨K אFאאאאאEK ٩K אFKE
אLubrication Process אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאK
א אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאא
אWאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٦ -
JאW אאאאאאFאE
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK אאאFאEאאK אאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
אאאK
F٣ J٢Eאאא
א
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٧ -
F٣ J٣Eאאאאאא
F٣ J٤Eאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٨ -
JאאאW אאאאא
אKאאאאא،אאKא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאF٣ J٦،٥EאאאK
F٣ J٥Eאאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٥٩ -
F٣ J٦Eאאא
אFOIL FILTERE
אאW ١K אאאK ٢K אאK
אW אאאאאאאאאאאK
אW אאאאאאK
אאאF٣ J٨،٧EK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٠ -
F٣ J٧EFEאK
F٣ J٨EFEאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦١ -
א ١ –אF٣ J٩ KE ٢ –אאאF٣ J١٠ KE
F٣ J٩ Eא
F٣ J١٠ Eא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٢ -
− אא
FEא( Dipstick ) אא،
אאאF٣ J١١KE –אW
אאאאK –אW
אאאאאאאKאא
אאK
F٣ J١١EאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٣ -
F١EאאאW אאא?א?א
אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאFאאאEאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא١٥–٢٠LK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK
F٢EאאW אאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאא
אFאאאKE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٤ -
א
אאאFE،،אF٣אאאאאא J١٢KE
F٣ J١٢Eא
FEא( Oil Pan )
אאאאאאא،אאאא
אKא،אאK
–אW אאFE( Drain Plug )
אKאאאאא،אא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٥ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאF٣ J١٣KE
F٣ J١٣Eא
א אאאאאא
אאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאאF٣ J١٤E
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٦ -
F٣ J١٤Eא
א( Oil Pressure Regulating Valve )
אW–١ –אאK٢ –אאK –אW
אאאFאEאאK
–אW
אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאKאאאאF٣ J١٥KE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٧ -
F٣ J١٥Eאאא
F٣ J١٦EאאK
א( Oil Pressure Gauges ) FE،אאאא
K –אW،אאאאאאא
אאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٨ -
– אWאאWאאאאא،אאא،א،אאאא
אאאאF٣ J١٧KE
FF٣ J١٧EאאאK
אאאWאאאאאאאF٣ J١٨KEא،
אאאאאKאאF٣ J١٩KE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٦٩ -
F٣ J١٨EאאאאאK
F٣ J١٩ Eאאאאא
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٠ -
א( Oil Warning Unit ) FEאא،א
אK –אW
FEאאאאKאאאאאK
–אW ١–אאאאאFאEאK
א( 0.2 kg/cm2 = 0.4 psi )אאאFEאFאEF٣ J٢٠KE
٢–אאאאאאאאKאאא
אFאEF٣ J٢١KE
F٣ J٢٠EאFאKE
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧١ -
F٣ J٢١EאFאKE
− אW אאא،אאאKא
אאאאאאאאאK
אא،אאאאאאאKאאא،אאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא،אאאK
− אאW ١–אאאWאK ٢–אאWK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٢ -
− FEאW אFE،אאאא
אKא،אאאא،אאאKאאאאאאאKא
אאאאKF٣ J٢٢KE
F٣ J٢٢EאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٣ -
אא אא
א
אאאאאאאאאFEאאאW
١K אאK ٢K אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאא٠٠١٠٠٠٢٠אK
אאאאאאאK
אאW JאאW
אאאאאאאאK
אאאא
אאאFאKE
JאאW אא א
אK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٤ -
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאFאEאאאאאK
JאאאW אאאא
אא?אאK? אאאאאאאאא
אK
אאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אK
אאProperties of oil אאאאאא
W ١K אאאאK ٢K אאאאא
אK ٣K אאאאא
אאK ٤K אאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
٥K א?אאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٥ -
٦K אK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٦ -
אW אאאאאאאW ١- אWאאאאא
אאFאEאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאK ٢- אWאאאא
א،אאאאאFאEK
אאאK
אאאW אא?א?
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאW
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٧ -
١- אW אאאאאK
٢- אW אאאא
אאK
٣- אW אאאאא
אאK
٤- אW אאאאאא
אאאK
٥- אW אאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
٦- אW אאאאא
אאK
אא
١- W
אאאאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٨ -
٢- W אK
٣- W
אאאאאאא??אאאאא
אאאאאK
אMeasurement of oil Viscosity
א“Engler”אאאא٢٠٠٢אאאא
א٥٢٥K
אאאאאאא٩ J١٢א٥٠٥א٥٤–٨א٥٠٥K
א٢א١٠٠٥אא“S.A.E.”א
אאאא١٠،٢٠،٣٠،٤٠،٥٠،٦٠،٧٠אאS.A.E.FKKKE
אאSpecifications of Oil
אאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
- ٧٩ -
אאאאאFEאאW
S.A.E 10
S.A.E 20
א??
S.A.E 30
S.A.E 40
S.A.E 50
א
S.A.E 60
S.A.E 70
אFE
אאאאאאאאאK
אאא١٠–٣٠“10w – 30”
א١٠אK אא٣٠K WאאאאK
- ١١١ -
אאאא
אא
א
א
א
א
٤
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٧٩ -
אא א
אאאFאאא٢٢٠٠KEא٣٥٪אאא،אאאא
אKאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאK
F٤ J١Eא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٠ -
אW אאאW
١- אאאאK ٢- אאאK ٣- אאאאאK ٤- אאK
אאW
אאאאא F٤ J٢EF٤ J٣EK
אאW
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK אאאאאאאאאא
אFאEאאאאK אאא،אאאא
אאאאאאFאEאאKאאאא
א،אKאאאאK
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨١ -
אW אאאאאא
FאאאKEאאאאKאאאאאאK
F٤ J٢Eא
F٤ J٣Eאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٢ -
אאאW
אאאא
אא
JאאאK
JאאאK
JK
Jאא Jאא
אאK
א
Jאאא
JאאאK
JאK Jאאא
אאאאW
J אFאאאאאKE J אאאFאאאאאאKE J אאאאאאאאK J אFאאאאKE
אאאK
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٣ -
אא
אא
אאW א א א אFאE אאFאE א א א א א א אאא
אאW
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאKאאאF٤ J٤KE
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٤ -
Lא אאאאKאא
( -20° c )אאאאאKאאאאא(Ethylene glycol)٥٠٪
אKאאאאKאאK אאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאWאאאאKא
• אאאK • אאאאK • אK • אK
אא
אא אאא א
אא אאא א
א
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٥ -
LאFאאE(Radiator)
אאאKאאאאאאאאK אאK
אאאאאאאאK
F٤ J٤Eאאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٦ -
אאF٤ J٥WE ١. אFאאEK ٢. אFאLאFEאאא
אאאKE ٣. אFאאא
אKE ٤. FאאאKE
אW אאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא،אאא
אא،F٤ J٦KE
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٧ -
٤J٦
F٤ J٥Eאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٨ -
Lא(Radiator cap)
אW ١- א אK ٢- א אאK ٣- אאאאא K ٤- אא אFאKE
