სემიოტიკა #5

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saqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoeba

semiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centri

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k asamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnali

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S E M I O T I C SSCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi20092009200920092009

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mTavari redaqtoricira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZe

guCa kvaracxeliazurab kiknaZemixeil qurdianimerab RaRaniZeemzar jgerenaianodar ladariamanana kvaWantiraZezaza SaTiriSvilidaviT andriaZezaal kikviZemamuka biWaSvili

UDC 81´22

dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1512-2409

© semiotikis kvlevis centri 2009

saredaqcio sabWosaredaqcio sabWosaredaqcio sabWosaredaqcio sabWosaredaqcio sabWo

Editor-in-ChiefTsira Barbakadze

Gucha KvaratskheliaZurab KiknadzeMikheil KurdianiMerab GhaghanidzeEmzar JgerenaiaNodar LadariaManana KvachantiradzeZaza ShatirishviliDavit AndriadzeZaal KikvidzeMamuka Bichashvili

Editorial Board

redaqtorebiredaqtorebiredaqtorebiredaqtorebiredaqtorebi

Tamar berekaSviliTamar lomiZeizabela qobalavaqeTevan genebaSvili

Editors

Tamar BerekashviliTamar LomidzeIzabela KobalavaKetevan Genebashvili

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S i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s i

enisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotika

rusudan asaTiani, TinaTin janeliZerusudan asaTiani, TinaTin janeliZerusudan asaTiani, TinaTin janeliZerusudan asaTiani, TinaTin janeliZerusudan asaTiani, TinaTin janeliZemapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqcionaluri analizi qarTulSi 3

cira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZecira barbaqaZeenis fascinaciuri (magiuri) funqcia da nislis semiotika 20

qeTevan bezaraSviliqeTevan bezaraSviliqeTevan bezaraSviliqeTevan bezaraSviliqeTevan bezaraSvilimSvenierebis cneba bizantiur, Zvel qarTul esTetikaSi darusTavelTan 33

mamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilidaviT guramiSvili da “daviTiani” 47

konstantine bregaZekonstantine bregaZekonstantine bregaZekonstantine bregaZekonstantine bregaZeromantizmis istoriis filosofia novalisis “Ramis himnebSi” 56

nino daraselianino daraselianino daraselianino daraselianino daraseliaSorisdebuli freimuli semantikis TvalsazrisiT 66

manana kvaWantiraZemanana kvaWantiraZemanana kvaWantiraZemanana kvaWantiraZemanana kvaWantiraZe,,ori Zmis” koncepti. interteqstulobis fsiqo-socialuriaspeqtebi 74

ada nemsaZeada nemsaZeada nemsaZeada nemsaZeada nemsaZelimonis simbolika oTar WilaZis romanebSi 83

nana trapaiZenana trapaiZenana trapaiZenana trapaiZenana trapaiZe

sicilis poetika uaxles mxatvrul azrovnebaSi 92

kulturis semiotikakulturis semiotikakulturis semiotikakulturis semiotikakulturis semiotika

Tamar berekaSviliTamar berekaSviliTamar berekaSviliTamar berekaSviliTamar berekaSviliesse marginalobasa da mowyenilobaze 109

SoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSviliSoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSviliSoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSviliSoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSviliSoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSvilinaS/enis prezentacia 117

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izabela petriaSviliizabela petriaSviliizabela petriaSviliizabela petriaSviliizabela petriaSviliglobaluri da lokaluri kodebi reklamaSi 124

gia joxaZegia joxaZegia joxaZegia joxaZegia joxaZesxeulis Tavgadasavali: qarTuli versia (meore werili) 131

semiotikis da Teoria da istoriasemiotikis da Teoria da istoriasemiotikis da Teoria da istoriasemiotikis da Teoria da istoriasemiotikis da Teoria da istoria

mirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZeklasikis kvleva araklasikuris batonobis xanaSi 145

Tamar lomiZeTamar lomiZeTamar lomiZeTamar lomiZeTamar lomiZe

metafora da metonimia 152

salome omiaZesalome omiaZesalome omiaZesalome omiaZesalome omiaZekonceptis cneba lingvokulturologiaSi 158

giorgi SavguliZegiorgi SavguliZegiorgi SavguliZegiorgi SavguliZegiorgi SavguliZesemiotikidan filosofiisaken 164

semiotika da sxvasemiotika da sxvasemiotika da sxvasemiotika da sxvasemiotika da sxva

diana anfimiadidiana anfimiadidiana anfimiadidiana anfimiadidiana anfimiadidanaSaulis semiotika 175

naTela arvelaZenaTela arvelaZenaTela arvelaZenaTela arvelaZenaTela arvelaZeniRabi, Teatris vizualuri ena 180

mamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSvilimamuka biWaSviliistoria mecnierebaTa arqeologiis Suqze 194

mirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZemirian ebanoiZe,,Tanamedrove’’ literatura 207

xaTuna TavdgiriZexaTuna TavdgiriZexaTuna TavdgiriZexaTuna TavdgiriZexaTuna TavdgiriZemiTosuri simulaciebi mSvenieri urCxuli 211

zaza SaTiriSvilizaza SaTiriSvilizaza SaTiriSvilizaza SaTiriSvilizaza SaTiriSvili

rogor unda daiweros Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria? 243

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C O N T E N T S

Semiotics of Language and Literature

Rusudan Asatiani, Tinatin JanelidzeFunctional Analysis of Conjunctions Showing an InformationalContrast in Georgian 251

Tsira BarbakadzeFascinating Function of Language and Fog Semiotics 251

Ketevan BezarashviliThe Concept of Beauty in Byzantine, Old Georgian Aesthetics andRustaveli’s Poem 252

Mamuka BichashviliAuthor and His Work. Problem of Identity 253

Konstantine BregadzePhilosophy of History in Romanticism in Novalis’ ‘Hymns to the Night’for the Hermeneutics of Hymn 5 253

Nino DaraseliaThe Interjection from the Standpoint of Frame Semantics 255

Manana KvachantaridzeThe Concept of “Two Brothers”. Psycho-social Aspects ofIntertextuality 255

Ada NemsadzeSymbol of Lemon in Otar Chiladze’s Novels 255

Nana TrapaidzePoetics of Laughter in Modert Fictional Concept 256

Semiotics of Culture

Shota Bostanashvili, Davit BostanashviliPresentation of nash/eni 256

Izabella PetriashviliGlobal and Local Codes in Advertising 257

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Gia JokhadzeThe History of the Body: Georgian Version 258

History and Theory of Semiotics

Tamar BerekashviliEssay on Marginality and Ennui 258

Mirian Ebanoidze“Exploring Classics in the Age of the Dominance of the Non-Classical” 259

Tamar LomidzeMetaphor and Metonymy 259

Salome OmiadzeThe Notion of Concept in Linguoculturology 260

Mirian Ebanoidze,,Modern’’ Literature 261

Mamuka BichashviliHistory on the Light of Archeology of ScienceDavid Bagrationi. His Language, History and Science 261

Khatuna TavdgiridzeMythical SimulationsBeautiful Dragon 262

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e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i ss e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k a

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, saq. mecnierebaTaakademiis g. wereTlis sa-xelobis aRmosavleT-mcodneobis institutiswamyvani mecnieri Tanam-Sromeli.ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:qarTvelur enaTa tipo-logiis sakiTxebi; Con-ceptual Representations ofthe Verb Forms Creation(on the Georgian Data);Semantics and Typology ofYes/No particles (on theGeorgian data); ZiriTadisemantikuri rolebiskonceptualuri warmod-gena da situaciis lin-gvisturi struqturireba.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:sintaqsur konstruqcia-Ta tipologia, kognitiu-ri lingvistika, sainfor-macio struqturebi, qar-Tvelur enaTa gramati-kuli sistema da misi ti-pologiuri Tavisebure-bebi.

rusudan asaTianiTinaTin janeliZe

mapirispirebelikavSirebis funqcionaluri

analizi qarTulSi

I. Sesavali: sakiTxis dasmaI. Sesavali: sakiTxis dasmaI. Sesavali: sakiTxis dasmaI. Sesavali: sakiTxis dasmaI. Sesavali: sakiTxis dasma

sazogadod, ‘obeqturi realobis’ lin-gvisturi struqturireba xorcieldeba‘msgavsi da gansxvavebuli’ SinaarsebisSepirispirebebiT, ris safuZvelzec aigebagarkveuli formaluri opoziciebi. esopoziciebi warmogvidgenen, sul cota, orerTeuls, romelTagan erT-erTi markirebulia,meore ki ara. aseTi formaluri kontrasti,rogorc wesi, asaxavs informaciis struq-turirebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad strategias_ informaciis kontrastuli erTeulebisgamovlenasa da maT kontrastul markirebastopikalizaciisa da/an fokusuri SemadgenlisgamokveTis saSualebiT [1], [2], [5], [9, [10].

informaciulad gamokveTili kontrastu-li erTeulebis SejerebisaTvis, rogorc wesi,gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis (ZiriTadad, ma-pirispirebeli) kavSirebi. kavSirebis seman-tikuri da funqciuri gansxvavebulobebisdadgenisaTvis aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoTwinadadebis sainformacio struqturisSefuTvisa da informaciis struqturirebisgansxvavebuli strategiebi.

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II. kavSiri rogorc metyvelebis nawili daII. kavSiri rogorc metyvelebis nawili daII. kavSiri rogorc metyvelebis nawili daII. kavSiri rogorc metyvelebis nawili daII. kavSiri rogorc metyvelebis nawili damisi specifikamisi specifikamisi specifikamisi specifikamisi specifika

kavSiri miuTiTebs im semantikur da logikur mimarTebebze,romelTa saSualebiTac xorcieldeba teqstis Semadgeneli nawilebiserTmaneTTan dakavSireba (resp. gadabma) [3], [8]. kavSiri arasodesicvlis formas. is akavSirebs erTmaneTTan or an met winadadebasan winadadebis Semadgenel wevrebs. kavSirebi uxvad arian warmo-dgenilni yvela saxis teqstSi, magram TviTon ar arian damoukidebelisemantikuri Sinaarsis mqone denotaturi erTeulebi. isini arafersaRniSnaven obieqtur realobaSi da mxolod im siRrmiseul semantikurgadabmaze migvaniSneben, ris safuZvelzec gaerTiandnen am teqstisnawilebi kontrastis, dapirispirebis an sxva specifikuriSinaarsebis gamosakveTad.

III. mapirispirebeli kavSirebiIII. mapirispirebeli kavSirebiIII. mapirispirebeli kavSirebiIII. mapirispirebeli kavSirebiIII. mapirispirebeli kavSirebi

dapirispirebuli Sinaarsis gamomxatveli informaciisSemadgeneli erTeulebis gaerTianebisaTvis Rirebulia mapiris-pirebeli kavSirebi, romlebic ara marto akavSireben winadadebebsan struqturulad erTgvarovan wevrebs erTmaneTTan, aramed axalsemantikasac aniWeben mTlian gamonaTqvams. maT SemoaqvT axalimniSvneloba – kontrasti. qarTulSi am funqciiT gamoiyeneba Semdegimapirispirebeli kavSirebi: magram, Tumca, aramed, oRond, xolo,magram, Tumca, aramed, oRond, xolo,magram, Tumca, aramed, oRond, xolo,magram, Tumca, aramed, oRond, xolo,magram, Tumca, aramed, oRond, xolo,kikikikiki; da, aseve, majgufebeli kavSirebi: Tu, da Tu, da Tu, da Tu, da Tu, da.....

winadadebaSi kontrastuli informaciis warmodgenisaTvis SesaZ-lebelia saerTod ar iyos gamoyenebuli mapirispirebeli kavSirida Sinaarsobrivi dapirispireba formalurad mxolod SesabamisiintonaciiT gadmoices. mapirispirebeli kavSirebi formalurad aZlie-reben kontrastul mimarTebebs winadadebaSi da axdenen winadadebisaqtualizebuli wevris xazgasmas, gamoyofas. kavSirebiT gaerTianebisasSinaarsobrivi dapirispireba formaluradac aris specialurisityviT (resp. kavSiriT) gamoxatuli; magaliTad:

(1) erTi xmaurobda, meore wynarad ijda.(2) erTi xmaurobda, meore ki wynarad ijda.

pirvel winadadebaSi, ukavSiro SeerTebisas, Sinaarsobrivi dapi-rispireba xmaurobda : wynarad ijda, mxolod kontrastuli into-naciis saSualebiT miiRweva, meoreSi ki am kontrasts formaluradaZlierebs kavSiri ki, romelic intonaciasTan erTad migvaniSnebssemantikurad Sepirispirebul movlenebze.

rusudan asaTiani, TinaTin janeliZe

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garda Sinaarsobrivad dapirispirebuli gamonaTqvamebisa,SesaZlebelia, aseve, iseTi gamonaTqvamebis kontrastuli gaerTianeba,romlebic Sinaarsobrivad ar gulisxmoben ucilobel kontrasts;magaliTad:

(3) kaci werda, qali kiTxulobda.(4) kaci werda, qali ki kiTxulobda.

am SemTxvevebSi, (3) da (4) winadadebebis Sinaarsobrivad ara-dapirispirebuli Semadgenlebi _ werda : kiTxulobda _ kontrastulopozicias qmnian mxolod da mxolod Sesabamisi intonaciis (3) anintonaciasTan erTad formalurad warmodgenili mapirispirebelikavSiris (ki) saSualebiT.

radganac yvela mapirispirebel kavSirs erTi saerTo, zogadifunqcia aqvs _ winadadebaSi gamoxatos kontrasti/dapirispireba,xSir SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi erTmaneTiT Canacvleba:

(5) megobarTan mivedi, magram saxlSi ar damxvda.(6) megobarTan mivedi, oRond saxlSi ar damxvda.(7) megobarTan mivedi, Tumca saxlSi ar damxvda.(8) megobarTan mivedi, xolo is saxlSi ar damxvda.(9) megobarTan mivedi, saxlSi ki ar damxvda.(10) megobarTan mivedi da is saxlSi ar damxvda.

zemoT warmodgenil magaliTebSi dapirispireba gamoxatuliasxvadasxva kavSiriT. rogorc vxedavT maT ZiriTadi Sinaarsi erTnairiaqvT, gansxvavebulia mxolod ‘kontrastis’ saxe. winadadebebidalagebulia kontrastis/dapirispirebis xasiaTisa da xarisxiscvlis mixedviT _ (10)-dan (5)-mde kontrasti sul ufro daufro Zlieria, ufro metad aris xazgasmuli winadadebebs Soriskontrastuli dapirispireba; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es kavSirebikontrasts sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoxataven.

IV. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciur-semantikuriIV. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciur-semantikuriIV. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciur-semantikuriIV. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciur-semantikuriIV. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciur-semantikurisxvaobis amsaxveli sqemasxvaobis amsaxveli sqemasxvaobis amsaxveli sqemasxvaobis amsaxveli sqemasxvaobis amsaxveli sqema

marTalia, zogierT konteqstSi mapirispirebeli kavSirebiserTmaneTiT Canacvleba SesaZlebelia, magram es kavSirebi sinonimurniar arian _ maT TavianTi funqcia da datvirTva aqvT, gamoirCevianmxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiTa da Tavisebu-rebebiT. am gansxvavebulobebis gamosavlenad gavaanalizeT sxva-dasxvagvari teqstebi da zepirmetyvelebis nimuSebi, gaviTvaliswineTqarTul gramatikul tradiciaSi dafiqsirebuli Tvalsazrisebi [3],

mapirispirebeli kavSirebis Ffunqcionaluri analizi qarTulSi

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[4], [6], [8] da Cveni dakvirvebis Sedegebi SevajameT garkveuli sqemissaxiT, romelic asaxavs mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciur dasemantikur gansxvavebulobebs:

kontrasti

+dapirispireba _dapirispireba

+sawinaaRmdego _sawinaaRmdego +erTi mainc _erTi mainc WeSmariti (=yvela)

WeSmariti+koreqcia _koreqcia +Zlieri _Zlieri

+molodini _molodini

+survili _survili

aramed/ oRond / Tumca/magram/ki//kidev / xolo / Tu / da

V. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciaTa ganmasxvavebeli V. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciaTa ganmasxvavebeli V. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciaTa ganmasxvavebeli V. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciaTa ganmasxvavebeli V. mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciaTa ganmasxvavebelidiferencialuri niSnebidiferencialuri niSnebidiferencialuri niSnebidiferencialuri niSnebidiferencialuri niSnebi

rogorc sqemidan Cans, mapirispirebeli kavSirebis dasaxa-siaTeblad gamoiyo 7 binaruli diferencialuri niSani, romlebicRirebulia am kavSirebs Soris gansxvavebulobebis aRsawerad.ganvixiloT es niSnebi:

1. +/_[dapirispireba]1. +/_[dapirispireba]1. +/_[dapirispireba]1. +/_[dapirispireba]1. +/_[dapirispireba]

yvela mapirispirebeli kavSiris saerTo funqcia aris is, romisini gamoxataven kontrasts, magram kontrastis gamoxatva auci-leblobiT ar gulisxmobs garkveul erTeulebs Soris dapi-rispirebis gaxazvas. enobrivad kontrastuli SeiZleba iyos nebismieriori (an meti) erTgvarovani Semadgeneli, romelTa Soris Sinaarsobrividapirispirebis arseboba aucilebeli arc aris (SesaZlebeliagamoricxulic ki iyos, magaliTad, sinonimebis SemTxvevaSi). kavSirebida da Tu SesaZlebelia aerTianebdnen kontrastuli xasiaTis


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Semadgenlebs, Tumca isini am Semadgenlebis dapirispirebas argamoxataven; magaliTad:

(11) is xan ucnaurad tokavda da xan saocrad SeifarTxalebda xolme (ak. wer.).

(12) saqme iqamde mivida, rom dRes Tu xval skolidan unda gamoericxaT (i. gogeb.).

(13) dainaxes Tu ara es mercxlebma, swrafad daanebes Tavi da afrindnen maRla (i. gogeb.).

maSasadame, da da Tu majgufebeli kavSirebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT+/–[dapirispireba] binaruli diferencialuri niSnis uaryofiTiSinaarsiT (_[dapirispireba]), xolo mapirispirebeli kavSirebi: magram,Tumca, aramed, oRond, xolo, ki _ amave diferencialuri niSnisdadebiTi SinaarsiT (+[dapirispireba])

2. +/_[erTi mainc]2. +/_[erTi mainc]2. +/_[erTi mainc]2. +/_[erTi mainc]2. +/_[erTi mainc]

miuxedavad imisa, rom da da Tu kavSirebi, orive, arada-pirispirebuli kontrastuli gaerTianebis gamosaxatavad SeiZlebaiyos gamoyenebuli, maT Soris funqciuri sxvaoba mainc didia:

da majgufebeli kavSiria da misi umTavresi funqcia dakavSirebaa_ mas SeuZlia nebismieri saxis erTgvari wevrebisa Tu winadadebebisgaerTianeba. Sedegad miRebuli gamonaTqvami WeSmariti iqneba mxolodda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gaerTianebul SemadgenelTaganyoveli iqneba WeSmariti. Tu kavSiric aerTianebs erTgvar wevrebsaTu winadadebebs, magram iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gaerTianebulSemadgenelTagan erT-erTi mainc aris WeSmariti. ase rom, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom da kavSiri Seesabameba formaluri logikis koniunqcias,xolo Tu _ diziunqcias.

Tu xSiria SekiTxvebSi, sadac fokusTa SesaZlebeli variantebisraodenoba SemosazRvrulia; magaliTad:

(14) A: nika kiTxulobs Tu wers? PSesaZlebel amomwurav pasuxTagan yoveli varianti iqneba

SemosazRvruli, dakonkretebuli:(14) BB-1: nika kiTxulobs! BB-2: nika wers! A BB-3: nika kidevac kiTxulobs da kidevac wers! M

magram Tu davsvamT kiTxvas:(15) AA: ras akeTebs nika?


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SesaZlebel pasuxTa variantebi faqtiurad SemousazRvreli iqneba:(15) BB: nika kiTxulobs (wers, xatavs, TamaSobs...).…

am funqciiT Tu kavSiri seleqciur, kontrastul fokuszeaorientirebuli maSin, rodesac da kavSiriT gaerTianebul Semad-genlebian kiTxvaze pasuxi moiTxovs mTlianad azris dadasturebasan uaryofas:

(16) AA: nika wers da kiTxulobs? P BB-1: ki.

pasuxi ki gulisxmobs, rom nika orive moqmedebas asrulebs:kidec wers da kidec kiTxulobs; xolo pasuxi ara gvatyobinebs,rom nika an arc erT moqmedebas ar asrulebs (e.i arc wers da arckiTxulobs), an erT-erTs mainc asrulebs, amitom amomwuravi pasuxiam kiTxvaze unda iyos dazustebeli:

(16) B-2: ara, mxolod kiTxulobs. B-3: ara, mxolod wers. B-4: ara, arc kiTxulobs da arc wers.

rodesac Tu kavSiriT gaerTianebulia ori (an meti) winadadeba,maSin saqme gvaqvs daqvemdebarebul konstruqciasTan, sadac azrisdasrulebisaTvis aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili kidev erTi(mTavari) winadadeba, romlis daqvemdebarebulic iqneba Tu kavSiriTgaerTianebuli, TavisTavad rTuli, winadadeba:

(17) nino cekvavda Tu nika mReroda, maris es ukve aRar ainteresebda.

aseTi rTuli qvewyobili konstruqcia ar aris aucilebeli dakavSiriT gaerTianebuli winadadebebis SemTxvevaSi _ azridasrulebulia ‘mesame’ winadadebis gareSec:

(18) nino cekvavda da nika mReroda.Aaqve SevecdebiT Tu kavSiris funqciur gamijvna-gansxvavebis

warmoCenas an - an macalkevebeli kavSirisagan: Cveulebriv, Tu-sdros gaerTianebul SemadgenelTagan orive an erT-erTi maincWeSmaritia; magaliTad:

(19) didi Tu patara TavgamodebiT muSaobda (vaJa.). Aaq igulisxmeba, rom yoveliyoveliyoveliyoveliyoveli _ didic da patarac, anu orive

erTad, muSaobda TavgamodebiT. (gansxvavebiT da kavSiriT gaerTianebisasigulisxmeba, rom yvela _ yvela _ yvela _ yvela _ yvela _ didi da patara muSaobda). gansxvavebuliviTarebaa (an) _ an kavSiriT gaerTianebul SemadgenlebTan:

(20) an dRes mogvardeba yvelaferi, an xval.aq igulisxmeba, rom mxolodmxolodmxolodmxolodmxolod erT SemTxvevaSi (an dRes, an xval)

mogvardeba yvelaferi. (Sdr: dRes Tu xval yvelaferi mogvardeba _


13

niSnavs, rom nebismiernebismiernebismiernebismiernebismier dRes (an dRes, an xval) SeiZleba mogvardesyvelaferi.)

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSin, rodesac Tu kavSiri Seesabamebalogikur diziunqcias (resp. +[erTi mainc]), kavSiri an _ an fardialogikis e. w. gamomricxavi diziunqciisa (resp. +[mxolod erTi]);xolo orive upirispirdeba da kavSirs, romelic logikis koniuqciisSesabamisia (resp. _[erTi mainc]; anu +[yvela]).

3. +/_[sawinaaRmdego]3. +/_[sawinaaRmdego]3. +/_[sawinaaRmdego]3. +/_[sawinaaRmdego]3. +/_[sawinaaRmdego]

kontrastul dapirispirebas SesaZlebelia qmnidnen rogorcsawinaaRmdego Sinaarsis (magaliTad, antonimebi; leqsemebi, romlebicuSveben semantikurad sapirispiro Sinaarss; formalurad uaryofiTida dadebiTi konstruqciebis SepirispirebiT miRebuli gamonaTqvamebi;da sxv.), aseve, arasawinaaRmdego Sinaarsis gamomxatveli gansxvavebuliSemadgenlebi. Tu dapirispireba sawinaaRmdego Semadgenlebs aerTianebs,maSin mizanSewonilia oRond, Tumca, aramed, magram kavSirebis gamoyeneba;xolo Tu Sepirispirebulia gansxvavebuli, magram arasawinaaRmdegoSinaarsis mqone Semadgenlebi, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ki//kidev, xolokavSirebi. e.i. oRond, Tumca, aramed, magram kavSirebi SeiZlebadaxasiaTdes, rogorc kavSirebi, romlebic aerTianeben +[sawinaaRmdego]Sinaarsebs, xolo ki//kidev, xolo kavSirebi, rogorc kavSirebi,romlebic aerTianeben –[sawinaaRmdego] Sinaarsebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom,ramdenadac am kavSirebis funqciaa ise gaaerTianos gamonaTqvamebi,rom gaxazos (an ar gaxazos) maT Soris sawinaaRmdego (an arasa-winaarmdego) Sinaarsebi, isini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen am funqciiTim SemTxvevaSic, rodesac dapirispirebul erTeulTa semantikaaucileblobiT ar aris SesabamisobaSi gaerTianebul SemadgenelTasawinaaRmdego an arasawinaaRmdego SinaarsebTan; anu +[sawinaaRmdego]kavSirebiT SeiZleba gaerTiandes, aseve, semantikurad arasawinaaRmdegoSinaarsis Semadgenlebi da, piriqiT, –[sawinaaRmdego] kavSirebiT _arasawinaaRmdego Sinaarsebi, Tuki konkretuli situacia gulisxmobsaseT dapirispirebas. magaliTebi:

(21) mas brZola undoda, Tumca am yvelafriT Zalian daRliliiyo (i. gogeb.).

(22) jer ar menaxa misi lekuri, Tumca gagonebiT ki bevrigamegona (ak. wer.).

(23) Cven, irmebi, eniT ar vlaparakobT, aramed TvalebiT (vaJa.).


14

(24) Zmani xerxeuliZeni aramc Tu ar Sedrknen, aramed lomebad gadaiqcnen (i. gog.).

(25) niniam daaxala daTvs Tofi, magram aacdina (vaJa.).(26) wvimam gadaiRo, magram caze mze mainc ar Canda (vaJa.).(27) ivarjiSe, oRond Zalian nu gadaiRlebi.(28) imRereT, oRond nu abRavldebiT (m. jav).es (21) _ (28) magaliTebi upirispirdeba (29) _ (32) magaliTebs,

romlebic arasawinaaRmdego SinaarsTa kontrastul dapirispirebasgamoxataven:

(29) Zalian moiwyina, tirils ki ar apirebda (ak. wer.).(30) zamTari iyo, bavSvs ki qudi ar exura (ak. wer.).(31) erTi sacekvaod wavida, xolo meorem dasveneba gadawyvita.

A (ak. wer.)(32) nadiris xorciT ZaRlebs asuqebdnen, xolo tyavs

amarilebdnen da axmobdnen (m. jav).amdenad, diferencialuri niSani +/_[sawinaaRmdego] asaxavs

kavSirebis funqciur sxvaobas _ gaaerTianon da daupirispironSemadgenlebi imgvarad, rom warmoaCinon am dapirispirebissawinaaRmdego an arasawinaaRmdego xasiaTi.

4. +/_[dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa Zlieri gamokveTa]4. +/_[dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa Zlieri gamokveTa]4. +/_[dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa Zlieri gamokveTa]4. +/_[dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa Zlieri gamokveTa]4. +/_[dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa Zlieri gamokveTa]

arasawinaaRmdego, magram dapirispirebuli SemadgenlebisgamaerTianebeli kavSirebi ki/kidev, xolo funqciurad msgavsi kavSi-rebia. isini xSirad enacvlebian erTmaneTs da gamoxataven SedarebiT‘rbil’ dapirispirebas, Tumca es monacvleobac Tavisufali ar aris,ramdenadac maTi poziciebi SemosazRvrulia: xolo iwyebs dapiris-pirebis amsaxvel meore Semadgenlur konstuqcias, ki ki mosdevsmeore winadadebaSi warmodgenil dapirispirebul Semadgenels. xolokavSirisgan gansxvavebiT, ki SeiZleba upirispirebdes rogorc martivSemadgenlebs, ise winadadebebs. aqedan gamomdinare, ki-s ufro metadSeuZlia gamokveTos dapirispirebis konkretuli obieqti _ topikian fokusi.

(33) zamTari iyo. yvelas qudi exura, sabralo bavSvs(T) ki ara.(34) AA: vin wers?

B: qali(F) wers, kaci(F) ki ara. AA: ras wers? BB: werils(F) wers, wigns(F) ki ara.


15

amdenad, xolo/ki//kidev kavSirebis funqciebis gansasxvavebladRirebulad SeiZleba miviCnioT Semdegi diferencialuri niSani: +/_[dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa Zlieri gamokveTa]. es niSani asaxavsim faqts, rom ki//kidev kavSiri ufro Zlierad gamoxatavs SemadgenelTatopikur/fokusur bunebas, xolo kavSiri ki mTlianad winadadebebisdapirispirebas gulisxmobs.

rac Seexeba sawinaaRmdego dapirispirebis gamomxatvel kavSirebs:magram, Tumca, oRond, aramed _ maTi urTierTCanacvlebadobis xarisxicmaRalia, Tumca urTierTgamomricxavi gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis analizisaSualebas gvaZlevs maTi funqciebis ganmasxvavebeli ZiriTadidiferencialuri niSnebic iqnes mikvleuli.

5. +/_[koreqcia]5. +/_[koreqcia]5. +/_[koreqcia]5. +/_[koreqcia]5. +/_[koreqcia]

komunikaciis dros xSirad xdeba garkveul gamonaTqvamTa koreqcia,Sesworeba: adre gamoTqmuli mosazrebis uaryofa da axlis mtkiceba.aseTi ori Semadgenlis dakavSirebisas, bunebrivia, saxezea sawinaaRmdegomtkicebis dapirispirebul SemadgenelTa gaerTianeba. amgvar SemTxvevaSiyvelaze mizanSewonilia aramed kavSiris gamoyeneba: aramed amyarebskavSirs movlenebs Soris imgvarad, rom uaryofs mocemul dadebiTmtkicebas da mas sawinaaRmdego mtkicebas upirispirebs; magaliTad:

(35) AA: rogorc Cans, magrad wvims. BB: ki ar wvims, aramed mxolod quxs.

aramed kavSiris am funqciidan gamomdinare, formalurad mkacradgansazRvrulia amgvari koreqtivis amsaxveli gamonaTqvamisformaluri struqturac: rogorc wesi, aramed kavSiriT gaerTianebulSemadgenlebidan pirvelia uaryofiTi formiT warmodgenili, radganacis asaxavs adre mocemuli msjelobis sapirispiro mtkicebas, meoreki ukve koreqtirebul mtkicebas gamoxatavs. amis gamo, pirvelSemadgenel winadadebasTan, rogorc wesi, vxvdebiT uaryofiT nawilakebs:ar, ki ar, nu, nu ki, ara Tu da, aseve, kiTxviT nawilaks gana, romelicgamoxatavs gakvirvebas, eWvis Setanas da, amdenad, semantikurad uaryofisSinaarsi aqvs (es nawilaki, rogorc wesi, ixmareba kiTxviT winadadebebSi,rodesac kiTxvis avtori uaryofiT pasuxs moelis). magaliTebi:

(36) ki ar gavaleb, aramed gTxov.(38) ki nu gabrazdebi, aramed dafiqrdi.(39) mefe erekle am dros iyo ara uwindeli Zal-RoniT savse

arwivi, aramed oTxmoci wlis moxuci (i. gogeb.).


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(40) gana marto codna niSnavs bevr rames, aramed saqmec unda SegveZlos (ak. wer.).

maSasadame, kavSiri aramed sawinaaRmdego dapirispirebisgamomxatvel danarCen kavSirebs: oRond, Tumca, magram _ upirispirdeba+/_[koreqcia] diferencialuri niSnis dadebiTi maCvenebliT.

6. +/_[molodini]6. +/_[molodini]6. +/_[molodini]6. +/_[molodini]6. +/_[molodini]

sazogadod, movlenaTa Sepirispirebis dros SesaZlebeliadafiqsirdes mosaubris molodinis sawinaaRmdego movlenebi. amSemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba kavSirebi: oRond, Tumca. iseTi gaerTianeba,sadac gaxazulia sawinaaRmdegoTa dapirispireba, Tumca mosaubrismolodinze yuradReba gamaxvilebuli ar aris, rogorc wesi, magramkavSiriT xorcieldeba. magram kavSiri yvelaze Zlierad gamoxatavssawinaaRmdego movlenebis dapirispirebul gaerTianebas, Tumca aqmovlenebs Soris urTierTkavSiris da, Sesabamisad, erTis gamo meorismoulodnelobis gamokveTa ar xdeba:

(41) wvims, magram ar quxs.sapirispirod, oRond da Tumca kavSirebi aseTi molodinis

SesaZleblobas gaxazaven:(42) wvims, Tumca ar quxs.(43) wvims, oRond ar quxs.

am SemTxvevaSi, ramdenadac wvimis dros xSiria quxilic, mosaubreimgvarad aRwers situacias, rom afiqsirebs am zogadi molodinissawinaaRmdego viTarebas. SesaZlebelia mosaubrem airCiosgansxvavebuli strategia da yuradReba ar gaamaxvilos aRniSnulmolodinze. maSin gveqneboda gansxvavebuli winadadeba:

(44) wvims, magram ar quxs.vnaxoT am saxis sxva magaliTebic:

(45) meama, magram cud gunebaze avdeqi mainc (ak. wer.).(46) xoxbebi yurs ugdebdnen, magram ar elaparekebodnen (vaJa.).

Tu ar CavTvliT am individualur maxasiaTeblebs, kavSirebimagram, Tumca, oRond SesaZlebelia Tavisuflad Caenacvlon erTmaneTs.siZlieris mixedviT magram kavSiri xolo/ki kavSirebTan SedarebiTyvelaze metad gamoxatavs dapirispirebas da zogjer mas kidevufro aZlierebs nawilaki mainc:

(47) wvimam gadaiRo, magram caze mze mainc ar Canda (vaJa.).


17

7. +/_[survili]7. +/_[survili]7. +/_[survili]7. +/_[survili]7. +/_[survili]

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tumca da oRond funqciurad Zalianhgvanan erTmaneTs, mainc moxda am kavSirebSi funqciuri sxvaobisgamovlena. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis enacvlebian erTmaneTs, magramaris konstruqciebi, sadac oRond kavSiri molodinTan erTadgamoxatavs mosaubris Zlier survilsa an SiSs, rom misi molodiniSeiZleba ar gamarTldes.

M (48) modi, oRond ar daigviano! M (49) modi, Tumca ar daigviano!oRond kavSiris Tumca-Ti Canacvlebam (49) winadadebaSi mogvca

gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi: mosaubre afrTxilebs msmenels, ar daigvianos,maSin rodesac (48) winadadebaSi gamoxatulia mosaubris Zliersurvili da/an SiSi imisa, rom saubris adresati SeiZleba dagvianebiTmovides. vnaxoT am saxis sxva magaliTebic:

(50) Sen oRond imecadine, am saqmes me mivxedav. (51) ivarjiSe, oRond Zalian nu gadaiRlebi. (52) SegiZlia gaemgzavro, Tumca ara mgonia, gaqceviT saqmes

uSvelo. (53) sirbili Zalian damRlelia, Tumca janmrTelobisTvis

sasargebloa.oRond kavSirs dapirispirebasTan erTad aqvs, aseve, daTmobis

funqcia da SedarebiT ‘rbil’ molodinsa Tu gafrTxilebas gamoxatavs: (54) iTamaSeT, oRond Zalian nu ixmaurebT! (55) wadi saTevzaod, oRond Rrma wyalSi ar Sexvide!

sazogadod, brZanebiTi konstruqciebi survilis semantikiT ufrooRondkavSiriani formebisTvis aris bunebrivi (oRond imRere!),Tumca kavSiriani formebisTvis ki damaxasiaTebeli ar aris (*Tumca,imRere!). Tumca kavSiriani brZanebiTebi ufro gafrTxilebasgamoxataven, vidre survils: Tumca, imRere ra, me ra menarvleba, SenSercxvebi!

aseTi specifikuri konstruqciebi, sadac mosaubris sasurvelimolodinia asaxuli, gvaZlevs biZgs am kavSirebis gansasxvavebladgamovyoT diferencialuri niSani +/_[survili], romlis mixedviTacoRond daxasiaTdeba, rogorc +[survili]-s gamomxatveli, Tumca ki_ gafrTxilebis, -[survilis] gamomxatveli.