אW
١- FאאאKE ٢- אאFא
אאKE ٣- אאאF
אאאאאKE
אאאאאאאאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٨٩ -
F٤ J٧Eאא
F٤ J٨Eאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאW
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٠ -
F٤ J٩Eאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאW
F٤ J١٠Eאאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩١ -
אW אאאאאא
אאKאאאF٨٣ J١١٠EאאF١٢١ J١٢٧KKE
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאK אאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאK
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٢ -
אFאE
אאאאאאאאF٤ J١١Eא
אאאKאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאKאא
א،אאאאK אאאאFEKא
KאאאאאאK א،אאא
אאאאאF٤ J١١KE
F٤ J١١Eא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٣ -
אLא( Water Pump ) אאאאאאK
אאאאK
אאW ١K אFאאE ٢K אFאאאאKE ٣K אFאאאKE ٤K אFאKE ٥K אFאאKE ٦K אFאאאאKE
אאאK
F٤ J١٢Eאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٤ -
− אW
אFEאאאFEאאK אFאEאאאא،אאאאKא
(5000 – 3500 ) ،א( 475 )LאK אאVFKEאא
אKאאאאKאאאF VEאאאאא
אאאKאאא١0 mm )( 20 mmאאאאאאא
F٤ J١٣KEאאאאאאאF٤ J١٤E
F٤ J١٣EF٤ J١٤E
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٥ -
Lאאא( Water Hoses )
אאFאאEאאאאאאK
− אא
אאאאאאאאאKאא،א
F٤ J١٥E
F٤ J١٥Eאאאאא
א،אאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאKאאאא
אא،K
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٦ -
F٤ J١٦EאאK
− אאאא אאאאאאאF٤ J١٧E
אאאאאKאא،אאא
אKאאאW –K –K –FKE
F٤ J١٧EאאאK
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٧ -
٤J١٨א
LאFאאאE(Thermostat)
אאאאKאאאאאK אאאא
אאF٤ J١٨KE
אW
אאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אKאאFKEאאאאאאא
אאאKאאFאאאEאאאאאK
אאאFאאE،אאאאאאאאKאאא( 95° c - 75° c )
אאאK
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٨ -
− אאאFאאE
١–אאאK ٢–אאאאK ٣–אאK
− אאאFאאE אאאאאאF٤ J١٩KE
١–אK ٢–אאK ٣–K ٤–FKE
F٤ J١٩Eאאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ٩٩ -
− אאאFאאE
א،אאאאא،אאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאF٤ J٢٠KE
F٤א J٢٠Eאאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ١٠٠ -
אאאאאFאאEאאא،אאאאF( 80° cK
אאאאאFEאאKאא ( 80° c )אאא
אאאאאאאאFKEאאF ( 90° cאא
אאאF٤ J٢١KE
F٤ J٢١Eאאאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ١٠١ -
Lא אאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאKאאא،א
אאKאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאא،
אאFאEאאאאאאKאאK
אאאאאF٤ J٢٢EK
F٤ J٢٢Eאא
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ١٠٢ -
− אאW אאאאKאאא
אא،אאאK − אאאW
אאאW ١ JאאFאEW
אא(V)אאאאאF٤ J٢٣EK
F٤ J٢٣EאאFאE
٢ JאאW אאאאאK
،אאאאאKא،אאאאKא
אא( 100° c ) ،אאאKאאאF٤ J٢٤EK
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ١٠٣ -
F٤ J٢٤EאאK
Lאא(Temperature Indicator) אאאאאKא
אאאKFEאאKאאFאאEאא
אKאאKאאאאאKאW
١–FאאE( Sending Unit )K ٢–FאאאEא( Indicator ) K
אאאאאאKאאאW
• אאK • אאאאK • אאK
אF٤ J٢٥KE
אאאאאאאKאאא،אאא
א،K
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ١٠٤ -
F٤ J٢٥EאאK
Lאאא( Hot Warning Unit )
אאFאאEאאאאאאאW
١–FאאE( Sending Unit )K ٢–FאאEא( Indicator ) K
− אא אאFאאEאאאאא
− אא
،אאאאאאאאK
אאא( 90° c ) ،אא FאEאאאאאאא
אF٤ J٢٦KE
١٧٢ א אאא
אאא א אא
- ١٠٥ -
F٤ J٢٦EאאK
١
אא
אא
א
א
٥
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٠٦ -
אא א
אאKאאא،אאאאאאאאK
אF٥ J١Eאאאא
אW
• א • אא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٠٧ -
• Vאא٦٠º٩٠ºK
אאW • א • א • א • אא • אKKKKKKKK
אFאEאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٠٨ -
אF٥ J٢Eאא
א
• א • אאא • אא • אאאאאאא
• אאאאאאאאא
א • אאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٠٩ -
א
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
KאאאאאאאKאאאKאאאאאK
אא
J אFאEא J א J אא J א J אא J א J א J אא J א J א J א
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٠ -
Lא
אאאאKאKאאאאאאאK
אאאאK אאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאKאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאK
אF٥ J٣Eאv
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١١ -
אF٥ J٤Eא
Lא אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،
،אאאאKאאאאאא
אאאK
אאW
١K אאאא ٢K א ٣K ٤K א
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٢ -
٥K א ٦K ٧K א ٨K
אאא،אאאא
אKאאאאKאאאאאא
אKאאאאאKאאא
אאאW ١K אK ٢K אאאאאאאא
אאאאא،אK ٣K אאאK
אאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאK
Lא אW
• אאא • אאאא • אאאאא • אאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٣ -
אאאאW • אא • אא • א
אאאאא
• אאאא • א • • א • אאאא • • א •
،אאאK
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
KKאאKאאא،
אא،אאאK
אאאאW אאFאEאאא
FאKEאKאאKאאאאאא
אKאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٤ -
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאK
F٥–٥Eאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٥ -
אF٥ J٦Eאאאא
אLFאE
אאאאW אאאא •• אא • אאאאא
אאW
אאKאאאK
אKאאאאאאKאאאKאאאאאאK
אאאאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٦ -
אאאKאאאאאא١٨٠אאK
אW
א א א
FE
א
א
אאאאא
אאאא
،אאאאא
אאאא
אKא
אאא
א
FE
אאאאא،אא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٧ -
אF٥ J٧Eאאאאא
אF٥ J٨Eאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٨ -
א אאאאאאKא
אKאאאאאאאא
אאאK
אW ١K ٢K ٣K א ٤K א
אF٥ J٩Eא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١١٩ -
Lאא
אאW • אא • אאא • א • אא
אאאאאW
• אא • אאאא • אא
אאאאאאאW
• א • א • א • א
אW
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٠ -
אF٥ J١٠Eאאא
F٥–١١Eאאאאאאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢١ -
Lא אאאאK
אF٥ J١٢Eא
אW • אא • אא • אאאא • אאא • אאאאאא……K
אאאאW • א • אאאא • אאאאא • אאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٢ -
אאאאאאW
• • א • א
• א
F٥–١٣Eא
F٥–١٤Eאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٣ -
F٥–١٥Eאאא
אאאאאאאא
،אאאאK٥אאאאאKאאKא١٠٠אKא
אאאאKאאKאאאK
אאFאEאאKאאK
אאאאאאVאאKאאאא،
אאאאאאא١٢٠ºאKאאא
א
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٤ -
KאאאאאאKאK
אאאאאאאKא،אאאאאKאאא
FEאאKאאאאאאאאKא
אK
אW אאאFE
אאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאK
F٥–١٦Eא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٥ -
אא
אאאאאאאאאW
• אאאאא • אאאא • אא • אא
אאאאKאאאאאאKאאאאא
KאאאאK
F٥–١٧Eאאא
الحذافة عمود المرفق
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٦ -
אא
א
א • אFאאאKE • אאאK • אאK • אאאK • אאא
א
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאKאאאFאEאא
Kאאאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٧ -
אא א אFאאE
אא אאא
אאא א
אאא א
א א
אא
אאא،אא،א،א،אאאאKא
אאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאKאאK
אאW
אא אFאEאאFאKE
א אאאאאאאאא
אFאEאאFאKE
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٨ -
א
אאאאאאאאאK
אא
אאאאKאאאאK
אא אאאאאאאאאאK
א
אאאאאאאK
א
אFאא JאאאE،אאאא
אאK
א אאא
אKאאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٢٩ -
א אאאאK
א
אאK
אW אא אא אאא
א K א א א אא אאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
F٥–١٨Eא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٠ -
אW א א Kא ، א
אאא KאאKאאK
א א א K א א א א אא אא א א א K
אאאאאאאK
F٥–١٩Eא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣١ -
אW אאW
• אWאאFאE • אWאאאK
אאאKאאאאאאאאאא
٤٥אאאאאאKאא،אאK
א א א א Kא אאK
F٥–٢٠Eאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٢ -
אW אF٣٠ W٥٠ Eא ٦٠
א، א אאאאאא
אאK
F٥–٢١Eא
אW א K א אא א
אאאאאאK
F٥–٢٢Eא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٣ -
אאW
אא א א K אאאאKאאא
אא،K
F٥–٢٣Eאא
אאW א א א א אא א א
א א א א א א Kא א א א א א א
אאאאKFEאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٤ -
אאאFאWE א א א א א א K
אאאK
F٥–٢٤Eאאא
אW א א א א K א
FאאEאאאאאאKאאאK
א،אאאאאאאKאאK
אאא א אאאא K אאאאאאא
אאאאאאK אאאאאאא
אא،אK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٥ -
אאאאW אאאאאאK
אא א א א אאאאאאאK Kא
אאאאאאאאאאK אאאאא
אK
א א א א אאאאאK
א א א א F א E ?אא ?אאאאאא K
אאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٦ -
אאW
א א אא א א א אא K א א
אאKאאK אאW
אאאKאאאאK
א א א א א אאאאא
אK
F٥–٢٥Eאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٧ -
אאW א א א
אKאאאא
F٥–٢٦Eאא
Wאאא אאאKאאאאא
אאK
F٥–٢٧Eאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א א
- ١٣٨ -
אאאא
אא
א
א
א
א
٦
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٠ -
אא
אאא،א،אK אWאK אWאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאK
אWאאאאאK אWאKאא
אFKE אWאאאאאאא
אאKא١W٨א١W١٦K
אאאKאאא،אאאK
אWאKאאאאאK
אWאאאאאאאK
אאWאאאאאאאFאאKE
אאWאאאאאאK
אאאWאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤١ -
Lאא
אWאאאאאאאKאאאאאK
אWאKאKאאאאאK
אZאCאCא
אF٦ J١Eאאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٢ -
F٦ J٢EאFאא
Lא
אאאאאאאKאWאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא
אאFאאE،אאKאא١W٨١W١٦אK
الحجم الكلي لألسطوانة =
الحجم الكلي لغرفة االحتراق
الحجم فوق المكبس عند النقطة الميتة السفلى =نسبة االنضغاط
ياالحجم فوق المكبس عند النقطة الميتة العل
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٣ -
Lא
אWאאאאאאאאKאK
אאאאאאאאאK
אא אאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאKאאא٧٥٪٩٥K٪
אאFאE אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאKאאאאאאאFאא
אאאאKEאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאKאאא٩}٠אאא٦}٠אאK
אא٦}١אא٢}١אאK אאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
الطاقة الخارجة من المحرك =آفاءة المحرك
الطاقة الداخلة إلى
×١٠٠ %
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٤ -
אאאKאאאKאאאא٢٥W١٢٢٥W٣٥אK
אLא אWאKאאאאKאא(N-m)א(kg-m)،א
(ft-lb)אאK אWאKאאאK
אא(kW)(HP)K
אz JZxאzxCאzx
אzאZxאz JxCאאאz١\x
אאאאKאא
אאאKאאאK
١٩٥٥٠
( )ثابت تحويل ×] دقيقة\لفه[سرعة الدوران×]متر-نيوتن[عزم الدوران=
درة المحركالعالقة بين سرعة المحرك وعزم وق ) ٣-٦(شكل
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٥ -
אא אא
אאאאאאאK
אאא،אאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא،א،א،א
אא،א،،אאאKאאאאאאא
אKאאאK אאאאאא
אא،אאW Jאאאאא،אא،אאא،אאאK Jאאאא
אאאKאK JאאאKא
אKאאאKאא
٣٥LאKאKאאאא
אאK JאאאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٦ -
JאאאאאאאK
JאאאאאאאאאK
JאאאאאאK
JאאאאאאאאאK
JאאאאאאK
אאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאK
אאאאW J אא J אאא J אא J אא J אא
J אא J אא J א
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٧ -
F٦J٤Eאאא
Lאא אאאאא
אאאאאא،אאאKאאאא
אאKאאאאKאאא
אאאא،אK،אאאאאאאא
אא(PCV)אאאאאK
אאאW
J אאK J אאאאאא אאK J אאאא
J אאאאKא
אאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٨ -
فحص التسريب الداخلي للزيت/ يًاأنثא אאאא
אFאאאאE. :مصادر التسريب الداخلي للزيت
Jא
JאFאאאE
Jא
Jא
אאאאאאאאKאא
K
F٦ J٥EאאאFאאאאאאאאKE
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٤٩ -
فحص عادم المعدة/ ثالثًا אאאאאאאK
אאאאKא،אאאאאאא
אאאK
אW
J אאאאאFא،א،אE
J אאאא
אאאאW אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאא،אא
אאאאKאאאאK
F٦J٦EאאאאאאאאFאאE
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٠ -
مصادر الصوت بالمحرك)٧-٦(شكل
אLאאא אאא
KאאK אאאא
אאאKאK
אאאKאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאK
مصادر الضوضاء بالجزء السفلي بالمحرك يبين ) ٨-٦(شكل.
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥١ -
خبط المكبس يوضح) ٩-٦(شكل
אW א Jאא Jאאא J
אאKאא،אאKאאא
אK
אW
אKאאKאאאKאאאK
אFאWE
אאאאK
אאWאFאאKEאאאאא٣٥LK
אאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٢ -
ءمصادر الضوضا) ١٠-٦(شكل بمجموعة الصمامات
אWKאK
אW
אאאאKאKאאא
אKאאאאK
אW
אא J JאאKאא
אאאK
אא Jאא Jא Jאא JאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٣ -
توصيلة اختبار ضغط)١١-٦(كلش
المحرك زيت
א:
אאאא، אאאא،
אאאאאK
Lאא אא،אאא
אאאאK
אאאאW
Jאא
Jא
Jא
Jא
JאF،א،אאאE
אאאאאאKאאא٢٠٠٠LK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٤ -
اختبار تسريب سائل التبريد )١٢-٦(شكل
Lא
אאאאאKאאאK
אאאאא،אאאאאאK
אאאאאW
Jא
Jא
Jא
Jאאאאאא
JאאאאK
אאאאאאKאאאאא
KאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٥ -
طريقة توصيل مبين الضغط)١٣-٦(شكل
Lאא
אKאאאאאאאאKא
א،אאאאאK
אאאאאאאK
אאW
Jאא
JאאFאאאאאEאאאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٦ -
אאאאאאאאFאEאא،אאאא
אK
אאאאאאאאKאאאFE
אאאאK
אאא،אאאאK
JאאאאאאאאאאFאאאKE
JאאאאאK
JאאאאאאאאאK
JאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אK
.طريقة إجراء اختبار الضغط الجاف والمبلل) ١٤-٦(شكل
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٧ -
األسطوانةاختبار تسريب ) ١٥-٦(شكل
Lאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא،
אאאאאאאK
אא٪١٠٠٪אK٢٠٪אK
אאאK