18

VI. daskvnaVI. daskvnaVI. daskvnaVI. daskvnaVI. daskvna

amgvarad, warmodgenili 7 binaruli diferencialuri niSanisakmarisi aRmoCnda mapirispirebel kavSirTa semantikuri da/anfunqciuri gansxvavebulobebis aRsawerad. diferencialuri niSnebismixedviT kavSirTa funqciebis ganmasxvavebeli xe-struqtura (ix.gv. 5); SeiZleba Semdegi cxrilis saxiTac warmovadginoT:

aramed oRond Tumca magram ki xolo Tu da

dapirispireba + + + + + + _ _

erTi mainc 0 0 0 0 0 0 + _

sawinaaRmdego + + + + _ _ 0 0

Zlieri gamokveTa 0 0 0 0 + _ 0 0

koreqcia + _ _ _ 0 0 0 0

molodini 0 + _ _ 0 0 0 0

survili 0 + _ 0 0 0 0 0

(*cxrilSi ‘0’ miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli niSani mocemuli kavSirisaTvis Warbia.)

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mapirispirebeli kavSirebis funqciurisxvaobebis amsaxveli xe-struqtura imgvarad aris warmodgenili,rom asaxavs am kavSirebis mier dapirispirebulobis gadmocemismixedviT mzard (marjvnidan marcxniv) ierarqiul mimarTebebs:

aramed > oRond > Tumca > magram > ki//kidev > xolo > Tu > daaramed > oRond > Tumca > magram > ki//kidev > xolo > Tu > daaramed > oRond > Tumca > magram > ki//kidev > xolo > Tu > daaramed > oRond > Tumca > magram > ki//kidev > xolo > Tu > daaramed > oRond > Tumca > magram > ki//kidev > xolo > Tu > da

sazogadod, warmodgenil semantikur-funqciur diferencialurniSnebs ufro sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvT, vidre mkacrad gramatikulimimarTebebis aRweris pretenzia. aucilebelia SevniSnoT, rom zemoTmocemul sqemaSi minus niSnis qveS warmodgenilma kavSirma, rogorcaramarkirebulma, SeiZleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi sapirispiro, pliusniSniT nagulisxmebi Sinaarsic gamoxatos. magaliTad, da kavSiriTSeiZleba gavaerTianoT sapirispiro movlenebi, magram kavSirma SeiZlebamolodinic da zogjer survilic gamoxatos; magram piriqiT, pliusniSnis qveS moTavsebulma kavSirma rom gamoxatos minusianis semantika,Zneli dasaSvebia. am dros kavSiris arasworad gamoyenebasTan gveqnebasaqme. sqemis sarekomendacio xasiaTi Semdegnairad SeiZlebaCamovayaliboT: Tu movlenaTa gaerTianebisas gvsurs pliusiTgamoxatuli semantikis dafiqsireba, umjobesia, Sesabamisi, mis qvemoTmoTavsebuli, kavSiri gamoviyenoT; xolo, Tu gvsurs mxolod


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dapirispireba/kontrasti davafiqsiroT, maSin mis qvemoT moTavsebuliyvela kavSiris gamoyeneba Tavisuflad dasaSvebia. sazogadod,informaciis struqturireba da movlenaTa amsaxveli gamonaTqvamebisgaerTianebis strategiis SerCeva, situaciis garda, mniSvnelovanwiladmosaubris mizansa da survilzea damokidebuli. kavSirebispolifunqciuroba amis saSualebas iZleva. kavSirebis funqciebisgarkveva da maTi sworad gamoyeneba saTqmelis ufro mokled danaTlad gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007: asaTiani r. intonaciis roli winadadebissainformacio struqturis formirebaSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi,Tbilisi: “Tsu gamocemloba”. 22-33.

asaTiani 2007: asaTiani 2007: asaTiani 2007: asaTiani 2007: asaTiani 2007: asaTiani r. informaciis struqturirebissintaqsuri modelebi qarTulSi. “semiotika-II”, WavWavaZis sax.universiteti. Tbilisi: “universali”. 7-29.

gamyreliZe 2003: gamyreliZe 2003: gamyreliZe 2003: gamyreliZe 2003: gamyreliZe 2003: gamyreliZe T., kiknaZe z., Saduri i., Sengelaia n.Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tbilisi; “Tsu gamomcemloba”.

kvaWaZe 1966: kvaWaZe 1966: kvaWaZe 1966: kvaWaZe 1966: kvaWaZe 1966: kvaWaZe l. qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tbilisi: “ganaTleba”.krifka m., 2008: krifka m., 2008: krifka m., 2008: krifka m., 2008: krifka m., 2008: sainformacio struqturis ZiriTadi cnebebi; ena,

logika, kompiuterizacia, II t. Tbilisi: “degaprinti”. 7-40SaniZe 1980: SaniZe 1980: SaniZe 1980: SaniZe 1980: SaniZe 1980: SaniZe ak. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, III t.

Tbilisi: “Tsu gamomcemloba”.Sengelaia 2000: Sengelaia 2000: Sengelaia 2000: Sengelaia 2000: Sengelaia 2000: Sengelaia n. arasruli sityvebi da teqstis

semantikuri mTlianoba, Tbilisi: “diogene”.ZiZiguri 1973: ZiZiguri 1973: ZiZiguri 1973: ZiZiguri 1973: ZiZiguri 1973: ZiZiguri S. kavSirebi qarTul enaSi, Tbilisi: “Tsu

gamomcemloba”.Ceifi 1975: Ceifi 1975: Ceifi 1975: Ceifi 1975: Ceifi 1975: ×åéô Ó. Ë. Ñòàðàÿ è íîâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ. Çíà÷åíèå

è ñòðóêòóðà ÿçûêà. Ìîñêâà: “Ïðîãðåññ”. 241-267.asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007:asaTiani 2007: Asatiani R. The Main Devices of Foregrounding in the

Information Structure of Georgian, The 6th International Symposium onLLC, Tbilisi-2005. Balden D.ten Cate&Henk W. Zeevat (Eds). Springer.21-31. 2007.


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filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWavaZissaxelmwifo universi-tetis humanitarul mec-nierebaTa da kulturiskvlevebis fakultetisasocirebuli profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:qarTuli mWevrmetyve-lebis lingvopragmatika,folkloruli ritorika,Tanamedrove politikuridiskursis ritorikuliTaviseburebani, qarTulisakanonmdeblo stili...interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:semiotika, ritorika, sti-listika, kritika.

cira barbaqaZe

enis fascinaciuri(magiuri) funqcia da

nislis semiotika

ai, Cvens winaSea teqsti. igi obieqti ki araa,aramed ruqa _ geografiuli azriT,

an qartia _ konstituciurad.Ees ruqaa, romelsac sakuTari gzebi da

uxilavi ganStoebebi, miwisqveSa bilikebi aqvs.JakDderidaJakDderidaJakDderidaJakDderidaJakDderida

enaTmecnierebaSi kargad aris cnobilienis komunikaciuri modelebi, romelTac sa-fuZvlad udevs iakobsonis funqciuri sis-tema. aRniSnuli sistema enisa da metyvelebisfunqciaTa Soris fideistur (magiur)funqciasac ganixilavs.

komunikaciis TeoriaSi nebismieriurTierTobis situacia xasiaTdeba SemdegikomponentebiT:

adresanti _ e. i. molaparake an mwerali;adresati _ msmeneli an mkiTxveli;urTierTobis mizani: adresatze zemoq-

medeba, an TviTgamoxatva, an `sufTa~informireba, an _ sxva;

urTierTobis situacia _ farTo gagebiT,komunikaciis konteqsti;

urTierTobis Sinaarsi _ gadasacemiinformacia;

urTierTobis arxi da kodi _ zepiri,werilobiTi, satelefono, kompiuteruli;simRera, Jesti, mimika; urTierTobis ena dastili da sxva (iakobsoni 1975:193).

iakobsonma komunikaciis Teoriaze dayr-dnobiT gansazRvra enisa da metyvelebis fun-qciebis sistema. man gamoyo sami universaluri

21

funqcia nebismieri enisTvis nebismier istoriul epoqaSi. esenia:Setyobinebis (urTierTobis) funqcia, eqspresiul_emociuri funqciada maregulirebeli funqcia. iakobsoni maregulirebeli funqciiskerZo SemTxvevad ganixilavs enis(metyvelebis) fideistur(magiur)funqcias, ramdenadac sityvieri magiis adresati_Tanamosaubre,gramatikuli II piri ki ar aris, aramed uxilavi III piri, SesaZloa,es aris umaRlesi Zala.

enis fideistur(magiur) funqcias avlens Selocvebis ena, romelicgansakuTrebuli semiotikuri sistemaa. enobrivi niSani aq amJRavnebsarakonvenciur xasiaTs, rac imas niSnavs, rom sityva sagnis pirobiTiaRmniSvneli ki ar aris, aramed misi uSualo nawilia. elene blavatskaiaamis Sesaxeb Tavis `saidumlo doqtrinaSi~ miuTiTebs: niSanigamoxatavs sagans, sagani (faruli an okulturi) aris niSnis Tviseba.sityvis warmoTqma niSnavs, gamoixmo azri da gaxado igi arsebuli.okultur samyaroSi adamianis metyvelebis potenciuri magnetizmiaris yovelgvari gamovlinebis sawyisi. sagani CvenTvis aris is,radac sityva qmnis mas, rodesac asaxelebs. sityva (zmna) an TiToeuliadamianis metyveleba, maTTvis sruliad gaucnobiereblad, warmoadgensgandidebas an SeCvenebas. Ddiax, sityvebi an keTilSemoqmedni arian, an_ boroteulni, an _ momwamlavi, an _ janmrTelobis momtanni(blavatskaia 1998:129).

rogorc aRvniSneT, Selocvebis ena avlens magiur funqcias. aqniSani upiroboa. niSnis arakonvenciuroba cnobierebis TavdapirvelfideizmSi ki ar devs, aramed adamianis fsiqikaSi samyaros asaxvispirvelad sinkretizmSi. es aris logikur-azrovnebamdeli azrovnebisfundamenturi maxasiaTebeli. aseTi iyo pirvelyofili adamianisazrovneba~ (meCkovskaia 1998:42).

sityvis arakonvenciuri gageba damaxasiaTebelia bavSvTa fsiqo-logiisaTvis _ `sityva igivdeba saganTan~ (Cukovski). magaliTad,pirvelklaselma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom winadadebaSi: aq dgas oriskami da erTi magida~ _ sul sami sityvaa, an rom sityva kanfeti~_ tkbilia. maSasadame, niSnis arakonvenciuroba niSnisa da aRsaniSnis,sityvisa da sagnis, sagnis saxelisa da sagnis arsis igiveobriobayofila.

rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, jadosnuri da wminda sityvebisrwmena dakavSirebulia Tavis tvinis marjvena naxevarsferosmuSaobasTan, gansxvavebiT marcxena naxevarsferos meqanizmebisagan,romelic ganapirobebs inteleqtualur_logikuri da abstraqtuliinformaciebis miRebas da gadacemas. marjvena naxevarsfero pasuxs

enis fascinaciuri (magiuri) funqcia da nislis semiotika

22 cira barbaqaZe

agebs adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis grZnobiT_emociur mxareze.Tavis tvinis marjvena naxevarsferoSia agreTve `moTavsebuli~aracnobieri da gaucnobierebeli procesebi. aseT viTarebaSi niSnisarakonvenciurobis fenomeni gvevlineba ZiriTad fsiqologiur-semiotikur meqanizmad, romelic qmnis enasTan fideisturidamokidebulebis SesaZleblobas. es is marcvalia, romlidanacamoizrdeba rwmena jadosnuri da wminda sityvebisadmi. EenobriviniSnis upiroboba ama Tu im formiT gansazRvravs enis da-mokidebulebas miTologiur_religiur cnobierebasTan.

iakobsoni enis magiur funqcias `anaTesavebs~ enis esTetikur(poetur) funqciasTan. Ggarkveuli azriT, es marTlac asea. enispoeturi funqcia ar aris orientirebuli teqstis Sinaarsze. Ppoeziamsmenels(mkiTxvels) ganacdevinebs amaRlebul grZnobas. zegavlenamiiRweva ritmis, riTmis, sityvaTa gansakuTrebuli rigis,metaforulobis da a. S. meSveobiT. magaliTad, galaktionis `qariqris, qari qris, qari qris, foTlebi miqrian qardaqar... xeTa rigs,xeTa jars rkalad xris... sada xar, sada xar, sada xar?~ _ msmenelzezemoqmedebs ara mxolod Sinaarsis meSveobiT, mniSvnelovania agreTvemusikaloba, bgerwera, ritmi, striqonebis Sinagani vibracia...

magiur sityvasa (Selocvebi) da poetur metyvelebas saerToaqvs kidev erTi niSani: adresatze fascinaciuri zemoqmedeba, racgulisxmobs darwmunebis maRal xarisxs, STagonebas, mojadovebas~,magram poezia, Cemi azriT, amas akeTebs Zaldautaneblad, bunebrivad,SemoqmedebiTad, adresatis winaswari momzadebis gareSe, maSin, rocaSelocvebis ena ZiriTadad avtomatizebuli teqstia da ara Semoq-medebiTi, savsea kliSeebiT, gabundovanebuli sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT_ abrakadabrebiT; Selocvebis enis mxatvruloba banaluria,gansxvavebulia komunikaciuri situaciis konteqstic. Selocvebisdros adresati (e. w. SemkveTi) mzad aris `STagonebisaTvis~ daSesaZloa, Semlocvelze metad sjera Selocvis sityvebis azrisa(amis modelia Tanamedrove fsiqoTerapiis praqtika), amitomgamolocvis teqstis bundovaneba da abrakadabrebis ti pisgamonaTqvami misTvis mxolod saSualebaa sasurveli mdgomareobismiRebisa; rac Seexeba poetur metyvelebas, mas praqtikuli mizaniara aqvs. maSasadame, poeziasa da magias Soris gansxvaveba aRematebamaT Soris naTesaobas.

Tumca poezias Tavisi mistika aqvs, gansxvavebuli praqtikulimagiisagan”, radgan poezia ar aris cnobierebis Cveulebrivi mdgomareobada, Sesabamisad, misi aRqmac moiTxovs “gadayvanas” Semoqmedis, poetis

23

mdgomareobaSi, raTa moxdes avtorisa da mkiTxvelis Sexvedra. raxerxebiTa da saSualebebiT aRwevs amas mxatvruli sityva, SeuZliaTu ara mkvlevars im idumali kanonebis moxelTeba, romlebic namdviladarsebobs teqstSi, magram ar devs zedapirze da SeumCnevelia, rogorunda gaizomos leqsis zemoqmedebis xarisxi, misi energia _ eskvlevis sagania!

rodesac poeturi teqsti metaforulia, mxatvruli saxeebiTdatvirTuli, maSin vambobT, rom zegavlenas axdens swored amgvarimxatvruloba, magram rodesac teqsti daclilia metaforulobisaganda mxolod ubralo sityvaTa sinTezia, maSin? aseT SemTxvevaSiiakobsoni saubrobs “gramatikis poeziaze”, rodesac aqtualizdebagramatikuli kategoriebi da qmnis garkveul tropulobas..., Tumcaamgvari mtkicebulebac SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes.

poezia mignebuli sityvis~ xelovnebaa, magram ras niSnavs mig-nebuli sityva” da rogor vzomavT am mignebulobas? Cven mxoloddroSi da droiT Sefasebuli mxatvruli teqstebi viciT, TumcaaseT SemTxvevaSic zegavlenis meqanizmi Bbundovani rCeba.

enis esTetikuri (poeturi) funqcia orientirebulia aRqmismTlianobaze, anu zemoqmedebas axdens enis ara erTi romelime, aramedmTeli misi komunikaciuri SesaZleblobebi. aseT niSans umbertoeko, morisis msgavsad, uwodebs ikonur niSans~ (eko 2004:89). misiazriT, poeziaSi lingvisturi niSani iqceva erTgavr `stimulTavelad~, esTetikuri veli ki imgvaradaa struqturirebuli, rom misasaxsnelad sakmarisi ar aris ubralo moqmedebebi, romlebic,magaliTad, referenciuli Setyobinebis aRqmisTvis iqneboda sakmarisi.

Sesabamisad, poeturi enis aRqmis amgvari rTuli meqanizmi teqstiswakiTxvis mraval SesaZleblobas aCens, radganac aRqma subieqturiprocesia da ganpirobebulia mravali faqtoriT, maT Soris, aRmqmelisSinagani mdgomareobiT da sxva.

erTi da igive niSani poetur teqstSi da Cveulebriv, pragmatulmetyvelebaSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. enis esTetikuri funqciaenis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenaa da im SemTxvevaSic ki,rodesac poetur teqstSi ar aris metafora, sityva, rogorc ikonuriniSani, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar igivdeba lingvistur niSanTan, romelicsxva diskursebSi gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, bunebis movlenebi: wvima,Tovli, qari, nisli.... poeziaSi da meteorologiur prognozebSisaerTod gansxvavebul konteqstebSia).

rogorc aRvniSneT, enis esteTikuri funqcia gulisxmobs`mistikur~ da magiur~ doneebsac da rac ufro maRalmxatvrulia


24 cira barbaqaZe

nawarmoebi, miT ufro izrdeba amgvari zemoqmedebis xarisxi. amitomaris, rom kargi leqsis mosmenisas msmenels eufleba dumili dasityvebiT emocias ver gamoxatavs garkveuli periodi. Aambobs, romam striqonebma gaabrua~, gaTiSa~, Tavbru daaxvia~, daamunja~, enawaarTva~ da sxva.

am mdgomareobas mistikis enaze waSla~ hqvia, anu Cveulebrivicnobierebis erTgvari dabindva~, dacarieleba~.... anu, Cveulebrivenaze: esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba.

poezia _ es aris sityvebis gziT da sityvebis meSveobiT `du-milis~ mopoveba. WeSmariti poezia is aris, romelic dumils badebs.`poeti _ aris mistikosi wamierad, xolo mistikosi _ poetimaradiulad~ (oSo rajniSi).

n i s l i s p o e t i k an i s l i s p o e t i k an i s l i s p o e t i k an i s l i s p o e t i k an i s l i s p o e t i k a

SemomxedeT, me mze var dagadavwie nislis farda,axal gazafxulad movel,rom vaxaro uflis yana.

jalal ed_din rumijalal ed_din rumijalal ed_din rumijalal ed_din rumijalal ed_din rumi

poetur leqsikaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT imgvari saxe_simboloebi,romlebic ufro metad atareben `mistikurobis~ da `magiurobis~semantikas. erTi aseTi sityva_konceptia nisli, nisli, nisli, nisli, nisli, romelsac sulxan-saba ase ganmartavs: mzis simxurvale wyalTa qveyanaTa notioTaganorTqlsa ahkrefs da Seiqmnebis nisli, ukeTu mravali aRiRo misgan,iqmnebis wvimani da Tuca mciredi aRiRo, mananad Seiqmnebis, xolonislica esreT ganiyofebian: mciresa da Txelsa nislsa ewodebisfoSfoSi, xmelsa da mtvris msgavssa nislsa _ boriayi, xolonotiosa nislsa bori da nislsa monaTovsa bueri da nislsa zrqelsada Zlierad mqrolelsa, romeli Sekrbebis mTaTa zeda armuri~.

nisli _ simboloa “nacrisferi zonisa” relursa da ararealursSoris. Zveli kelturi miTis mixedviT, is faravs dedamiwisCrdilo_dasavleTs amqveyniuri samyarosa da imqveyniuris sazRvarze,is aris agreTve simbolo adamianisTvis miuwvdomeli sferoebisa...

aRmosavlur_aziur lirikaSi nisli aris umTavresad Semodgomisda aforiaqebuli gancdebis simbolo, agreTve _ avi sulebisa...evropul zRaprebSi nisli simboloa xSirad adamianisaTvis momavlisda imqveyniuris Caketilobisa, rac mxolod sinaTliT SeiZlebagaixsnas.

25

mxatvrul literaturaSi nisli aqtualizebuli saxe_simboloa,romelic gansxvavebul konteqstebSi gansxvavebul semantikur daemociur konotaciebs aCens. nisli bindSi xvevs sagnebs da movlenebs,aferxebs moZraobas, badebs gaurkvevlobis SegrZnebas... Sesabamisad,gzaze mimavali mgzavri Cerdeba, ferxdeba.... an agrZelebs gzas daikargeba... nisli qaosis mdgomareobaa, romlidanac Semoqmedi(mwerali)qmnis `axal wesrigs~... nisli feriscvalebis wina etapia, masSiibadebian monstrebi, demonebi, urCxulebi da nislidan ibadeba angelozi,RvTismSobeli.... mistikuri religiebi nislis simbolizms mimarTaveniniciaciis dros. sulma unda gaiaros sibnelisa da nislismdgomareoba da gasxivosndes, gavides sicxadeSi. sainteresoa qarTulenaSi arsebuli iseTi frazeologizmebi, rogorebicaa: Tvalebze nisligadamekra, goneba damebinda, nislSi wavedi, nisli gadamefara... dasxva, romlebic cnobierebis Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis dakargvasaRniSnaven, rodesac adamiani Sordeba realobas da droebiT ikargeba”.

ori ukiduresobis karg nimuSs gvaZlevs amerikeli mweralifantastikisa da mistikis JanrSi: stiven kingi(igive riCard baxmani)prozaul nawarmoebSi: nisli (The Mist) da brazilieli mweralipaulo koelio romanSi: rio piedras napirze Camovjeqi da avtirdi(By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept).

erT SemTxvevaSi patara, provinciul qalaqSi TiTqos arsaidanmosuli nisli ipyrobs quCebs da saxlebs, nislidan ibadebamravalsaxovani sikvdili, romelic nTqavs da anadgurebs adamianebs...xolo paulo koelios nawarmoebSi nislidan ibadeba, gamodisqalRmerTi... Cven garSemo nisli TiTqos gamococxlda, SeiZina TavisisakuTari yofiereba, gardaiqmna erTgvar wminda substanciad...” (riopiedras napirze Camovjeqi da avtirdi).

Nnislis saintereso, ambivalenturi semantikaa frangi mwerlisboris vianis moTxrobaSi `siyvaruli brmaa~ (l’amour est aveugle).sqel nislSi TandaTan CaZirul qalaqSi adamianebi veRar xedavenerTmaneTs, amitom Tavs uflebas aZleven, rom miZinebul vnebebs gasaqanimiscen, ris Sedegadac yvela bednierad grZnobs Tavs. SesaZleblissazRvrebi farTovdeba, roca ar geSinia, rom sinaTle ainTeba~. da ai,radio acxadebs, rom nisli ifanteba da qalaqis mosaxleobamacgamosavali monaxa: yvelam daiTxara Tvalebi, raTa gaegrZelebinaTbednierad cxovreba.

qarTuli prozidanac araerTi nimuSis damowmeba SeiZleba.magaliTad, konstantine gamsaxurdias dionisos Rimilidan~: ...nisliTavs dasxmia qalaqs, mTeli quCebi nisliT dagubula. ixrCoba qalaqi


26

nislis warRvnaSi. Nisli dgas karebTan, nisli kedlebTan atuzulada kankalebs...

... Talxi landebi dalaslaseben nislSi CaZirul qalaqis quCebSi...

...zafxuli momkvdara da es uSvelebeli, adamianebis landebisprocesia TavCaqindruli mihyveba ukan am saarako yeenobas...

...nisli amdgara yinulovan okeanedan, nisli amdgara zRvebisfskerebidan da amboxebula...

...CrdiloeTidan mosula qurdulad, fexakrefiT, zamTris sunTqvada Cemi guli ikumSebeba varamisagan...

...me marad minda viyialo am qveyanaze, Tu Cems suls gaToSavsCrdiloeTis nisli, saqarTveloSi ki bevria mze da cis naWeri... ~

amgvari magaliTebi msoflio literaturaSi mravladaa daniSandoblivia, rom nislinislinislinislinisli erTsa da imave dros aris sikvdilisada sicocxlis, keTilisa da borotis, dadebiTisa da uaryofiTisaRmniSvneli. is aris koncepti, romelic mravalinterpretaciissaSualebas iZleva.

nisli dabrkolebaa, gaurkvevlobaa:nisli dabrkolebaa, gaurkvevlobaa:nisli dabrkolebaa, gaurkvevlobaa:nisli dabrkolebaa, gaurkvevlobaa:nisli dabrkolebaa, gaurkvevlobaa:

mTao, gadmiSvi, maRalo,ras nisli mogixvevia,mTas iqiT Cemi lamazisxvas vismes Cauxvevia. (xalxuri)

da vifiqre: `Cemi satrfo sad ari?nisli hburavs, Tu dRe udgas sadari?~

(akaki wereTeli, aRmarT_aRmarT)

dRem moitana alazanamde,nislis Savi zRva rom gadaTela;dReo, netavi aRar daRamde,Tu daRamdebi, ar gagaTena. (tician tabiZe, alaverdoba)

TiTqos nislia, arafers vxedavda TiTqos mqonda Savi niRabi.

(terenti graneli, sizmari)

nisli adamianiviT sulierianisli adamianiviT sulierianisli adamianiviT sulierianisli adamianiviT sulierianisli adamianiviT sulieria, amitom poeti mimarTavs mas,rogorc Tavisi sulis Tanaziars, an, ufro sworad, identifikacias

cira barbaqaZe

27

axdens masTan, rogorc vaJa_fSavela, rodesac ambobs: nisli fiqria`nisli fiqria`nisli fiqria`nisli fiqria`nisli fiqriamTebisa~mTebisa~mTebisa~mTebisa~mTebisa~ an usvams sakuTari TavisTvis dasasmel kiTxvebs:

ras fiqrob, nislo tialo,Semjdaro goris fxazeda?gana Senc rame gawuxebsam oxer qveyanazeda?

(arCil kitoSvili, nisli)

gabriel jabuSanuri ki pirdapir ambobs:me var: gorze rom loculobs nisli,Ramis siCume Cemi fiqria,wyaroa Cemi cremli da sisxli,

Tma aris, kldes rom quCi mihkvria.

zogjer ki nisli satrfoanisli satrfoanisli satrfoanisli satrfoanisli satrfoa:vaJao, dilis mzis sxivo,

xan mTebze nislTa dinebav...

an:nislauro, nisli xaro,gamiqrebi: mzisi xaro...me aragvze davrCebodi,magram, ra vqna, sxvisi xaro...

(ana kalandaZe)

sxvagan ki ana wers, rom unda ise ganuyofeli iyos satrfosgan,rogorc nisli da mTebi:

movediT smadlos xevTan...nislebSi danTqmula isic...me minda, sul viyo SenTan,

rogorc es mTebi da nisli!

tariel Wanturias lirikuli gmirebi leqsSi: golgoTa, zRvisdonidan 7500 metris simaRleze~, Seyvarebulebi, TokiT gadabmulebi,miiweven nislSi mwvervalisken, rac metaforulad gamoxatavs iesosgzas:

Sekrulebs erTi TokiT da rwmeniT_orives bneli ufskruli gvimzers...aq ar arsebobs sando da Zveligza.... nislebs nisli usxltebaT qimze...................................................................................


28

bedia: zogi aRwevs RrublebTan...da ufskrulebis weraa zogi!me ar gemduri... gqonda ufleba,

rom gadageWra sikvdilis Toki....

poet guCa kvaracxelias lirikuli gmirisTvis siyvarulisatrfosgan Seqmnili nisli da burusia:

me SeniT Seqmnil burusSi vcxovrobdi.Cven amas siyvaruls veZaxdiT. Tumcaarasodes giTqvams, ras grZnobdi,roca Cemi nestoebis sunTqva gesmoda.Cems wertils veZebdi Sens koordinatTa sistemaSi.......

(guCa kvaracxelia, nu daynosav yayaCoras)

nislis saintereso saxes gvTavazobs agreTve poeti ratiamaRlobeli, roca mas satrfos TvalebTan da feriscvalebasTanferiscvalebasTanferiscvalebasTanferiscvalebasTanferiscvalebasTanakavSirebs:

Tvalebi Seni, Cemi Tvalebis nisli,Seni Tvalebis nisli,feriscvaleba mTvaris,feriscvaleba sizmris.....

sxva SemTxvevaSi poeti TeTri nisliT saganTa WeSmarit bunebasswvdeba:

TeTri feriT, mkveTri feriTdaifara yvelaferi.TrTviliT, TovliT, TeTri nisliTgamovlinda feri misi.

(rati amaRlobeli, TeTreuli)

nislidan ibadebian galaktionis usasrulobisaken dausasrulobisaken dausasrulobisaken dausasrulobisaken dausasrulobisaken daSeucnoblisakenSeucnoblisakenSeucnoblisakenSeucnoblisakenSeucnoblisaken mswrafi lurja cxenebi~, romelzec ana kalandaZedawers:

TeTri nisli nislebs irevs _es xom `lurja cxenebia~,Svidi zeca gadirbines,

arsad SeusvenebiaT...

manmde ki Tavad galaktioni aRiarebs, rom `lurja cxenebi~mxolod `nislis TareSSi~ dahqrian:

cira barbaqaZe

29

mxolod nislis TareSSi, samudamo mxareSi,zeviT Tu samareSi, wyevliT SenaCvenebi,rogorc zRvis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali,

Cqari grgvinva_grialiT qrian lurja cxenebi!

da radgan nisli Seucnoblis metaforacaa, is yvela mogzauris~Tanamdevia da qrolva usasrulobisken, dausabamobisken, Seucnobliskenda, sabolood, uflisken _ nislSi mogzaurobaanislSi mogzaurobaanislSi mogzaurobaanislSi mogzaurobaanislSi mogzaurobaa. Nniko samadaSvilisleqsSi: `dausabamobis xilva~ _ personaJi nislSia gaxveuli...

me mivqrolavdi, rogorc udabno,cxedarze ufro dauzarebliv...da msofliodan isev meZaxdnencadakarguli xSiri zarebi.

sityvebs vugdebdi Sexvedril Saras:terfebs foTlebiT ver damiameb,monastris zemoT vxedavdi SavadsivrceSi gakrul adamianebs.

nislis svetebinislis svetebinislis svetebinislis svetebinislis svetebi idgnen garSemo,nislebs SuadRec ver aTenebda.guli iwvoda da lurji kvamlimsxvilad mdioda bnel Tvalebidan.................................................................................

`nislis gza~ rCeulTa gzaa, amitom poetebi avad arian~ nisliT,rogorc msoflio sevdiT~.Ees azri kargad aqvs gamoxatuli nikolaigumiliovs leqsSi `nisli~:

ÿ âåðíî áîëåí íà ñåðäöå òóìàíòóìàíà íåò íà ñåðäöå ÿ íå áîëåííåò ÿ íå áîëåí è òóìàíà íåòíè â ñåðäöå íåò íè äàæå â àòìîñôåðåòóìàíà íåò è îáëà÷íîñòè íåòâñ¸ ÿñíî çíà÷èò òû íàâåðíî áîëåííåèçëå÷èìî íà ñåðäöå òóìàí……………………………………

terenti granelis leqsSi eqskursia cisken~ nisliani usazRvrosivrce~ agreTve Seucnobelis simboloa:


30

isev siSoris cecxli mizidavs,ar minda guli samares mivce,me xom mindoda gasvla miwidan,me xom mindoda gafrena cisken.iq uxilavi mxare micdidada nisliani usazRvro sivrce...

nislisa da mgzavris semantikaa dakavSirebuli niko samadaSvilisam striqonebSi:

saRamo modis, nislinislinislinislinisli zedaSessvamen da daiss mTebi kenkaven.Cemo liaxvo, albaT me da SensaqarTvelodan gamogvrekaven.ra vuyoT mere, viRaca mgzavriviRaca mgzavriviRaca mgzavriviRaca mgzavriviRaca mgzavrigahyveba stveniT gznebis molaRurs,da Seadarebs gakmendil zarebsmwyemsis ubeSi moklul salamurs.

aleqsandre abaSeli ki sikvdilis win daweril leqsSi erTgvaradajamebs ganvlil `nislian gzas~ da afasebs, rogorc mogzauri,romelic amaod daSvra:

xandaxan fiqri damburavs,vwevar da ar meZineba.vityvi cxovrebis samduravsda cremli damedineba.gzas rom gavxedav nislians,Cavqrebi, CaviSritebi:gzaze rom yria, visia,frTamotexili Citebi?........................................................verafers gavxdi mzisakenmudam xelebis aSveriT,rac guls undoda, isa vqmen,magram amaod davSveri!

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul poeziaSic nisls Tavisi gza aqvs,Tavisi poetika da Tavisi uRrmesi semiotika. is qmnis sakuTarzRapars da sakuTar siuJets. Nnisli damogzaurobs poetidan poetSi,striqonidan striqonSi, teqstidan teqstSi... is gaivlis Semoqmedgulebs da sulebs... anda, samudamod rCeba maTSi. nisli TviTonwyvets, saiT wavides da es Tviseba mas daaqvs poeziaSic. is ar arisyvela poetis stumari, yvelas ar wyalobs, mxolod rCeulebs darCeulTagan mxolod erTeulebi aRweven Tavs da ai, swored maSindgeba sulis mistikuri gasxivosneba _ iniciacia...

cira barbaqaZe

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nislis arsi da idea kargad aqvs gaxsnili erT Tanamedroveavtors, nika jorjanels, leqsSi mgzavroba nislSi~, romlis srulvariantsac aqve gTavazobT:

`naRvliani sivrce Ria./ bardnis. Ddazrnen ekal_bardni./ Zveli droisTeTri dRea./ Zveli drois cidan bardnis./ Tvali nislSi lamis gadnes,/veRarafris mWvreti. TviTon/ nisli velze zantad gadis./ eSiniaT Rrublebscidan/ ucnauri Camovardnis./ winaT TeTrze rboda Savi./ axla ukveTeTris ronins/ vxedav Savze, gaiSala/ usagnobis mTqmeli foni./ waiSalnenmidamoni./ gaqrnen kvamlni, sakvamurni./ gaTanabrda yvela done./ alalbedadgakvalulma/ gzam, romelic marTmevs Rones,/ veRarasgziT moarida/ Tavinisls da gaqra isev./ yvelaferi momxdaridan/ erTi raRac rCeba _nisli./ magram mainc, magram visi/ anda risi bolo aris/ is? ra cxadisdasawyisi?/ vin wers am, vTqvaT, memuarebs?/ neba risi asaxvisa/ aRarafradagdebs fiqrs da/ aigivebs sivrces amgvar/ landTan, jvars ki, RmerTo, _iqsTan?/ uceb me Tu meZeb, aq var~/ mesmis xvalis. Mmesmis, magram/ is arunda yofiliyo/ aq. vWvret masSi Wmunvis sagans:/ gacrecili profiliRa/damrCenia saxisagan./ nisls SignT var. Cem SigniT ki/ nislis msgavsiaris raRac./ sinamdvilev, Semirigdi,/ minaxule zogjer aqac./ Sens kedelzefermkrTal laqas/ warmovadgen xvalis Suqze./ nu ifiqreb, rom drogamyavs./ nu ifiqreb, radgan ukve/ xval arafers namdvils ar hgavs/ dRe,romelSic vsunTqav jerac./ imdenad xar sinamdvile,/ ramdenadac Cemigjera./ naxav: nislSi vinadireb/ kurdRlis msgavsad mxtom da mcire/gasasvlelze gareT _ SenSi./ magram vici, avacileb/ yvela tyvias da SenSegSlis/ Cemi srola sasacilo,/ Cemi xvalis sveli cecxli./ ...xvaleSivar. is ki TiTqos/ ver gebulobs, rad viqeci,/ moxvedrili masSi. midgas,/fiqrobs suli da aRmiTqvams/ Tavissave bolos keTils./ meaTased misvamskiTxvas, Tu ra garsi gavikeTe./ miRimis da pasuxs iTxovs.../ gzebi, gzebi,gamirbian./ erTaderTis gayolebiT/ oriv mxares xramebia./ nela_nela,daRonebiT,/ SeferxebiT, dayovnebiT,/ uxalisxod, ara nebiT/ msresen nislisvagonebi.../ vmadlob xvales, Tu iqneba/ da cocxali vegonebi.~

am striqonebSi mTavri personaJi nislia, avtori ki nislsSerTulixmaa, romlis nebeloba gadafaruli da dakargulia... yvelaferiwaSlilia, gaTanabrebuli... areulia droc... avtori `xvale~-danmoTqvams, iq aris... Tumca is xvalec arafers namdvils ar hgavs...daxatulia qaosi, daaxloebiT Canasaxis~ mdgomareoba, romlidanacwuTi wuTze unda moxdes dabadeba... dabadeba axal garsSi, axalcnobierebaSi... ra daibadeba am qaosidan? axali nisli dagaurkvevloba, Tu sicxade da sinamdvile.... es jer ar Cans, Tumcagarkveuli miniSnebebi ismis `Canasaxis~ xmaSi: `fiqrobs suli daaRmiTqvams Tavissave bolos keTils~.

warmodgenili kvlevidan SegviZlia qarTul poetur diskusiaSinislis erT-erTi semiotikuri modeli gamoviyvanoT siuJetis saxiT:


32

moqmedebis adgili: nislimoqmedebis dro: gaurkveveliamoqmedebis mizani: swrafva srulyofilebisken, ufliskenmoqmedi piri: mogzaurimTavari gza: siyvarulisa da harmoniisnislis gza: ugzoobasxva personaJebi: SiSi, martooba, nislis urCxulebi, nislis

`lurja cxenebi~... sulebi...metafora mniSvnelovani movlenaa samyaros Semecnebis procesSi.