אאאW
• אFאאE • אFאאE • אFאאE
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٨ -
• אאאFאאE • אFאאE
Lאא אאאאא،אא
אאאאאאאאFEאאאאK
אאאאאK
אאאאW
• • • • א • א • א • א • א • אL • אא • א • אאא
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٥٩ -
التخلخل اختبار) ١٦-٦(شكل
אאאאאKאאאKאאא١٥ J٢٠F
אאאKE
אאאאאKאאFKEאאK
GאאאאFאEא٥אKאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٦٠ -
اختبار اتزان قدرة ) ١٧-٦(شكل
אLאאא
אאאא،אאאאאK
אאאאאאא،אאאF
אאEאK
GאאאאאKאאאאאאא
KאאאאאאאאאאאK
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٦١ -
:قراءة لمحرك طبيعيي :تكون قراءة المبين
زئبق -صةبو ٢٢إلى ١٨من ويكون المؤشر ثابت
:ضعف ياي صمام القراءة تكون طبيعية عن السرعة
الخاملة ولكن يبدأ المؤشر في .االهتزاز عند زيادة السرعة
:تسريب أو حرق صمام تنخفض القراءة آل مرة يفتح .فيها الصمام
:تآآل دليل الصمام المؤشر يهتز بسرعة عند السرعة
الخاملة ولكن يرجع لوضعه الطبيعي عند زيادة السرعة
:انسداد في مسار العادم عند زيادة السرعة فجأة ال
المؤشر للصفر بسرعة ديعو
:تسريب في مجمع السحب ٩- ٣ن قراءة منخفضة في حدود م
. زئبق عن الطبيعي -بوصة تسريب حشوة مجمع سحب أو
تسريب صمام الخانق
:مشاآل في نظام الوقود المؤشر يتأرجح ببطء نتيجة خليط مشاآل في المغذى أو (وقود فقير
)حقن الوقود
:صمام معلق المؤشر يتأرجح بتردد غير ثابت
) أحيانًا(
:انسداد في مدخل الهواء انسداد في ، قراءة عالية وثابتة قي الهواء أو تعليق صمام بدء من
)الشفاط(اإلدارة
جدول يوضح األشكال النمطية لمبين التخلخل للحاالت المختلفة
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א א
א
- ١٦٢ -
אאאאאא
אא
א
א
א
א
א
א
٧
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٦٤ -
אא אאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
Kאאאאאאאאא
אאאW ١K אאאK ٢K אאאאFאKE ٣K אFEאאK
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאKאאאאF
אE،אאK
אאFאאEאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٦٥ -
F٧ J١Eאא
אFאEא
אאאאאאא
א٥٠٠٥אאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٦٦ -
F٧ J٢Eאא
אאאא אאאאW אאאאאאאאאאאKKKKאאאאאאא
FאאאאEאאאאאK
אאW אאאאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٦٧ -
אאאא
א אאאאאא
א
FCOE
٩٣א٪ אא٧٪
אאא
אFא
א٤٠א J٣٠PPMEGF١KE
אFHCE
אא٥٧א٪ א
٤٣٪
א
אאא
אFNOXE
אא٣٩א٪ א،
א،٦١א٪
،אא،،אאא
،אאאאא א
NO2)Eא٣-5PPMK
אא١0-30PPM
،אאא٣0-50PPM
אא
אא
G١PPMWאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٦٨ -
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٦٩ -
אאא אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאK
אW WאאW
אאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
F٧ J٣Eאאא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٠ -
WאאאאW
אאאאאאאאאאK
אW ١K אאאאK ٢K אאאאK ٣K אאאאאK ٤K אאאאאK ٥K אK
WאאאאW אאאאאא
אKאW ١K אאאאKאאאאK ٢K אאאFאEאאאאK
אWאאאאW אאאאK
WאאW אאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧١ -
F٧ J٤EאאאEGR
אא PCVW
אאאאKאאאאא
אאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא،אא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאPCV אאאK אאאא
אאאאאאאK
אאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٢ -
אאאאW
• אFאאKE • אאK • אאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٣ -
אא
אאFאE
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אKאאא
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא،א
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאW ١ JאLאא
אאK ٢ Jאאאאאא
אאK ٣ JאאFEאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٤ -
F٧ J٥E
אאאא
١Kא٢Kאא ٣K٤K ٥K٦K ٧Kא٨Kאא ٩Kא١٠Kא
١١Kא١٢Kא ١٣Kא١٤Kא
١٥Kאא١٦K ١٧K١٨Kא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٥ -
F٧ J٦Eאאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٦ -
F٧ J٧Eא
אאאאאVאאאC אאאאT
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٧ -
F٧ J٨EאאאV
אא אאאאאא
אאאCאאTא،אאאא
אFLAPSאאאא٢٥٪אאאא٥٠٪
אאאאאאאא٧٥٪אאאאא١٠٠א٪אאאא
אאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٨ -
F٧ J٩EאאV٤٢אא
אא אאאאאV
אאאFLAPאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאVK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٧٩ -
F٧ J١٠Eאא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٨٠ -
אא אאאאאא،
FEאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא،
אא٥}٤٦K٪אאאאK
F٧ J١١Eאאא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٨١ -
א
אאאאFEאאאאאא
אאאאאאFEאאא
אאKאאאאאאאא
אאK אאאאא
אאא،אאאאאא
אאאאאK
F٧ J١٢Eאא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٨٢ -
אאאאFאEא אאאאאאא،
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאF
-Eאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אאא
- ١٨٣ -
F٧ J١٣Eאאאאא
F٧ J١٤Eא
אא
אא
א
א
٨
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٣ -
− אאאW ١–אאאFKK=Top Dead Center = T . D . CWE
אאאFאEאF٨ J١EK
F٨ J١EאK ٢–אאאFKK=Bottom Dead Center = T . D . C ( W
אאאFאEאK ٣–אאFאE( Piston Strokr ) W אאאאאאאאאא
אFאKE ٤–אאFאאE( Compression – space Volume ) אאאFאEאאאFKKE
אK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٤ -
٥–אאFאאE( Piston Displacement ) W אאאאאאאא
אאK אא
FEאאאWאאW ١–אאאFאEאאK ٢–אאאFאEאאK ٣–אאאFאEאK ٤–אאאאאאאאאK
אאא) stroke –Four (
،אאאאאK
١–אFٍSuction StrokeEW
אאאאFKKEאאאFKKE،אFאEאאאKאא
אאאאאאא،אא( 100 m/sec )אאFאEא
אF٨ J٢EKאאאא)0.8
bar ( 0.9 bar אאאא 0.1 bar ) ( 0.2 barאא( 180° )K
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٥ -
F٨ J٢EאK
− אאFאE( Volumetric Efficiency )
אאאאאאFאאEW • אFאEW
،א،אאאK • W
אKK • FאאEW
אאFEK • אאW
אאאאאאK • FEאאאW
א،אאאK • אאW
אאאKאאאK • אW אא،אאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٦ -
٢–אFCompression StrokeEW אאאאאאאFKKEאאאFKKEאאאאא،אא
אאאK،אאbar ) ١٢ .( 14 bar
אאאא( 180° )،אא)١٨0° + 180° = 360°(F٨ J٣EK
אW
F٨ J٣Eא
אאW ١–אאאאאK ٢–אאאאאאאK ٣–אאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٧ -
٤–אאK
אW אאאאאK
− אε=FאאHאE÷ א
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ +
=Vc
VcVcy ε
٣–א) Power Stroke ( W א)Expansion Stroke (אאא،
אאאאאKאאאאאאאFKKEאא
אFKKEאאאFאEא FאEKאאאא
( 180° ))٣٦0° + 180° = 540° (.אאא ( 2 cm )F٨ J٤E.
)٨ J٤Eא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٨ -
٤–א) Exhaust Stroke (W
אאאאאאאFKKEאאאFKKEאFאEא،אאא
אאאאאKאאאK
אאאא( 180° ) ) ٥40° + 180° = 720 ° ( F٨ J٥EK
אW
F٨ J٥Eא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٨٩ -
٣–)In line Engine (.