Aaxali codnis paradigmis konteqstSi metafora ganixileba, rogorcadamianis umniSvnelovanesi saazrovno meqanizmi, romelic gansazRvravsadamianis mimarTebas sinamdvilesTan. swored am mxriv aris sainteresoCvenTvis bunebis movlenaTa konceptebis metaforuli gaazrebisreprezentaciuli variantebi enobrivi cnobierebis struqturebSida am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli poeturi diskursis masalebis mixedviT.

bunebis movlenebis konceptebidan nisli erT_erTi yvelaze ufroaqtualizebuli semantemaa, romelic poetur diskursSi gamoirCevametaforizaciis maRali xarisxiT. qarTul poeziaSi nisli qmnissaintereso poetikas, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod metaforul dasimbolur semantikaSi, aramed emociuri mniSvenlobebis mraval-ferovnebaSic. Nnisli erTsa da imave dros aris rogorc dadebiTi,aseve uaryofiTi emociebis aRmniSvneli, Tumca sakvlev masalaSiprocentulad dadebiTi emociebis siWarbe aRiniSna. Nnisli poetebis`msoflio sevdis~ simbolocaa, romliTac poetebi avad arian~ daromlidanac maT ar undaT gamosvla... nisliT gamowveuli gaurkvevlobaasocirebulia idumalebasTan, idumaleba ki RvTaebrivis niSania.

LliteraturaLliteraturaLliteraturaLliteraturaLliteratura

barbaqaZe 2003:barbaqaZe 2003:barbaqaZe 2003:barbaqaZe 2003:barbaqaZe 2003: cira barbaqaZe, qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis pragmatika,Tbilisi.

eko 2004:eko 2004:eko 2004:eko 2004:eko 2004: Óì áåðòî Ýêî, Îòêðûòî å ïðîèçâåäåíèå, Ñàíêò_Ïåòåðáóðã.iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1975:975:975:975:975: Ð. ßêîáñîí, Ëèíãâèñòèêà è ï îýòèêà , Ìî ñêâà.blavatskaia 1blavatskaia 1blavatskaia 1blavatskaia 1blavatskaia 1998:998:998:998:998: Å. Áëàâàòñêàÿ, Òàéíàÿ äîêòðèíà, ò. 1, Ñàíêò-

Ïåòåðáóðã.meCkovskaia 1meCkovskaia 1meCkovskaia 1meCkovskaia 1meCkovskaia 1998:998:998:998:998: Í . Á . Ìå÷êî âñêàÿ, ßçûê è ðåëèãèÿ, Ìîñêâà.grgrgrgrgreimasi...2007:eimasi...2007:eimasi...2007:eimasi...2007:eimasi...2007: À. Æ. Ãð å é ìàñ, Æ. Ôîíòàíèé, Ñå ì è îòèêà ñòðàñòåé,

Ì î ñêâà .losevi 2008:losevi 2008:losevi 2008:losevi 2008:losevi 2008: À. Ô. Ëî ñåâ, Âåùü è èìÿ, Ñàìîå ñà ì î , Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã.postmodernizmi 2002:postmodernizmi 2002:postmodernizmi 2002:postmodernizmi 2002:postmodernizmi 2002: Ïîñòìîäåðíèçì: íîâàÿ ìàãè÷åñêàÿ ýïîõà,

Õàðüêîâ .

cira barbaqaZe

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filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWavaZissaxelmwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTada kulturis kvlevebis fa-kultetis asocirebuliprofesori. xelnawerTaerovnuli centris ufrosimecnieri TanamSromeli.grigol nazianzelis Txzu-lebaTaASemswavleli saer-TaSoriso proeqtis wevri(www. nazianzos.fltr.ucl.ac.be).ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:grigol RvTismetyvelispoeziis qarTuli versia,1990. miqael fselosisritorikuli traqtatebisTargmanebi, 1996. ritorikisada Targmanis Teoria da praq-tika grigol RvTismetyve-lis TxzulebaTaYqarTuliTargmanebis mixedviT, Tbi-lisi, “mecniereba”, 2004. (Ta-naavtorebTan) S. GregoriiNazianzeni opera. Versio Ibe-rica, I-V, in Corpus Christiano-rum, Turnhout, Leuven, Bre-pols publishers, 1998-2007.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:kodikologia, wyaroTmcod-neoba, bizantiuri da qarTu-li literatura, qarTulisamonastro da kulturiskerebis mwignobruli urTi-erTobebi qristianul aRmo-savleTSi (aToni, antioqia,gelaTi), himnografiis prob-lemebi, antikuri da Sua sau-kuneebis ritorikis Teoria,Targmanis Teoria.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

mSvenierebis cnebabizantiur, Zvel qarTul

esTetikaSi darusTavelTan

mSvenierebis cnebis ori aspeqtibizantiur esTetikaSi

mSvenierebis cnebis gageba iseTive orgvariaspeqtis matarebelia ritorikis bizantiurTeoriebSi (grigol RvTismetyvelis homi-liebSi, maTze darTul basili minimusis ri-torikul komentarebSi, miqael fselosistraqtatebSi grigol RvTismetyvelisa dawm. mamaTa stilze), rogorc stilTa TubaZvis cnebebi. es aris mSvenierebis, mo-kazmulobis, sitkboebis (kavllo~, cavri~,kovsmo~, gluku~, hJdu~ etc.) cnebis klasikurida qristianuli gageba, anu formobrivi daSinaarsobrivi, igive esTetikuri da transcen-denturi. tradiciuli gageba gulisxmobdasaamurobis, esTetikuri tkbobis da kargiliteraturuli formis cnebebs, rac gavr-celebuli iyo ritorikis klasikur Teo-riebSi.

mSvenierebis cnebis antikuri gageba (aris-totele, demetriosi, dionise halikarnaseli,hermogene da sxv.),1 romelic bizantiurmaesTetikamac imemkvidra, gulisxmobda gare-gnuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis, ri-torikuli samkaulebis, ritmulobis Semqmne-li elementebisa da sxvaTa silamazes (Gr.Naz. Or. 26, c. 10. PG 35, 1241B. Or. 8, c. 3. PG1 J. Martin, Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode(Handbuch der Altertums wissenschaft II, 3), Münich,1974, S. 338-9, 342-5; 169-70, 259.

34

35, 792 D5. Psellos, Characteres, c. 2. PG 122, 904D-905A; Mayer (ed.),Psellos, Ad Pothum, cc. 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 20).2

mSvenierebis cnebis Sinaarsobrivi gageba ki gulisxmobs saRvToazris mSvenierebas da amaRlebulobas. imave klasikur TeoriebSiarsebuli Sinaarsobrivi, amaRlebuli azris mSveniereba qristianulesTetikaSi Secvala saxeldobr saRvTo azris mSvenierebis kultma,ase rom, mSvenierebis cnebam ontologiur, gnoseologiur, eTikursferoSi gadainacvla, rasac win uZRoda metafizikuri silamazisplatonuri da neoplatonuri gaazreba (Plat. Sympos. 210E-211D.Plotin. Ennead. I,6,1-2. Sdr. Dion.Areop. De divinis nominibus, IV,7. Decoelesti hierarchia, 3 etc.). mSvenierebis metafizikuri koncefciaTeologiuri da Tavad RmerTis atributi gaxda qristianultradiciaSi, rasac RvTis mier Seqmnili samyaros mSvenierebac daemata.3

bizantieli avtorebis mixedviT, garegnuli, esTetikuri mSvenierebafaseulia mxolod saRvTosTan, transcendenturTan damokidebulebaSi.mSvenier Sinaarss mSvenieri forma unda Seesabamebodes. wm. grigolismixedviT, iseve rogorc sxva wm. mamebis mixedviT, mSvenierebis cnebaqristianTaTvis sityvebSi ki ar aris, aramed WvretaSia, saRvToideaSia (to; kavllo~ hJmin ejn qewriva// - Gr. Naz. Carmen II, 1, n. 39, v. 51.PG 37, col. 1333). mSvenierebis cneba romelic elinisturi ritorikisTeoriebisagan aris namemkvidrevi, aq warmodgenilia Tavisi axali,qristianuli gagebiT. klasikur TeoriebSi mas hqonda garegnuliritorikuli formis mSvenierebis mniSvneloba. aq ki mas aqvstranscendenturi mSvenierebis mniSvneloba.4

2 Mayer (ed.), Psellos, Ad Pothum = A. Mayer, Psellos’ Rede über den rhetorischen Characterdes Gregorios von Nazianz, in: Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 20, 1911, S. 48-60. Migne (ed.),Psellos, Characteres = Michael Psellos, Characteres Gregorii Theologi, Basilii Magni, S.Joannis Chrisostomi et Gregorii Nysseni. PG 122, col. 901-908.3 ix. V.V. Bjqkov, *stetika pozdney antiqnosti, M., 1981, s. 231-232. evropulesTetikaSi ki (renesansis periodis Semdgom) gavrcelda silamazis oden esTetikuri_ piTagorelebTan SemuSavebuli, nawilTa proporciis principze damyarebuli,mSvenierebis viwro cneba, romelsac agreTve didi ewoda (W. Tatarkiewicz, TheGreat Theory of Beauty and its Decline, in: The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,Winter, 1972, p. 165-180).4 grigol RvTismetyveli iyo erT erTi pirveli wminda mama, romelmac poeturadgaiazra es Teoriuli cnebebi Tavis leqsSi, e.w. Ars Poetica-Si, xolo TeoriuladmogvianebiT ganixila ZiriTadad miqael fselosma. ix. K. Bezarashvili, ‘TheInterrelation between the Classical Literary Form and Christian Contents Interpreted byGregory the Theologian in his Poem ‘On his Own Verses’, in: Motivi e forme della poesiaChristiana Antica tra Scrittura e tradizione Classica, XXXVI Incontro di studiosi dell’anticità cristiana, Roma, 3-5 maggio, 2007 (Studi Ephemeridis Augustinianum, 108),Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum (Roma, 2008), 281-292.

ˆ

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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miqael fselosma Teoriulad gaaforma stilis klasikuri daqristianuli kanonis axali kavSiri: mimesisiT/baZviT miRweuliTviTmyofadi ritorikuli xelovanebis (tevcnh) silamazisa da saRvTosityvis mSvenierebis RvTiuri sawyisis Serwyma wm. grigolisTxzulebebSi. grigol RvTismetyvelma SeuTavsebeli SeaTavsa, rocasada, moukazmveli mSveniereba daukavSira maRalfardovan stils(Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 20). grigolis am meTodis gaazrebis Sedegadmiqael fselosma SemoiRo saRvTismetyvelo mSvenierebis axali cneba(to; qeologiko;n kai; hJmevteron kavllo~ - saRvTismetyvelo da CvenimSveniereba, anu saeklesio mSveniereba. Mayer ed., c. 12, 214; Sdr. to;tou oujranou kavllo~ - zeciuri mSveniereba. cavrisin ajporjrJhvtoi~ -dafaruli mSvenierebiT. c. 2, 6, 19, 19; Sdr. to; mustiko;n kavllo~ -mistikuri mSveniereba. Gr. Naz. Or. 2, c. 48. PG 35, 457 A2-3. qeivacavri~, a[nwqen cavri~ - saRvTo, zeciuri mSveniereba. Photius, PG 101,945C, 697D; PG 102, 861D, 657D), rogorc zeciuri mSvenierebisgamoxatuleba, gansxvavebuli mSvenierebis cnebis grZnobadi(esTetikuri) gagebisagan. 5

mSvenierebis cnebis ori aspeqti efrem mciresTan:qristianuli da klasikuri

efrem mcirem da qarTvelma elinofilebmac kargad icodnenTavianTi kolofonebis mixedviT ritorikuli samkaulebisa damSvenierebis cnebebi. efremi grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTamiseuli krebulis kolofonSi (cod. Tbilis. Iber. A 292, a. 1800, f. 279v)6

16 liturgikuli sityvis efTvime aToneliseul Targmans uwodebs“Sueniers” da ganasxvavebs imave homiliebis sakuTari TargmanisberZnulTan Sedarebulobisagan, anu elinofilurobisagan (“romelni-ese ara qarTulisa SuenebiTa, aramed berZulisa SedarebiTa gvaqmnevies,rameTu qarTulad Suenieri TÂT ars”). Cans, efremi termin “Sueniers”aq xmarobs Targmanis xelovnebis Sesafaseblad.

fsalmunTa ganmartebebis miseul winasityvaSi efremi saubrobs,erTi mxriv, fsalmunTa wignis (kerZod, misi giorgi aToneliseuliTargmanis) “nayofTa Suenierebaze”,7 anu saRvTo Sinaarsis mSvenie-rebaze. amave sulieri SinaarsiT saubrobs igi fsalmunis ganmartebebis

ˆ ˆ

5 q. bezaraSvili, mSvenierebis cnebis gagebisaTvis bizantiur esTetikaSi da efremmciresTan. “sjani”, yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli samecniero krebuli,III, Tb., 2002, gv. 74-90; IV, 2003, gv. 58-78.6 T. bregaZe, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa Semcvel qarTul xelnawerTaaRweriloba, Tb., 1988, gv. 174.7efremiseuli “Suenieris” cneba kavllo~ - cavri~ cnebaTa fardi unda iyos.

mSvenierebis cneba bizantiur, Zvel qarTul esTetikaSi da rusTavelTan

36

mier gonebis “Taflebr damatkbobelobaze”. igi iqve saubrobs isevganmartebebze, rogorc fsalmunTa RmrTiv-aRZruli sityvebisdamamSvenebel samkaulze (“eseviTari samkauli Suenoda guamsa RmrTiv-aRZrulTa amaT sityuaTa misTasa, raÁTa Seimosos Zoweuli bisonsaTana da porfiri mewamulsa Tana”).8

meore mxriv, efremi saubrobs fsalmunTa ritmuli formissitkboebaze (“da amas yovelsa Tana saxarulevan da tkbil eqmnebisyovelTa muÃledad iambikod SemoklebiTa sityÂsaÁTa. rameTuumravlesTa fsalmunTa ricxuedobaÁ da marculedobaÁ cxad arssafsalmuneTa Sina ebraelTasa, daRacaTu sxuaTa enaTa Sina verdaucavs TargmanTa ricxÂ marculisaÁ”9). cxadia, rom efremi icnobsmSvenierebis cnebis formobriv aspeqtsac ritorikis klasikuriTeoriebis mixedviT, iseve rogorc kargad icnobs ebraul, berZnulda qarTul leqsTwyobas.

ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikis” miseuli Targmanis SesavalSiefremi saubrobs ioane damaskelis saRvTo sityvis, anu mis miergadmocemuli dogmaturi swavlebis “nayofTa Suenierebaze” da“sitkboebaze” (cod. Tbilis. Iber. A 24, s. XII, f. 1v. Sdr. kavvllo~, cavri~,glukuvth~), e.i. Sinaarsis mSvenierebaze. aqve saubrobs igi sityvis,anu formis mSvenierebaze. stilTa doneebze msjelobisas efremierTmaneTs upirispirebs mdabiur stils, romelsac “sofluriTa dauSueriTa sityÂTa” aRwerils uwodebs da maRalfardovan stils,“gardakazmuls” (igive ritorikul stils, metafrasuls), romelsac“sityÂT ganSuenebuls” uwodebs (cod. A 24, f. 3v);10

imave sakiTxze saubrobs efremi svimeon loRoTetisadmi miZRvnilmosaxsenebelSi (cod. Tbilis. Iber. A 90, s. XIII; cod. Kutais. Iber. K 4, s.XVI).11 aq metafrastikis erT-erT niSnad, garda arasrulyofili dazogjer mwvalebelTagan Seryvnili Sinaarsis gamarTvisa (gadasxva-ferebisa, klebisa Tu matebisa), dasaxulia Zveli “litoni da martivi”teqstis “ganSueneba” ritorikuli maRalfardovnebiT, e.i. formissrulyofa. mSvenieris cneba aq formas exeba _ enasa da stils.svimeoni aq moxseniebulia, rogorc “ganmkazmveli wignTaÁ”.8 m. SaniZe, Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa. Zveli qarTuli eniskaTedris Sromebi, 11, 1968, gv. 78

21-22... 80

8-9. 81

18-21.. “sitkboeba” unda iyos fardi

glukuv~, hJduv~ cnebebisa.9 m. SaniZe, Sesavali, gv. 97

33-36.

10 ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, qarTuli Targmanebis teqstis m. rafavaseuligamocema, Tb., 1976, gv. 67, 68.11 efrem mcire, mosaÃsenebeli mcire sÂmeonisTÂs loRoTetisa da TxrobaÁ mizezTaamaT sakiTxavTa TargmanisaTa (K. Kekelidze, Simeon Metafrast po gruzinskimistoqnikam, etiudebi, V, Tb., 1957, gv. 223-226).

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svimeonma kimenuri, anu arqetipuli teqstebi “Suenierad SecvalnauSuerebisagan”. uSveris gamSveniereba da kazmva aqac, iseve rogorcioane damaskelis winasityvaSi, kavllo~ da kovsmo~, kosmevw cnebebsunda Seesabamebodes (Sdr. fselosis enkomiaSi kallilogiva - sityva-mSveniereba. PG 114, 192 D15). igivea ukve gardakazmulis TxrobaTamSveniereba (dihghvsewn cavri~ - PG 114, 196C14)12 da a.S.

terminebis “Suenieri”-”turfa” materialur-sulierimniSvneloba Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi

“vefxistyaosanSi” terminebi Suenieri” (rogorc Zveli qarTuli)da “turfa” (rogorc SedarebiT axali, SuaqarTuli), iseve para-lelurad ixmareba, rogorc xedvis orive forma (Zveli qarTuli“xedva” da SedarebiT axali “Wvreta”) da orives aqvs or-orimniSvneloba _ rogorc fizikuri, ise sulieri xedvisa da mSve-nierebisa. mag., gmirTa fizikuri mSvenierebis Wvreta, SerwymulimaTi sulieri Rirsebebis WvretasTan, gamoxatulia naTlis simbolikiT,rac alegoriulad RvTis Wvretasac gulisxmobs:13 “man misTa mWvretTawauRis guli, goneba da suli” (33); “qali mzebr uWvrets yovelTacnobiTa ze-mxedveliTa” (45) da a.S.

“istoriansa da azmanSi”, romelsac, iseve rogorc “vefxistyaosans”,emCneva ioane petriwis terminologiis kvali,14 aseve or-ori

12 yvela es cneba vrclad aris ganxiluli SromaSi: q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisada Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 530-587.13 RvTis atributebis gadmotana xotbis obieqtebze _ adamianebze, romlebicSemkulni arian imave epiTetebiT, riTac himnografebi qristes aqeben, ganxiluliasamecniero literaturaSi qarTuli saero literaturis (mexotbeebisa darusTavelis) Sesaxeb, rasac amjerad dawvrilebiT veRar SevexebiT. aRvniSnavTmxolod, rom amis mizezi isev RvTismetyvelebaSia saZiebeli. mag., grigolRvTismetyvelis mixedviT, RmerTsa da angelozebs erTnairi saxelebi aqvT, radganangelozebi RvTis msgavsi bunebis matarebelni arian (Gr. Naz. Or. 28, c. 31. PG 36, 72A 12-13). grigol noselis “kacisa SesaqmisaTvis” mixedviT ki, saRvTosa daadamianurs aqvT erTi da igive atributebi, magram gansxvavebulia is Tvisebebi,romelSiac es atributebia warmodgenili: erTi Seuqmnelia, xolo meore _Seqmnili (PG 44, 184D). es sakiTxi calke moiTxovs kvlevas.14 xolo Tavad ioane petriws XII-XIII ss. moRvawed da maTze gavlenis mqonedmiiCneven (e. WeliZe, ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, werili II, “religia”,1-3, 1995, gv. 79). ioane petriwi iyenebs orsave am termins, mag., “xolo mesamexedvaÁ esreT iWuritebis“ (81, 6) da sxv. es aris xedvis mSveniereba, rogorcuwodebda mas ioane petriwi: “ixilen xedvaTa Suenierebani“ (ganmartebaÁ proklesTÂsdiadoxosisa da platonurisa filosofiisaTÂs, t. II, teqsti gamosces dagamokvleva daurTes S. nucubiZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, tf., 1937, s.v. “SuenierebaÁ”saleqsikono masalebSi _ 154,28; ix. agreTve 62,28; 76,30).


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mniSvnelobiT ixmareba “Wvreta” da “xedva”.15 Tamaris fizikuri dasulieri mSveniereba, erTmaneTs Serwymuli, aseve erTmaneTs Serwymuliorgvari xedviT aris sacnauri: “da TÂT Tamar saWuretlad pirTamiT brwyinvaliTa da naTelTa mfenTa...” (ist.-azm. 849); sulierxedvas, ze-mxedvelobas gulisxmobs Semdegi fraza: “yovliTurT SeeyomaRalsa mas, yovelTa zeda mxedvelsa da SemsWuala Tuali umrumedmxedveli, raÁTa mecnier-yos da mxolosa xedvides” (ist.-azm. 357)da a.S.

rac Seexeba sityva “turfas” mSvenieris mniSvnelobiT, igi jerkidev Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi gvxvdeba.16 Tumca am TargmanebisaTvisufro damaxasiaTebelia terminis to; kavllo~ sityva “SuenierebiT”gadmocema.17 “mSveniers” “satrfo saWvretelTan” da “xedvasTan”erTad sulieri gancdis mniSvnelobiT axsenebs “istoriaTa da azmaTa”avtoric: “kualad dajda cxebuli RmrTisa Tamar mefe saydarTamaT camdi aRmarTebulTa SuenebiTa maT afroditianiTa da siuxÂTamiT mzeebriTa apolinianiTa, satrfo saWureti dabnedamdis dagaWramdis yovelTa gamcdel-mxedTa da Sepyrobamdis wyal-javariTamiT umsgavsoTa saxiTa miT RmrTivqmnuliTa” (ist.-azm. gv. 326).

“vefxistyaosanSic” sityvebi “turfa” da “Svenieri” erTmaneTisgverdiT aris naxmari orive mniSvnelobiT _ fizikuri da sulierimniSvnelobiT, mag., “Seswira RmerTsa madloba turfaman danabadaman”(1244); “mze moegeba piriTa turfiTa mocinariTa” (1423); “tarieluTxra: Seni mze saWvretlad saturfalia” (1554); “aw vinme moymemovida SvenieriTa piriTa” (1283); “uebrosa zned da Tvalad, Sveniersapirsa, tansa” (1186); “rome vefxi Suenieri saxed misad damisaxavs”(657); mSvenieri da turfa SeiZleba iyos metyveleba, warmoqmulisityva, oratoruli xelovneba: “tariel madlsa gardixdis turfasityviTa, eniTa” (1441); “Seaqcevs da eubnebis saubarTa SvenierTa”(893); sityva “ucxoc” saucxoos, mSvenieris mniSvnelobiT ixmareba“turfasTan”, “SvenierTan”: “merme agvavsen mravliTa ucxoTa turfaZRveniTa” (1441); asea Cven mier qvemoT gansaxilvel strofSic:

15 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani. _ qarTlis cxovreba, i. anTelavas, n.SoSiaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1996, gv. 329.16 i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973, s.v. turfa.17 ix. grigol RvTismetyvelis 16 liturgikuli sityvis qarTuli Targmanebissaleqsikono masalebi (Or. 14, 23, 104; Or. 42, 24, 88; Or. 45, 2, 7 ; Or. 12, 8, 38; Or. 43, 43,186; Or. 43, 61, 250 da sxv.); Sdr. ioane petriwis Sromebze darTuli saleqsikonomasalebi: ioane petriwis Sromebi, t. I: prokle diadoxosisa platonurisafilosofiisa kavSirni. qarTuli teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva da leqsikonidaurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1940 (42, 1; 20, 16).

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“TvalTa turfa saWvreteli ucxod radme eSvenebis” (793). aqmTeli krebulia esTetikuri terminebisa “turfa”, “Sveneba”, “ucxo”da isini dakavSirebulia “saWvretelTan”, sulier xilvasTan, mzerasTan.aseTi sityvaTSeTanxmeba “vefxistyaosanSi” kidev gvxvdeba. asmaTida monebi eubnebian tariels: “Tqven giWvretdeT saWvretelsa Sveniersa,saturfalsa” (652); “avTandil mWvretTa aSvenebs turfiTa aer-feriTa” (1009) da a.S.

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, vfiqrob, cxadi unda iyos, romrusTavelis poemis frazebSi mSvenierebis cneba, garda fizikurisa,dakavSirebulia saRvTo siyvarulisa da saRvTo xedvis cnebebTan.rusTavels igi patristikuli RvTismetyvelebisa da bizantiuriesTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirvelmSvenierebis, saRvTo mSve-nierebis mniSvnelobiT unda hqondes warmodgenili. ganvixiloTqvemoT ramdenime maTgani.

mSvenierebis cneba (Wvretisa da siyvarulis cnebebTanerTad) rusTavelis poemis prologsa da avTandilis an-derZSi

mSvenierebis patristikaSi arsebuli ontologiuri gageba, RmerTi,rogorc mSveniereba, SemCneuli iyo samecniero literaturaSirusTavelTanac (“ukeTesi” keTiloba-saxierebis gamo da “uzado”,unaklulo, TviTsruli, martivi, rogorc marad arsi _ “am saqmesadafarulsa brZeni divnos gaacxadebs: / RmerTi kargsa moavlinebsda borotsa ar dabadebs, / ... Tavsa missa ukeTessa uzado hyofs,ar azadebs” - 1492). SeniSnuli iyo agreTve rusTavelis sazeosiyvarulis ontologiuri xasiaTi (“tomi gvarTa zenaTa”, “Sen dahbademijnuroba” da misT.) da misi kavSiri patristikul “erosTan” da“agapesTan”, gansakuTrebiT dionise areopagelis “erosTan”.18

miTiTebuli iyo agreTve mociqulTa wignebi, rogorc wyaroebisiyvarulTan dakavSirebuli aforizmebisaTvis rusTavelTan.19 magramCvenTvis amjerad sainteresoa ara cal-calke aRebuli es cnebebi,aramed saRvTo siyvarulis da sulieri Wvretis, rogorc mSvenierebis,erTmaneTTan mimarTebis arseboba “vefxistyaosanSi”. am TvalsazrisiTsayuradReboa avTandilis anderZis erTi adgili da misi kavSiri am

18 v. nozaZe, vefxistyaosnis RmrTismetyveleba, parizi, 1963, gv. 150, 182. citatebimiTiTebulia vefxistyaosnis 1957 w. gamocemis mixedviT (a. baramiZe, k. kekeliZe,a. SaniZe).19 k. ekaSvili, vefxistyaosnis avtoris msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. SoTa rusTavelisadmimiZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1966, gv. 227-275.


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sakiTxis patristikul gagebasTan. magram vidre uSualod amisganxilvaze gadavidodeT, mokled mimovixilavT mSvenierebis cnebasda mis kavSirs siyvarulis, xedvis, igive Teoriis da sxv. cnebebisxasiaTTan rusTavelis prologis mixedviT.

yvela es sakiTxi rusTavels prologSive aqvs ganxiluli.sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saRvTo siyvaruli rusTavelTan iwodeba“pirvel mijnurobad”. gamokvleulia, rom igi Tavisi arsiTqristianulia da emyareba saRvTo werilsa da qristianulRvTismetyvelebas. “pirveli” niSnavs umTavress, umaRless, uzenaess(“vTqva mijnuroba pirveli da tomi gvarTa zenaTa”, “saqme sazeo”),rac ganasxvavebs mas amqveyniuri mijnurobisagan20 (amave dros igiupirvelesia saTnoebaTa Soris. I kor. 13, 13) da maTi mizezia. Sdr.hJ ajgavph ... twn ajgaqwn to; prwton - Max. Conf. Ad Joannem cubicularium.PG 91, 401 C 7. Sdr. Thal. 40. Amb. 21. PG 91, 1249 B). aqve moixseniebsrusTaveli mis sapirispiro amqveyniur mijnurobas (“xelobani qvenani,romelni xorcTa hxvdebian”, “qve uc buneba”). “mijnuroba pirveli”iseTive cnebaa, rogorc “sibrZne pirveli” _ sofiva prw`th (igivesaRvTo sibrZne _Sdr. I kor. 2, 6) patristikaSi, romelic gansxvavdebaamsofliuri, saero sibrZnisagan (“sibrZne pirveli ars sibrZnisa[kacobrivisa] SeuracxyofaÁ, romeli-igi sityuaTagan cudTaSeiwmasnebis” _ Greg. Naz. Or. 16,1 .PG 35, 936 C 4. efTvime aTonelisTargmani. Cod. Tbilis. Iber. A 1, f. 299r). aseTivea prw`to~ lovgo~ (Greg.Naz. Or. 36, c. 12. PG 36, 279 A 1-4) - pirveli, anu umaRlesi moZRvrebada a.S. amave principiT aqvs rusTavels saxeldebuli poezia “pir-velad”, anu saRvTos “erT dargad” (“Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaaerTi dargi, saRvTo saRvTod gasagoni, ... kvla aqaca eamebis”). marTaliaaq termini “pirveladve”, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, warmoSobisuZveles dros niSnavs da ara poeziis umaRlesobis pirvelobas,magram sibrZnesTan dakavSirebis gamo, romelic “aqaurobas” upiris-pirdeba da amasTanave “saRvTod”, umaRles RvTismetyvelebad arissaxeldebuli, xolo mis “erT dargad” poezia iwodeba, Sesabamisadunda vifiqroT, rom poeziis saRvTo daniSnulebis maCvenebelia.amis gamo amgvar poeziasac SeiZleba “Sairoba pirveli” ewodos,romelsac Semdgom meore da mesame, anu sul sxva mniSvnelobispoezia upirispirdeba (rac calke vrceli kvlevis sakiTxia).

ramdenadac rusTavels “mijnuroba pirveli” da “Sairoba pir-veli” patristikaSi gavrcelebuli meTodiT aqvs saxeldebuli, amdenad

20z. gamsaxurdia, “vefxistyaosani” inglisur enaze, Tb., 1984, gv. 117, 94. r. TvaraZe,areopageli da rusTaveli. “TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba”. Tb., 1985, gv. 279-281.

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misTvis ucxo ar unda iyos pirveli, gamorCeuli, erTaderTi, zenaari,arqetipuli mSvenierebis cnebac, radgan patristikaSi arsebobs escneba. mag., kavllo~ a[riston prwton _ pirveli gamorCeuli mSveniereba(Clem. Alex. Paed. 3, 11); prw`ton kai; movnon kavllo~ - pirveli daerTaderTi21 mSveniereba (Hom. Clem. 17,70); to; uJperouvsion kavlon -zenaari mSveniereba (Dion. Ar. A. n. 4, 70); to; ajrcevtupon kavllo~ -pirmSoÁ SuenierebaÁ (efTv. aTon.). saxisdasabami (efr. mc.) (Greg.Naz. Or. 38, 13, 59); blevpei de; pro;~ to; ajrcevtupon kavllon - umzersarqeti pul mSvenierebas (Greg. Nyss. hom. 5 in Cant.).22 pirvelimSvenierebis Sesabamisi fraza, sadac sityva “pirveli” aRniSnuliiqneboda, rusTavelTan ar Cans, magram igulisxmeba.23 amas mowmobsTundac is, rom rusTaveli mSveniers (turfas) uwodebs saRvTomijnurobas (“mijnuroba aris turfa, sacodnelad Zneli gvari”.Sdr. klimenti aleqsandrielis gamoTqmasTan “siyvaruli mSvenieriao”(ejsti kavllo~ ajnqrwvpwn ajgavph. Clem. Alex. Paed. 3,1).24 aqveprologSive rusTaveli, iseve rogorc mijnurobisa da SairobisSemTxvevaSi, miuTiTebs saRvTo siturfis sapirispiro miwiersiturfeze -”mijnursa Tvalad siturfe”.

“Sairoba pirveli” da “mijnuroba pirveli” rom saRvTo xedviT“gasagoni” da Sesamecnebelia (“kvla mijnursa mijnuroba uyvardesda gamoscnobdes”, “sacodnelad Zneli gvari”), aRniSnuli iyosamecniero literaturaSi25 (aseve ganmartavda mas vaxtang VI-c26).rusTaveli rom icnobs sulier xedvas, amas cxadyofs Semdegi taepebi:“qali mzebr uWvrets yovelTa cnobiTa ze-mxedveliTa” (45); “anuaris brZeni vinme maRali da maRlad mxedi” (1184) da misT.

brZenis saqme xdeba saRvTo siyvarulis, saRvTo mSvenierebisWvreta da Semecneba. brZeni rusTavelTan ewodeba saRvTo sibrZnis21 Sdr. “mas erTsa mijnurobasa...” Sdr. movno~ = ei|~ = prwto~ (erTaderTi = erTi= pirveli). s.v. movno~ = ei\~. I.X. Dvoreckiy, Drevnegreqesko-russkiy slovar>,t. I-II> Moskva, 1958.22 G.W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexikon, Oxford, 1968, s.v. to; kavllo~.23 gansazRvreba “pirveli” am mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba vixmaroT yvela saRvTocnebis mimarT, raTa ganvasxvavoT igi saerosagan.24 G.W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexikon, s.v. ajgavph.25z. gamsaxurdia, “vefxistyaosani” inglisur enaze, gv. 94, 98. termini “gamgoneoba”Semmecneblobas, goniseul mWvretelobas (noevw) niSnavs ioane petriwTan, romlisterminologiis gavlena rusTavelze, rogorc vTqviT, dasmulia samecnieroliteraturaSi (e. WeliZe, ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, I , “religia”,3-4-5, 1994, gv. 115-116; werili II, “religia”, 1-2-3, 1995, gv. 79).26 “saRmrTo sibrZnisa” da “soflis saqmis” Tu “usjuloTa sjulis” dapirispirebisSesaxeb ix. SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, vaxtangiseuli gamocema, 1712 w., Tb.,1975, gv. sJz.


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matarebels (iseve rogorc sibrZne ewodeba masTan saRvTo sibrZnes_”sibrZnisaa erTi dargi” da sxv.). igi ewodeba mociqulebs (“brZenTauTqvams siyvaruli, bolod misi ar-waxdoma” _ 1544. Sdr. I kor. 13,8), wminda mamebs (“am saqmesa dafarulsa brZeni divnos gaacxadebs”- 1492) da misT. brZnoba da saRvTos baZva magaliTadaa dasaxulipoemaSi. avTandili tariels gamudmebiT axsenebs brZenTa Segonebebs.prologSive saRvTo siyvarulis baZva (“marT masve hbaZven”),igulisxmeba, rom pavle mociqulis analogiiT aris dasaxelebuli(“SeudegiT siyuarulsa da hbaZevdiT suliersa mas” _Sdr. I kor.14, 11; 4, 16; 11, 1; galat. 4, 18). mijnuris erT-erT niSnadac sibrZneadasaxuli siturfesTan erTad (“mijnursa Tvalad siturfe hmarTebsmarT viTa mzeoba, sibrZne, siuxve, simdable ...”). saRvTos baZva alegoriissafuZveli xdeba Sua saukuneebis poemaSi.

amgvarad, Wvreta, xedva, Teoria qristianuli RvTismetyvelebisada esTetikis mixedviT dakavSirebulia saRvTo sibrZnesTan, saRvTosiyvarulTan, saRvTo sikeTesa da mSvenierebasTan da mis baZvasTan,misiT tkbobasTan. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogoraa mSveniereba gaazrebuliavTandilis anderZSi. gavixsenoT misi erTi strofi, romelictarielis daxmarebis miznis gamo aris rostevanisadmi naTqvami:

`raca RmerTsa ara swaddes, ara saqme ar iqmnebis.mzisa SuqTa ver mWvreteli ia xmebis, vardi Wnebis;TvalTa turfa saWvreteli ucxod radme eSvenebis;me viT gavZlo umisoba, an sicocxle viT meTnebis”.

“ar daviwyeba moyvrisa” da misT. rom saRvTo siyvarulsukavSirdeba da anderZSic mociqulTa sityvebTan erTad arismoxmobili, gasagebia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobiT, magram raaris “mzisa SuqTa Wvreta” an TvalisaTvis iSviaT mSvenierebaddasaxuli “turfa saWvreteli”? oden metaforis doneze igi niSnavsSemdegs: rogorc mzea macocxlebeli mSvenieri ia-vardisaTvis,sicocxlis sixarulisa da sisrulisaTvis, aseve sulieri naTeliamacxovnebeli adamianisaTvis, romelic mas sikeTis qmniT da siyvaruliTmoefineba. avTandilic cdilobs siyvaruliT gamoacocxlos tarielisumzeod damWknari suli. anda kidev, vaxtang VI-is ganmartebis mixedviT,“mzis Suqad tariels xdis, iad Tavis Tavs ambobs, umisod gaZlebisSeuZleblobas ambobs”.27 dafaruli saRvTo Sinaarsis mixedviT kiigi imas unda niSnavdes, rom mxolod saRvTo siyvaruli da naTeliakeTilSobilebs amqveyniur Tundac srulyofil da unaklo sagnebsda movlenebs da aniWebs maT WeSmarit sicocxles da ukvdavebas(“mzisa SuqTa ver mWvreteli ia Wknebis, vardi xmebis”). siwmindis,cocxali gancdis gareSe, aramiwieri zeciuri idealis gareSe ver

27vefxistyaosnis vaxtangiseuli gamocema, gv. tlÀ.