V
F٨ J٦Eא
אאא ( Engine Power ) א،א،אFE
אאאא…KאW ١–אאW
אאאאאאאאאא،אאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאW ١–אא( )kw
1200p . Vs
Pin . i⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
٢–אא( )kw
600p . Vs
Pin . i⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٠ -
אאא = Pi אא )kw ( =Vs אאא)L (
= n א) r.p.m.( = pi אאא )bar (
٢–אאFאEBreaking (effective ) PowerW
אאאא،אאFEאאאK ( Peff )
אאאאאW
אאא = Peff אא )kw (
= M א) N.m.( = n א) r.p.m.(
א
١W אא٢٧50 r.p.m n =אאאpi = 8.5 bar
אאאVs = 2.21 LאאאPiK
–א )Data (W–אא, pi = 8.5 barn = 2750 r.p.m , Vs = 2.21 L ,
–א )Request (W–אא)? =Pi (
( ) kw 9550
n .MPeff =
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩١ -
) kw 43.05 =1200
275021.25.8=1200
n.Vs.ip=Pi ×× (W– Solution – الحـل
٢W
M = 200 N.m٣٣10 r.p.m n =אאאPeffK –א )Data (W–٣٣10 r.p.m , M = 200 N.m n = –א )Request (W–אא)? = Peff (
) kw 69.3193 =
12000313200=
9550n.M=Peff
× (W– Solution – الحـل
٣W אZ = 4٨0 mm= d ١١0 mmS =
n = 2750 r.p.mאאא pi = 8.5 bar אאF = 177 N אאא0.6 mL =אW
١EאMN.mK ٢EאאאPeffkw K ٣EאאPikwK ٤EאאηmK
–א )Data (W–Z = 4،٨0 mm =d ،١١0 mmS =،n = 2750 r.p.m
pi = 8.5 bar ،F = 177 N ،0.6 mL = –א )Request (W ١Eא)? =M (N.mK ٢Eאאא)? =Peff (kw K ٣Eאא)? =Pi (kwK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٢ -
٤ Eאא)? =ηm .(
) ( )
L 2.21=1000
56.2210Vs
cm 2210.56 =4118 0.785 = Z. S .A = Vs 32
=
×× Solution : ( – א
١ )
M = F . L = 177 60100
106.2 N.m× =
2 )
ΡΜ
eff . = n
9550 = 106.2
9550 = 30.58 kw× 2750
3 )
Pi = p . Vs . n = 8 2750 = 43.05 kweff
12005 2 21
1200. .× ×
4 )
ηm = P
Pi=
43.05= 0.71eff 30 58.
Jא( Engine Torque ) W
אאא،אאאאKאא
FאEW ١–אאFאE( Peff )( n )K ٢–אאאאאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٣ -
}) N.m (
n9550 . Peff M ={١ -
2 - {M = F . L ( N.m )}
אאא
= Peff אא )kw ( = M א)N.m (
= n א) r.p.m.(
= F אא )N ( = L אא)m (
١W אא Mn = 3750 r.p.m.אPeff = 75 kwK
–א )Data (W–٣٧50 r.p.m , Peff = 75 kw n = –א )Request (W–)? =M (
) N.m 191 =3750
095575=n9550.P=M eff × (W Solution – الحـل
٢W א MאאF = 130 Nאאאאא
L = 0.955 m K –א )Data (WL = 0.955 m , F = 130 N –א )Request (W)? =M (
) M = F . L = 130 × 0.955 = 124.15 N.m (W Solution – الحـل
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٤ -
− FEאηm( Engine Efficiency ) ،אאKאא
אאאאאא،KFηmKEאאאW
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡
PiP= eff
mη
אאא
= ηm א = Pi אא )kw (
= Peff אא )kw (
١W אאηm אPi = 95 kwאPeff = 75 kwK
–א )Data (W– Pi = 95 kw , Peff = 75 kw –א )Request (W–א)? =ηm (
) 0.7894 ==P=9575
Pim effη (W Solution – الحـل
٢W
אאאPeff אPi = 85 kwηm = 0.75 K –א )Data (W– Pi = 85 kw , ηm = 0.75 –א )Request (W–א)? =ηm (
) ( )kw 75.6375.085Pi=P meff =×× =η (W Solution – الحـل
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٥ -
٣W
אאאPiאηm = 0.8 אPeff = 80 kw –א )Data (W– , ηm = 0.8 ، Peff = 80 kw –א )Request (W–אא)? = Pi (
) ( )kw 100 ==P=Pi8.0
80m
effη
(W Solution – الحـل
אאאאא ١–אאאא( Vcy ) W
אאאאאאאאאאאFאאE ( Vcy )FF٨ J٧EKא
אאאאאW
( )3
2cm S .
4 . d S .A Vcy ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ Π==
( )3cm Vs Vcy ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡ =
Z
F٨ J٧Eאאאא( Vcy )
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٦ -
אאא
= Vcy אאאא)cm3 ( = d אFcm (
= A א)cm2 ( = S א )cm ( = Vs אאא)cm3 ( = Z אK
١W
אאאאאVcyאA = 50 cm2 אS = 8 cmK
–א )Data (W– A = 50 cm2 , S = 8 cm –א )Request (W–אאF? = Vcy E
) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛× 3cm 400=805=S .A =Vcy (W Solution – الحـل
٢–אאאVsW
אאאאאאKאאאא ( Vcy )א( Z )Kאא
אאאW
( )32
cm Z. S . 4
. d Z. S .A .Vs ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ Π=== ZVcy
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٧ -
אאא
= Vs אאא)cm3 ( = d א)cm (
= A א)cm2 ( = S א )cm ( = Z א
٢W
Z = 4d = 6 cm אS = 9 cmאאאאVsK
–א )Data (W S = 9 cm , Z = 4 , d = 6 cm –א )Request (Wאאא)? = Vs (
) ( )
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛Π
Π
××
=
32
2
cm 1017.36 =4 9 4
6 =Vs
Z. S . 4
d Z. S .A =Vs
.
.
(W Solution – الحـل
٣–אVcW
אאאK
( Vc )אאאאW
( )3cm
1cy Vc ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡
−=εV
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٨ -
אאא
= Vc א)cm3 ( = Vcy אאאא)cm3 (
ε = א
٣W אאcm3 Vcy = 600 א ε = 21 : 1
אאVcK
–אFDataWE , ε = 21 : 1 Vcy = 600 cm3 –אFRequestEWאF? = Vc E
) ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
−−3cm 30
121006=
1cy =Vc
εV (W Solution – الحـل
٤–אFεE
אאא،אאאKאεFEpsilonEא
אאאW
)) ⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ +
=Vc
VcVcy ε
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ += 1
VcVcy ε
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
min , Vcmax ,Vcn ε
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ١٩٩ -
F٨ J٨EאFεE
אאא
ε = א = Vc א)cm3 ( = Vcy אאאא)cm3 (
٤W
אאcm3 Vcy = 650 א cm3 Vc = 50 אא ε K –אFDataWE , Vc = 50 cm3 Vcy = 650 cm3 –אFRequestWEאF? = ε E
) 1:1450506=
VcVccy =
50=++Vε (W– Solution – الحـل
٥–אאאאW
אאאאאאאKאאא( 10 % )א
( 10 % , 5 % ) אρ = 0.71 kg/L KאאאאאאאW
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٠ -
א א
( kg/L )
אאאא ( kg/kg )( m3/kg )
א 0.75
١٤.8 ١١.5
אא 0.78
١٤.2
١١.0
א 0.84
١٤.5 ١١.2
0.80 ١٤.0 ١0.8
١W
א m3 אא 100 km אאאV = 8.5 L/100 kmא ρ = 0.71 kg/L
אאא١0א % =K
–אFDataWE , V = 8.5 L/100 km ρ = 0.71 kg/L –אFRequestWE m3 אאF? = m3 E