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iqneba mSvenieri adamianis cxovreba. umisod irgvliv mxolodsicariele, sicive, usicocxloba da mowyenilobaa. bibliuri egzegetikarom movixmoT da wm. mamebs mivmarToT, es aris suli wmidis madli.swored es siyvaruli da suliwmidis madli aklda xuT qalwuls,romelTac sasufevlis kari daexSoT, Tumca maT qalwuleba unaklodhqondaT damarxuli, anu yovelgvari amqveyniuri saTnoeba aRsrulebulihqondaT (mT. 25, 1).

mxolod saRvTosTan wilnayari amqveyniuri siyvarulia ukvdavi,cxoveli, srulyofili da mSvenieri. amitom aris igi SemecnebisaTvisiSviaT da uxrwnel mSvenierebad dasaxuli “turfa saWvreteli”.aRar gavagrZelebT imaze saubars, rom avTandilis anderZSi pavlemociqulismieri siyvarulisa da sxva saRvTo cnebebis gamoyenebaaSkaraa da Seswavlili.

rogorc zemoT vTqviT, Wvretis, xedva-Teoriis cnebamfilosofiidan qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi, saRvTo SemecnebaSigadainacvla. sulieri xedviT Sesamecnebeli gaxda saRvTo sibrZne,naTeli, siyvaruli da mSveniereba. zemoT vnaxeT, rom mSvenierebadiwoda siyvarulic da saRvTo Semecnebac cal-calke (klimentialeqsandrielisa da grigol RvTismetyvelis mixedviT). magram sa-yuradReboa, Tu ra patristikuli safuZveli aqvs avTandilis anderZSimociqulTa siyvarulis koncefciis kavSirs “turfa saWvretelTan”?

mivmarToT, mag., maqsime aRmsarebels. “netari goneba, _ ambobs igi,_ ukan moitovebs ra yovelive [nivTiers], dausruleblad tkbebasaRvTo mSvenierebis [xilviT]” (Max. Conf. charit. I, 19. PG 90, 964 D7). “siyvaruli (hJ ajgavph. i. 10, 9) is karia, romliTac Semavaliwmida-wmidaTaSi Sedis da Rirsi xdeba iyos samefo da wmidasamebis miuRweveli mSvenierebis (…kai; tou` ajprosivtou kavllou~ th`~aJgiva~ kail basilikh`~ Triavdo~) mWvreteli” (PG 91, 404 A 1-10).

grigol noselis mixedviT, es mgznebare mistikuri siyvaruli,romelic uvnebo vnebaa, anu ganwmendili, ganRmrTobili siyvarulia,miiCneva swored RvTaebriv mSvenierebad (In cant. cant. hom. I. PG 44,772 ABC). rac ufro metad mieaxleba suli RmerTs, miT ufro metiamasSi RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis (ta; qeia carivsmata) pirispir Wvretissurvili. meTodios patarelis mixedviT, sasZlos (eklesiis) surviliasiZis (uflis) zeciuri mSvenierebis dausrulebeli Wvreta (PG18, Symp. 11, 2). svimeon axali RvTismetyveli himns uZRvnisganmaRmrTobel siyvaruls, romelic ar aZlevs saSualebas mismotrfiales Seiyvaros adamianuri mSvenierebani, romlis nacvladigi Wvrets mxolod am RvTaebrivi siyvarulis mSvenierebas.28

28P. Minin, Glavnje napravleni% drevne-cerkovnoy mistiki, v knige:Misiqeskoe Bogoslovie, Kiev, 1996, s. 366-367, n. 1, 368, n. 1, 379.


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radgan anderZis dasaxelebul strofebSi avTandili uSualodsaRvTo siyvarulTan mimyvanebel moyvasis siyvarulze saubrobs, amdenad“turfa saWvreteli” swored es siyvaruli yofila da ara odensiyvarulis obieqtis tarielis garegnoba.29 fraza “me viT gavZloumisoba” ki, aqedan gamomdinare, Tavad siyvarulis da misi mSvenierebisontologiur, gnoseologiur da eTikur xasiaTs miemarTeba da mxolodamis Semdeg meore planiT igi SeiZleba miemarTebodes tarielsac,viTarca sayvarel megobars _ “moyvaresa moyvarulsa”. warmmarTveliam ori strofis urTierTmimarTebaSi da mociqulTa siyvarulisada “turfa saWvretelis” urTierTmimarTebaSi aris is amaRlebuligancda da religiuri Zala, romelTan naziareb adamians, sulieradganbrZnobils (“kacs brZens”) aRar ZaluZs sxvagvarad cxovreba _moyvasis siyvaruli da amdenad, igive RmerTis siyvaruli (saxarebaTamixedviT erTmaneTze damokidebuli), am amaRlebuli siyvarulismSvenierebis Wvreta-Semecneba misi sasicocxlo moTxovnileba xdeba.am simaRlesa da mSvenierebas naziarebi igi aqeTken mouwodebsrostevansac, raTa man gulgriloba ar gamoiCinos siyvarulis nacvlad,ar dauSalos avTandils megobris dasaxmareblad Canafiqrisganxorcieleba da ar aiZulos usicocxlo pirvandel yofaSi dabruneba,romelic ukve mkvdari da gausaZlisi xdeba.

amgvarad, amaRlebulis da mSvenieris dakavSireba gansacvifrebelTanmravalTagan rusTavelis kidev erT pasaJSic gamosWvivis: “turfasaWvreteli” avTandilis anderZSi moxseniebulia mociqulTa miernaqebi saRvTo siyvarulisa (“wagikiTxavs siyvarulsa mociqulniragvar weren... siyvaruli aRgvamaRlebs...” Sdr. I kor. 13 da sxv.)da avTandilis mier moyvasisadmi gamovlenili siyvarulis (“ardaviwyeba moyvrisa” da sxv.) konteqstSi: “TvalTa turfa saWvreteliucxod radme eSvenebis”. qristianuli siyvarulis koncefciis (ajgavph- RvTisa da adamianis siyvarulis erTianobis - mT. 22, 37-39 dasxv.), saRvTo Semecnebis ori gzis (saqmisa da xedvis - pra`xi~,qewriva) da mSvenierebis cnebis (kavllo~) ontologiuri, gnoseolo-giuri da eTikuri gagebis ganxilvis Sedegad (patristikulimagaliTebis mixedviT) cxadi xdeba, rom rusTavelis gamoTqma “turfasaWvreteli” efuZneba wm. mamaTa mosazrebebs. esenia SexedulebebisaRvTo xedvis mSvenierebis Sesaxeb, RvTis ontologiuri mSvenierebisWvretisa da Semecnebis Sesaxeb, siyvarulis, rogorc zeciuri

29 sxvaTa Soris, es Teologiuri niuansi SesaniSnavad aris gagebuli da gadataniliS. nucubiZis TargmanSi, vidre sxva TargmanebSi (sadac turfa saWvreteligauazreblad mxolod tarielis garegnobas miemarTeba); nucubiZis TargmanSi kies terminebi saRvTo mSvenierebis xedvas gamoxatavs: “TvalTa turfa saWvreteliucxod radme eSvenebis” (793) _ krasota netlennjm vidom vozvjwaetblagorodno (784). Wota Rustaveli, Vit%z> v tigrovoy wkure, per. sgruzinskogo W. Nucubidze, Tbilisi, 1988, s. 121.

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mSvenierebis gamoxatulebis Sesaxeb da RvTis Semecnebisa da gan-RmrTobisaken mimyvanebeli Zalis Sesaxeb. amitom aris ganmaRmrTobelisiyvaruli SemecnebisaTvis iSviaT da uxrwnel mSvenierebad dasaxuli“turfa saWvreteli”. rusTavelis “turfa saWvretelis”, anu mSvenierisaxedvelis (xedvis mSvenieri obieqtis) kavSiri mociqulTa siyva-rulis koncefciasTan, rogorc vnaxeT, SesaZlebelia axleburad aixsnas.vfiqrobT, cxadia, rusTavelis gamoTqma “turfa saWvreteli” pat-ristikuli RvTismetyvelebisa da bizantiuri esTetikisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli pirvelmSvenierebis, saRvTo mSvenierebis mniSvnelobiTada terminologiiT iyos agebuli. “turfa saWvreteli” saRvTosiyvarulis is gancdaa, romelic avTandilma Seimecna tarielissiyvaruliTa da moyvasisadmi TavdadebiT.30

sayuradReboa isic, rom “turfa saWvreteli” ucxoa dagansacvifrebeli. sityva “ucxoc” saucxoos, mSvenieris mniSvnelobiTixmareba “turfasTan”, “SvenierTan”: “merme agvavsen mravliTa ucxoTaturfa ZRveniTa” (1441); asea gansaxilvel strofSic: “TvalTa turfasaWvreteli ucxod radme eSvenebis” (793). aq mTeli krebulia esTetikuriterminebisa “turfa”, “Sveneba”, “ucxo” da isini dakavSirebuliagnoseologiur termin “saWvretelTan”, sulier xilvasTan. avTandilismier moyvasis siyvaruliT gamowveuli saRvTo siyvarulis mSvenierebisWvreta da Semecneba ucxod da gansacvifreblad aris dasaxuli.31

dabolos, vfiqrobT, rom mTlianad gansacvifrebelia da saRvTodmSvenieri rusTavelis koncefcia RvTismetyvelebis esTetikurikategoriebiT, saliteraturo formiT miwodebisa ara mxolod sulieradCvilTaTvis, aramed inteleqtualTaTvis da brZenTaTvisac; radganesTetikur formaSi warmodgenili maRali dafaruli RvTismetyvelebisamokiTxva udidesi religiuri, inteleqtualuri da esTetikurisiamovnebis momniWebelia. swored es aris amaRlebulis, gansacvifreblis,mSvenierisa da sxva cnebebis antikurisagan gansxvavebuli, axali,qristianuli gageba da maTi axleburi urTierTkavSiri.

daskvna:daskvna:daskvna:daskvna:daskvna:bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriam mravali cneba imemkvidra

klasikuri ritorikis Teoriebisagan. misi sityvieri mimarTebaklasikurTan kargad iyo Seswavlili mecnierebaSi, magram yovelTvisWirda bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriis axali maxasiaTeblebisgamovlena swored im martivi mizeziT, rom man mravali ram SeiTvisaelinisturi Teoriebisagan da gamoxata yovelive es ritorikis

30 wyaroebisaTvis ufro vrclad ix. q. bezaraSvili, vefxistyaosnis saRvTosiyvaruli da “turfa saWvreteli”. werili I: SoTa rusTavelis saiubileokrebuli, I, Tb., 2000, gv. 107-131. werili II: rusTvelologia, II, Tb., 2003, gv. 73-89.31 q. bezaraSvili, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba Zvel literaturul-Teoriul azrovnebaSi da rusTavelTan, rusTvelologia, IV, Tb., 2006, gv. 74-90.


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antikuri Teoriebis tradiciuli terminebiT (iseve rogorcpatristikulma Teologiam axali mniSvneloba mianiWa filosofiisantikuri Teoriebisagan SeiTvisebul terminologias).

kvleva cxadyofs, rom bizantiuri ritorikis Teoria ara mxolodklasikuris ubralo mimbaZvelia, aramed SemoqmedebiTad amTvisebeli.igi Zvelis paralelurad ayalibebs cnobili cnebebis axal aspeqtebs.aseTia mag., baZvis cnebis ori aspeqti (klasikuris paraleluradqristianuli), stilTa aspeqtebi (saeklesio stilis axali cnebiT),mSvenierebis cnebis aspeqtebi da sxv.

miqael fselosma aseve Teoriulad gaaforma saRvTo mSvenierebisaxali cneba. es azric dasturdeba patristikaSi da gulisxmobstranscendentur mSvenierebas. mSvenierebis cnebis es axali aspeqtigansxvavdeba am cnebis garegnuli, esTetikuri, grZnobadi mniS-vnelobisagan, rac antikur TeoriebSi ZiriTadad mocemuli iyoliteraturisa da xelovnebis formis mSvenierebis saxiT.

rogorc miqael fselosis traqtatebSi, ise efrem mciriskolofonebSi baZvis, stilis da mSvenierebis cnebebis ori aspeqtimkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da amave dros, SesaniSnavadTanaarsebobs. am Tanaarsebobas miqael fselosi SeuTavseblisSeTavsebas uwodebs, rac swored bizantiuri esTetikis ZiriTadTaviseburebas warmoadgens da ganasxvavebs mas antikurisagan.

am fonze sainteresoa mSvenierebis cnebis aseTive ori aspeqtirusTavelTan. terminebiT “mSvenieri” da “turfa” masTan orivetipis mSvenierebis _ bunebrivis/fizikuris da sulieris/zeciurisgamoxatuleba saxezea. Kmijnuris “Tvalad siturfe” xorcielia,xolo “mijnuroba aris turfa, sacodnelad Zneli gvari” _ pro-logSi saRvTo da sulieria. kvlevis Sedegad dgindeba rusTaveliszogierTi gamonaTqvamis, mag., “turfa saWvretelis” (avTandilisanderZidan) aseTive saRvTo da Teologiuri mniSvneloba. amgvarad,cxadi xdeba, rom rusTavelis esTetikuri azrovnebac, msgavsadbizantiurisa da Zveli qarTulisa, orgvaria. konkretulad mSvenierebiscneba (sxva cnebebTan erTad, rasac amjerad dawvrilebiT ver vexebiTda Sesadareblad mxolod mokled vaxsenebT), masTanac axal saRvTo,qristianul aspeqts Rebulobs patristikul literaturaze da-fuZnebiT tradiciulis da fizikuris paralelurad. amis safuZ-velzedac rusTavelis Semoqmedeba bizantiuri TaviseburebebissaukeTeso gamoxatulebaa. rusTavelis poemis mimarTeba aRmosavluriislamuri esTetikis maxasiaTeblebTan, rac ase aqtualuri iyo warsulmecnierebaSi, xelmeored isev sakvlevia bizantiurTan SedarebisTvalsazrisiT. es ukanaskneli amjerad calke gvaqvs warmodgenili;orives dapirispireba da erTad Seswavla ki ZiriTadi daskvnebisaTvisaucilebelia momavalSi.

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47

mamuka biWaSvili

daviT guramiSvili da“daviTiani”

winamdebare statiaSi minda warmovadginoTema, romelic nagulisxmevia daviTguramiSvilze gamoqveynebul erT Cems adreulnaSromSi (biWaSvili 1991). maSin vcadeguramiSvilis poezia warmomedgina haidegeriseqsistencialuri hermenevtikis konteqstSi,rogorc yofierebis xma. amgvari analizigverds ver auvlida poetis da poeturinawarmoebis erTianobis sakiTxs, rac gakvriTmoxseniebuli iyo aRniSnul naSromSi. axlaswored am Temas Sevexebi ufro farTod,Tumca problemis dasayeneblad, amjeradsemiotikisaken gadavinacvleb da rolanbarts mivmarTav. mxedvelobaSi maqvs bartispatara, magram friad gaxmaurebuli statia,“avtoris sikvdili”(barti 1989). gulis-SemZvreli saTauris miuxedavad, sinamdvileSisaqme arc avtoris gardacvalebas exeba daarc mis mkvlelobas. sakiTxi, romlisganxilvasac barti cdilobs imave Temis ir-gvliv trialebs, rac Cven gvainteresebs.movxazoT Zalze mokled bartis Tval-sazrisi.

balzakis erTi moTxrobis patarafragmentis gaxsenebis Semdeg, romelSiacZalze ostaturadaa gadmocemuli gmirisfsiqologiuri profili, barti svams kiTxvasaRweris avtoris Sesaxeb: vin erkveva asekargad qalis fsiqologiaSi, vin wersyvelafer amas? Tavad nawarmoebis gmiri?

filosofiis mecniereba-Ta doqtori, ivane jav-axiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis filosofiisfakultetis profesori. ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:sametyvelo moqmedebisanalitikuri Teoria(1994); instrumentarie-bi firosmanis naratiu-li diskursis aTvis( 1999) ; laib n icismetafizika da enisfilosofia (2005); po-litikuri Teoria (2006). interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:enis filosofia, poli-tikuri filosofia.

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balzaki rogorc individi, romelic aRweraSi Tavis cxovrebiseulgamocdilebas eyrdnoba, Tu balzaki rogorc avtori, romelicliteraturuli standartebis dakmayofilebas cdilobs?tradiciuli midgoma am sakiTxisadmi, ra Tqma unda, avtorissasargeblos laparakobs. esa Tu is nawarmoebi am midgomis mixedviT,sxva araferia Tu ara avtoris gancdebi da fiqrebi. amitomnawarmoebis srulyofili gageba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod masSemdeg, rac Cven guldasmiT gavecnobiT avtoris cxovrebas, emociursamyaros, risTvisac misi biografiis Seswavlaa saWiro. am Tval-sazrisiT, magaliTad, bodleris mTeli poeziis wyaro misi Tavmoubmelicxovrebaa, xolo van gogis mxatvroba gasagebi xdeba misi sulieriavadmyofobis fonze. es saskolo midgoma sakiTxisadmi sruladaaasaxuli Cveni ganaTlebis saministros mier rekomendirebulqrestomaTiul kritikaSi (qrestomaTiuli: 2004), sadac myaradfigurirebs qarTveli mwerlebis biografiuli monacemebi. saerTodavtoris fenomeni evropaSi aqtualuri gaxda Sua saukuneebis Semdeg.is ufro axali drois sakuTrebaa, rodesac evropulma rogorcracionalizmma, aseve empirizmma subieqti aqcies analizis centradda Tumca, misi sawinaaRmdego araferi gvaqvs, vfiqrobT, igi argamoxatavs erTaderT SesaZlo pozicias.

barti gvarwmunebs, rom Tu Cveni midgoma wminda semiotikuriiqneba da koncentrirebulni viqnebiT Txzulebze rogorc niSnebissistemaze, saerTod aRar darCeba adgili avtorisaTvis, radganwerilSi ikargeba yovelgvari subieqturoba, ikargeba avtori. werili,misi azriT, avtoris sikvdils niSnavs.

pirveli, vinc srulad gaacnobiera sxvadasxva Txzulebis sit-yvebis miRma mdgari erTi da igive subieqtis, avtoris Ziebis usar-gebloba, malarme iyo. avtoris nacvlad wina planze man ena daayena.misTvis enobrivi aqtioba, metyveleba, Tu wera imTaviTvea de-personalizaciis procesi. enaa is pirveladi mocemuloba, romelicsruliad zedmets xdis misi mflobelis Ziebas. msgavsadve polvalerim, miuxedavad imisa, rom @”me”-s@ fsiqologiuri TeoriiTdidad iyo gatacebuli da amitom ramdenadme Searbila melarmespozicia, saboloo jamSi mainc ritorikis Teorias mimarTa daavtoris fenomeni saeWvod gaixada mas Semdeg, rac gaacnobiera misiSemoqmedebis wminda enobrivi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, winaswar-ganuzraxveli xasiaTi. malarme literaturis arss sityvaSi xedavdada mwerlis sulier cxovrebaze apelireba mxolod crurwmenadmiaCnda. aranaklebi roli - bartis azriT - Seasrula avtoris

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49

desakralizaciaSi surealizmma da Tanamedrove lingvistikam.pirvelma imiT, rom win wamowia e.w. koleqtiuri werili, xolomeorem imiT, rom aCvena metyvelebis procesis TavisTavadi xasiaTi,romelic ar saWiroebs pirovnuli SinaarsiT avsebas. enam, ra Tqmaunda, icis “subieqti” magram sametyvelo aqtiobisas ar icis amsubieqtis “pirovneba”, romelic raimes mflobeli iqneboda ammetyvelebis gareT. visac jer kidev swams avtorisa, unda miaCndes,rom wignTan mimarTebiT avtori mxolod warsulSi moiazreba; avtoriwin uswrebs Tavis nawarmoebs, atarebs mas, ganicdis, iazrebs, cocxlobsmisTvis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisi amjobinebsilaparakos ara avtorze, aramed skriptorze, romelic teqstTanerTad ibadeba da amitom mas ar gaaCnia teqstis gareT dadamoukideblad araviTari sxva yofiereba. is ar aris subieqti,romlisaTvisac wigni predikati iqneboda. aseTia, bartis azriT,Tanamedrove Sexedulebebi (laparakia gasuli saukunis meore naxevriskritikaze) avtoris Sesaxeb.

Tu bartis Tvalsazriss gaviziarebT da vamtkicebT avtorisda misi teqstis identobas, maSin rogor unda gavigoT nawarmoebiskiTxvis an misi interpretaciis procesi? bartis mixedviT, rom-lisTvisac ucxo ar aris subieqturobis kategoria, simZimis centrimkiTxvelis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli. swored mkiTxvelia isyovelgvar teleologiurobas moklebuli erTeuli, romelSiac Tavsiyris werilis sxvadasxva enobrivi niuansebi.

magram, subieqtze xom mxolod iq SegviZlia vilaparakoT sadacobieqti gvaqvs? Cveulebriv es ori cneba erTmaneTis gareSe ararsebobs da isini savsebiT urTierTSenacvlebadia. “urTierTSe-nacvlebadoba” am SemTxvevaSi maT relatiur xasiaTze migvaniSnebs.sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli elementi unda aviRoT subieqtadda romeli obieqtad, damokidebulia imaze, Tu visi TvaliT SevxedavTwerils. mwerlisaTvis obieqti mkiTxvelia, viszedac mimarTuliasityva. meore mxriv, mkiTxvelisaTvis mweralic obieqtia, romelicmisi gagebis sagani unda gaxdes. principSi, Tu viTarebas subieqt-obieqtis terminebSi aRvwerT, am urTierTobebSi adgili aRar darCebamxatvruli nawarmoebisaTvis rogorc raRac TavisTavadi fenomeni-saTvis. rogorc es jer kidev blumfildma aCvena damajereblad,enobrivi aqtiobis subieqt-obieqtis (stimul-reaqciis) terminebSiaRwera enobrivs gadaaqcevs wminda mimarTebad, romelic moklebuliayovelgvar TavisTavad Rirebulebas da aris or erTeuls Sorisarsebuli mxolod ganmaSualebeli rgoli. Cveni statiis problema,

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Sesabamisi amocanebiT swored aq iCens Tavs. kerZod, Cven gvainteresebs(a)SeiZleba Tu ara moviZioT analizis imgvari zogadi foni, romelicTavidan agvacilebda, rogorc Cven es gveCveneba, bartis poziciisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel uxerxulobebs da agvacilebda ara mxolod avtorTanurTierTobis aucileblobas, aramed mkiTxvelsac? da (b)ramdenadaaSesaZlebeli “daviTianis” swored aseTi interpretacia?

pirvel kiTxvas umjobesia statiis miwuruls vupasuxoT. racSeexeba meore kiTxvas, rac zemoTaRniSnul Cvens statiaSi nagulisxmeviiyo, is gaxlavT, rom daviT guramiSvilis “daviTiani” flobs yvelaresurss vamtkicoT avtorisa da misi nawarmoebis identoba aragasuli saukunis meore naxevris aRmoCenad, aramed ufro adreulmovlenad, romelic Zalze maRali xarisxiT savsebiT refleqsuradaawarmodgenili “daviTianSi”. daviwyoT jer am sakiTxis analiziT.

isev identobis Tezisidan gamomdinare, “daviTiani” rogorc daviTzemoTxrobili ambavi naivuri interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi, sxva araferiiqneba, Tu ara guramiSvilis avtobiografia. ra Tqma unda, SegveZlomxari dagveWira misTvis da SegvenarCunebina avtori rogorcnawarmoebis gagebis wina piroba. marTlac da teqsti amis ara erTsaSualebas iZleva:

“aq cxadad iTqmis yvelai dasabam-dasasrulisa,mefis vaxtangis ambavi, mowyalis sibrZniT srulisa,maszedan qarTlis araki, mterTagan gabasrulisa,

merme TviT Cemis Tavisa, dakargul, dabawrulisa” (wigni a. ia. 184).

maSin fragmenti, romelic TiTqmis nawarmoebis Sinaarsis gacnobisfunqciis matarebelia, met damajereblobas SeiZenda faqtebisfaqtebisfaqtebisfaqtebisfaqtebisaRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi da “daviTians” poetur avtobiografiad aqcevda.ai, faqtebic:

“aTas-Svidas-oc da cxramets xotinis kari davlaSqreT ketiormoc-da-ors findriRavans cecxliT gamovbugeT Svetiormoc-Cvidmets brusis korols SevuryiveT taxtis svetiormocTvramets brusman dagvkra, Tavsa dagvaxvia retime Cems Zmebsa damaSora, luwisagan davrCi kentimeRdeburgis cixeSigan damsva kareb-danakleti”

(wigni a. mg. 586-587).

aseTi interpretacia ara mxolod SesaZlebelia, aramed arsebobskidevac arsebobis aranaklebi uflebianobiT, vidre is Tvalsazrisia,romlis SeTavazebasac Cven vcdilobT mkiTxvelisaTvis. ramdenadacinterpretacias saqme aqvs mxolod gagebasTan da ara WeSmaritebasTan,Tundac pirveli am ukanasknelis wina piroba iyos, amdenad azrispluralizmi da interpretaciebis simravle savsebiT misaRebi Cans.

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maT SeuZliaT mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba. naivuri Tvalsazrisi,miuxedavad im xiblisa, rac yvelafer martivs gaaCnia, Cveni azriT,moikoWlebs “daviTianis” rigi pasaJebis gagebisas. ufro rTulfragmentebs rom Tavi davaneboT, romelTac qvemoT SevexebiT, rodesac“daviTiani” avtobiografiad gvaqvs gaazrebuli da, am dros gvesmis:

“Tumca brma var kidev vxedav qveynad Cemze ufro brmaTa” (1.wigni

a.; g. 61)

unda CavTvaloT Tu ara avtoris es sityvebi misi sibrmavisutyuar sabuTad? an ramdenad seriozulad unda davinteresdeT imkacis vinaobiT poetis mwife yanas rom miparvia?

“midis-modis es sofeli qartexilTa zRvisebr Relavs

ukan dasdevs dro da Jami, mis naqselavs qsovs da sTelavsis mWle kaci cels ras aqnevs, rasa sTibavs, rasa scelavs?amad vswunob sawuTrosa, sul bnelia, rsac elavs!

(1.wigni a.; mb. 261)

wminda enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebis metnaklebi sisruliTkvlevaze raime pretenziis gareSe, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargadCans, rom “daviTiani” Zalze rTuli struqturisaa da araerTsemantikur Sres gulisxmobs. ramdenadac Cven daviT guramiSvilisda “daviTianis” identobis sakiTxs vsvamT, unda yuradReba mivaqcioTimas, rom sirTulis mxriv yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli isev saxeli“daviTia”. batoni revaz siraZe sabavSvo msoflio literaturisbiblioTekis seriiT gamocemuli “daviTianis” winasityvaobaSiSeniSnavs, rom “davTianSi” d. guramiSvilis mier sakuTari “me”samgvaradaa gaazrebuli: pirovnuli “me” (me – daviT guramiSvili),erovnuli “me” (me – qarTveli) da zogadadamianuri “me” ( me, daviTguramiSvili – adamiani) (5.25). avtoriseul am sam “daviTs” SegviZliadavumatoT igive saxeliT araerTgzis moxseniebuli bibliuri daviTi.Tanac maTi poeturi saxeebi ganuwyvetliv da TiTqmis SeumCnevladgadadian erTmaneTSi imgvarad, rom maTi mkveTri gamijvna nawarmoebis(ara semantikuri, aramed ufro) poeturi sazrisis rRvevis gareSeZalze rTulia. aqve, uTuod, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom daviTguramiSvili qarTul saero mwerlobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufroreligiuri avtoria. es mxolod imaSi ki ar vlindeba, rom ispraqtikulad TiTqmis mTeli axali aRTqmis galeqsvas cdilobs,aramed imaSic, Tu rogor cdilobs amis gakeTebas guramiSvili.“daviTianis” pragmatika, anu enobrivi TamaSis is wesebi, romlebicnawarmoebis sworad wakiTxvis winapirobaa, aucileblobiTgulisxmoben bibliur igavur enas, romelic mocemul momentSi undagavmijnoT poeturi sxismetyvelebisagan. bibliuri igavis ena


52

stiqiurad rodi warmoiSveba “daviTianSi”. is guramiSvilismizandasaxuli enobrivi Semoqmedebis Sedegia ris Taobazedac igisagangebod gafrTxilebs:

“ahxadeo badeo, TvalTa miec andeo

scan am leqsTa igavi, Targmne Tu giyvardeo!

qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig TavTuxi Cavdeo

qerqi gafrcqven ganagde, SigniT guls-ki sWamdeo

me es xidi savlelad diaR sworeT gavdeo,

Sen Tu mrudiT gaivli, me ra wyalSi vardeo!

daviT sworeT mogiTxrobs, Tu Sen Seigvandeo” (1.wigni a.; kv. 373)

amgvari Segoneba gvibiZgebs ufro frTxilad movekidoTnawarmoebis TiToeul sityvas, Tundac es iyos iseTi standartulipoeturi procedura, rogoric “wignis gamleqsavis”, misi avtorissaxelisa da gvaris gamocxadebaa: “daviTiani vsTqvi daviT gurami-Svilman gvarado”. wignis dasawyisSive gaJRerebuli orive saxeli,romelTagan erTi uTuod nawarmoebs aRniSnavs, xolo meore misavtors, mxolod sawyisi etapia im gzisa, romlis manZilze, sxvadasxvaenobriv TamaSebSi, damoukidebel subieqtad mdgari avtori,TandaTanobiT gadainacvlebs da daiZireba sityvasa da teqstSi,gaxdeba nawarmoebis organuli nawili, misi sakuTreba. avtoris misnawarmoebTan igiveobis Cveni Tezisi, ra Tqma unda sulac arniSnavs imis mtkicebas, rom kaci saxelad daviT guramiSvli ararsebobda an rom mas araferi dauweria. Cveni Tezisi gacilebiTmartivia da mxolod imas ambobs, rom is, rasac Cven vgulisxmobTsakuTari saxeliT “daviT guramiSvili”, sxva araferia, Tu ara“daviTiani”. anu Tu freges gavyvebiT da ara rasels, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom “daviTiani” aris “daviT guramiSvilis” mniSvnelobaromlis gareSe, es ukanaskneli dakargavs ara mxolod sazriss,aramed mTel konotaciur velsac. daviT guramiSvili ki ar gviyveba“daviTianze”, piriqiT, “daviTianidan” vigebT ras niSnavs “daviTguramiSvli”.

minda sagangebod gamovyo guramiSvilis “daviTianTan”identifikaciisaTvis ramdenime bazisuri etapi: pirveli, rodesacxdeba avtoris nawarmoebSi Sesvla, misi arsebiTi transformacia,rac xorcieldeba guramiSvilis mier “daviTianis” Svilad ayvaniT,rac araerTgzisaa gacxadebuli:

“mSvilds momiwiva muxTalma, isari gulSi mamaso

ar momca Ze, arc asuli, arvin meZaxis “mamaso”

man damiCagra goneba da mteri Tavsa mamaso

davjeq da leqsva daviwye, vsTqvi: Tu viSvileb amaso”

(1.wigni a.; mb. 555).

mamuka biWaSvili

53

an manmade:“miTxar, mtero, davis TxovniT daviTisgan moige ra?rad uyvedre uSobelsa, berwob, vera moige-ra?imas Svilad vervina sjobs, daviT vinc Zed moigera

vinc gamoTqva, is iSvila, mteri imiT moigera” (1.wigni a.; mb. 566)

meore, aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa ukve guramiSvilis gabaasebasakuTar nawarmoebTan. amgvari dialogi, romlis analogiebi anmsgavsebani literaturaSi bevri rodia, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolodmas Semdeg, rac yofili avtori literaturul personaJad iqceva,realobidan SesaZleblis modalobaSi gadainacvlebs:

“Svilman hrqva: mamav, leqsTa wyobiTa

marTla ar mesmis me SetyobiTa;

Tqven brZanebT igavad me mesmis ig avad, –

mibrZaneT ambad.

... Svilo, Tu amas ar Saismende,

rasac Sen mikveT, mas ar irwmende;

bers-kacs TeTr-wverasa nu mikveT werasa

cudad nu gamrji” (1.wigni d.; i. 481; 495).

mesame da albaT aranakleb saintereso etapi is gaxlavT, sadac“daviTiani” TiTqos imaze mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor daxata manguramiSvili bibliuri daviTis paradigmis mixedviT. amiT ara mxolodgaixsneba “daviT guramiSvilis” sazrisi, aramed warmogvidgeba misimTeli konotaciuri velis paradigma:

“daviT Sevmose xiliTa, romelic mosa xe daviT;

mas xes moxeda ufalman keTilis mosaxedaviT.

nu medavebiT, marideT guls laxvrad mosaxedaviT.

is daviT kargiT mosaxiT, me daviT mosaxed aviT (wigni d.; ie. 6).

msgavsadve JRers “daviTianis” bolos wina strofi, romelSiacgamoyenebuli warsuli drois forma daviTTan dakavSirebiTgvaiZulebs vifiqroT, rom sityvebi sxvas miekuTvneba da ara mas,radgan ukve gardacvlili avtori veRar dawerda:

“Tqven ver dasTmobdiT CemgniT naTqvamsa,

rac TqvengniT Tqmuli aw me daviTme,

mis RvTis Zis mamis daviTis sexna

guramisSvili viyaviviyaviviyaviviyaviviyavi daviT me”. (1.wigni d.; ka. 16).

warsuli dro avtorTan dakavSirebiT sulac ar arismoulodneli da is Semzadebulia nawarmoebis wina strofebiT:sikvdilTan gabaasebiT, anderZiT an, bolos da bolos, “saflavisqvaze dasaweriT”, epitafiiT. amitom, Tu bartis kvalad avtorissikvdilze SegviZlia romelime nawarmoebis mixedviT saubari, maTSoris aucileblad iqneba “daviTianic”.