) (W– Solution – الحـل ١–א M = v . ρ = 8.5 × 0.71 = 6.035 kg ٢– ١ kg אאW ١١.6 + 10 % = 11.6 + 1.16 = 12.76 m3 ٣– ٦.035 kgאאW٦.035 × 12.76 = 76.996 m3
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠١ -
א − אא( Vm )א( Vmax ) אאאא ( S )א
( n ) KאאאאKאא( Vm ) ( 14 m/s )אK
א( Vm )א( Vmax )F٨ J٩KEאאW
( ) m/sec
60n . S . 2=Vm ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
[ ] ( )m/sec Vm1.6Vmax ×≈
F٨ J٩Eאא( Vm )א( Vmax ) אאא
= Vm אא)m/s ( = Vmax אא)m/s (
= n א)r.p.m. ( = S א )m (
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٢ -
١W
n = 4000 r.p.m. S = 76 mmאW ١–אאVm ؟ ٢–אאVmax ؟
–א )Data (W– n = 4000 r.p.m , S = 76 mm –א )Request (W–١–אא)? =Vm (
٢–אא)? =Vmax ( ) (W Solution – الحـل
١ )
( )m/sec 13.10 60
40000.0762 60
n.S.2=Vm =××=
2 )
( )m/sec 16.210.131.6Vm 6.1Vmax =×=×≈
٢W
אאVm = 15 m/s אאn = 3000 r.p.m.א ( S ) K
–א )Data (Wn = 3000 r.p.m , Vm = 15 m/s –א )Request (Wא )? =S (
)
mm150 10000.15
m 15.03000 2
60 15=S
n . 260.Vm=S
60n.S.2=Vm
=×=
=××
⇒
(W Solution – الحـل
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٣ -
٣W אאא ( Vm ) אאVmax = 20 m/s K
–א )Data (W Vmax = 20 m/s –א )Request (Wאא)? = Vmax (
) ( ) m/s 12.5 =
6.120=
6.1Vmax =Vm (W Solution – الحـل
− אאMean Effective Pressure = MEP )(
אאאאFאEא( pmax , po )א،אאא
א( pi )Kאאאאא( n )אאא،אא
( n )אאW ( )bar
npppp
=p h.....32 1i ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ ++++
אאא
= pi אא) bar ( = pmax אאא) bar (
= n א
אא א אאאאאאאא
F٨ J١٠Eאא،אאאW
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٤ -
( N ) ] [ Fi = A . pi
F٨ J١٠Eאא אK
אאא
= Fi القوة المؤثرة على سطح الكباس) N ( = pi אא) bar (
= A سطح الكباس) Cm2 (
] 1 bar = 10 N/cm2 [
١W A = 70 cm2אאN/cm2pi = 300
אאאא ( Fi )K –א )Data (WA = 70 cm2،N/cm2pi = 300 –אFRequestEWאאא F? =FiE
) ( )N 2100030070 ip.A =Fi =×= (W Solution – الحـل
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٥ -
אאא
אאאאאא،אאKאאא
אKאאאF٨ J١١KEאאאFאEאFאE
אא( Overlap ) K
F٨ J١١Eא − = S.oא − = S.cא − = E.oא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٦ -
− = E.cא
א אאאאא( L∝)אd
אאאאא( TDC )אאא( BDC ) אאא( L∝)אאW
( )mm
360 . d . L ⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ Π
=αα
( ) S
360.06 . ⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ =
nt α
אאא = L∝ אאא )mm ( = d אא)mm (
= ∝ אא)° ( = t א )Sec ( = n א )r.p.m (
= σאא)° (
= S.oא( Inlet Opens )
= S.cא( Inlet Closes ) = E.oא( Exhaust Opens ) = E.cא(Exhaust Closes )
= σאא( Overlap )
١W אאd = 300 mm n = 5400 r.p.m.א
אאW
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٧ -
א(S.o))٣9° (אאא( T.D.C. ) א(S.c))93° (אאא( B.D.C. ) א(E.o))٦5° (אאא( B.D.C. ) א(E.c))٤٥° (אאא( T.D.C. )
–אFDataWE , d = 300 mm n = 5400 r.p.m. –אFRequestEW
Eאאאא( ∝Ev , ∝ Sv ) EאאאσK Eא(L∝)א(S.o)(S.c)
Eא(t)אאK
أ( ∝ Sv = 39° +180° + 93° = 312° ) (W Solution – الحـل
∝ Ev = 65° +180° + 45° = 290°
ب( σ = 39° + 45° = 84°
ج(
( )mm 816.8 360
300312 360
. d . L ⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ =
°Π××°
=°Π
=αα
د(
( ) S 0.0089 360540060290
360.06 . =
°××°
=⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ =
nt α
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٨ -
אאא
אאW
١–אאW( ) kw 1200
p . Vs Pi
n . i⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
٢–אאW( ) kw 600
p . Vs Pi
n . i⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
אאW ( ) kw 9550
n . MP fef = אW
) N.m ( n9550 . Peff M =
M = F . L
אאW⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡
PiP= eff
mη
אאW
( )3
2cm S .
4 . d S .A Vcy ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ Π==
( )3cm Vs Vcy ⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ =
Z
אאאW
( )32
cm Z. S . 4
. d Z. S .A .Vs ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ Π=== ZVcy
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢٠٩ -
אאא
אאאW
( )3cm
1cy Vc ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡
−=εV
אW
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ +
=Vc
VcVcy ε ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡ += 1
VcVcy ε
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
min , Vcmax ,Vcn ε
אאW ( ) m/sec
60n . S . 2=Vm ⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡
אאW [ ] ( ) m/sec Vm 6.1Vmax ×≈
אאW ( )bar
npppp
=p h.....32 1i ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ ++++
אאאW ( N ) ] [ Fi = A . pi
אW( )L/h
C .t Q m ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡
∆=
אאW( )1/h mm Z
T⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢١٠ -
אאא Pi אא )kw (
piאאא )bar (
Peffאא )kw ( Mא) N.m.(
n א) r.p.m.( F אא )N (
L אא)m ( ηm א
Zאא( 1/h )mא( L/h )
mTאFאE( L , kg )Qאאאא( kJ )
∆tאא( K )Cאאאא( kJ/kg.k )
Fiאאא )N ( pmaxאאא) bar ( Vm אא)m/s (
Vmax אא)m/s ( Vcא)cm3 (
Vcyאאאא)cm3 ( Vsאאא)cm3 (
Aא)cm2 ( Sא )cm (
dא)cm (
١٧٢ א אא אאא א א
- ٢١١ -
Zא εא
٢٣٩
אאאא
אא
א
א
א
א
٩
ثقل ١٧٢ א אאאאא א אא
- ٢١٣ -
١K ؟אאא ٢K ؟א ٣K ؟א ٤K א אאאא؟ ٥K אאאאאK ٦K ؟אאא
٧K ؟א ٨K ؟א ٩K ؟א
١٠K א؟אא ١١K א؟אא ١٢K אאאא؟א ١٣K אאא؟אא ١٤K א؟אאא ١٥K אאא؟ ١٦K ؟אא
١٧K ؟א
١٨K ؟א
١٩K ؟א
٢٠K ؟אא
٢١K א؟אאאא
٢٢K ؟א
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢١٤ -
٢٣K אאאא؟א
٢٤K ؟אא
٢٥K אא؟א
٢٦K ؟ ٢٧K אאאאאאאא؟א ٢٨K ؟אאא ٢٩K ؟א ٣٠K ؟א ٣١K אאאא؟א ٣٢K א؟א ٣٣K א؟א ٣٤K אאאK ٣٥K אאאK ٣٦K א؟א ٣٧K אאאK ٣٨K אאאK ٣٩K ؟אא ٤٠K א؟אא ٤١K א؟א ٤٢K אאא؟ ٤٣K ؟אא ٤٤K א؟אא ٤٥K ؟אא ٤٦K אאא؟א ٤٧K אאאא؟אא ٤٨K אאאאKאK ٤٩K ؟אא
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢١٥ -
٥٠K אאאK ٥١K אאאא؟ ٥٢K א؟ ٥٣K אא؟א ٥٤K ؟א ٥٥K א؟א ٥٦K ؟א ٥٧K אא؟א ٥٨K ؟א ٥٩K ؟אא ٦٠K א؟א ٦١K ؟אא ٦٢K א؟אאאא ٦٣K אאאא؟ ٦٤K ؟א ٦٥K אאאא؟א ٦٦K אאא؟א ٦٧K ؟אא ٦٨K אא؟אאא ٦٩K ؟אא ٧٠K אא؟א ٧١K ؟אאא ٧٢K ؟אאא ٧٣K אאא؟ ٧٤K א؟אא ٧٥K אא؟אאא ٧٦K אאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢١٦ -
٧٧K אWא –א –א –אK ٧٨K אאאא؟ ٧٩K אW א –א –אK ٨٠K אאאאאאK ٨١K אאאK ٨٢K אאאאK ٨٣K FאEאK ٨٤K אאFאEK ٨٥K אW א –אK ٨٦K אW א –אK ٨٧K אאK ٨٨K אאK ٨٩K אאK ٩٠K אאFאEK
F√E،אאF×EאאW
١–אאאאEF ٢–אאFאEEF ٣–אאאאאאאאאאEF ٤–אאאאאאאאאEF
٥ –אאאאאאEF
٦ – אאאאאFE ٧–אאאאאEF ٨–אאאEF ٩–אאאאאאאEF
١٠–אאאאאאEF ١١–אאאאאאאEF
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢١٧ -
١٢–אאאאא אEF ١٣–אאאאאאEF ١٤–אאאאאEF ١٥–אאאEF
F√E،אאF×EאאW ١–אאאאEF ٢–אאאאאאEF ٣–אאאאאאאאEF ٤–אאFאאאEאאאEF ٥–אאאFאאEאאEF ٦–אFEאאאאEF ٧–אאאאאEF ٨–אאאאEF ٩–אאאאאאאEF
١٠–אאאאאאאאאEF ١١–אאאאEF ١٢–אאאאEF ١٣–אאאFEEF ١٤–אאאאאEF ١٥–אאאEF ١٦–אאאאFאEאEF ١٧–אאאאFEאEF ١٨–אאאאEF
١٩–אאאאאאאאEF ٢٠–אאאאEF
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢١٨ -
F√E،אאF×EאאW
١–אאאאאאEF
٢–אאאאאאאאאEF ٣–אאFאEאאאEF
4 –אאאאאאEF ٥–אאאאEF ٦–אאאאEF
٧–אאאEF
٨–EF
٩–א אאאEF ١٠–אאאאאאאEF ١١–אאאאEF١٢–אFאEאאEF ١٣–אאאאאאEF ١٤–אאאאאאאאFE ١٥–אאאאאEF ١٦–אאאאאאEF ١٧–אאאאאאEF ١٨–אאאאאאEF
١٩–אאאאאEF ٢٠–אאאאEF
F√E،אאF×EאאW ١–אאאאEF ٢–אאאאאEF
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢١٩ -
٣–אאאאאאאEF ٤–אאאאאאאEF ٥–אאאאEF ٦– אFאEאאFאEEF ٧–אאאאאאEF ٨–אFאEאאEF ٩–אאאEF
١٠–אFEאאאEF ١١–אאאFאEאאEF ١٢–אאאאאEF ١٣–אאאאאאEF ١٤–אFאEEF ١٥–אאאאאEF
١٦–אאאEF ١٧–אאEF ١٨–אאאEF ١٩–אאאאאEF ٢٠–אאאאEF
אאאאW
١–אKKKKKKKKKKאאאאFאEK ٢–אאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאK ٣–אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאFאEK ٤–אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٥–אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאK ٦–אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٧–אאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢٢٠ -
٨–אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאK
אאאאW ١–אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאK ٢–אKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא ٣–אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤–אאKKKKKKKKKKאאא( Ethylene Glycol Base )K ٥–אאאאאאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٦–אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא١0 mm )( 20 mmK
אאאאW
١–אאKKKKKKKKKKKאאK ٢–KKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאK
٣–אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאK ٤–אאאKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאK
אאאאW
١–KKKKKKKKKKKאFEאאאאK ٢–אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣–אאFאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKEאאK ٤–אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאK
אאא W
١–אאאאאKKKKKKKKK E( 1 : 20 ) KE( 1 : 30 )KE( 1 : 40 )K ٢–אKKKKKKKKKK
EKEKEK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢٢١ -
٣–אאKKKKKKKKK EF٧5° c– 95° cKEEF٢٥° c– 95° cKEEF١٥0° c– 950° cKE
٤–אאKKKKKKKKKK EאF،KEEאK EאאאK ٥–אאאKKKKKKK
EKEKEK ٦–אאאאKKKKKKKKK
EאKEאאאKEאF،KE ٧–אאאאKKKKKKKKK
EאאKEאאKEאאK ٨–אאאאאאKKKKKKKK
EאKEאKEאK
אאא W ١–אאאKKKKKKKK
EKEKEאF،KE ٢–אאאאKKKKKKKKK
EאאKEאF،KEEK ٣–אKKKKKKKK
EאאאKEאאKEאאK ٤–אאKKKKKKKK
E( 3 : 1 )KE( 2 : 1 )KE( 4 : 1 )K ٥–אאKKKKKKKK
EאKEאKEאK ٦–אא( SAE 20 W ) אKKKKKKK
EאאKEאKEאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢٢٢ -
אאא W ١–אאאKKKKKKK
EאאKEאKEאK ٢–אאאאאKKKKKKKK
EE E אF،E ٣–אאאאאאKKKKKKK
EאKEאF،EEאK ٤–אאאאאKKKKKKKK
EאאאKEאאKEK ٥ –אאKKKKKKKKK
EאEאאEFEאK ٦ –אאאKKKKKKK
EאKEאאKEאF،KE ٧–אKKKKKKKKK
EאאאKEאאאKEאאK
אאא W
١–אKKKKK EאאKEאאKEאאK
٢–אאאאKKKK EאאEאאKEאאK
٣–אאאKKKK EאאEאKEאK
٤–אאאאKKKKKKK EאאKEאKEאK
٥–אאאאאאKKKK EאאKEאKEאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢٢٣ -
٦–אאא אKKKKKKKKK EאKEאאאKEא
٧–אאאאKKKKKKK EאFאKEEאFאKEEאF،E
٨–אFאEKKKKKKK EאKEאKEאF،E
אאאW א א
١–אאK ٢–אאאK ٣–אאFאEK٤–אK ٥–אאאK
EFאאאאK EFאאFKKEאK
EFאאאFKKEFKKEK EFאאאאK EFאאאאK
אא א ١–אאK ٢–אK ٣–אK ٤–אK ٥–אאK ٦–אK ٧–אK ٨–אא
EFאאאאKEFאאאK
EFאא،א EFאאK EFאאאאFאEK EFאאאK
EFאאאאאKEFאאאK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢٢٤ -
אא א ١–אK ٢–אK ٣–אK ٤–אK ٥–אK ٦–אK
EFאאאK EFאאאאK EFאאאאK EFא،אK EFאK EFאאאאאאאK
א אאאW
אא n = 3770 r.p.m.אאF = 138 Nאא L = 0.955 mאW
١(א MK 2(אאPeffK
אאאW
אאM אאPeff = 90 kwr.p.m. n = 4000؟
אאאW אאFאEPeff = 100 kwאאF = 177 N אאאmL = 0.955אW FEאN.mK FEאnK
١٧٢ א אא אאא א אא
- ٢٢٥ -
אאאאW אאZ = 6n = 2550 r.p.mא
אא pi = 9.5 bar אא F = 170 N ٨5 mm= d ١٢0א mmS =אאא0.955 mL =אW
١EאMN.mK ٢EאאאPeffkw K ٣EאאPikwK ٤EאאηmK
אאאW
n = 4500 r.p.m. S = 86 mmאW ١–אאVm K ٢–אאVmax K
אאאW
אאא Fi = 5000 Nא A = 50 cm2א א pi K
ثقل ١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אאא
אא Fuel Supply
אא Fuel Pumpא Fuel Filter
אא Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
א Battery
Gasket
Resistor
א Vanes
א IGNITION SWITCH
א NEGATIVE
א POSITIVE
אא TERMINAL
RESISTER
א FISES
אא MAXIMUM
אא MINIMUM
א Time
א Expansion
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
א Compression
אא Engine Cleaning
א Engine Repair
א Piston
א Cylinder
אא Connecting rod
Noise
אא Exhaust Gas Analyzer
א Frequency
אאא Air tube
א tank
א feeler
אא Flywheel
אFאE Gasket
א rank shaft
א Cam shaft
א Engine block
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
CHARGE
RELAY