54

da mainc, ra azriT vlaparakobT aq avtoris sikvdilze, rodesacsinamdvileSi aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom “daviTianis” yovelistriqoni daviT guramiSvils ekuTvnis. minda davubrunde pirvelkiTxvas romelic analizisaTvis saWiro fonis Taobaze daisva.sapasuxod moviSvelieb vitgenSteinis enobrivi TamaSebis sinTezsTeoriasTan, romelic ganaviTara finkma statiaSi “adamianuriyofierebis ZiriTadi fenomenebi”(finki 1988). amgvari sinTezi savsebiTSesaZlebelia imdenad, ramdenadac orive Tvalsazrisi TamaSis fenomensemyareba. vitgenSteinisagan amjerad savsebiT sakmarisi iqneba zogadiTezisi, rom arsebobs enobrivi TamaSebis usasrulo veli, romelSiacTiToeuli TamaSis nairsaxeobas sakuTari suverenuli kanonika gaaCnia.am simravleSi Tavisi adgili aqvs poezias, poetur Semoqmedebas,romelic, cxadia, enobrivi TamaSis nairsaxeobaa misTvis damaxa-siaTebeli TamaSis wesebiT. garda TiToeulisaTvis am gansxvavebuliwesebisa, TamaSebs rigi Tvisebebic gaaCniaT, romlebSiac ufro metiasaerTo, vidre vitgenSteinis mier reklamirebuli wesebis gansxvavebebia.finkis statia swored am saerToze mogviTxrobs. Tavs SevikavebTkomentarebisagan TamaSis Tvisebebis mis mier warmodgenilidaxasiaTebebze da SevCerdebiT mxolod erT sakiTxze – TamaSisontologiur aspeqtze, anu TamaSze rogorc Suaxidze SesaZlebelsada namdvils Soris.

gvinda poeturi enis TamaSze gavavrceloT yvelaferi is, rasacfinki sasceno gaTamaSebaze mogviTxrobs. miT ufro rom oriveSemTxvevaSi sam-sami elementi gvaqvs:

1. msaxiobi _ 2. scena – 3. mayurebeli da1. poeti – 2. leqsi – 3. mkiTxveli.Tu, rac iTqmeba msaxiobze rogorc scenis moTamaSeze gavrceldeba

poetze, rogorc poeturi eniT moTamaSe agentze, maSin orientirebadunda aviRoT kvalifikaciebi, romelTac finki gamoTqvams TamaSebisda moTamaSeTa Sesaxeb. arsebobs TamaSebi - ambobs is – sadacadamiani garkveulwilad kargavs sakuTar Tavs. axdens Tavis rolTanidentifikacias TiTqmis ganusxvaveblobamde. is iZireba Tavis rolSida usxlteba sakuTar Tavs. TamaSis samyaro ra Tqma unda ararealuria.magram es ararealuroba wanamZRvaria imisa, rom masSi gamovlindesraRac sazrisi, romelsac Tavis mxriv wamohyveba iseTi ram, racfaqtebze ufro realuria. faqtebis miRmiurobidan rom sazrismagamoanaTos, saTamaSo samyaro faqtebze ufro “ubadruki” unda iyosda swored aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba TamaSis ararealobaSizerealuri arseba. Tavis uwyebaSi TamaSi yovelTvis raRac simboluria.cnebiTi aparati, cnebiTi gamosaxulebebi ver amowuraven mas. is aroperirebs arc erTeulis da zogadis gamijvniT, aramed mxolod

mamuka biWaSvili

55

simbolos saSualebiT gvawvdis xmas. am simboloSi erT paradigmatulfiguraSi erTmaneTs emTxveva erTeuli da zogadi. paradigma “ararealuria”, ramdenadac is ar gulisxmobs araviTar realur individsda imavdroulad “ze-realuria” ramdenadac gulisxmobs arsebiTsada SesaZlebels TiToeulSi. TamaSi ara yovelTvis da, SesaZloa, araimdenad sarkea sinamdvilisa. amitom is, rac gaTamaSdeba, aucilebeliar aris arsebobdes. poetebis fantasias Seuqmnia sxvadasxva saxisgamogonili arsebebi da zmanebebis qmnilebebi Seutania warmodgenebSi.magram adamianis TamaSi ufro metia vidre sxvadasxva saxis qimerebis“TviTwarmodgena”. Tavis pragmatul, gamsagnoebrivebul xedvaSisaTamaSo samyaro, TamaSi gagvixsnis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebs daswored maT vWvretT Cven movlenili xilvebis saxiT (finki 1988:402-403). rac esoden mniSvnelovania finkis koncefciaSi is gaxlavT,rom TamaSis aqtiuri monawilea ara mxolod gamTamaSebeli, aramedmayurebelic. igi ar aris sxvisi TamaSis ubralo mowme. TamaSisprocesSi iZireba ara mxolod moTamaSe, aramed mayurebelic, romelicuSualod Wvrets saTamaSo samyaros sivrces, romelic imarjvebsrealur sivrceze. (finki 1988: 379-380). Tavis mxriv, es imas niSnavs,rom Tuki realurad gaTamaSdeba raime, iq TamaSis miRmiuri subieqticmoxsnilia da obieqtic. erTaderTi, rac aseT dros maTi saSualebiTaCvenebs Tavs, aris ara realuri sagnebi da movlenebi, aramedSesaZlebelis modalobis mqone arsebebis samyaros fenomenologiada, Tu aqedan poeturi enis TamaSze gadavalT, cxadi gaxdeba, romdaviT guramiSvili im iSviaTi poetebis rigs miekuTvneba, vinc yvelazeufro refleqsurad ganaxorciela yovelive es.


guramiSvili 1975: guramiSvili 1975: guramiSvili 1975: guramiSvili 1975: guramiSvili 1975: daviT guramiSvili. qarTuli poezia Txutmettomad. tomi 4. gamomc.”nakaduli”, Tbilisi 1975.

biWaSvili 1991: biWaSvili 1991: biWaSvili 1991: biWaSvili 1991: biWaSvili 1991: sawuTros guramiSvliseuli gageba da Wmunva.Jurn. “literatura da xelovneba” # 6, 1991.

barti 1989: barti 1989: barti 1989: barti 1989: barti 1989: Áàðò Ð. Èçáðàí íûå ðàáîòû. Ñåìèîòèêà, ï îýòèêà. Ì .«Ïðîãðåññ», 1989.

qrestomaTiuli... 2004: qrestomaTiuli... 2004: qrestomaTiuli... 2004: qrestomaTiuli... 2004: qrestomaTiuli... 2004: qrestomaTiuli kritika. XIX saukune.Tbilisi 2004.

guramiSvili 1990: daviT guramiSvili. guramiSvili 1990: daviT guramiSvili. guramiSvili 1990: daviT guramiSvili. guramiSvili 1990: daviT guramiSvili. guramiSvili 1990: daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. msoflioliteraturis biblioTeka bavSvebisaTvis. Tbilisi, gamomc.“nakaduli”, 1990.

finki 1finki 1finki 1finki 1finki 1988:988:988:988:988: Ý.Ôèíê. Î ñ í î â í û å ô å í îì å íû ÷åë îâå÷åñêî ãî áûòèÿ. Âêí. Ïðîáëåìà ÷åëîâåêà â çàïàäíîé ôèëîñîôèè. Èçä. «Ïðîãðåññ».Ìîñêâà 1988.


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filologiis mecnierebaTakandidati;ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:„novalisis saxismetyve-lebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi”,„novalisis enis filo-sofia”, „literaturulida enisfilosofiurinarkvevebi (novalisi, goeTe,v. f. humboldti...)”.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:germanuli romantizmi,hermenevtika, enis filo-sofia.

konstantine bregaZe

romantizmis istoriisfilosofia novalisis

“Ramis himnebSi”

me-5 himnis hermenevtikisaTvis

sakuTari istoriis filosofia germa-nelma romantikosma poetma da filosofosmanovalisma (fridrix fon hardenbergi, 1772-1801) gadmosca Tavis poetur ciklSi “Ramishimnebi” (“Hymnen an die Nacht”), kerZod mexuTehimnSi. novalisis istoriis filosofiismixedviT kacobriobis istoria sam etapadaadayofili:

1. egzistencialuri monizmi: kacobriobisbavSvobis xana, anu miTosur-samoTxiseuliyofiereba (grZnobadobis epoqa). mexuTehimnSi kacobriobis am bavSvur-paradizulsaukunes simbolurad ganasaxierebs antikur-miTosuri saberZneTi. aqve unda iTqvas, romes pirobiTi, fiqcionaluri, poetur-imagina-toruli, simboluri antikuri eladaa. aqasaxuli Zveli saberZneTi ar aris isto-riulad arsebuli antikuri saberZneTi,aramed igi koncifirebulia ufro metadspiritualuri gagebiT.

2. egzistencialuri dualizmi: ka-cobriobis araistoriul, miTosur fazasSemdgom mosdevs kacobriobis zrdasrulobisxana, anu sakuTriv istoriuli xana (gonebisepoqa). kacobriobis bavSvur-naivuri yofie-rebidan, rodesac adamiani axlos iyo RmerT-Tan da Tavis Tavs moiazrebda Sesaqmis erT-erT Semadgemel elmentad sxva elementebTan

57

erTad, rodesac igi jer kidev bunebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo,istoriul epoqaSi gadasvliT iwyeba kacobriobis individualizaciisprocesi, misi gonebismieri qmedeba, ris Sedegadac xdeba misiemansipireba _ igi Sordeba Semoqmeds, bunebas da mkvidrdeba empiriulirealobis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, igi xdeba mokvdavi. am SemTxvevaSi,Tavisuflebis mopoveba da individualizacia miiRweva araTavisufaliukvdavebis gauqmebis xarjze. aq kacobriobis winaSe warmoiqmnebaerTgvari dilema, dualizmi _ erTi mxriv saRvTo wiaRSi ukvdavi,usasrulo magram araTavisufali arseboba, xolo meore mxriv empiriulrealobaSi Tavisufali, magram sasruli, warmavali egzistencia. mexuTehimnSi kacobriobis gadasvlas miTosuri epoqidan istoriul epoqaSi,misi RmerTisagan gamoyofisa da individualizaciis processganasaxierebs sikvdilis poeturi saxe. kacobriobis axalontologiur safexurze gadasvla “himnebSi” aseve miniSnebuliametaforiT “gamofituli ricxvi da mkacri sazomi” (“dürre Zahl undstrenge Mass”), rac warmoadgens racios, analitikuri gonebisatributebs.

3. egzistencialuri sinTezi: kacobriobis oqros xana, anu zeciuriierusalimis epoqa, romelic mkvidrdeba empiriul, sasrulsinamdvileSi logosis, Ze RvTisas, ieso qristes movlinebiTa daaRdgomis misteriis safuZvelze (spiritualuri epoqa). kacobriobissulieri istoriis mesame safexuri aris mis winaSe arsebuliegzistencialuri dualizmis gauqmebis xana, rasac axorcielebsieso qriste da masTan erTad mTeli kacobrioba “Zveli sikvdilis”(“der alte Tod”) damarcxebiT, romelic “himnebSi” aris warmavlobis,sasrulobis, kacobriobis egzistencialuri Cixis simbolo: warma-vlobisa da sasrulobis ZleviT kacobrioba kvlav ibrunebssamoTxiseul yofierebas.

amgvarad, mexuTe himnis mixedviT ieso qriste aris sinTezi _igi auqmebs egzistencialur monizmsa da dualizms da afuZnebssaRvTo wiaRSi kacobriobis, aseve subieqtis ukvdav, usasrulo daamavdroulad Tavisufal egzistencias. es aris is sulieri gza,romelic unda ganvlos kacobriobam, da romelic amasTanave TiToeuliindividis ontologiuri amocanaa. Sesabamisad, novalisis mixedviT,mexuTe himnSi erT ontologiur mTlianobas qmnis sakacobrioda individualuri egzistencia, kacobriobisa da subieqtisspiritualuri yofiereba.

amavdroulad mexuTe himnSi novalisis mier ganviTarebuliaintencia, romlis mixedviTac kacobriobis istoria gansxvavebul da

romantizmis istoriis filosofia novalisis “Ramis himnebSi”...

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dapirispirebul epoqaTa da kulturul sivrceTa meqanikuri nazaviki ar aris, aramed erTi mTliani sulieri Tavgadasavalia, erTispiritualuri mTlianobaa. amitomac, SemTxveviTi araa, rom mexuTehimnSi erTi mxriv miTosur-antikuri elada da meore mxrivqristianoba erT spiritualur mTlianobas qmnis. es mTlianoba dasinTezi empiriuli istoriis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, ararsebobs, magram novalisis poeturi warmosaxvis Zalisa da misiistoriis filosofiidan gamomdinare, misTvis antikurobisa daqristianobis mTlianoba empiriul istoriaze maRla mdgomi, umaRlesispiritualuri realobaa, gansxvavebiT fridrix Silerisagan (ix.misi “saberZneTis RmerTebi”, “Die Götter Grichenlands”, sadac erTmaneTsupirispirdebian antikuri da qristianuli samyaroebi). mexuTe himnSisxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa da kulturul sivrceTa spiritualurmTlianobas simbolurad ganasaxierebs warmarTi mgosnis (der Sänger)poeturi saxe. mas rogorc poets akisria mociqulebrivi misia dagadis mociqulTa gzas: warmarTuli Zveli saberZneTidan igi miemarTebapalestinaSi, Tayvans scems yrma iesos, eziareba qristes sjuls daiqidan mieSureba indoeTisaken (e. i. zogadad aRmosavleTisaken),raTa iq poeziiT iqadagos qristes sarwmunoeba. SemTxveviTi araaisic, rom mexuTe himnSi kacobriobis samoTxiseuli yofissimbolizirebisaTvis novalisi masalas mizanmimarTulad iRebsara bibliuri miTosidan, aramed ZvelberZnuli miTosidan, riTacnovalisi kvlav da kvlav mianiSnebs kacobriobis istoriisspiritualur mTlianobaze.

aqedan gamomdinare, miuRebelia novalisis mkvlevar g. SulcisTvalsazrisi, TiTqos novalisi me-5 himnSi religiaTa gaerTianebisada erTiani religiis ideas aviTarebdes, risi poeturi simbolocmisi azriT aris warmarTi mgosnis mociqulebrivi gza. marTalianovalisi Tavis zogierT filosofiur fragmentSi am sakiTxzemsjelobs, magram es idea me-5 himnSi saerTod ar aris ganviTarebuli,teqstSi msgavs intencias saerTod ar vxvdebiT. amis sapirispirodme-5 himnSi ganviTarebulia Tvalsazrisi kacobriobis sulierganviTarebaSi qristianobis wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb, xoloqristianobamiRebuli warmarTi mgosnis mociqulebrivi gza sworedqristes niSnis qveS warimarTeba.

konstantine bregaZe

59

Konstantine Bregadze

Die romantische Geschichtsphilosophie in den“Hymnen an die Nacht” von Novalis.

Zur Hermeneutik der 5. Hymne

Die Auffassung der Weltgeschichte, die Novalis in seinen Hymnen an dieNacht, und zwar in der 5. Hymne darstellt (Novalis 1981: 161-173), kann alseine einheitliche geistige Geschichte der Menschheit verstanden werden. ImUnterschied zu der Auffassung der Geschichte als einer mechanischen Mischungder verschiedenen Epochen und der unterschiedlichen kultureller Räume wirddie Weltgeschichte bei Novalis eher als spirituelles Phänomen aufgefasst, undnicht als Summe chronologisch geordneter historischer Tatsachen. Daher ist esnicht zufällig, dass der romantischen Geschichtsphilosophie von Novalis nicht diereal-historische Wirklichkeit als historische Quelle zugrunde liegt, sondern einemythisch-mystische Wirklichkeit: In seiner Geschichtsphilosophie erscheint dieWeltgeschichte in zwei spirituellen Formen – einerseits der altgriechische Mythos,andererseits die christlich-eschatologische Offenbarung (Geburt, Tod undAuferstehung Christi). Aber die benutzte Quelle selbst wird der romantisch-dichterischen Interpretation unterzogen, sie wird von Novalis auf der Grundlageseiner romantisch-dichterischen Tropenlehre umgearbeitet, in der die Phasen dergeistigen Entwicklung der Menschheit codiert sind. Aufgrund dieser dichterischenInterpretation der Weltgeschichte (bzw. der Geschichte der Menschheit) wird inden Hymnen die neue Mythologie des romantisch verstandenen Individuumsentworfen. Die Quelle dient als Stoff für das Projekt „X-stentum”, für denromantischen Entwurf eines freien Christen, eines modernen Menschen, der diereligiöse Freiheit ausübt, gemäß einer freiheitlichen, individuellen (bzw.dichterischen) Auffassung des Christentums. Das meint in sich eine freieTathandlung im Fichteschen Sinne - “Merke auf dich selbst…”, einen individuellen,unmittelbaren Bezug zu Gott, ohne jeglichen Vermittler, also auch ohne Vermittlungder Kirche. Darin besteht die eigentliche rationale Mystik von Novalis, vonder sein ganzes Werk durchdrungen ist, und in besonderem Maße die Hymnen.Sich auf diesen Weg zu begeben ist die individuelle Aufgabe für jedenromantisch inspirierten modernen, postmodernen, postpostmodernen etc.Menschen.

Der spirituellen Geschichtsphilosophie von Novalis in der 5. Hymne folgendwird die Weltgeschichte, bzw. die Geschichte der Menschheit, in drei Phaseneingeteilt:


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1. Phase – Der existenzielle Monismus: Das Zeitalter der “Kindheit”der Menschheit, oder das mythisch-paradiesische Dasein innerhalb dergöttlichen Dimension (die Epoche der Herrschaft der Sinne). Während dieserkindlich-naiven Existenz befand sich die Menschheit in der Nähe zu Gott, derMensch verstand sich als ein Element der Schöpfung, als Teil der Natur. In der 5.Hymne wird dieses kindlich-paradiesische Dasein durch die mythologischenVorstellungen des alten Griechenlands symbolisiert. Mit dem in den Hymnendargestellten Bild des altgriechischen Mythos wird zugleich die antike Welt imAllgemeinen charakterisiert.

2. Phase – Der existenzielle Dualismus: Die Existenz der Menschheitinnerhalb der historischen Dimension. Der nicht-historischen, mythologischenExistenz der Menschheit folgt das Zeitalter des “Erwachsenseins” – also dieeigentliche historische Epoche, die Epoche der Herrschaft von Vernunft. In dieserPeriode beginnt der Prozess der Individualisierung der Menschheit, ihrEmanzipationsprozess: Der Mensch entfernt sich von Gott, grenzt sich von derNatur ab und findet sich im Rahmen einer empirischen Realität, innerhalb dererer aber sterblich ist. Der Mensch erreicht die Freiheit auf Kosten der Aufhebungeiner nichtfreien, aber ewigen Existenz in der transzendenten, paradiesischenDimension. Hier entsteht der Dualismus der Menschheit, das eigentlicheEntweder-Oder: Einerseits die ewige, unendliche, jedoch nichtfreie Existenz inder göttlichen Dimension, andererseits die freie, aber endliche, vergänglicheExistenz innerhalb der empirischen Wirklichkeit. Der Übergang der Menschheitvon der mythisch-paradiesischen Realität zur historischen, Entfernung vomgöttlich-paradiesischen Dasein wird in der 5. Hymne durch daspoetische Symbol des Todes versinnbildlicht. Der Tod ist hier als Zeichen fürdas existenzielle Verhängnis der Menschheit zu verstehen, das die existenzielleAngst verursacht. Außerdem wird in der 5. Hymne auf den folgenschwerenÜbergang vom Transzendenten zur Empirie, vom Unendlichen zum Endlichen,vom Himmlischen zum Irdischen, auch durch folgende Formulierung hingewiesen:“die dürre Zahl und das strenge Maß”. Zahl und Maß, das sind die Attribute desanalytischen Verstandes, wodurch er die sichtbare, empirische Realität erschließenund begreifen kann. Der Verstand bzw. die Vernunft ist jedoch nicht fähig, dietranszendente Wirklichkeit zu erfassen, in der allein die Menschheit die Freiheiterringen kann. Die Formulierung Zahl und Maß kann als Anspielung auf daszeitgenössische aufklärerische Zeitalter verstanden werden, also auf jene Epoche,die die Herrschaft der Vernunft und des Verstandes besiegelte. Mit dieserFormulierung macht Novalis seine eigene Haltung zum zeitgenössischenaufklärerischen Geist deutlich, der alles Irrationale, Mystische überwinden will.Ganz ähnlich wird im bekannten Gedicht von Novalis “Wenn nicht mehr Zahlen

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und Figuren…” auf eine Erweiterung und Ergänzung der Aufklärung hingewiesen(Novalis 1981: 406).

3. Phase – Die existenzielle Synthese: Das sogenannte GoldeneZeitalter, das neue Jerusalem (die spirituelle Epoche). Diese Entwicklungsstufein der geistigen Geschichte der Menschheit fängt mit der Offenbarung des Logosin der empirisch-historischen Wirklichkeit an, beginnt also mit Geburt, Tod undder Auferstehung des Gottes Sohnes – Jesus Christus. Die 3. Phase führt zurAufhebung des existenziellen Dualismus der Menschheit. Der Prozesswird von Christius selbst exemplarisch vollzogen, indem er “den alten Tod” (alsodas ontologisch-poetische Zeichen für das existenzielle Verhängnis und dieexistenzielle Angst des Menschen) mit dem “neuen Tod” undder drauf folgenden Auferstehung überwindet. Das Geheimnis der Auferstehungund die Teilhabe daran ist die neue ontologische Perspektive, wodurch dieMenschheit in jedem einzelnen Individuum das Unendliche erwerben und dieverlorene himmlisch-paradiesische Existenz wiedergewinnen kann. Christus istdie Synthese, die der Menschheit und dem Einzelnen die freie und zugleichunsterbliche, unendliche Existenz verleiht und somit die Menschheit in eineneue ontologische Dimension führt, in das göttlich-paradiesische Dasein.

In der Perspektive der geschichtsphilosophischen Konzeption von Novalisentsteht in der 3. Phase der geistigen Entwicklung der Menschheit eine spirituelleSynthese aus der Antike, die in der 5. Hymne durch den altgriechischen Mythossymbolisiert wird, und dem neuen christlichen Zeitalter. Diese Synthese mag ausempirisch-historischer Sicht unmöglich sein, aber die poetische Einbildungskraftvon Novalis (“die freie poetische Erfindung”) und die auf dieser Grundlagekonzipierte Geschichtsphilosophie lassen eine solche Projektion zu: Demnachsind für Novalis, im Unterschied zu Friedrich Schiller (“Die GötterGriechenlands”), die Antike und das Christentum eine einheitliche spirituelleGanzheit. In der 5. Hymne kommt diese spirituelle Ganzheit in der poetischenGestalt des Sängers und in seine Apostelweg zum Ausdruck, denn er zieht ausdem heidnischen alten Griechenland nach Palästina, um dort dem neugeborenenJesuskind zu huldigen. Hier wird er zum Nachfolger von Christus und ziehtschließlich weiter nach Indostan (bzw. ins Morgenland), um dort mit der Poesiedie Erscheinung von Jesus Christus in der endlichen empirischen Wirklichkeit zuverkünden.

Diesbezüglich bemerkt Gerhard Schulz, daß es bei diesem Zug des Sängersum die Vereinigung der Religionen und damit um eine Weltreligion gehe (Schulz2001: 637). Ich denke aber, es geht hier weniger um eine Vereinigung derReligionen. Über diese reflektiert Novalis in den betreffenden Aufzeichnungen(Novalis 1977-1988: II, 272; III, 579), aber nicht hier in der 5. Hymne. Vom


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Text her lässt sich jedenfalls davon nichts erschließen. Der Text der Hymne besagtetwas anderes: er erzählt von der führenden Rolle des Christentums in der geistigenEntwicklung der Menschheit, worauf der Wallfahrtsweg des Sängers symbolischhinweist. Beachten wir: Der heidnische Sänger zieht vom Hellas nach Palästina,um dort den Christlichen Glauben anzunehmen. Danach zieht der christianisierteSänger ins Morgenland, um dort mit dem poetischen Wort Christus zu verkünden.Der Weg, den der Sänger vollzieht, ist der poetisierte Apostelweg. Ich denke,dieser Zusammenhang ist von Anfang an auffallend. Der ganze Weg des Sängerssteht also unter dem Zeichen von Christus. Daher ist es nicht zufällig, daß beiNovalis die Wende, der Beginn der neuen und letzten Stufe (das goldene Zeitalter,die existenzielle Synthese) in der geistigen Geschichte der Menschheit, mit dempoetisch aufgefassten christlichen Gott, mit dem poetisierten Christusbild verbundenwird (und nicht mit einer utopischen Herstellung der Weltreligion). Davonausgehend kann bei Novalis in der 5. Hymne von einem Projekt der Weltreligionkeine Rede sein. Indem Novalis mit dem historischen Stoff romantisch-ironisch umgeht unddie historischen Tatsachen aus eigener Sicht umarbeitet, erreicht er in der 5.Hymne aufgrund seiner poetischen Einbildungskraft die Fiktionalisierung derempirischen Weltgeschichte. So gibt es für Novalis in der Weltgeschichte keineWidersprüche, keine unterschiedlichen historischen Epochen und kulturellenRäume, sondern die Menschheitsgeschichte wird von ihm als ein spirituelles Ganzesaufgefasst, in dem es keine geistige Zerrissenheit gibt. In ihrem Zentrum steht fürNovalis Jesus Christus.

Bibliographie

Novalis 1977-1988: Schriften. Die Werke Friedrich von Hardenberg;hrsg. von P. Kluckhohn und R. Samuel, in 4 Bdn und 1 Begleitband, 3.Aufl., Stuttgart.

Novalis 1981: Werke in einem Band, hrsg. von H-J Mähl, Carl HanserVerlag, München/Wien.

Schulz, Gerhard 2001: Kommentar zu den Hymnen an die Nacht; in: Novalis,Werke, hrsg. und kommentiert von G. Schulz, 4. Aufl., Verlag C. H. Beck,München/Wien.

konstantine bregaZe

63

d a n a r T id a n a r T id a n a r T id a n a r T id a n a r T i

novalisinovalisinovalisinovalisinovalisi(1772-1801)(1772-1801)(1772-1801)(1772-1801)(1772-1801)

Ramis himnebi*Ramis himnebi*Ramis himnebi*Ramis himnebi*Ramis himnebi*(me-5 himni, nawyvetebi)(me-5 himni, nawyvetebi)(me-5 himni, nawyvetebi)(me-5 himni, nawyvetebi)(me-5 himni, nawyvetebi)

mdumare xelmwifebiT gamefebuliyo rkinis bediswera kacTa modgmaze.bneli da mZime sudara gadakvroda mis SiSiTmocul suls. usasruloiyo miwa _ RmerTebis samyofeli da maTi samSoblo. Soreuli droidanidga misi idumalebiTmoculi nageboba. ganTiadis mewamul mTebs zemoTda zRvis wminda ubeSi bina daedo mzes _ yvelganmyof, cxovelmyofelnaTels.

moxuc goliaTs mxrebze Seedga kurTxeuli miwa. mTebqveSgamomwyvdeuliyvnen deda_miwis SvilTaSvilebi. sruliad amao iyomaTi damangreveli mrisxneba diadi RmerTebis axali modgmisa da maTinaTesavis _ laRi adamianebis mimarT. zRvis bneli, mwvane siRrmeebiqalRmerTis wiaRi iyo. naTliTmosil koncxebze ilxenda galaRebulixalxi. mdinareebs, xeebs, yvavilebsa da mxecebs adamianuri grZnobebihqondaT. utkbesi Rvino iRvreboda mziTmovlenili Wabukis mwife xelidan_ RmerTi, vazis mtevnebiT damSvenebuli. mosiyvarule, dedisalersianiqalRmerTi moiwevda oqros TavTavebis gvirgviniT Semkuli. trfobiswminda bangi _ ulamazesi qalRmerTis utkbesi msaxureba. zecisSvilebisada miwismcxovrebTa maradferadi zeimi aswleulebis manZilze aCqrolebdacxovrebas, viT gazaxuli. yoveli modgma da jiSi bavSviviT adidebdasaamur, aTasfrTian cecxls, viTarca samyaros uzenaess. mxolod erTi

moucilebeli fiqri, erTi sazareli Cveneba iyo kidev, romelic

moevlina ZrwoliT lxinis sufrebs,suli Seipyro sazarma grZnobam,TviT RmerTebmac ar uwyodnen gza xsnisa,SeZruli guli ver Semosa nugeSma.idumaliqmna sazareli gangeba,mrisxaneba ver daacxro vedrebam.sikvdilma Sekra laRi purobatkiviliT, cremlebiT, SiSiT.

aResrula Zveli samyaro. adamis ZeTa axalgazrda modgmis lxenis

baRnari daWkna _ Sors, cariel, udabur sivrceebSi miiwevdnen gazrdili

da dabrZenebuli adamianebi. RmerTebi gauCinardnen Tavis amalasTan

* ix. novalisi, “Ramis himnebi”, germanulidan Targmna Kkonstantine bregaZem;gamomcemloba meridiani, Tbilisi, 2007. (gv. 31-38)


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erTad. eulad da usicocxlod idga buneba. rkinis jaWviT Sekra is

gamofitulma ricxvma da mkacrma sazomma. sicocxlis usazRvro yvaviloba

mtversa da haers gaatanes bnelma sityvebma. gamqraliyo rwmena da

yovlisgardamsaxveli, yovlisSemrwymeli zecis dobili _ fantazia.

sazarlad qroda CrdiloeTis qari udabur velze, da gaqvavebuli

saocari samSoblo zecad ganiltva. zecis SoreTi aRivso manaTobeli

samyaroebiT. samyaros suli da misi Zalni wminda siRrmeebSi, sulis

Soreul sivrceebSi ganqardnen, raTa iq daevanaT, vidre ar moawevda

Jami samyaros momavali didebulebisa. naTeli aRar iyo RmerTebis

samyofeli da saRvTo niSani _ Ramis saburveli moicves maT. Rame iqca

diad saRvTo gamocxadebaTa wiaRad, misken ibrunes piri RmerTebma da

Zils miecnen, raTa axal diad saxebad movlenodnen gamocvlil samyaros.

ers, romelic yvelasgan moZulebuli iyo da yvelaze adre euwya

sibrZne, da romlisTvisac ucxo darCa axali sulTfenis RvTivkurTxeuli

umankoeba, poeziis Rarib qoxSi jerarnaxuli saxebiT gamoecxada axali

samyaro _ pirveli qalwulisa da dedis Ze. aRmosavleTis winaTmgrZnobma

da madlianma sibrZnem pirvelma Seicno axali Jamis dasawyisi. mefis

Rarib bagisken gzas ukvalavda maT varskvlavi. Soreuli momavlis

saxeliT Tayvani sces mas oqroTi da sakmevliT, bunebis umaRles

saswaulebs. zeciuri guli yovlisSemZle siyvarulis yavavilovan Tasad

iqca _ mamis maRali saxe CabeWdiliyo masSi da Zvirfasi, fiqriTmoculi

dedis winaTmgZnobel mkerdze misvenebuliyo. ganmRrTobili gznebiT

Wvretda kurTxeuli yrmis sibrZnismetyveli Tvali momavlis dReebs,

Tavis mijnurTa dass _ Tavisi RvTiuri modgmis STamomavlebs, uSfoTvelad

Wvretda Tavisi miwieri cxovrebis gangebas.

sul male gars Semoudgnen mas mxurvale siyvaruliT Sepyrobili

bavSviviT umanko sulni. yvaviliviT Caisaxa mis siaxloves axali, ucnobi

sicocxle. uSreti sityvebi da sanatreli ambebi naperwklebiviT ifrqveoda

RmerTTan wilnayari sulis saTno bageebidan. Soreul napirebze, eladis

naTeli zecis qveS Sobili mgosani movida palestinaSi da suli da

guli uZRvna saocar yrmas:

Sen xar Wabuki, mgloviare, vinc

Cvens saflavebs moevline uxsovari droSi;

sxivo nugeSis _

kacTa modgmis lxenis sawyiso.

ramac Cagvagdo mware naRvelSi

axla agvavso netari ltolviT.

maradi sicocoxle gacxadda sikvdilSi,

Sen xar sikvdili, gvacxovne, modi.

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65

lxeniTaRvsili mgosani indostanisken gaeSura _ guli misi utkbesi

trfobiT iyo nasvami. cecxlovani simRerebi daafrqvia nazi zecis qveS

da aTasobiT guli Tayvans scemda mas _ sasixarulo cnoba aTasgziT

vrceldeboda. sul male, mgosanTan ganSorebis Semdeg, netari cxovreba

msxverplad Seewira adamianTa codviTdacemas. is Wabukur asakSi miicvala,

mowyvetili Tavis sayvarel qveyanas, cremlebdaltobil dedas da Tavis

ZrwoliTaRvsil megobrebs. eniTuTqmeli tanjviT savse Tasi gamoscales

Zvirfasma bageebma. sazari SiSiT moiwevda axali samyaros Sobis Jami.

medgrad ebrZoda igi Zveli Jamis sikvdilis Zrwolas. mZime jvarad

awva mas Zveli samyaro. ukanasknelad miapyro saTno mzera dedas. da

movlenil iqna maradi siyvarulis mxsneli xeli _ man miiZina.

sul mcire Jams gadakvroda bneli sudara aboboqrebul zRvas,

modgandgare miwas. uricxvi cremli daRvares mijnurTa. beWedi aexsna

saidumlos _ zecierma sulebma zeaRmarTes lodi bneli saflavidan.

angelozni Camosxdnen miZinebulTan. Tavisi sizmrebidan dabrunda igi

axladqmnili, axali saRmrTo didebulebiT aRvsili da amaRlda

axladSobil samyaroSi. Tavisive xelebiT dafla Zveli cxedari mitovebul

mRvimeSi da Tavisi yovladZlieri xeliT lodi daado zed, romelsac

verara Zala Zvras ver uzams.

jer isev Rvridnen Seni mijnurni lxenis, aRtyinebis da usasrulo

madlierebis cremlebs Sens saflavTan. da lxeniT aRvsilTa gixiles

mkvdreTiT aRmdgari, da isinic wamogyvnen Sen. gixiles, ros dedis

kurTxeul mkerdze gznebiT daalte cremlebi, ros gaeSure

megobrebTan, fiqriT aRvsili. sityvebs warTqvamdi, TiTqos cxovrebis

xidan mowyvetils. gixiles Sen, ros iswrafvodi netarebiT aRvsili

mamis xelis saamborod, raTa Sva kacTa axali modgma da miarTva mas

oqros saukunis dauSreteli Tasi. dedac sul male wamogyva zeciuri

triumfiT. is pirveli geaxla axal samSobloSi. mas mere mravalma

Jamma ganvlo da umaRlesi sidiadiT Seimosa Seni axali qmnileba.

aTasni iltvian Senken rwmeniT, natvriT da erTgulebiT aRvsilni,

romelTac sZlies tanjvas da tkivils. siyvarulis samefoSi ivanebenSenTan da zeciur qalwulTan, msaxuroben zeciuri sikvdilis taZarSi

da samaradisod SenTan arian. [...]


66

nino daraselia

Sorisdebuli freimulisemantikis TvalsazrisiT

rogorc cnobilia, kognitologiaSiarsebobs adamianis grZelvadian mexsierebaSisituaciaTa stereotipuli codnis amsaxvelkognitur struqturaTa aRmniSvneliramdenime termini: freimi (minski 1975,filmori 1982, Carniaki 1975, heizi 1979,gofmani,1974), skripti (Senki, abelsoni1977), scenari (senfordi, garodi 1981), sqema(bartleti 1932) sqemata (van deiki 1986,taneni 1979) CamoTvlili terminebisa damaT ukan mdgari Teoriebis arsi efuZnebaadamianis unars gamoitanos stereotipulidaskvnebi da gamoimuSaos garkveuli damo-kidebuleba, ganwyoba mis gare samyaroSi ar-sebuli Cveuli sagnebisa da movlenebis mi-marT (brauni, iuli1983: 234-238). aRniSnuliterminologiuri mravalferovneba ar gu-lisxmobs urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoriebisarsebobas;Aes terminebi mxolod alter-natiuli metaforebia, romlebic individismexsierebaSi samyaros Sesaxeb codnis orga-nizebis da diskursis interpretaciisas aR-niSnuli codnis aqtivaciis meqanizmebsaRweren.

adamianis mexsierebis daxasiaTebisasgamoyofen mis Semdeg funqciebs: informaciisdagrovebis, amocnobis, moZiebis da gamoZaxebis(kubriakova et al.1996: 11-12). kognitologTagansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is enobrivierTeulebi, romlebic freimuli ti piskognituri struqturebis aqtivacias iwveven(kubriakova et al. 1996: 12-13). dakvirvebam

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori.ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-lobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTafakultetis inglisurifilologiis mimarTu-lebis asocirebuliprofesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:`siCume - zogadi maxasia-Teblebi, ganmapirobebelifaqtorebi’~, gza enisaken~,saq.mecn.akad.arn.CiqobavasenaTmecnierebis institu-ti,1998. `metyvelebisnawilebi rogorc aramka-fio simravleni~, saenaT-mecniero Ziebani~ # 28,saq. mecn.akad.arn.Ciqobavassax. enaTmecnierebis ins-tituti,2002. `On theNature of Interjections fromthe Standpoint of Commu-nicative Competence”, Bul-letin of the Georgi-an Academy of Sciences,vol.170, #3. 2004 Novem-ber-December. `Sorisde-buli rogorc sametyveloaqti~, `saenaTmecnieroZiebani~ # 26 , 2007.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:kognituri lingvistika,semantika, pragmatika.

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cxadyo, rom aseT enobriv erTeulTa ricxvs SeiZleba SorisdebulimivakuTvnoT.

rogorc viciT, adamianis grZelvadian mexsierebaSi rogorcrealuri, aseve warmosaxviTi samyaros Sesaxeb codna sxvadasxvatipis reprezentaciebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. maT niSnobrivi,kerZod, simboluri xasiaTi aqvT. isini adamianis gonebaSi axdenensamyaros fragmentis kodirebas. amasTan erTad, adamians Seswevsunari Seqmnas ara mxolod reprezentaciebi samyaros Sesaxeb, aramedaseve reprezentaciaTa reprezentaciebi anu metareprezentaciebi, e.i.azrTa enas Seswevs unari Seasrulos sakuTarive metaenis funqcia(sperberi, uilsoni 1986: 74). SeiZleba gavavloT paraleli siRrmi-seul kognitur struqturebs – reprezentacia- metareprezentaciada zedapirul erTeulebs_Setyobineba- metaSetyobineba _ Soris.rogorc cnobilia, calkeuli Setyobinebis interpretacia or donezexdeba: Setyobinebas aqvs referenciuli mniSvneloba da simptomurimniSvneloba, anu yovel Setyobinebas Tan axlavs metaSetyobineba,romelic gvawvdis informacias Setyobinebis warmomqmneli individisintenciaze, ganwyobaze, anu metaSetyobineba qmnis calkeuligamonaTqvamis an mTlianad diskursis moduss. Cemi TvalsazrisiT,Sorisdebuli swored metareprezentaciis verbaluri realizaciiserT-erTi efeqturi saSualebaa. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiodSorisdebulis erTerT diskursul funqciaSi _ diskursis markerisfunqciaSi _ vlindeba.

zemomoyvanili ori Tvalsazrisis safuZvels Sorisdebuliskognituri buneba iZleva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sorisdebuliskognituri arsi mis indeqsurobaSi mdgomareobs. indeqsuroba mado-minirebeli Tvisebaa TviT iseTi SorisdebulebisaTvis, romlebicwarmoSobiT simboloebs da xatebs warmoadgenen. dakvirvebam cxadyo,rom Sorisdebulis indeqsuri buneba gansazRvravs mis Semdeglingvistur maxasiaTeblebs:

1. konteqstTan mWidro kavSirs. Sorisdebuli, rogorc niSan-indeqsi gulisxmobs faqtobriv, realur mosazRvreobas aRmniSvnelsada aRsaniSns Soris, rac Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs Sorisdebulispolisemantur bunebas; calkeuli Sorisdebuli asocirdeba ramdenimepropoziciasTan da aseve ramdenime sakomunikacio situaciasTan,Tumca, erTerT propozicias, iseve rogorc erTerT scenas pro-totipuli xasiaTi aqvs.