א SHORT CIRCUIT
אא CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
א STERTOR
ALTERNATOR
א BATTERY
WIRE
א Gear Box
PUMPאAIR FILTER
אאאAIR FUEL RATIO
אאAIR PRESSURE
אANTINOCK
אאATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
BATTERY
BACKFIRING
BEARING
אBEARING CAPS
אאאאBIG END
אאאBLOW-BY
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אCYLINDER BORE
אאאBOTTOM DEAD CENTER
BRAKE
אאBRAKE HORSEPOWER
אאאBRITISH SYSTEM
אאאCALORIFIC VALUE
CAM
אCAMSHAFT
CARBON
אCARBON DIOXIDE
אCARBON MONOXIDE
אאCARBURETOR
אאCALSIUS SCALE
אאאCENTRIFUGAL FORCE
CHOKE
CLEARANCE
אאCLOSED COOLING SYSTEM
אאCOMBUSTION
אאCOMBUSTION CHAMBER
אCOMPRESSED AIR
אCOMPRESSION GAUGE
אCOMPRESSION RATIO
אCOMPRESSION RINGS
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אCOMPRESSION STROKE
CONDENSER
אאCONROD BEARING
אאCONROD CAP
אאCONROD
אCOOLING FAN
אCOOLING FINS
אCOOLING JACKET
אCOOLING SURFACEאCOOLING SYSTEM
אCRANKSHAFT
אCRANKCASE
אאא STARTERאCRANKPIN
MISSFIRING
אCUTOUT
CYCLE
CYLINDER
אCYLINDER BLOCK
אCYLINDER HEAD
אCYLINDER SLEEVES
אDETONATION
DIESEL CYCLE
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
DIESEL ENGINE
אDRY FRICTION
DRY LINER
DYNAMOMTER
EFFICIENCY
אENERGY
ENGINE
אEXHAUST TURBINE
אEXHAUST MANIFOLD
אEXHAUST PORTS
אEXHAUST STROKE
אEXHAUST VALVE
אEXPANSION STROKE
אאFUEL CONSUMPTION
FAN
אFIRING ORDER
אאFLOAT CHAMBER
אאFLYWHEEL
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
אFRICTION
אFUEL FILTER
אFUEL INJECTION PUMP
אFUEL NOZZLE
אFUEL PUMP
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אFUEL SYSTEM
אFUEL TANK
אGASKET
אGASKET CEMENT
אGASOLINE
אGENERATOR
אאGREASY FRICTION
GOVERNOR
אHEAT EXCHANGER
אאHORSEPOWER
HYDROMETER
אIDLE CIRCUIT
אIDLING SPEED
אIGNITION COIL
אאIGNITION DISTRIBUTOR
אאIGNITION SPARK
אIGNITION SYSTEM
אIGNITION TIMING
אאINDICATED HORSEPOWER
אINTAKE MANIFOLD
אINTAKE STROKE
אINTAKE VALVE
אKNOCK
JET
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אLUBRICATION SYSTEM
אאMAIN BEARING
אאMECHANICAL EFFICIENCYMECHANICAL GOVERNOR
אאאMETRIC SYSTEM
אMUFFLER
אOIL CONTROL RINGS
אOIL FILTER
אOIL PAN
אOIL PUMP
אOIL SEAL
OTTO CYCLE
OVERHEAD VALVE
PISTON
אPISTON PIN
אPISTON PIN BEARING
אPISTON RINGS
אPISTON SKIRT
POLLUTION
PORT
אPOWER STROKE
אאGASES PRESSURE
אPUSH ROD
אאRADIATOR
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
RECIPROCATING MOTION אRING GROOVE
אSCAVENGING
אאSLUDGE
אאSPARK PLUG
אאאSPECIFIC HEAT
אSUPERCHARGER
STRAINER
אFאESTORAGE BATTERY
STROKE
THERMOSTATE
אTHROTTLE VALVE
TIMING
אאאTOP DEAD CENTER
TURBULENCE
TWO STROKE CYCLE
VACUM
VALVE
אVALVE CLEARANCE אVALVE GUIDE
אVALVE HEAD
אאVALVE LIFTER
אVALVE SEAT
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אVALVE STEM
VELOCITY
אאVIBRATION
VISCOSITY
אVOLATILITYVAPOR LOCK
VV- ENGINE
VOLT
אVOLTMETER אVISCOUS FRICTION
אאGASES VOLUME
אאVOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY אWATER JACKET
אWATER PUMP
אWORKאאFאEPiston Stroke
אFאאECompression – space VolumeאאFאאEPiston Displacement אאאFour – stroke
אSuction Stroke אאFאEVolumetric Efficiency
אCompression StrokeאאPower Stroke or Expansion Stroke
אExhaust Stroke
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אEngine Power אאFאEBreaking (effective ) Power
א Engine Torque
FEאηm Engine Efficiency אFאEPiston
Solid – Skirt Piston Split – Skirt Piston
FEPiston with ring holder
אFאEPiston Rings
א Cylinder Hea
אאCombustion Chamber
אMain Fold אSpark Plugs
אאMean Effective Pressure = MEP אFאEValves
אFאEInlet valve אFאEExhaust valve
אא Standard Valve אאא Tulip Valve
אאא Flat Top Valve א Valve Seat
א Valve Guide
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
אא Valve SpringsאCooling System
אאAir Cooling System א Water Cooling System
אFאERadiator אWater Pump
אאא Thermostat אא Air Fan א Fan belt
אFאEא Water Jacketsא Radiator Cap
א Expansion Tank א Cooling Fluid
אFאאEאWater Hoses אא Temperature Sensor
FEא Lubrication System
א Oil Pump א Oil Filter
FEא Dipstick FEא Oil Pan
FEאOil Pipes א Oil Pressure Gauges
א Oil Pressure Regulating Valve א Additives
١٧٢ א א
אאא א
ثقل ١٧٢ א אא
אאא א
אא Wאאא
• אאאא Jאא • אאא Jאא • א J • א J • א J • אאאא Jאאא • אKW
אאא–אאא––א١٩٨٦א • אאאאא––א–
אאאאK • אאא Jאאאא
אא–אWאK
١٧٢ א אא
אאא א
אאאW
• Diesel Engines and Fuel Systems Author : Barry Wellington and Alan Asmus. • Diesel and Mobile Plant Service Technology Author : Clifford M. Tempest. • Diesel Engine Repair by : John . F. Dagel Copyright 1982 by John Willey & sons,
Inc . All rights reserved Published simultaneously in Canada . • Analysis of Pollutant Formation and Control and Fuel economy in • Diesel Engine .by Naeim A. Henein .Copyright 1973 by In text , Inc . • Technical Instruction BOSCH : • Diesel Fuel – Injection Equipment . • Toyota Motor Corporation : Diesel Injection Pump – Training Manual . http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel2.htm
• Workshop Manual Audi 200 1996 .Service Department .Technical
Information . Edition 07 .
• Tractors and Automobiles . Translated from Russian by S.KITTELL. third edition 1993 . Mir Publishers Moscow .
• Diesel Fundamentals . Principles and Service by Frank Thiessen and
Davis Dales . 1988 by Reston Publishing Company , Inc . A Prentice-Hall Company .
ثقل ١٧٢ א א
אאא א
א
אא
אאWא ١
אאWאאא ٢٦
אWאא ٤٨
אאאWא ٧٧
אאWא ١٠٤
אאWאא ١٣٦
אאWאאא ١٥٨
אאWא ١٧٧
אאWא ٢٠٦
אא ٢٢١
אא