2. Sorisdebuli ego-ze orientirebuli enobrivi erTeulia; igigamoxatavs sxvadasxva ti pis propoziciul mimarTebebs: ego-s

Sorisdebuli freimuli semantikis TvalsazrisiT

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damokidebulebas sakomunikacio aqtis sxvadasxva elementismimarT_adresatis, diskursis Temis, sakuTari Tavisadmi, an mTlianadsametyvelo situaciis konteqstisadmi. anu Sorisdebuli qmnisdiskursis modalobas, mas diskursSi uWiravs modusis sloti.

3. indeqsuroba gansazRvravs Sorisdebulis deiqtur bunebasda rac gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia winamdebare naSromisaTvis, igigansazRvravs Sorisdebulis ostensur qcevis tips diskursSi.

sayuradReboa, rom Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina mWidro kavSirifreimul semantikasa da relevanturobis cnebas Soris. d. sperberisada d. uilsonis relevanturobis Teoriisa (1986) da masSiwarmodgenili komunikaciis ostensur-inferenciuli modelisTvalsazrisiT Sorisdebulis analizma damanaxa, rom komunikaciisasSorisdebuli asrulebs ostensuri stimulis rols, igi ipyrobsadresatis yuradRebas, mimarTavs mas relevantur informaciaze,asrulebs diskursSi megzuris rols, anu exmareba adresats amoicnosadresantis intencia. komunikaciisas Sorisdebuli arisrelevanturobis prezumfciis, relevanturobis principis matarebelienobrivi erTeuli. Sesabamisad, igi zRudavs diskursis dasaSvebinterpretaciaTa odenobas da uadvilebs adresats diskursisadekvatur interpretacias (daraselia 2002). Sorisdebuli, rogorcostensuri stimuli axdens adresatis azrovnebis stimulirebasda iwvevs garkveuli tipis freimis an freimTa erTobliobisaqtivacias. adresati ki Setyobinebis aRqmisas agebs mentalursivrces romlis farglebSic (CarCoSi) igi axdens teqstiToperirebas. aqtivirebuli freimi/freimebi qmnis SetyobinebisinterpretaciisaTvis inferenciul safuZvels.

aRniSnulis sailustraciod ganvixiloT Semdegi inglisuri,qarTuli da rusuli magaliTebi:

inglisuri magaliTi, sagazeTo werili `The Guardian Weekly’-s1984 wlis 4 aprilis nomridan:

Unquiet flows the NevaOops! There goes Linda Blandford (March 4) choosing politely to overlook

how few denizens of culturally-benighted Los Angeles can pick up on the referencemade by that city’s L’ermitage hotel to Leningrad’s museum.

Perhaps it would be equally polite of me to pass over the fact that L’ermitagein Leningrad stands by the River Neva - whereas three sentences earlier theerudite Ms Blandford erroneously has the Neva flowing through Moscow.

John Western,Temple University, Philadelphia

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moyvanili sagazeTo werili (dabeWdilia rubrikis Letters to theeditor – qveS) warmoadgens Sorisdebul oops-is werilobiT diskursSigamoyenebis saintereso nimuSs. avtoritetuli inglisurenovanileqsikonebisa da informantebis monacemebis Tanaxmad Sorisdebulioops araoficialuri registrisaTvis, ZiriTadad zepirmetyvelebiTidiskursisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. man SeiZleba gamoxatosindividis gaoceba, wuxili, erTgvari mobodiSeba moulodneli, xSiradindividis mouqnelobiT gamowveuli marcxis gamo (gansakuTrebiTraime nivTis dagdebis SemTxvevaSi). oops gamoiyeneba agreTve Secdomisgasworebisas, magaliTad warmoTqmiTi Secdomis (esec xom garkveulitipis marcxia) an Secdomaze yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad, imisxazgasasmelad, rom es uneblied moxda.

moyvanil werilSi oops amaxvilebs redaqtorisa da mkiTxvelisyuradRebas `The Guardian Weekly~-s 1984 wlis 4 martis nomerSigamoqveynebul linda blendfordis publikaciaSi daSvebulgeografiul Secdomaze – publikaciaSi moskovi moxseniebuliarogorc nevaze gaSenebuli qalaqi. amiT aixsneba zemomoyvaniliwerilis saTauri `Unquiet flows the Neva~. diskursis markerisfunqciiT naxmari oops romelic werilis pirvelsave abzacSi gvxvdeba,i pyrobs adresatis yuradRebas da auwyebs mas garkveuli tipismarcxis Sesaxeb. es qmnis oops-iT ganxorcielebuli ostensuriqmedebis informaciis pirvel bazisur Sres. marcxis ti pisdakonkreteba (am SemTxvevaSi es aris reportioris Secdoma) werilSixdeba. Sesabamisad oops-iT ganxorcielebuli ostencia rele-vanturobis garantiis matarebelia. igi adresantis intenciis –miuTiTos Secdomaze da ganmartos igi – implikacias Seicavs. oops-is meSveobiT werilis me-2 abzacSi mocemuli eqsplicituri ganmartebaufro TvalsaCino xdeba, es ki uadvilebs mkiTxvels Setyobinebisinterpretacias. sayuradReboa, rom oops aRniSnul werilSi asrulebserTgvari Semarbilebeli zRudis (hedge) funqcias. werilSi Cansavtoris ironia magaliTad linda blendfordis mimarT naxmarepiTetSi the erudite Ms. Blandford, oops-is gamoyenebiT ki (rogorcaRiniSna, oops uneblie, SemTxveviT Secdomas gulisxmobs) xdebaironiis Serbileba. moyvanil magaliTSi oops globaluri markeria,is teqstis Semkvreli enobrivi erTeulia – misi meSveobiT aRniSnulisagazeTo teqsti amyarebs mimarTebas rogorc eqstralingvistur,aseve lingvistur konteqstTan; erTi mxriv, oops warmoadgens reaqciaswinare diskursze (gazeTis wina gamoSvebaSi dabeWdil publikaciaze)da am mxriv moyvanili sagazeTo werili warmoadgens ufro farTo


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sagazeTo diskursis rgols, xolo, meore mxriv, oops mimarTuliawin, saTqmelisaken, igi moyvanil werilSi gamoqveynebul informaciazeaorientirebuli. sayuradReboa, sxva tipis deiqturi mimarTebac –aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi oops orientirebulia adresatze (mkiTxveli,redaqtori) da aseve me-3 pirze – Secdomis Semcveli publikaciisavtorze – linda blendfordze. aRniSnul SeemTxvevaSi oopsemsaxureba ara adresantis Secdomis gamosworebas, aramed miuTiTebsme-3 piris Secdomaze.

ganvixiloT qarTuli magaliTi – nawyveti interviudan msaxiobTengiz arCvaZesTan.

manana jurxaZe: gaixseneT pirveli damoukidebeli nabiji.T.a.: ... omis droa, ukve 14 wlisa var. cxonebulma babuaCemma,

nikoloz markozis Ze sxirtlaZem, gaanaTlos ufalma misi suli,cxeni Semikazma, Semsva, Tan miTxra – `Sens tolebs arasodesgamoakldeo~ da gamiSva Tamaris kldis Ziras sofel boyvaSi. iqCveni axloblebi saxlobdnen da Rame maTTan unda gameTia.warmoidgineT axla Cemi mdgomareoba, asfaltze gazrdili biWiuceb cxenze aRmovCndi, raRa bevri gavagrZelo da mSvidobiT Cavedi.12 ivlisia, petre-pavloba. mosaRamovda, cota naRvinebic var daRame darCena aRar movindome, Sevjeqi isev Cems cxenze da saxlisakenwamovedi. Walebis gadasaxvevs mivuaxlovdiT, cxeni iqiT iwevs, mepirdapir veqaCebi, bolos damyva... dilis rabiribo iyo, roca imereTsgadavadeqi, Sevcbi, tanSi Jruantelma damiara, mivxvdi, rom gza damebna,ukan uRrani tyea, movabrune cxeni, mivuSvi aRviri da TviTon cxenmamimiyvana saxlSi. oooooooooo, cxeni Zalze Wkviania... es iyo yvelaze pirvelidamoukidebeli da CemTvis mnivSnelovani nabiji.

`epoqis WuWySi gausvreli kaci~`Tbilisis universiteti~ 2001w. 14 XII

moyvanil magaliTSi emociur Sorisdebul oo-s SemohyavsmonakveTis daskvniTi nawili. oo-s aq emfaturi datvirTva aqvs –is warmoaCens cxenis rols T. arCvaZis mier gakeTebul pirvel,damoukidebel nabijSi. cxenis buneba erTgvari aRmoCena iyo 14wlis biWisaTvis. Sorisdebul oo-s gareSe gamonaTqvami – cxeniZalze Wkviania – kargavs Tavis sakomunikacio datvirTvas (miuxedavadimisa, rom gamonaTqvami Seicavs intensifikators – Zalze).Sorisdebulis gareSe igi aRiqmeba, rogorc Cveulebrivi, mSralikomentari. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSic, msgavsad inglisuri magaliTisa,Sorisdebuli relevanturobis prezumfciis matarebelia. amasTan

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erTad, emociuri Sorisdebuli oo~ aq ara mxolod gamonaTqvamis,aramed diskursis moyvanili monakveTis moduss qmnis.

interess iwvevs aseve Semdegi rusuli magaliTi, nawyveti b.akuninis moTxrobidan `probleba 2000~:

– Ëóêöèé, íåìåäëåííî îòêðîéòå! ×òî çà ðåáÿ÷åñòâî! - æèðíûìãî ë îñ îì â çûâàë èç êîðèäîðà Ñîë îä î â í è êîâ , ïðåäñåäàòåëü ññóä í î -êðåäèòíîãî òîâàðèùåñòâà «Äîáðûé ñàìàðÿíèí». - Ìû ñëîìàåì äâåðü!

Ëî ì àéòå, âàøå ñòåïåíñòâî, óñìåõ í óëñÿ Êî íñòàíòèí Ëüâîâè÷, ñòî ÿïåðåä âûñîêèì ñòàðèííûì çåðêàë îì. Äâåðü äóá î âàÿ, ñêî ð î í å ï îääàñòñÿ.À äî ïîëóíî÷è îñòàåòñÿ âñåãî òðè ìèíóòû. Êàêèõ-òî òðè ìèíóòû, èâåê çàêî í÷èòñÿ. Âìåñòå ñ íèì çàêî í÷èòñÿ è îòñòàâ í îé øòàáñ-ðîòìèñòðËóöêèé ïîãóáëåííûé ñòðàñòÿ ì è è ìà ì î í î é . Áóäü ïðîêëÿò òî ò äåíü è÷àñ, êî ãäà î í , ëþáè ì åö ì îñêî âñêèõ ðåïîðòåðîâ, ãåðîé Àáèñññèíñêî éêà ì ïà íèè , ñ îãëàñèëñÿ ñòàòü óïðàâëÿþùèì ýòî é ï îäëîé êó ï å÷åñêî éëàâî ÷êè . Ï îëüñòèëñÿ íà æàë î âàíüå, òðåõýòà æ í û é îñîáíÿê, õî ð î ø è éâûåçä. Ëó÷øå áû îñòàëñÿ â ïîëêó - ãëÿäèøü, ýñêà ä ð î í îì á û óæåêî ì à í ä î âàë...

Óâ û, äåâÿòíàäöàòûé âåê íåóì îë è ì î îòñ÷èòûâàë ñâî è ï îñëåä í è åñåêóíäû. Ñàì æå Êî íñòàíòèí Ëüâîâè÷ ýòî è ä îêàçàë - íåäåëþ íàçàä,í à ð îæäåñòâå íñêî ì á àëó â Àíãëèéñêî ì ê ë óáå . Øåë î áû÷ íûé âí û í å ø í å ì ñåçî í å ñ ï î ð î òî ì , êî ãäà í à÷íåòñÿ äâàäöàòûé âåê -ñëåäóþùåé çèìîé, ñ 1901 ãîäà, èëè æå íûíåøíåé, 1 ÿíâàðÿ 1900-ãî...

moyvanili nawyveti warmoadgens moTxrobis sawyiss monakveTs,romelSic Tavidanve gamoikveTeba kontrasti or gansxvavebul samyaros– raindul, oficruli Rirsebis epoqas – me-19 saukunesa dapragmatul, damdeg me-20 saukunes, da mTavari gmiris xedviT masTanasocirebul vaWrukanaTa wress Soris. warsulis dabrunebaSeuZlebelia, mTavari moqmedi piri, lucki mwvaved aRiqvams warmavalidrois majiscemas, daundobel dros veraferi ver SeaCerebs damasTan erTad Cabardeba warsuls me-19 saukunesTan asocirebulifaseulobani, masTan erTad Cabardeba warsuls luckis, rogocpirovnebis is nawili, romelic am faseulobebiT cxovrobda.ususuroba warmavali drois winaSe, ganuxorcielebeli ocnebebi dagegmebi da amiT miyenebuli tkivili da sinanuli – yovelive amanmTavari moqmedi piri TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobamde miiyvana, yovelivees aris Caqsovili Sorisdebul óâû-Si, romelic qmnis aRniSnulimonakveTis moduss, mkiTxvels karnaxobs im tonalobas, romelSicunda iqnas wakiTxuli moTxrobis es nawili. sayuradReboa, romóâû asocirdeba poetur, mxatvrul da naklebad yofiT metyvelebasTan,


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moTxrobaSi óâû warmoadgens luckis samyaross aRmniSvnel erTgvarsimptoms. amasTan erTad, óâû aris makavSirebeli rgoli moTxrobispirvel abzacebsa da momdevno monakveTs Soris.

moyvanil magaliTebSi Sorisdebulis meSveobiT adresatisyuradRebis relevantur informaciaze gamaxvilebiT, adresantiuadvilebs adresats informaciis damuSavebis process, amcirebsZalisxmevas, romelic am procesisaTvis aris saWiro da amiT qmniswarmatebuli komunikaciis garantias.

amrigad, inglisur, qarTul da rusul enaTa masalaze Catarebulmakvlevam cxadyo, rom Sorisdebuli miekuTvneba im enobriv erTeulTaricxvs, romlebic komunikaciisas axdenen adamianis grZelvadianmexsierebaSi arsebuli freimis tipis kognituri struqturebisaqtivacias. komunikaciisas diskursSi sakvanZo mniSvnelobis mqone,relevanturobis prezumfciis, relevanturobis principis matarebeliSorisdebuli asrulebs ostensuri stimulis rols – igi ipyrobsadresatis yuradRebas, mimarTavs mas relevantur informaciaze, axdensadresatis azrovnebis stimulirebas da iwvevs garkveuli tipisfreimis an freimTa erTobliobis aqtivacias. aqtivirebul freimebzedayrdnobiT adresati agebs mentalur sivrces, romlisfarglebSic(CarCoSi) igi axdens teqstiT operirebas. aqtivirebulifreimi/freimebi qmnis diskursis interpretaciisaTvis inferenciulsafuZvels, rac Tavis mxriv zRudavs dasaSveb interpretaciaTaodenobas.


bartleti 1932:bartleti 1932:bartleti 1932:bartleti 1932:bartleti 1932: Bartlett F. C., Remembering : A Study in Experimentaland Social Psychology, Cambridge: CUP 1932.

brauni,brauni,brauni,brauni,brauni, iuli 1 iuli 1 iuli 1 iuli 1 iuli 1983:983:983:983:983: Brown, G., Yule, G.., Discourse Analysis, Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,1983.

gofmani 1gofmani 1gofmani 1gofmani 1gofmani 1974:974:974:974:974: Goffman, E., Frame Analysis, New York, Harper and Row,1974.

daraselia 2002:daraselia 2002:daraselia 2002:daraselia 2002:daraselia 2002: daraselia n., Sorisdebuli da relevanturoba~,`saenaTmecniero Ziebani~ XII, saq. mecnierebaTa akademiis arn.Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis instituti, Tbilisi, 2002.

van deiki 1van deiki 1van deiki 1van deiki 1van deiki 1986:986:986:986:986: van Dijk, Prejudice in discourse: An analysis of ethnicprejudice in cognition and conversation. Amsterdam,1986.

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kubrkubrkubrkubrkubriakova iakova iakova iakova iakova et al. 1996: Êóáðÿêî âà Å.Ñ., Äå ìüÿ íêîâ Â.Ç,, Ïàíêðàö Þ.Ã., Ëóçèíà Ë.Ã., ñ Êðàòêèé ñëîâàðü êîã íèòèâ íûõ òåðì è í î â,Ì î ñ ê â à,1996.

minski 1minski 1minski 1minski 1minski 1975:975:975:975:975: Minski M., “ A framework for representing knowledge’, in:(ed..) Winsto, P.H., “The Psychology of Computer Vision”, New York:McGraw-Hill.1975.

senfordi, garodi 1981:senfordi, garodi 1981:senfordi, garodi 1981:senfordi, garodi 1981:senfordi, garodi 1981: Sanford A. J., Garrod S. C., UnderstandingWritten Language, Chichester 1981.

sperbersperbersperbersperbersperberi,i,i,i,i, uilsoni 1 uilsoni 1 uilsoni 1 uilsoni 1 uilsoni 1986:986:986:986:986: Sperber D., Wilson D., Relevance:Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.

taneni 1taneni 1taneni 1taneni 1taneni 1979:979:979:979:979: Tannen D., What’s in a frame? Surface evidence for underlyingexpectations , in ( ed,) R. O. Freedle 1979.

filmori 198filmori 198filmori 198filmori 198filmori 1982: Fillmore Ch. J., Frame Semantics//Linguistics in the morningcalm; Selected papers from the SICOL, Seoul,1982.

Senki,Senki,Senki,Senki,Senki, abelsoni 1 abelsoni 1 abelsoni 1 abelsoni 1 abelsoni 1977:977:977:977:977: Schank R. C., Abelson R.P., Scripts, plans, goals,and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures, Hillsdale(N.J.), 1977

Carniaki 1975:Carniaki 1975:Carniaki 1975:Carniaki 1975:Carniaki 1975: Charniak E., “Organization and inference in a frame-likesystem of common-sense knowledge” in: (eds.) R.C.Schank and B.I. Nash-Webber, 1975.

heizi 1979heizi 1979heizi 1979heizi 1979heizi 1979::::: The Logic of Frames , in (ed,) D. Metzig 1979.

gamoyenebuli leqsikonebigamoyenebuli leqsikonebigamoyenebuli leqsikonebigamoyenebuli leqsikonebigamoyenebuli leqsikonebi

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, rvatomeuli, Tbilisi, 1950.Cambridge International Dictionary of English, CUP, 1996.Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, Chambers, Edingburgh, 1996.Ñ. È. Îæåãîâ, Ñëîâàðü ðóññêî ãî ÿçûêà, Èçä. «Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ»,

Ìîñêâà, 1970.


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manana kvaWantiraZe

,,ori Zmis” koncepti.interteqstulobis fsiqo-

socialuri aspeqtebi

Cveni interesis sagani qarTveli mkiT-xvelisaTvis kargad nacnobi ori moTxrobaa:ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobelazed~ da guramgegeSiZis SurisZieba~. problemebi, romlebicmaTSi daismis da SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,isini erT saanalizo sibrtyeze davayenoT,orive SemTxvevaSi eTikur-moraluri xa-siaTisaa da gansakuTrebiT kargad socia-luri da fsiqologiuri rakursebidanimzireba. avtorTa `mrwamssa da paTosshumanizmis cnebis Sinaarsisadmi gansakuTre-buli interesi gansazRvravs” (naTaZe 2008:217). isic cxadia, rom XIX-XX saukuneebsSoris arsebuli veeberTela gansxvavebis gamoigi verafriT ver iqneba erTgvarovnadgadawyvetili. moulodneli arc isaa, rom`ori Zmis~ koncepti kulturis saerToteqstSi, tradiciulad, gansakuTrebuladgils ikavebs da literaturul teqstebsSoris gadaZaxilebis SesamCnevi simravliTgamoirCeva. mTavaria, rogor wyvets kulturiskonkretuli drosivrce problemas da rakoreqtivi Seaqvs masSi.

problematikis garda, orive moTxrobaserTi ram aerTianebs: avtorebis xazgasmiTseriozuli, tragizmamde misuli gancdaadamianis problemisa; daZabuli, dadara-jebuli mzera mis sulSi mimdinare pro-cesebis mimarT (ilia am abstraqtul topossakonkretebs. esaa guli: (,,RmerTi guls ufro

filologiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, SoTarusTavelis saxelobisliteraturis institu-tis qarTuli litera-turis ganyofilebis gamge,Jurnal `kritikis~mTavari redaqtori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:,,me Cems sakuTar Senobasvageb”, ,,oTar WilaZismxatvruli sistemis se-miologiuri aspeqtebi”,`werilebi literatu-raze”, ,,gameoreba”.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literaturaTmcodneoba,kritika, semiotika.

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Sinjavs, minam saqmes~) da mkiTxvelis pasuxismgeblobis aRZvrisSeufaravi survili. am survils ilia petresadmi, anu saqristianosaqarTvelos~ saxeliT molaparake pesonaJisadmi dasmuli SekiTxviTada braldebiT gamoxatavs, guram gegeSiZe ki Tavisi gmiris SinaganmoZraobas Rrma fsiqologiuri SinaarsiT tvirTavs da am moZraobisSesaZlo SedegTan dakavSirebiT mkiTxvelTan aSkara, Riainteleqtualur dialogs marTavs. erTi ram amTaviTve unda iTqvas:,,SurisZieba” moTxrobaa mopovebaze, `sarCobelazed~ _ danakargisSesaxeb gviambobs. g. gegeSiZe agrZelebs ilias mZime saubars imaTze,vinc ver icnes, gariyes da gulgrilobiT daRupes, Tumca iqve,moTxrobaSive eZebs gamosavals da poulobs kidec. ilias xedvisrakursi socialuria, gegeSiZisa – fsiqologiuri. orive es rakursierTmaneTs moralur-eTikur sibrtyeze gadakveTs.

kulturisa d zogadad, cnobierebis sivrceSi am gadaZaxilebisarseboba savsebiT mosalodnelia, metic, swored mexsierabaa amtotaluri teqstis fundamenturi niSani. gegeSiZis gmirs uTuodesmis ilias xma, ufro zustad, umcrosi Zmis xma, TiTqos wakiTxulicaqvs mis mier petresaTvis gadacemuli `wignis~ araCveulebrivaddamuxtuli, mxurvale~ teqsti, romelic Tavisi energetikiT ufrogaxmovanebul sityvas hgavs, vidre dawerils.

biWebi – ori oboli Zma – erTad midian, TiTqos verc amCnevenerTmaneTs, magram uxilavi jaWviT arian gadabmulni iseve, rogorcilias Zmebi. zusti da metyveli suraTebis mTeli wyeba bavSvebismzeris rakursiTaa mowodebuli: xarbad acqerdebian da Taviseburad`iTviseben~ garemos: sazamTros, boSa qals... maT mzeraSi ufrosiZmis axladgaRviZebuli mamakacuri instinqtebi irekleba, umcrosisa_ bavSvuri cnobismoyvareoba, orives – piris Cagemrielebis uimedosurvili. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ilias Zmebs avtoris Semfasebelisityva mihyvebaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom ilia biWebs garedan~ xedavs,misi damokidebuleba `Sinagania~. igi Sinagani intuiciiT afasebsZmebs, TiTqos gvamzadebs imisaTvis, rasac mogvianebiT SevityobT.guram gegeSiZis gmirebs aranakleb gulgrili, angariSiani garemoxvdebaT win, vidre ilias personaJebs. is kaci, biWebis mamis megobariromaa da biWebs sazamTros ar uyidis – mainc ver micnobeno, _petreze uaresia da ara ukeTesi. froidis fsiqoanalizis Tanaxmad,matramvirebeli sawyisi adamianis Sinagan bunebaSia, humanisturifsiqologiis mixedviT ki _ gare realobaSi devs. ilia TiTqos amori moZRvrebis polrizebas xdens Zmebs Soris, Tumca misi problemaumcrosi Zmaa, romelic bunebiT ki ara, socialuri garemos wyalobiT~

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aRmoCnda ganwiruli. imas, rasac ilias es personaJi ver Zlevs,guram gegeSiZis gmiri eWideba da imarjvebs kidec. ilias personaJebiTavianT socialur rols ganuwyvetel SurisZiebaSi xedaven, rezikosSemTxvevaSi ki garemosTan dapirispirebis destruqciuli impulsimitevebis konstruqciul gadawyvetilebaSi gadaizrdeba. iliasmoTxrobaSi umcrosi Zma grZnobs sulis Sinagan Zaxils maSinac,roca petres sikeTe aaforiaqebs da maSinac, roca ZmasTan erTadganvlili gzis Sefasebas axdens, magram SurisZiebis impulssa daswor socialur qcevas Soris arCevani ver gaukeTebia, metic,gaazrebulad ambobs uars am ukanasknelze, ver iyenebs Tavis yvelazeRrma adamianur SesaZleblobas. ilia Tavis gmirs winaswar xedavssaxrCobelaze, reziko ki im mniSvnelovan da monatrebul pasuxamdemidis, rom cxovrebasTan yoveli dapirispireba sinamdvileSiadamianebisken aris mimarTuli da amiT cxovreba sulac ar xdebaukeTesi da samarTliani.

qcevis fsiqologiaSi gaziarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, ganwyobaqcevis meqanizmi, qcevisTvis mzaobaa. aqtivobaSi vlindeba is, racganwyobaSia mocemuli, magram imis dadgenas, gaazrebulia Tu araqmedeba, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs pirovnebis adekvaturifunqcionirebisaTvis. gauazrebloba fsiqologiaSi ganisazRvreba,rogorc reducirebuli kognitiuri aqtivobis mdgomareoba, rodesacindividi garemodan mosul signalebs avtomaturad amuSavebs(baliaSvili 2004:5). aseTi reducirebuli aqtivobis magaliTiaumcrosi Zmis cemis scena, roca reziko gauazreblad, avtomaturadsjis Zmas, rogorc SesaZlo damsmens. qcevis motivacia aseTia: rezikomSeucdomlad icis, ra aris misTvis Zma da am siyvarulis, am arabavSvuriTavdadebis sapasuxod misgan usityvo morCilebas moiTxovs.sakmarisia erTi winaaRmdegoba, erTi Sepasuxebac, da Cvens TvalwinRvarcofiviT gadmoiRvreba yvelaferi, rac cxovrebam Caaguba patarabiWis gulSi: siZulvili, risxva, sisastike, gaboroteba. `man aricoda, risken iyo mimarTuli es siZulvili~ _ ambobs mwerali. esgauazrebloba badebs rezikos avtomatur qcevasac.

avtomaturad ver CaiTvleba omaras epizodi. am SemTxvevaSirezikos mizani gaazrebulia imdenad, ramdendac Zneli Sesasrulebelia:mowinaaRmdege masze yvelanairad Zlieria: fizikurad, asakiT,socialurad, Tanac, omaraze SurisZiebiT rezikom Zmis winaSe CadenilisakuTari danaSauli (Tu usamarTloba) unda gamoisyidos. Zmisfaqtoris garda, SurisZiebis Sinagan moTxovnilebas ganapirobebsrezikos ,,saZmos~, anu im socialuri jgufis molodinic, romlis

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socialuri mxardaWerac misTvis aucilebelia, da romelicritualamde misul mis yoveldRiurobas Seadgens (banaoba, gogoebzesaubari, sigaretis moweva da a. S.). mkiTxvels im Sinaganawessac~SevaxsenebT, romliTac moTxrobaSi aRwerili fsiqosocialurijgufis wevrebi TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis ibrZvian. es brZola, rogorcwesi, agresiuli formiT mimdinareobs. Zlieri cdilobs sustisdaCagvras. ase iqceva nodara riJas mimarT, reziko – nodaras mimarT,omara – riJas mimarT, da bolos, rezikoc – omaras mimarT. erTisityviT, jgufis SigniT umkacresi ierarqia da aucilebelinormativebia, Tumca maTi qcevis kodeqss socialuri erTianobisgancda da rigi humanuri normebic gansazRvravs. magaliTad, megobrisZma ar unda daCagro, samarTliani unda iyo. Tuki sazamTros Senive`saZmos~ wevris baRidan iparav, qurdobaze, formalurad mainc, uflebaunda moipovo, anu mas samarTliani sasjelis~ saxe misce. rezikocase iqceva da Tavisi `swori~ nabijebis gamo aqvs kidec liderisstatusi mopovebuli jgufSi.

sagulisxmoa, rom rogorc iliasTan, ise gegeSiZesTan personaJebiswored im adamianebs upirispirdebian, romlebic socialuri dainterpersonaluri urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,maTTvis mimzidvelni” arian. rogorc petres, ise omarasa da dedamisismimarT aSkarad vlindeba mTavar personaJTa ganwyobis `dadebiTivalentoba~, magram arc erT, arc meore SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba am`mimzidvelobis” gardaqmna socialur gavlenad. cnobilia, rom mizezi,ris gamoc adamianebi erTmaneTze damokidebulni xdebian, uSualomimarTebaSia ,,mimzidvelobis” dinamikasTan~ (maRraZe 2004: 81). CvensSemTxvevaSi personaJebi xifaTs swored am dadebiTi ganwyobismxridan grZnoben. ganwyoba maT ,,mimzidvelobis” gavlenisagan Tavdacvaskarnaxobs. am mdgomareobis Sefaseba iliasTanaa mocemuli: ,,kinaRamSenma sikeTem ar mominadira”-o _ ise eubneba biWi petres, TiTqosxifaTs daaRwia Tavi. magram ilias am `mimzidvelobis~ siZlierecar rCeba SeumCneveli (`dRemde maxsovs~). gavlenis Teoria miiCnevs,rom socialuri da interpersonaluri kavSirebis gamaZlierebelfaqtorebs Soris gadamwyveti socialuri mxardaWeris mimarTulebaa.`individi gverds uvlis, vinc uaryofs mas da eZebs maT, vinc miiRebsda moiwonebs misi azrovnebisa da qcevis gzas~ (iqve). ase rom,interpersonaluri mimzidvelobis~ miuxedavad, petres sikeTe verSecvlis biWis arCevans, ver moipovebs socialur ndobas, radgangadawyvetilebis bolo wams biWi petres im socialur jgufsmiakuTvnebs, romelmac qurdobisken ubiZga (`eg rom kaci iyos, me ar


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gamaZarcvinebda-meTqi~). samagierod, Zmis saxiT igi genetikurTanerTad, srul socialur mxardaWeras grZnobs (`erTaderTi Cemipatroni da gulSematkivari~).

amave tipis arCevanis winaSe dgeba ,,SurisZiebis” gmiric. esepizodi personaJis xasiaTis amosacnobad Zalze mniSvnelovania damasze odnav met xans SevCerdebiT: Tavisi amocanidan gamomdinare,omarasadmi keTilganwyoba rezikosTvis saxifaToa. man SeiZlebaxeli SeuSalos mosalodneli brZolis win. Zmis dacvis survili,Selaxuli Tavmoyvareoba, sakuTari TaviT ukmayofileba, cxovrebisusamarTlobis gncda siZulvilSi gadaizrdeba da SurisZiebis saxiTgamodis asparezze: omaras saxlSi misuli reziko aRmoaCens, romomaras aqvs yvelaferi, rac mas aklia. es gancda swored aq ibadebabiWSi da ara sanapiroze, sadac TiTqmis yoveldRe xedavs omaras daZalian moswons _ Zlieri, lamazi, xalisiani. es interpersonalurimimzidveloba yuradRebis miRma tovebs im garemoebas, rom omarasocialurad sxvaa~. (sanapiroze da banaobis ampluaSi~, SesaZloa,es `sxvaoba~ arc iyos TvalSisacemi). mwerali rezikos TvaliTxedavs garemos – saxls, ezos, Robes, rac mTavaria – omaras dedas– keTils, sandomians. didi fsiqologiuri sizustiT aRweril amepizodSi mkafiod Cans, rogoria deda rezikos warmodgenaSi, rogoriiqneboda misi saxli da mTeli is garemo, romelSic, cxovrebisusamarTloba rom ara, rezikoc icxovrebda. rkinis WiSkari, biWsmSoblebis sasaflaos rom agonebs, cementis bagiri, ezos win romgauWimavT, ara mxolod rezikosa da omaras Soris arsebul socialurgansxvavebaze, aramed biWis realobasa da farul ocnebas SorisaRmarTul gadaulaxav zRudeze migvaniSnebs.

reziko ukve siZulvils iwvevs, zrdis Tavis sulSi da amsaxifaTo gzas akvirdeba mwerali. igi Segnebulad iSorebs omarsdedisgan wamosul dadebiT energetikul signalebs, raTa atraqciamar daasustos. qcevis fsiqologiis enaze rom vTqvaT, misi qceva,,uaryofiTad proaqtiuria”, Tumca moTxrobaSi dadebiTi proaq-tiurobis epizodsac vxvdebiT. dedis asakobrivi jgufis qalebTandamokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, igi Sesadareblad sagulisxmomasalas iZleva da im cvlilebebze migvaniSnebs, rac rezikos xasiaTSimwifdeba. am epizodSi reziko gaazrebulad ,,amuSavebs” im ucnobiqalisgan wamosul signalebs, romelic, rezikos fiqriT, mis ZmasdaCagvras upirebs (aseTive signalad aRiqmeba gawuwuli gogonaskivilic). rezikosTvis isini garkveuli fsiqo-sicialuri tipisamosacnobi niSnebia: Tavidanve amoicno am qalis xasiaTi. bundovnad

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grZnobda, rom amiT iyo ase kmayofili~. am SemTxvevaSi rezikos`proaqtiuroba~ mimarTulia sakuTari garemos Seqmnasa da kons-truirebaze, iseTi velis Seqmnaze, sadac ZmasTan erTad Tavs usafr-Txod igrZnobs. signalebis amocnoba ki pirovnebad Camoyalibebisgzape miRweuli warmatebis niSania.

sxva SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme moTxrobis bolo epizodSi.gavixsenoT, rogor ebrZvis ilias gmiri petresgan wamosul sikeTes(`im Rames ver daviZine~) da ra sabediswero aRmoCndeba misTvismaSin miRebuli gadawyvetileba (`gawydes, saca wvrilia-meTqi~).rezikosTvis analogiuria omaras dedasTan Sexvedris epizodi.swored am momentidan SeiZleba daiwyos rezikos gadagvareba. imwamidan, omaras kvalSi rom Cadgeba da wonasworobas akargvinebs,dinjad rom uaxlovdeba da orTabrZolaSi atanili gardatexiTtkbeba, cxadi xdeba, rom rezikom ukve SeigrZno siZulvilis Zalada masTan axdens sakuTari jerac Camouyalibebeli pirovnebis iden-tificirebas. mwerali grZnobs, ra saSiSia reziko, roca masSi ra-cionalisti moZalade ibadeba: gonebiT, mizanmimarTulad rom iyenebsgaborotebis saSinel Zalas, mere ki, am axladaRmoCenili ,,WeS-maritebiT” gaZlierebuli, cinikurad tkbeba mosalodneli gamarjvebiT:`axla saSualeba hqonda TavisTvis Zala ar daetanebina da isedasweoda. is Sinaganad moemzada da auCqareblad wavida win~.

am gamarjvebiT mkiTxveli grZnobs, ratom irCevs reziko iaraRadsiZulvils. magram am incidentma isic unda gadawyvitos, ra gzasdaadgeba igi samomavlod cxovrebasTan, adamianebTan urTierTobaSi.am arCevanma adamiani SeiZleba miiyvanos iq, sadac ilias moTxrobisori axalgazrda gmiri miiyvana – maxaTas mTaze, erTi – axlandeli,meore ki momavali gansasjelis rolSi. guram gegeSiZe sxvagamocdilebas gvTavazobs, Temis ganviTarebis gansxvavebul gzas irCevs,braldebis veqtors cvlis da garedan SigniT Semoaqvs. iliaspersonaJi, rogorc vTqviT, sazogadoebas debs brals. braldebisobieqti oTaraanT qvrivis~ uTavbolo, uswormasworo wuTisofeli~ki ar aris, aramed yru, ugulo sociumi, romelic, gaborotebis garda,aRarafers utovebs adamians: `mZuls qveyana da adamiani ufro ...Cvens Soris sabolood Cavtexe xidi. me erTi aqeT napiras davrCi,Tqven mravalni iqiT~. guram gegeSiZis patara gmiri ki swored amuswormasworo, usamarTlo cxovrebas upirispirdeba – ufro zogadda bundovan mocemulobas, ufro umisamarTosa da upirovnos,abstraqtulsa da uxilavs, Sesabamisad, ufro Zliersac. am viTarebaSisiZulvilic moumarTavia, moklebulia samarTlianobas da rezikoc,


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damarcxebuli omarasagan daCoqebas rom moiTxovs, sastiki dagaborotebuli ufroa, vidre samarTliani SurismaZiebeli. misigaboroteba sinamdvileSi cxovrebazea damiznebuli da ara omaraze.amas TviT rezikoc igrZnobs da misive moraluri intuicia – sulxan-sabas TqmiT, mamxilebeli goni~ _ mitevebisken gadaagmevinebs nabijs,ilias personaJisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic siZulvilis sasargeblodakeTebs arCevans. ilia sazogadoebisgan elis socialur aqtiurobas~,im petresgan, saqristiano saqarTvelos~ saxeliT rom umaspinZlebs`mcire Zmebs~ da mere bedis anabarad miatovebs. iliasTan ganxeTqilebaradikaluria da Serigebac mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT arsebobsmoTxrobis sivrcis gareT. guram gegeSiZes Serigeba moTxrobisSigniT Semoaqvs, pirovnebis problemad aqcevs, misi gmiri Tavadveagnebs Tavisi winamorbedis mier miugnebel pasuxs. am or moTxrobasSoris gadaZaxili swored personaJis xasiaTis ganviTarebis donezeikiTxeba. aq imarTeba faruli polemika adamianis sulis raobaze.guram gegeSiZe pasuxs iZleva ilias mier dasmul kiTxvaze _ raSuaSia petre? ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebis danaSauli aSkaraa, magramkacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze pirovnebam Tavad undaaiRos pasuxismgebloba sakuTar qcevasa da gadawyvetilebaze. garemossocialuri gavlenis daZleva SesaZlebelia da aucilebelic imsulieri da mentaluri potencialis fonze, rasac adamiani flobs.am azriT, `SurisZieba~ aramxolod fsiqologiuri sizustiTaamomxiblavi, aramed adamianis sulieri Zalebis rwmeniTac.

davakvirdeT: saboloo gadawyvetilebas reziko moulodnelad,TiTqos spontanurad iRebs. socialuri da fsiqologiurikonteqstidan `amorTuls~, TiTqos uceb raRac sxva xma Caesmis.Cven ver vgebulobT, ram aaRebina rezikos xeli ganzraxvaze, ramgauCina misi adamianobis mxsneli gancda swored im momentSi, zneobriviufskrulis piras rom aRmoCnda. misi sulis moZraoba fardismiRma rCeba. SesaZloa, es ,,sxvad”, ,,ucxod” aRqmuli Senive msgavsis,`Senianis~ damcirebis dakmayofilebuli instinqti iyo, myisieradgadasuli meore ukiduresobaSi, am ltolvis simdablis gacnobierebulaRqmaSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs fsiqologiuri velismoulodnel cvlilebasTan, misi struqturis SecvlasTan. ase rom,rezikoSi momxdari cvlileba exeba ara mxolod rezikos, aramedomarasac da maT Soris urTierTobis formas, savaraudod, sxvebTanmaTi Semdgomi urTierTobis formebsac. davakvirdeT ganwyobisdinamikas finalur scenaSi: rezikos destruqciuli ganwyobis Sedegiais, rom igi omaras daCoqebas Txovs, magram am moTxovnis sisastike

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gansakuTrebulia da aSkarad araa omaras mier Cadenili saqcielis(SemTxveviTis, saxumaros _ rogorc TviTon xsnis) da arc omarassituaciuri qcevis Sedegi. am moTxovnaSi rezikos arsebaSi raRacZalze saxifaTo ram xdeba, raRac saSiSi, ucxo da faruli ganwyobakonstruirdeba. amave tipis ganwyobis sxva magaliTi Zmis cemisscenaa. orive SemTxvevaSi sisastike gacilebiT aRemateba mowi-naaRmdegis SesaZlo danaSauls da `acdenilia~ gamomwvev mizezs.SeiZleboda dagveSva, rom aq Tavs iCens ucnobi fsiqologiuri energia,romlis marTva rezikos ar SeuZlia. rogorc froidi ambobs,`aracnobiers Cven vuwodebT fsiqikur process, romlis arsebobaunda davuSvaT, radgan mis Sesaxeb vaskvniT Sedegidan gamomdinareise, rom araferi viciT mis Sesaxeb (froidi 1923: 343).

guram gegeSiZis mier aRwerili Zmis cemis scena fsiqikur ga-movlinebaTa winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTze, e. w. ambivalentobaze mig-viTiTebs. miCneulia, rom nebis sferoSi igi vlindeba ormagi qme-debebisken midrekilebaSi. emociurSi – obieqtis mimarT dadebiTida uaryofiTi gancdebis erTobliobaSi. ambivalentoba warmoadgensuniversalur fsiqikur movlenas da pirovnebis fsiqikur gaorebasasaxavs. igi gamowveulia samyaroSi pirovnebis poziciuriaramdgradobiT da safuZvlad udevs mTel rig momentalurdestruqciul qcevebs, magaliTad, midrekilebas obieqtebis ngrevisaken,sadizms da a. S. (enikeevi 2002: 10). zemoTmotanil orive scenaSi _ZmasTan da omarasTanac rezikoSi aSkarad vxedavT destruqciulifsiqikis niSnebs da igi aRarafriT hgavs im samarTlian, mzrunvelbiWs, manamde rom vicnobdiT.

ilias personaJi erTgan ambobs: guli sadRac iwevda, ver davaokeTda vera~. am fraziT ilia individis nebis warmmarTvel iseT Zalazegvatyobinebs, romelic cnobierebis kontrols ar emorCileba(rusTaveli: `guli krulia kacisa, xarbi da gauZRomeli, / guliaJam-Jam yovelTa WirTa mTmo, lxinTa mdomeli, / guli _ brma, urCixedvisa, TviT veras ver gamzomeli, / verca hpatronobs sikvdili,verca patroni romeli~). am fonze sayuradReboa rezikos finalurigadawyvetileba da is mosazreba, romelsac ganwyobis TanamedroveTeoriebi gvawvdian pirovnebis Sesaxeb: funqcionalur moTxovnilebebs,romlebic specifikurad adamianur funqciebSi iReben saTaves Riaobispotenciali gaaCniaT. es Ria xasiaTi vlindeba maT mudmivobaSi,araciklurobaSi, dakmayofilebis fiqsirebuli donis uqonlobaSi,ganviTarebis, zrdisa da realizaciis sul ufro maRali doneebiskenswrafvaSi (imedaZe 2004: 64). rezikos gadawyvetilebisgan gansxvavebiT,


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ilias personaJis aha, gadagiSale (guli _ m.k.) da lodi amecala~_ am swrafvis pasiuri formaa. radgan dadebiT gadawyvetilebaSiar gadadis. rezikos SemTxvevaSi igi aqtiuria da moralurgamocdilebaSi gadaizrdeba. im zneobriv impulss, reziko rommoTxrobis finalSi saidanRac Rebulobs, mas aracnobieri awvdis,magram am SemTxvevaSi froidiseuli `Tanatosis instinqti”,fatalurad gansazRvruli fsiqikuri energetika anu `uaryofiTicneba~ ki ar moqmedebs, aramed sxva, sapirispiro. uznaZis ganmartebiT,`dadebiTi Sinaarsis cneba~, anu ganwyoba. da ramdenadac ganwyoba`normaluri adaptaciis meqanizmia (imedaZe 2004: 65), incidentiamowurulia. mwerali aq emSvidobeba Tavis gmirs. rezikom ukveicis, rom siZulvili arafers aZlevs adamians, arc vnebebsukmayofilebas, arc siamayes. am momentidan igi brZeni, TavisivegamocdilebiT dadinjebuli da dasevdianebuli patara kacia. amtanjviT mopovebul gamocdilebas andobs amieridan mwerali patarabiWis cxovrebas ,,uzarmazar, bnel da burusiT mocul qveyanaSi”.


baliaSvili 2004: baliaSvili 2004: baliaSvili 2004: baliaSvili 2004: baliaSvili 2004: baliaSvili m. socialuri ganwyobebis roliqcevis zogad konteqstSi. macne, # 1, Tb.: 2004.

enikeevi 2002:enikeevi 2002:enikeevi 2002:enikeevi 2002:enikeevi 2002: Åíèêeåâ ß. È. Îáùàÿ è ñîöèàëüíàÿ ïñèõî ëîãèÿ. Ì . :“Èçä-âî ÏÐÈÎÐ”, 2002.

imedaZe 2004: imedaZe 2004: imedaZe 2004: imedaZe 2004: imedaZe 2004: imedaZe i. masalebi fsiqoanalizisa da ganwyobisTeoris SedarebiTi analizisaTvis. macne, # 1, Tb.: 2004.

maRraZe 2004: maRraZe 2004: maRraZe 2004: maRraZe 2004: maRraZe 2004: maRraZe g. umciresobis gavlena da ganwyobisvalenturoba. macne, # 1, Tb.: 2004.

naTaZe 2008: naTaZe 2008: naTaZe 2008: naTaZe 2008: naTaZe 2008: naTaZe n. ori moTxroba. qarTuli kritikis saskoloqrestomaTia. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba saunje~, 2008.

froidi 1froidi 1froidi 1froidi 1froidi 1923:923:923:923:923: Ôðeé ä Ç. Î ñ í î â í û å ï ñ è õî ëîãè÷åñêèå òåîðèè âïñèõî à í àëèçå. Ì . 1923.

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ada nemsaZe

limonis simbolika oTarWilaZis romanebSi

ena, miTi, religia, xelovneba da mecniereba aris`simboluri forma~, romlis saSualebiTac adamianiawesrigebs Tavis garSemo arsebul qaoss.

kasirerikasirerikasirerikasirerikasireri

XIX saukunis desimbolizebuli li-teratura XX saukuneSi Rrmad simbo-lizebulma literaturam Secvala. gamo-naklisi arc Cveni uaxlesi mwerloba yo-fila. am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresomweralia oTar WilaZe. misi romanebismxatvruli sistema teqstis qsovilSiCaRrmavebisas interpretaciis usazRvrosaSualebas iZleva.Aamis erT-erTi mTavarimizezi aris e. w. `cnobierebis nakadis~literaturasTan siaxlove, rac TavisTavadgansazRvravs mwerlis xelweras: saTqmelissimboloebiTa da kodebiT gadmocema. yovelisimboluri forma warmoadgens aRqmisgansazRvrul meTods, romlis saSualebiTackonstruirdeba `sinamdvilis~ sakuTari,gansakuTrebuli qveyana. Tuki movaxerxebT,oTar WilaZis simboloTa azrobriv rezervsnawilobriv mainc CavwvdeT, marTlac romsaocar `qveyanaSi~ aRmovCndebiT. es arissamyaro, romelSic sulieri Rirebulebanida moraluri faseulobebi yvelaferzemaRla dgas, sadac yofiereba gakeTil-Sobilebulia, sadac sikeTis maradiulobisproblema saboloodaa gadaWrili.

oTar WilaZis simboloebi mravalfe-rovania. mis romanebSi bevri ramis gaazrebaSeiZleba simbolurad, magaliTad: iremi,

filologiis macnierebaTadoqtori.ZiriTadi naSromebiZiriTadi naSromebiZiriTadi naSromebiZiriTadi naSromebiZiriTadi naSromebi:“sivrcis identifikaciisrRveva oTar WilaZisromanSi “gzaze erTi kacimidioda”; oTar WilaZis“yovelman Cemman mpov-nelman”: TviTidenti-fikaciis krizisi; iden-tobis problema Tanamed-rove qarTul mwerlobaSi;“Txa da gigos” postmo-dernuli versia.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literaturaTmcodneoba,kritika, semiotika.

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mamali, Tovli, saxedari, didi cacxvis xe, limoni, nataZrali (`yovelmanCemman mpovnelman~); zRva, Teatri, aryian boTlSi Cadebuli kitri,limoni, tye, cxvari, zamTris qoxi da misi binadrebi: brtyelsaxiani,airwinaRiani da saTvaliani (`rkinis Teatri~); mamali, limoni,nataZrali da masSi TavSefarebuli ucnobi, giJkolas dakargulimama, vano maswavleblis gauCinarebuli gogo (`martis mamali~) dasxv. amgvari saxeebi teqstebSi mravlad moipoveba. maT Soris arisramdenime myari simbolo, romelic meordeba sxvadasxva romanSi dayvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi sakuTari mniSvneloba aqvs. amjerad CvenyuradRebas limonis simbolikas mivapyrobT da SevecdebiT, gavxsnaTmisi arsi da davadginoT is kanonzomiereba, rac sxvadasxva romanSierTi da imave simbolos gaazrebas ukavSirdeba.

jer kidev sosiuri upirispirebda erTmaneTs simbolos dakonvenciur niSans, usvamda ra xazs pirvelis ikonur elements:saswori SeiZleba iyos samarTlianobis simbolo, radgan ikonuradgulisxmobs Tanasworobis (Tanawonadobis) ideas, xolo sazidavi– ara. sosiuris am azris gaTvaliswinebiT, limonis ikonuri elementi- mravalwliani maradmwvane kulturuli mcenare, velurad ar arisSeniSnuli; kavkasiaSi misi moSenebis erT-erTi umTavresi raioniaSavi zRvis sanapiro; aqvs samkurnalo Tvisebebi - Tavidanve miuTiTebssimbolos zogad saxeze. mxolod aqedan gamomdinarec SegviZliaSevniSnoT, Tu ratom mimarTavs mwerali maincdamainc am simbolos:igi aris, erTi mxriv, erovnuli identobis mimaniSnebeli (gavrcelebisarealiT) da, meore mxriv, dadebiTi identobis niSani (samkurnaloTvisebebiT).

simbolo, tropis erT-erTi saxeoba, iseTive Zvelia, rogorcadamianuri azrovneba. amisTvis mxolod petre iberis areopagetulikrebulis~ dasaxelebac ikmarebda, sadac yovelive xiluli aRwerilia,rogorc simbolo RvTis `uxilavi, idumali da ganusazRvreli~arsisa. Tumc simbolos filosofiur-esTetikuri gaazreba SedarebiTgviandelia, kulturuli ganviTarebis nayofia. misi uamravi ganmartebaarsebobs. rogorc iuri lotmani aRniSnavs, nebismieri lingvistur-semiotikuri sistema arasrulyofilia, Tuki ar iZleva simbolossakuTar gansazRvrebas. ...da maSinac ki, roca ar viciT, ra arissimbolo, TiToeulma sistemam icis, ra aris misi simbolo~ da igimas sWirdeba sakuTari semiotikuri sistemis muSaobisaTvis~(lotmani 1992: 191). Cvenc simbolos sxvadasxva ganmartebazedayrdnobiTa da mxatvruli sistemis konteqstis gaxsniT SevecdebiT,SevaRwioT teqstis lingvistur qsovilSi.

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simbolo aris cneba, romelic afiqsirebs materialuri sagnebis,movlenebis, grZnobadi saxeebis Tvisebas, gamoxatos idealuri Sinaarsi,maTi uSualo grZnobad-konkretuli yofierebisagan gansxvavebiT(averincevi 2001: 156). es ganmarteba ukve iZleva imis saSualebas,rom limonSi davinaxoT bevri urTierTgansxvavebuli, magram araerTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli mniSvneloba, ris SesaZleblobasacoTar WilaZis mxatvruli sistema namdvilad iZleva.

romanSi `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~ am simbolos xvedriTiwili sxva danarCen romanebTan SedarebiT mcirea, mxolod erTganaris naxsenebi, Tumc es sulac ar uSlis xels misi Rrma azrobrivivelis Camoyalibebas. petre makabeli colad irTavs zRvispireliTavadis asuls. patarZals babuca erqva, miqelaZis qali gaxldaT,mis moaxles ki – aRaTia. moaxlis garda, ficris patara yuTSiCarguli limonis xe mohyva (romelic ori kviris Tavze gaxma dayuTianad gadaagdes)~. limonis mniSvnelobas aq azustebs kidevramdenime detali. babucas masTan erTad mziTevSi mohyva sakmaodvrceli biblioTeka, mamiseuli xmali da jvari. biblioTeka, xmalida jvari – wigniereba, erovnuli mebrZoli suli da qristianulirwmena – kidev ufro akonkretebs im moralur-zneobriv atmosferos,rac babucas ukavSirdeba romanSi da romlis Setanasac igi cdilobsmakabelTa ojaxSi. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, naTeli xdebalimonis simbolos mniSvneloba. masSi moiazreba mxolod dadebiTisawyisi. keTilSobili warmomavlobis, uSiSari mamis Svili, qarTultradiciebze aRzrdili, keTili, saTno babuca sruliad sawinaaRmdegosaxea makabelebisa, romelTa saxasiaTo niSnebia: saeWvo warmomavloba,mSiSroba, tradiciebis uqonloba, boroteba. is faqti ki, rom limonimakabelTa ojaxSi ver xarobs da Zalze male xmeba, ori urTierT-sapirispiro sawyisis erTmaneTTan SeuTavseblobaze miuTiTebs. amasromanSi ganviTarebuli sxva, ufro masStaburi movlenebic adasturebs:giorgas daRupva, anas gagiJeba, aleqsandresa da nikos saxlidanwasvla, anetas ubedureba... aqedan gamomdinare, limoni romanSi arisdadebiTi socialuri da fsiqosocialuri identobis niSani. misigaxmoba ki am sivrceSi dadebiTi identobis krizisis dasturia.

simbolo myari mxatvruli saxea. igi diaqroniulad arsebobskulturis mexsierebaSi, saidanac xvdeba mwerlis mexsierebaSi daaxal teqstSi cocxldeba. es aris simbolos sinqronuli saxe.erTi da igive simbolo gvxvdeba erTmaneTisagan Zlier daSorebulteqstebSi, ramdenadac mas amouwuravi azrobrivi veli aqvs,gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT. Tumc amisTvis sulac araa aucilebeli

limonis simbolika oTar WilaZis romanebSi

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vrceli periodi, ris dasturad oTar WilaZis `rkinis Teatris~simboluri velis analizic kmara. am romanSi limonilimonilimonilimonilimoni mravalplanianisimboloa.

dimitris ezoSi limoni ucnaur dros, adrian gazafxulze, isxamsnayofs. amis Semdeg ki ufro saocari ramec xdeba: ezoSi Semosulisikvdili mas wyvets, wvens gamoswuwnis, gadaagdebs da midis.`sicocxlis geSinodes, dimitri, sicocxlis! xarbia. yvelaferi bevriunda. Tanac axlave. me ki vicdi, vicdi da var am erT limonsmiCerebuli,~ _ Tan am sityvebs utovebs gaocebul maspinZels.dimitri maSinve xvdeba, rasac niSnavs ararsebuli limonis SeWma _imis sikvdils, vinc jer kidev ar movlenia qveyanas. simbolos arsiaq arc ise Zneli amosacnobia: limoni igive natoa, dimitris jerardabadebuli da erTaderTi qaliSvili. amgvari gaazrebisaTvisniadagi romanSi sakmaod myaria: [nato] xandaxan ise Rrmad SediodazRvaSi, Tavi limonis xela mouCanda~; patara andros deda ayvavebulilimoniviT mobubune da surnelovani~ eCveneba. Tumc es yvelaferimxolod erTi segmentia im rTuli saxisa, rasac gansaxilvelisimbolo am romanSi itevs.

tropis es saxe imdenad Rrma da amoucnobia Tavisi arsiT, romleqsikonebi da enciklopediebi ver iZlevian mis azrobriv velSiSesaRwev ualternativo gzas. wminda racionalizmi aq uSedegoa,radgan `simbolos racionalizeba mxolod faravs mis WeSmaritarss da cvlis yovelgvari siyalbiT. simbolo `dums~, roca Cvenmas racionalurad vekidebiT da dums~ swored pasiuri obivateluridamokidebulebis sapasuxod~ (losevi 1972: 188). amitomacaa, rommkvlevarebi erTxmad aRiareben - simbolos gaazrebisas mTavariateqstis azrobriv velSi wvdomis unari mwerlis msoflmxed-velobrivi da enobrivi modelis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumc, gar-kveulwilad, zogadi ganmartebebi aqac gvexmarebian. garkveulwiladoimitom vambobT, rom simboloTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli ganmartebaumniSvneloa imasTan SedarebiT, rasac oTar WilaZis mxatvrulsamyaroSi arsebuli da Cven mier saanalizod gamotanili simbolosakuTar TavSi moiazrebs. qristianul simboloebSi limoni erTgulisiyvarulis niSania, ebraul simbolikaSi ki aRniSnavs mosavals~(simboloTa leqsikoni). es simboluri veli TanaxmierobaSia natossaxesTan: igi aris gelas siyvarulis erTguli (rac Seexeba natosurTierTobas saba lafaCTan, es mxolod sasowarkveTili qalisfizikuri impulsia, rasac im dResve gamoisyidis sikvdiliT) da

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misi nayofierebis saxe (andros dedobiT nato gelas genetikurixazis gamgrZelebeli xdeba).

mwerlis mier natos saxis amgvari gaazreba – simbolurigamoxatva limonSi – ukve miniSnebaa personaJis zogad saxeze, xolosikvdilis mier misi gamowuwna imis mauwyebelia, rom igi sakmaodmale daisakuTrebs Tavis `limons~.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, limoni mravalplaniani simboloa. natosTavs damtydari yvela movlena - bedniereba Tu ubedureba - misigziT Semodis teqstSi da, Sesabamisad, Cveni aRqmis arealSic: gelaspirveli gamoCenisas Jurulebis saxlSi limonis totze SemomjdariWreli Citi gamwarebuli stvens, meore mxriv ki, saba lafaCi meWeWiannarinjze daniT isargayril guls amoWris da natos ezoSi agdebssiyvarulis niSnad. amrigad, mkiTxvelis mexsierebis siRrmeSi limoniramdenime sxvadasxva simboluri saxiT aRwevs: pirvel rigSi, limoniaris nato, amitom masTan dakavSirebuli siyvarulic, ubedurebac,siTboc, sikvdilic mkiTxvelis aRqmis arealSi Semodis limonissxvadasxva xatiT - mobubune, ayvavebuli, damWknari, gamowuwnili.

sityvieri simbolo Tavis TavSi kidev sxva parametrebsac SeiZlebaSeicavdes, esenia: feri, surneli, xma, gemo. limonis simbolikis kvlevaam kuTxiT sakmaod saintereso Sedegs iZleva. mas romanSi ukavSirdebaori feri - xasxasa mwvane da yviTeli. xma - bubuni, Sriali; gemo -mJave; suni - surnelovani (anu sasiamovno). yvela es komponentidamatebiTi mniSvnelobebis Semcvelia, romlebic avseben ZiriTadsimbolos da mis srulyofil saxes da mravalplanianobasganapirobeben. is, rom limoni erTdroulad aris mJavec, surnelovanicda mobubunec, misi konotaciuri velis sifarTovis maniSnebelia.

oTar WilaZis romanebSi limonis asociaciur mniSvnelobaTaareali TandaTanobiT farTovdeba da yvelaze did azrobriv, daSesabamisad, esTetikur xvedriT wonas martis mamalSi~ iZens. Tuki`rkinis TeatrSi~ limoni natos saxis kodirebas axdens, `martismamalSi~ es kodireba ormagdeba. aq limoni vano maswavleblisgogos magieria. (ase ambobs TviTon da amasve ekiTxeba nikoc: rogoraris Tqveni gogos magierio?~) igi ubralod yuTSi Carguli xe araris, aq misi gaCenac ararealuria. aravin icis, rogor moxvda igiufaraanT WerqveS: Sublidan gamoitexa albaT an gulidan amoiWra,radgan aravis unaxavs, rogor Seitana ufaraanT ojaxSi is zRapruli,jadosnuri xe~. simbolo araa realisturi gamosaxvis forma, rommisi pirvelsaxesTan maqsimaluri msgavseba moviTxovoT. simbolosarsi ar gamomdinareobs garegnuli saxidan. is amaze bevrad Rrma da


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mravlismomcvelia. garegnulad Tundac sqematuri simbolo Sinaar-sobrivad originaluria, miuTiTebs misgan sruliad gansxvavebulsaganze da yuradRebas amaxvilebs mis Sinagan, arsebiT niSanze. sworedamgvar gaazrebas vxvdebiT martis mamalSi~. limonis Rrma simboluriveli aq kidev ufro Zlierdeba, rasac damatebiTi elementebi, xisgaCenis SesaZlo variantebi, emsaxureba: Sublidan gamoitana (SublisZarRvi - sindisis mxatvruli saxe da TviT Subli - goniereba) dagulidan amoiWra (guli - yovelgvari grZnobis, am SemTxvevaSi dadebiTis,sawyisi: sikeTis, siyvarulis...). xes aqvs sxva simboluri velic _maradiuli nayofiereba: nayofs rom Seawyvet, maSinve axals gamoibams,magiers. amitomac aravis eubneba uars, yvelas aqedan miaqvs limoni.xes mainc araferi akldeba: alag mwifs, alag kvirti asxia, alagyvavili~.

sainteresoa erTi garemoeba. martis mamlis~ limons gacilebiTmyari, gamZle simboluri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, vidre romanSi yovelmanCemman mpovnelman~. Tuki am ukanasknelSi arajansaR garemoSi moxvedrisgamo igi or kviraSi xmeba, ufaraanT WerqveS damkvidrebuls es aremarTeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aqauri sivrce didad ar gansxvavdebamakabelTa sivrcisagan (ufaraanT WerqveS ori mkvleli cxovrobs:gogia da misi biZa). aq limoni TviTon ki ar iRebs uaryofiTimpulsebs, aramed iqiT gascems sikeTes, Tanac usazRvrod da uxvad,riTac kidev ufro itvirTeba TviTon. es sikeTis maradiulobisada ukvdavebis oTar WilaZiseuli interpretaciaa. vano maswavlebelmasiRnaRSi mis mier Semotanili sikeTe ise Rrmad daTesa, rom misarsebobas safrTxes veranairi boroteba veRar uqmnis (Tanac misivesityvebs Tu gavixsenebT - siRnaRi TavSesafers niSnavso~ - gamova,rom man sikeTesac gadasarCenad Seafarebina aq Tavi). martis mamlis~limons RvTaebriv sikeTesTan wilnayarobis Tviseba aqvs. amas romanisTundac is fragmenti adasturebs, roca, mwerlis sityviT,cecxlwakidebuli xe amovarda yuTidan da TavdaRweulma, fesvebzemiwaSerCenilma, foTlebdaWmuWvnilma xem Weri TaviT gaitana dagugun-SrialiT, naperwklebisa da yvavilebis frqveviT cas miaSura,ukeTes qveyanas~.

`martis mamalSi~ gogia da dedamisi ise upirispirdebian vanomaswavlebels, rogorc maioris saxli _ giorgas gomurs. am mudmivdapirispirebaSi ikveTeba limonis yovlismomcveli Zala. gogiasada dedamiss vano maswavlebeli limons arasodes aZlevs TavisinebiT, isini mxolod iparaven mas. samagierod, sakuTari arsisSesacnobad logins mijaWvul nikos Tavad miarTmevs xes saxlSi.

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zemoT ukve aRniSnul xasxasa mwvanesa da yviTels aq kidev erTiferi emateba: TeTrad gadapentili, yviTlad daxunZluli, mwvanedgadaxasxasebuli~. TeTri samyaros absoluturi feria da amitomacsisufTavis, WeSmaritebis, ucodvelobis da RvTaebriobis simboloa~(tresideri 1999: 23), am SemTxvevaSi ki umanko, wminda, Seuryvnelbunebaze miuTiTebs, rac afarTovebs simbolos mniSvnelobas.

romanis finalSi ukve sabolood ixsneba da konkretdeba simbolosarsi da mizani. igi ara marto silamazisa da sikeTis saxea, aramedim TvisebaTa gasaZliereblad da sayovelTaod dasamkvidrebladaaSemotanili, rasac Tavad gulisxmobs. sikeTem unda amoZirkvosboroteba da misi adgili daikavos. amas xvdeba ukve gamojanmrTe-lebuli niko, romelic Caswvda winaprebis mier Cadenili yvelacodvis simZimes da Tavi ki ar aarida maT, aramed gaiziara maTzepasuxismgebloba, riTac urTulesi amocana gadaWra: Seicno sakuTariTavi da axla sxvis Svelasac Seecdeba. aRaravis dauTmobs niko imxes cocxali TaviT... is xe aucileblad aq unda darCes, miwaze. caSiukvalod gaqreba, miwas ki daakldeba. miwisaa, miwisTvisaa gaCenili.ager naxavT, gogiasac Tu ar gamocvlis gazafxuli, gogiasac Tu argaakargebs~... miCneulia, rom `xe Tavisi simbolikiT ganuzomelia.igi moicavs mTel samyaros. samyaro mTliani xea, romlis CrdilSicdasaxlda xalxi~ (xavieri 1983: 408). Tu am mosazrebas `martismamlis~ simbolur vels movargebT, limonis simbolika kidev ufrogarTuldeba. igi ukve sakuTar TavSi moiazrebs ara marto konk-retulad xis erTi saxeobis (am SemTxvevaSi, limonis) mniSvnelobebs,aramed zogadad xis semantikasac. samyaros erT did xed gaazrebistendencias romanSi emateba yovlismomcveli sikeTis rwmena, risidamkvidrebis imediTac iRviZebs erTTviani Zilidan niko da raSicmas amieridan vano maswavleblis motanili limonis xe e-saxesaxesaxesaxesaxe-baSemwed.

amgvarad, simbolo, rogorc kategoria, ixsneba sityvaSi. igi gaurbissinamdvilis uSualo imitacias. mas Zala Seswevs, gamoxatos bevradmeti, vidre Cveulebrivi, grZnobadi aRqmiT SegviZlia. amitomac misimniSvnelobis gaSifvra gonebis martivi ZalisxmeviT SeuZlebelia.rogorc averincevi ambobs, mas unda `Seesisxlxorco~. simboloimavdroulad realobasTan dakavSirebuli ucnobi Zalis niSanicaa- saxe, romelsac SeuZlia, Tuki amis aucilebloba iqneba, gaxsnasmTeli nawarmoebis konceptualuri qveteqsti. oTar WilaZis romanebiamis saukeTeso dadasturebaa.


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simbolos azrobrivi potenciali yovelTvis ufro farToa mismocemul realizaciaze. sxvadasxva kulturul arealSi erTma daimave simbolom SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebuli azrobrivi moculobaSeiZinos. andrei beli wers: simbolo aris saxe, aRebuli bunebidan(cxovrebidan) da gardaqmnili SemoqmedebiT. is aris saxe, romelicTavis TavSi aerTianebs Semoqmedis gancdasa da bunebidan aRebulmasalas~ (beli 1910: 8). oTar WilaZe, albaT, erT-erTi yvelazemkafio magaliTia imaT Soris, visac andrei belis es Tvalsazrisizustad miesadageba. bevri, am mxriv sakmaod mniSvnelovani, leqsikonilimonis simbolur mniSvnelobebze dums (magaliTad, jek tresideris,qeTevan elaSvilisa da zaza abzianiZis, internet-leqsikonebi...). isuamravi variacia da xazi, rasac mwerali sakuTar teqstebSi gvTa-vazobs, sxva araferia, Tu ara mwerlis quraSi gadamuSavebuli bunebidanaRebuli masala~, ris Sedegadac viRebT saocrad individualur,Rrma da mravalSrian, rTul mxatvruli saxeebs. simboloTa oTarWilaZiseuli gaazreba Taviseburia. amaze TviT simbolizebisaTvisaRebuli sagani - limoni - miuTiTebs, rac arc ise gavrcelebulisimboloa. qarTul teqstebSi igi ar gvxvdeba. avtoris mizani aqsxvaa. oTar WilaZis mxatvrul sistemaSi erT-erTi mTavari problemapirovnuli identobis _ socialurisa da fsiqosocialuris _mopovebaa. Cven mier gaanalizebuli simbolos arsi pirdapir kavSirSiamasTan. kerZod, iq, sadac limoni ver xarobs (magaliTad, makabelTasaxli romanSi `yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~), fsiqosocialuriidentobis krizisia, xolo sadac xarobs (magaliTad, nikos papissaxli `martis mamalSi~), iq identifikacia xorcieldeba. oTarWilaZis mxatvruli enis specifikaze saubrisas m. kvaWantiraZeaRniSnavs, mxatvruli teqsti enis konotaciur dones aniWebsupiratesobas denotaciurTan SedarebiT. es ki qmnis mouxelTebelida mgulisxmebeli azrebis sivrces~, sadac mniSvneloba mibmuliaraa niSanTan (kvaWantiraZe 2005: 157). `mouxelTebeli damgulisxmebeli azrebis sivrceSi~, sxva mniSvnelobebTan erTad, uTuodlimonis is simboluri mniSvnelobebic arsebobs, razec ukve gvqondasaubari.


kvaWantiraZe 2005: kvaWantiraZe 2005: kvaWantiraZe 2005: kvaWantiraZe 2005: kvaWantiraZe 2005: kvaWantiraZe manana, gameoreba (werilebi, eseebi).Tb.: gamomcemloba erovnuli mwerloba~, 2005.

averincevi 2001: averincevi 2001: averincevi 2001: averincevi 2001: averincevi 2001: Àâåðèíöåâ Ñ. Ñ. Ñîôèÿ-Ëîã îñ. 2-å è ñ ï. èçä., 2001.

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beli 1910: beli 1910: beli 1910: beli 1910: beli 1910: Áåëèé À. Ñèìâîëèçì. Ì.: 1910.losevi 1972: losevi 1972: losevi 1972: losevi 1972: losevi 1972: Ëîñåâ À. Ô. Ëîãèêà ñèìâîëà. Ì.: 1972.lotmani 1lotmani 1lotmani 1lotmani 1lotmani 1992:992:992:992:992: Ëî ò ìàí Þ. Ì . Èçáðàí íûå ñòàòüè. T. 1. Òàëëèí: 1992.trtrtrtrtresideresideresideresideresideri 1i 1i 1i 1i 1999:999:999:999:999: Òðåñèääåð Äæ. Ñëîâàðü ñèìâî ëîâ. Ì . : èçäàòåëüñêî -

òîðãî â û é ä îì Ãðàíä, 1999.simboloTa leqsikoni: simboloTa leqsikoni: simboloTa leqsikoni: simboloTa leqsikoni: simboloTa leqsikoni: Ñëîâàðü ñèìâîëîâ. http://simbols.ru/havierhavierhavierhavierhavieri 1i 1i 1i 1i 1983:983:983:983:983: Xavier Leon-Dutour. Dictionari of the New Testament: French

edition by Terrence Prendergast, 1983.


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nana trapaiZe

sicilis poetika uaxlesmxatvrul azrovnebaSi

me-19-20 saukunis mijnaze literatu-rul procesebSi mniSvnelovani Zvrebi dacvlilebebi xdeba. iwyeba tradiciisgadaxedvis rTuli epoqa. gadaazrebis saganixdeba yvela esTetikuri da mxatvrulikategoria, romelzedac Seiqmna azrovnebisada gamoxatvis klasikuri paradigmebi.

klasikisadmi damokidebuleba (negatiurformebSi) ase warmosdgeba: tradiciuliesTetikisa da poetikis dekonstruqcia dazurgSeqceva parodirebisa da ironiis gziT.es gza sakmaod nayofieri da gamomsaxve-lobiTi aRmoCnda TviTon tradiciisaTvisebisa da masTan poziciuri gaformebisTvalsazrisiT; tradicia, parodiul-iro-niulad modelirebuli, romelic amgvaradagrZelebs arsebobas, modernizmSi inter-teqstur doneze adasturebs Tavis Tavs,xolo postmodernizmSi – hi perteqsturdoneze.

parodireba, ironia adamianis samyaros-Tan (yvela mis konkretul mocemulobaSi)gaucxoebis Sinagan manZils gamoxatavs. racmetia gaucxoebis manZili, miT metia da Rrmaironiisa da parodiis funqciuri mniS-vneloba teqstSi.

* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *nicSesSemdgom epoqaSi gaucxoebis

problema mxatvruli aTvisebis umTavressagans warmoadgenda. nicSes epataJuri

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori. baTumis SoTarusTavelis saxelmwifouniversitetis ufrosimaswavlebeli.ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:,,droisa da sivrcis xed-va-gancda n.baraTaSvilisSemoqmedbaSi~, ,,baZvisfilosofiuri konceptida misi rusTveluriinterpretacia~, ,,n.bara-TaSvilis filosofiurinarativi~, Wkvianisa~ da`zemxedveli cnobierebis~binaruli opozicia”,,,g. tabiZe klasikur damodernistul paradigmaTakonteqstSi”.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literaturis Teoria,kritika, sicocxlis fi-losifia.

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sicilis eqo gamWoli da xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. klasikur damodernistul epoqaTa mijnaTSorisi realiebis mxatvrul donezeproecirebisas ironia modernizmSi paradigmul mniSvnelobas iZens.

nicSem uaryo sulis universalizmi, RvTiuri naTlisa da wesrigiskoncepti, masze dafuZnebuli religiuri azrovneba da cnebiTiazrovnebis privilegia. RvTis nebis koncepts adamianuri nebadaupirispira, ris Sedegadac RmerTis ideaSi aRarc araferi ganixilebada aRarc araferi gadawydeba.

nicSes Tanaxmad, wesrigisa da harmoniis idea miTologiuradZevs apolonur sawyisSi, cnobierebis konstruqciuloba aRiarebulida dadgenili, rogorc igi uwodebs, – „axali demonis” – sokratescnebiT azrovnebaSi, xolo agraruli wrebrunviTi, entropiuli droisada Caketili sivrcis gaxsna religiurad sakralizebulia –qristianobaSi. Sedegad erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCndnen, erTi mxriv,samyarouli wesrigi, kosmiuri harmonia, cnobierebis konstruqciuloba,„logosi”, cnebiTi azrovneba, veqtoruli, maradmedini dro dagaxsnili, transcendenturi sivrce da sakraluri aRdgoma; meoremxriv, – instinqtebis konstruqciuloba, aracnobieri sawyisi,metaforuli azrovnebis sirTule, cikluri dro da maradiulidabrunebis, kvlavganaxlebis desakralizebuli idea, romelicmiTologiurad dionisur sawyisSi moiazreba, filosofiurad –mis (nicSes) azrovnebaSi, religiuri done ki am pozicias aRarmoepoveba, radgan „RmerTi mokvda”; magram Tu maincadamainc adamianisreligiur yaidaze mowyobil cnobierebas es „sicariele” ar eTmoba,igi isev axali drois saxarebaSi (antisaxarebaSi) – „zaratustraSi”unda eZios...

nicSes filosofiaSi sicilis metafora umTavresia. gandegili,romelic Camodis gamoqvabulidan, zemoT mimaval mwirs ukan mixedavsda ityvis: „mjerodes? am moxuc wmindans Tavis tyeSi RmerTisgardacvaleba jer ar smenia!” da isini Sordebian „mocinarni viTar-ca bavSvebi.” (nicSe 1993:16). zaratustras cnobierebis Sinaganiveqtori miemarTeba ara RmerTisaken, transcendentisaken, aramedsakuTari Tavisaken, amqveyniuri, miwieri sawyisisaken – adamianisaken,gansxvavebiT gandegilisagan, romelsac RmerTi uyvars da ambobs:„adamiani aRar miyvars, adamiani CemTvis usruli nivTia, adamianisadmisiyvaruli damRupavda” (nicSe 1993:15). cnobierebisa da sulis espolaruli moZraobebi gadaikveTebian sicilis metaforaSi. siciliWeSmaritebis metaforaa. gandegilis sicili gamoxatavs RmerTisarsebobis, rwmenis WeSmaritebas, mwirisa – sikeTisa da borotebis

sicilis poetika uaxles mxatvrul azrovnebaSi

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miRma yofnis, RmerTis daZlevis WeSmaritebas, SeiZleba asec iTqvas,rom es aris samyaros mimarT „hosa” da „aras” WeSmaritebaTadapirispireba, romelTac nicSe sicilis paradigmul saxeSi „aTavsebs”.Sesabamisad, sicili nicSesTan niSnavs „argadaxris wonasworobas”– WeSmaritebis moxelTebis myisierobaSi srul fokusirebasa dakoncentrirebas (rac yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli). swored amcodnis gadasacemad Camodis igi adamianebTan mTidan.

* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *kirkegoris, Sopenhaueris, nicSes, froidis, haidegeris

filosofiuri siaxleebis Suqze evropul literaturaSi iqmnebamdidari mxatvruli praqtikac, romelsac qmnian joisi, elioti,mani, kafka, kamiu, sartri da sxvebi ...

am avtorebma tradiciis mimarT sruliad axali damokidebulebaSeimuSaves, maT Seqmnes mxatvruli azrovnebis sruliad sxvaparadigmebi. t.s.elioti SemoqmedebiT siaxles, tradiciis srulidauflebis, aTvisebis Semdeg, pirad da SemoqmedebiT gamocdilebebSimisi sruli amowurvis rezultatad ganixilvas. maSasadame, tradiciaar SeiZleba daikargos, an gverdi aevlos. erTaderTi, rac SemoqmedsTavis individualur profils Seaqmnevinebs tradiciasTan misvlaa.is gza, romelsac Semoqmedi am dros gaivlis, aris gza ara gansxvavebis,aramed (mi)msgavsebisa, romelic gansxvavebebze gadis, radgan yoveligansxvaveba umal msgavsebaze mianiSnebs da piriqiT.

meti sicxadisTvis erTi fragmenti t.s.eliotis werilidan„tradicia da pirovnuli niWiereba”: „tradicia bevrad farTomniSvnelobis cnebaa. is memkvidreobiT ar gadmogvecema da Tu gvwadia,Tavgadakluli Sromis fasad unda SeviZinoT. tradicia, upirvelesyovlisa gulixmobs istoriis SegrZnebas...istoriis SegrZnebagulisxmobs, rom warsuli ara marto warsulad aRviqvaT, aramedTanamedroveobadac...istoriis SegrZneba, romelic SegrZnebaa droisada warmavlobisa – orivesi erTad – mwerals tradiciulobasaniWebs...mwerals unda esmodes, rom evropuli azrovneba – azrovnebamisi qveynisa, azrovneba bevrad ufro farTo, aucilebeli, rasacTavis droze mixvdeba, vidre misi sakuTari azrovneba – aris azrovneba,romelic icvleba da misi cvalebadoba ganviTarebaa, gzad rom araferstovebs...”(elioti 1989:407-409)

klasikisa da Tanamedrove literaturis mimarTebis sakiTxiumTavresi iyo jeimz joisisTvisac. klasikasa da moderns Sorisgansxvaveba misTvis ukavSirdeba mxatvruli interesebis sferoSi

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arsebul arsebiT sxvaobaze miTiTebas. „klasikuri literaturawarmoadgens adamianis pirovnebis „dRis Suqs”, im dros, rodesacTanamedrove literaturas ainteresebs mwuxri, umal pasiuri, vidreaqtiuri goni.”(yiasaSvili 1983:14).

am paradigmul „SuqCrdilebSi” parodia da ironia kulturaT-Sorisi komunikaciuri aqtis, misi istoriuli uwyvetobis funqciasatarebs. swored amgvari ganmazogadebeli funqcia udevs safuZvladt.eliotis ironiasa da grotesks. cnobilia, rom joisis „ulises”gageba homerosis „odiseas” gareSe SeuZlebelia, radgan „ulises”mTeli modernistuli sazrisi parodiul konteqstze gadis.interteqsturi dialogi imdenad Rrmaa da Sinagani, rom igi raimeformalur mxareSi ver poulobs gamovlenas da mTlianad aku-mulirebulia parodiis Sinagan sazrisSi. „homerosi joisisaTviskacobriobis jansaRi simboluri gabrZolebaa Sinagani sulierimTlianobis, pirovnuli harmoniulobis SenarCunebisaTvis. sworedes ZiriTadi homerosiseuli ideaa parodirebuli meoce saukuniskeTili, magram „wvrilfexa” odisevsis, leopold blumis erTdRianimogzaurobiT adamianis dawvrilmanebuli, dafleTili sulierisamyaros qaotur gzebze.”(yiasaSvili 1983:27).

rogorc zemoaRniSnulma msjelobebma cxadyo, tradiciis daZlevamisi aTvisebis gziT xdeba. me-20 saukunis literaturaSi ironiatradiciis aTvisebis formad iqca. igi erTdroulad tradiciisgagrZelebisa da misi wyvetis gmoxatvacaa: SeiZleba iTqvas, ironiazegadis sademarkacio zRvari klasikasa da moderns Soris, ironiaze,romelic gamoxatavs miTiTebas acdenebis Sesaxeb.

modernistul da postmodernistul paradigmebSi ironiismxatvruli funqciis gasaazreblad Tvali mivadevnoT epoqismsoflmxedvelobriv tendenciebs.

* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *pirvel rigSi, unda daviwyoT imiT, rom modernizmSi Cndeba

globaluri ironiuli kiTxvebi RmerTis arsebobis mimarT. am kiT-xvebSi eWvqveS dgas TviTon religiuri rwmenis moraluri safuZvelida cxovrebis namdviloba. Sesabamisad, sinamdvile gaazrebul iqna,rogorc iluzia, romelsac araviTari erTmniSvnelovani sazrisi daobieqturoba ar gaaCnia. yvela tradiciuli uwyeba sinamdvilisSesaxeb, rogorc RmerTis ideidan aRmocenebuli, yalbia da dasagmobi.samyaro, rogorc realoba SeiZleba iyos mxolod warmodgena, romlisSesaxebac gvauwyeben niSnebi, garkveuli pirobiTobebi. arada, es realoba


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mTeli istoriis manZilze gvarwmunebda Tavis namdvilobas, ab-soluturobas da apriorulobas...

da Tuki ar arsebobs araviTari absoluturoba,, romelzec idgaCveni (qristianTa) warmodgenebi sikeTisa da borotebis Sesaxeb,teleologizmi, romelic gansazRvravda adamianis sulier moZraobebsada orientirebs, transcendentalizmi, romelic idealursa da uni-versalurs xdida yvela adamianur ideasa da rwmenas, maSin SesaZ-lebelia SevTanxmdeT yvelaferze – razec gvinda da rogorc gvinda!magram aseT SemTxvevaSi sadRac sxlteba Tavad sinamdvile, rogorcaramdgradi da ganusazRvreli. igi aRar aris iq, sadac tradiciuladegulebodaT. sinamdvilis dinamiuroba aRar ganisazRvreba stabiluriSinagani RerZiT, metic, aseTi „RerZi” SeiZleba cnobierebis stagnaciisada sazogadoebis moraluri blefis,– religiur yaidaze mowyobilicnobierebisa da azrovnebis wesis inerciad da/an mis simulaciadacmogvevlinos, rac upirvelesad TviTon rwmenis sakraluri Sinaarsisgayalbebaa...

magram es ar niSnavs, rom adamianma uari Tqva iseT universalurgarantiebze, rogoricaa stabiluroba, simarTle da sicxade (gam-Wvirvaloba), piriqiT, albaT misTvis es garantiebi ise sasicocxloda sabediswero arasodes yofila,rogorc axla – birTvuli daqimiuri iaraRiT aRWurvil da navTobiT „mironcxebul” samyaroSi.metic, moTxovna aRniSnul garantiebze safrTxis totalobisproporciulia...

aq ki modernistuli „metafizika” adgils uTmobs ironias, iseverogorc metafora metonimias, semantika – ritorikas, mizani –TamaSs, ierarqia – anarqias, transcendenturi – imanenturs...(ihabahasani). aseT dros postmodernisti qmnis iseT realobas, romelicufro hgavs namdvils, vidre namdvili Tavis Tavs. amgvarad is, racmeoradia, pirveladis adgils iWers. metic, mis gverdiT ise Tavsdeba,rom uproblemod da sruluflebianad ganagrZobs pirveladobissimulacias. meorad realobas pirveladisagan gansxvavebiT axasiaTebsmeti mdgradoba, stabiluroba, gasageboba, molodinis gamarTlebismeti xarisxi. anu yvelaferi is, rac pirvelad realobaSi myisieriad msxltomi..

radgan aRar arsebobs WeSmaritebisa da absoluturis koncepti,Sesabamisad ironia qmnis farTo sivrces sxvadasxva ideis, inter-pretaciis, aRqmis mravalgvarobisaTvis, romlebic Tanabaruflebianniarian, xels ar uSlian erTmaneTs da rac mTavaria, Tavisufalniarian avtorTa Zalauflebisagan; anu ironia emsaxureba teqstobrivda gareteqstobriv realobaTa Tavisufal aRqmiT variaciebs.

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am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa bartis teqstis koncefciissinTezirebis mcdeloba (C.jeiksi,c.dani) postmodernistuli ironiisTeoriasTan (jeimsoni da poirieri). swored maT wamoswies „ormagikodis” koncepti.

„ormagi kodireba” da masTan dakavSirebuli „Txrobis ironiulimodusi” postmodernistul nawarmoebebSi gamomdinareobs sakuTariazris mimarT specifikuri damokidebulebiT, rac imas niSnavs, romigi orientirebulia mkiTxvelis aRqmis enobriv stereotipze. amitompostmodernistebi mimarTaven masobrivi literaturis Janrebisada meTodebis gamoyenebas da maT parodirebas (Tanamedrove... 1999:195).

Txrobis parodiuli modusi „seriozuli mxatvris erTaderTieqsistencialuri poziciis” gamoxatulebaa, romelsac is acnobierebs.jeiksi postmodernizmis mTavar niSnad swored „parodiul dualizms”,igive ormag kods miiCnevs. aq mkvlevari gulisxmobs ori an orzemeti „teqstualuri samyaros” parodiul Sepirispirebas. „amgvaradgagebuli postmodernizmi erTdroulad gamodis modernistulipraqtikis gamgrZelebladac da mis damZlevadac, radgan igi ironiuladgadalaxavs Tavisi winamorbedis stilistikas”(Tanamedrove...1999:245)

klasikuri modernistuli parodiis nacvlad postmodernizmSiukve gvaqvs pastiSi (italiuri pasticco – opera, sxva operisnawilebisagan Semdgari, popuri). igi parodiisagan imiT gansxvavdeba,rom axla gasaparodirebeli aRaraferia, aRar aris is seriozuliobieqti, romelzec SegeZlo dagecina. rogorc o.m.freidenbergi ambobs,parodireba SeiZleba mxolod imisa, rac „cocxalia da wminda”,postmodernizmis epoqaSi ki arferia arc cocxali da aRarc wminda(xalizevi 2000:154-157).

postmodernizmi, rogorc erTgvari antiTeza modernizmisa, TavisTavSi aerTianebs msoflio kulturul gamocdilebas da es mTlianobaabsurdis rangSi ahyavs. Sesabamisad, aq ironia da groteski klasikuriSinaarsobriv-Tematuri sivrcidan formalur-kompoziciur sivrceSigadadis anu struqturuli maorganizeblis statuss iZens. „klasi-kuri gagebiT parodireba xorcieldeba im yofieri bazisis se-miotikuri usafrTxoebisa da mis mdgradobaSi darwmunebulobissituiaciaSi, romelTan mimarTebaSic igi iqmneba. postmodernizmi ki,romelmac mogvca kulturis istoriaSi normebis samyarosa daantisamyaros urTierTgamsWvalvis unikaluri precedenti, ukiduresadaxlos mivida qaosis gagebasTan” (Tanamedrove 1999:86). antisamyarospostmodernistuli qaosis maorganizebeli ki aris karnavaluriniRabi, romlis ukan mxolod qaosi da absurdia (iqve).


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antikuri karnavaluri qaosi da „sibnele” adasturebdasicocxles, gamoxatavda mas sxva ganwyobilebiT realiebSi, romeliceWvqveS ar ayenebda arsebobis seriozul models, maSin, rocapostmodernistuli karnavaluri groteski wrmoiSoba „dabneulobisafeqtisagan azris sxltomisa da ngrevis winaSe”(iurkovi 2001:87).

dabolos, Tuki klasikur azrovnebaSi sicili, rogorcSemoqmedebiTi aqti dadebiT damokidebulebaSi sicocxlisWeSmaritebis dadastureba iyo, xolo uaryofiTi gagebiT miTiTebaraRac cudze, xolo orive poziciaSi safuZvelmdebare aris wesrigi,rogorc TviTon samyaros principi, modernistul da postmo-dernistul paradigmebSi sicili Tavis ironiul gamovlenaSi arismiTiTeba acdenaze qaosur moZraobaSi.. es aris totaluri acdenaenasTan, kulturasTan, eqsistenciasTan. postmodernistuli teqstisgageba am acdenis wakiTxvaSi, ironiis amoxsnaSi mdgomareobs. esimas niSnavs, rom avtori ki ar adgens teqstTan mimarTebis gzebsada saSualebebs, aramed recipienti. aqedan – TamaSi teqstTan/samya-rosTan mimarTebisa da (avto)komunikaciis erTaderTi forma dasaSualeba da asaxvis Tanamedrove strategiaa..

formisa da Sinaarsis tradiciuli klasikuri paradigmisdaZlevis Semdeg struqturis monistur paradigmaSi ironia aRsaniSnsada aRmniSvnels Soris makonstruirebel rols TamaSobs, igistruqturuli kompoziciis fundamenturi gageba xdeba.

postmodernistuli struqturirebis strategia TamaSis stra-tegiaa. realobam, romelmac daamxo yvela avtoriteti, cxadia, moklandobac, rogorc damokidebuleba, radgan aRar arsebobs is, riskenacSeiZleba iyos igi mimarTuli. Sesabamisad, TamaSi axal eTikurrealiebs qmnis, romelSic tradiciuli eTikuri binarulobebi,dualisturi midgomebi, monistur mniSvnelobebze daiyvaneba. esumTavresi, amosavali monisturi koncepti ki aris struqtura,romelic Tavis funqciur mocemulobaSi komunikaciuri mniSvnelobismatarebelia,

teqstobrivi struqturirebis veli enis velis Tanafardia. enapostmodernistul azrovnebaSi gaigeba rogorc SeTanxmebiTi,konvencionaluri fenomeni, amdenad enobrivi pirobiTobis sakiTxiTanamedrove simbolur azrovnebaSi umTavresia, metic, am azrovnebisganmsazRvrelic, romelic warmoSobs axal metaenobriv realobas,rac qmnis postmodernistuli metateqstebis mTel specifikas.

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* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *postsabWoTa da posterovnulgamaTavisuflebeli epoqis qarTul

literaturaSi kulturuli da mxatvruli memkvidreobis sakiTxiepoqalur realiebTan organulad gaxda dakavSirebuli. erTi mxriv,ideologiurad degradirebuli da falsificirebuli mxatvrulicnobiereba, meore mxriv, stabiluri nacionaluri birTvi, romlisfokusSic eqceoda mxatvruli azrovnebis mTeli kulturuli tra-dicia, erTdroulad iqca daZlevisa da dekonstruqciis sagnad.amaTgan, es ukanaskneli bevrad rTul amocanas warmoadgens, radganigi mxolod tradiciis bunebrivi amowurvis, SemoqmedebiTi sisavsisSedegad SeiZleba daibados. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi anu ideo-logizirebuli xelovnebis usaxur kliSeTa daZleva SesaZloa sa-zogadoebrivi waxalisebis, metic, „sazogaoebrivi dakveTis” saganiciyos, meoregan, TviT yvelaze liberalur sazogadoebaSic ki,SeuZlebelia aseTi SekveTa arsebobdes. igi cnobierebis sruliadTavisTavadi, Sinagani da amasTan kanonzomieri movlena Tu iqnebada araferi sxva.

SemoqmedisaTvis es sabediswero riskicaa im sazogadoebaSi, ro-melsac, sazogadod, istoriul gamocdilebiT mocemulobaSiupiratesad uZevs (ga)Tavisufleba, rogorc procesi da araTavisufleba, rogorc mdgomareoba. aman ki ucnauri sazogadoebrivieTika Camoayaliba – uReli moraluria, amdenad savaldebuloc, radganpoziciurad mxolod masTan (uRelTan) SeiZleba gaformde. gardaamisa, es pozicia uflebas ar gitovebs darCe pirispir, marto(gnebavT uRelTan) – es xom koleqtiuri poziciaa, sadacpasuximgebloba yvelasia da aravisi..

marTalia, am „poziciur gaformebaSi” politikuri uRl(eb)isagangaTavisuflebis Suasaukuneobriv-feodaluri paTosi dResac(saubedurod) uadgilo ar aris (Siga da gare politikur realiaTagaTvaliswinebiT...), magram am paTosma imTaviTve (vgulisxmobT 80-90-ian wlebs) saSiSi stereotipuli ganvrcoba SeiZina, racgamoixateba realuri Tavisuflebis siZulvilSi, radgan igi ko-leqtiuri poziciuri midgoma ki aRaraa, aramed piradi, individualurimdgomareoba, romelSic pasuxismgeblobis xazi mxolod pirovnebazegaivlis..

piradi pasuxismgebloba pirad Sexedulebebze gadis, piradiSexedulebebi – pirad gamocdilebasa da istoriaze, aq ki CixSiSevdivarT, radgan CvenSi jer kidev dominanturi iyo (da garkveuladdResac rCeba) istoriis orgvari „narativi” – sxvisi istoria da


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eris istoria; mudmivad „gadavwerT”, vimeorebT, vizepirebT xolmean erTs, an meores, an – xan erTs, xan – meores (aseT SemTxvevaSi„namdvili teqstic” SeiZleba daikargos da misi wamkiTxvelic).es ki imas niSnavs, rom raRac udavod Seicvleboda, imitom, rom...unda Secvliliyo! (istoriasa da Tanamedroveobas „sqolioSi” maincunda gakeTeboda „piradi komentarebi”...), mxolod SemoqmedebiTadgadaazrebulma piradma gamocdilebam SeiZleba azidos yveladawerili Tu dauwereli teqsti, mxolod ase SeiZleba gaTavisuflebagavlenaTa da ZaladobaTa yovelgvari uxamsobisagan!

rogoric Cvena varT, Cveni samSobloc iseTia. Tu raimea CvensxelSi, es samSoblos bedia. misi bedi yvelaze mTavaria, radgan igiCveni bedicaa. erTica da meorec iTxovs ukeTesi iyos, Tu bedma arisurva da am „bedkrulma qveyanam” yvela omi windawinve ar waago!..

literatura, xelovneba sazogadoebis Tavisuflebis testi iyoyovelTvis (diax, literatura da xelovneba da ara rusuli bazebisada ama Tu im xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZola, romelTagangaTavisuflebis pirovnul-moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobiTi poziciaiseve saeWvoa, rogorc 70%-iani Tanxmobisa da erTsulovnebissafuZveli natoSi Sesvlaze...).

Tavisufleba, ga-Tavisufleba, erTi mxriv, kliSeebisagan,stereotipebisagan, meore mxriv, mwvervalebisagan, romelic isevetotalurad batonobs azrovnebis Tavisuflebis xarisxze, rogorcpirveli da ara nakleb axdens cnobierebis uzurpaciasa da stagnacias,qarTuli literaturuli perspeqtivis sarisko gamowveva aRmoCnda,metic, igi gardauvalic iyo. es gamowveva sakmao gabedulebiTa daepataJurobiT iqna miRebuli.

Cveni saubris sagans ar warmoadgens am gamowvevis yvelakulturuli da mxatvruli waxnagis analizi. Tumca, „Txrobisparodiuli modusi” qarTuli postmodernistuli literaturisglobalur amocanaTa gasaRebia, mTeli teqstualuri sivrcis simZimiscentric.

magram aq umal erTi uxerxulobis winaSe aRmovCndiT: rocaliteratura msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxis „ilustracia” dastrategia xdeba, igi meorad mniSvnelobas iZens, am dros Tavadliteratura, mxatvruli sityva, rogorc fenomeni „ikargeba” damisi konotaciuri mniSvneloba xdeba pirveladi. garda amisa aqliteraturuli procesebis sruli masStabic fragmentulia daarasruli da garkveul tendenciaTa moniSvnis farglebs ar scildeba...

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am xarvezTa gaTvaliswineba albaT Semdgomi kvlevis perspeqtivaa,amJamad ki ramdenime avtorze SevaCereT yuradReba, romelTa Se-moqmedebiTi Tavisufleba gvayenebs kulturuli konfliqtis (rogorcdialogis formis) winaSe. cxadia, axsna ar sWirdeba imas, romkonfliqti krizisis Sedegia, klasikuri paradigmebi qarTulliteraturaSic ganicdian gamomsaxvelobiT kriziss, rac umal maTireviziisa da axali formebis sakiTxs svams.

* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *klasikuri paradigmebis dekonstruqciis TvalsazrisiT

upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos daTo barbaqaZis „trfoba wamebulTa”.visac es teqsti waukiTxavs dameTanxmeba, rom aq koreqtuloba damoraluri cenzura iseTive erozias ganicdis, rogorsac RmerTisideaze dafuZnebuli kultura. magram igive mkiTxveli albaT imasacigulisxmebda, rom aq avtoris piradi neba da piradi eTika araferSuaSia. es sinamdvilis eTikaa da (albaT) gardauvalobis neba(?)(gana yvela namdvili mwerali yvela droSi amaze ar werda?...). erTimxriv, SemoqmedebiTi konstruqciuloba, xolo, meore mxriv, (kul-turul, sulier, mxatvrul-siuJetur) mTlianobaTa fragmentaciisada dekonstruqciis kompoziciuri gadawyveta parodizebisa dasinamdvilisadmi sarkastuli Tavdasxmis gziT xdeba. aq ironizebuliaara mxolod Teocentruli tradicia da cnobiereba, aramedTanamedrove falocentruli eqsistencia. karnavalur-eqsistencialurigroteski SeiZleba vuwodoT im formas, romelsac ukidures formebSigvTavazobs avtori da romelic am xarisxiT arsad gameorebula,Tumca ki qarTuli postmodernistuli diskursis arsebiT kom-poziciur movlenad SemdgomSic gvevlineba...

erotikuli eqstazi, religiuri eqstazis parodiuli invariacaa,romelic masobriv qselur, jaWvur (inter)aqciad aris warmodgenili,rac gadmocemulia saxarebiseuli genialogiis (abraam Sva isak...)Tematuri reminiscenciiT, ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva – inter-teqstiT. aseve, sasuliero literaturis mxatvruli enobrivi poziciada ucenzuro orgiastuli ritorika totaluri da globaluri,ukiduresad gamWoli kulturul-RirebulebiTi acdenebis damowmebaa.

dabolos es aris teqsti, romelSic cnobierebisa da gamoxatvissferoSi arsebuli yovelgvari tradiciuli konvencia darRveuliada diskreditirebuli. swored postmodernistuli groteskissaSualebiT gamasxaravebulia „eqsistencialuri ferxulis”karnavaluri ganwyoba da parodirebuli misi simdable, siyalbe da


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sicariele. ,,trfoba wamebulTa” aRwers ,,iseT cxovrebas, roca aramxolod urTierToba aRar aris siyvaruli (da arc am urTierTobisdasasrulis Semdeg darCeba siyvarulis istoria) da sxeulTa miererTmaneTisaken ltolva da Sejaxeba aRar warmoqmnis erotikulmTels, aramed roca aseTi cxovreba gacnobierebuli da cnobierebismierve legitimirebulia...” (barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006:128-131)). aqedangasagebia, rom ,,msxverplTa agiografiis” Semoqmedis eqsistencialurikritika Tu ra dialogur poziciaSi SeiZleba iyos i.WavWavaZis,,bednieri erisa” da m. javaxiSvilis ,,jayos xiznebis” satirasTan:,,trfoba wamebulTa” iyo im kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis survili, Turatom dawera erTma ,,bednieri eri”, meorem ki – ,,jayos xiznebi”(barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006:116-118).

tradicia, rogorc RirebulebiTi, ise gamomsaxvelobiTi, fonia,romelSic parodirebulia misi absoluturoba da moiniSnebaepoqaluri Cixi _ ,,eqsistencialuri SeWirveba” (barbaqaZe 1994:9),romelSic pirovneba mxolod moraluri marcxis upiratesobiTaformebs sakuTar Tavs: man icis, rom saTamaSo ,,aRaraferia,” yvelaTamaSi ukve gaTamaSda, magram igi mainc xdeba moTamaSe wagebulomSi... eqsistencialuri karnavali, rogorc warmodgena, TamaSi,pirovnuli moralis da-miwebis, krizisis nevrozuli, isteriulimaskaradia, omis parodiaa, romelSic omi da mSvidoba iseTiveinversiul da Tan nivelirebul opoziciad iqceva, rogorc gamarjvebada damarcxeba.

enis, Txrobis, cnobierebisa da emociis fragmentacia dadiskretuloba ukiduresobamde aris miyvanili m. ebanoiZis leqsebSi.es teqstebi warmoadgenen erTgvar semiotikur palimfsestebs,romlebSic Zveli teqstebi gadafxekilia da zed gadawerilia axali.am „gadafxekisa” da gadaweris procesSi iqmneba axali metateqsturipoetika, _ erTgvari semiotikuri bilingva (ormagi kodi), rac svamssemiotikuri arqeologiis warmarTvis sakiTxs...

gamosaxvis enobrivi stereoti pis krizisi avtors yvelaklasikuri poziciis gareT ayenebs. samyarosa da enas Sorispostmodernisti ver dasvams tolobis niSans, radgan ena yovelTvisnaklebia samyaroze. Sesabamisad, postmodernisti ar ayalbebs rea-lobas enis sasargeblod, ubralod, igi mas tovebs, gadis gareT(metaforulad – albaT iq, sadac haeri ufro gamWvirvalea dasufTa da mzec mudam Subis tarzea, sadac mxolod Suqia da araSuqCrdilebi anu – sadac sintaqsi da punqtuacia savaldebulokanonis Zalas kargaven...). metic, samyaro es aris is, sadac „adgili

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rCeba kanibaluri aqtisaTvis daamaxinjo sakuTari Tavi da moZebnosityvebi” („akakis sityvebi”). enis mimarT avtoris „eqsterito-rialuri” pozicia imeorebs RvTaebriv pozicias samyaros mimarT –igi masSi ar monawileobs, igi mis gareTaa. es „gameoreba” akakisreminiscenciiT xdeba (risi qvecnobieri safuZvelic SesaZloa akakisganumeorebeli, RvTiuri Saravandedi iyos). rac, Tavis mxriv, avtorisreminiscenciaa. ase ikvreba postmodernistuli poeturi integrali– RmerTi-akaki-avtori.

„sityvaTa dakargva” anu enis mitoveba, ironiuli konteqstiTniSnavs, rom „isini ubrundebian sakuTar arsebobas” anu yofierebas,romelSic

„Cemi qmari tansacmelebis maRaziaSiarCevs CemTvis kremisfer paltosda arCevs sityvebs,romlebmac Cveni aryofna unda SecvalonsawolSi,saflavSi,maradisobaSi.”

(„akakis sityvebi”(ebanoiZe 2006:14)

sityvis, enis opoziciuri gagebaa sicili. sicili wonasworobaa,an – wonasworobis sulieri drama. igi yofierebis gareT yofnisformaa, romelic mudmivad ejaxeba yofierebis SigniT yofnis formas– enas,sityvas.

sicili, romelic waiRebs sityvebssicili,romelic waSlis rkinigzis vagzalssicili,romelic ibadeba smeniTda sakuTar Tavs veRar usmensqreba sityvebsa da siCumeSi”

(iqve)

leqsSi ironizebulia „avtoris niRbis” postmodernistulikoncepti. „yovel CvenganSi”, „RmerTSi” da „aravin-Si” klasikurisubordinacia sruliad nivelirebulia, RirebulebiTi prioritetebigamqrali. magram ironia, romelic taepTa kiTxviT SinaarsSi arisakumulirebuli swored aq mogvaxelTebinebs avtors: es arisSemoqmedebiTi distancirebisa da/an identobis (avtoris niRbis)postmodernistuli paTosi:

„vin moawers xels am sityvebs,nebismieri Cvengani, maT Soris RmerTi?nuTu aravin?

(iqve)


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poemis „margaliti da sicariele” poetika saTaurSive imeorebsmaradisobisa da warmavlobis, Semoqmedebisa da yofierebis opozicias.udabno, sicariele, margaliti, xmebi metaforebia. udabno yofierebaa,sicariele – yofierebis Sinaarsi. udabnos Tavisi mefe hyavs, romelsacainteresebs margalitis fasi. margaliti xelovnebis metaforaa,romelic „sikvdilisagan mzaddeba, magram ufro metia, vidre sikvdili.igi sikvdilis Segrovebaa batis frTis kalmiT”, Sesabamisad misisafasuri sicocxlea, xelovanis sicocxle da sicocxlis mTeliRirebulebiTi Sinaarsi.

es maradiuli drama rusTavelis piradi dramis warmosaxviTrekonstruqcias edeba safuZvlad. xelovanisa da politikuriZalauflebis (romelic Tavis Zlevamosilebas margalitebismsxvrevaSi gamoxatavs) poziciuri acdenis mxatvruli proeqciiTironizebulia am acdenis fataluri gardauvaloba da rusTavelisgarSemo istoriis dumilis SesaZlo safuZvelic.. Tu am yvelaferssiuJeturi konteqstidan miTis da sinamdvilis urTierTmimarTebissivrceSi gadavitanT, aRmoCndeba, rom ironizebis sagani swored esmimarTebaa, ufro swored miTisa da realobis empiriuli acdena.aqedan SeiZleba ganvazogadoT, rom acdena samyaros (empiriulrealobaTa) wesrigis safuZvelSi Zevs, xolo damTxveva, moxelTeba– azrovnebisa da warmosaxvis. es ori realoba, warmosaxviTi daempiriuli, erTmaneTis wesebs ver daarRvevs, maTi ontologiurimorfologia avtonomiuria. ormagi kodirebis postmodernistulikoncepti teqstis gramatikis, – semiotikuri struqturis gno-seologiuri (SemecnebiTi) gasaRebia. am wesrigis ideur maor-ganizeblad ki ganxilul teqstSi swored reducirebuli ironiagvevlineba:

„...daamtvrie, Tqva mefem gaognebulma. ar daibna aiazi da ise, romveravin moaswro, kivilSi da CoCqolSi, mefisa da xalxis winaSedaamsxvria margaliti. mefem Tvalebze xeli aifara. sakrebulowamoiSala. gana mefis brZanebaze metad fasobs margaliti? – iyviramonam – Tqven mxolod margalits xedavT, xolo Tqvens mefes vera,warmarTebo, qva gaaRmerTeT, mimarTa nazir-vezirTa didkacur manerebs.mefe ar giyvarT, Tqven mas atyuebT. mefem jalaTs dauZaxa.

gedis frTis kalmiT dawerili poema sasaxlis karze dilisciv, namian sigrileSi miutaniaT. zogis azriT, is vefxvis tyavzedaiwera.

udabno xmebiT aris savse.”„margaliti da sicariele”

(ebanoiZe 2006:14)

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gansakuTrebul interess karnavaluri groteskis, parodiisa daironiis mxatvruli mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT iwvevs z.burWulaZisSemoqmedeba. z.burWulaZis romanebSi groteski, parodia, ironia,karnavaluri sicili kulturul, enobriv da Janrul kodebs Soriskompoziciur-komunikaciuri korelaciis garda avtoris niRbisfunqciasac asrulebs.

ase magaliTad, „mineraluri jazis” dasawyisSive ironizebuliabibliur, yofier da mxatvrul-simbolur xdomilebaTa implicituriprovidencia (bibliuri „sityvis” koncepti, – samyaros evolucia, –moskovuri cirkis gastroli TbilisSi): „pirvelad iyo sityva,mere evoluciis Seuqcevadi aqti ganxorcielda, xolo erT mSvenierdRes moskovuri cirki sagastrolod Tbiliss ewvia”(burWulaZe2003:13). amgvar xdomilebaTa „jaWvSi” (sintagmaSi), romelSicmoxsnilia yovelgvari RirebulebiTi subordinacia, desakralizebuliaSesaqmis aqti da misi teleologiuri sazrisi, romelic TurmemiemarTeba ara gankiTxvis dRisaken, aramed moskovuri cirkis TbilisSigastrolisaken. sintagma „erT mSvenier dRes” aseve ironiulidesakralizaciis funqcias asrulebs.

magram burWulaZis romanebSi es ironiuli desakralizacia mTelisiuJeturi da simboluri planiT groteskis ganviTarebas iZens,rac gamoixateba SemdegSi: yofierebis absurdulobayofierebis absurdulobayofierebis absurdulobayofierebis absurdulobayofierebis absurduloba (politikur-ideologiuri SinaarsiT gansakuTrebulad aqtualizebuli romanSi„saxareba virisa” mweralTa kavSiris krebis saxiT, romelzecganixileboda galaktionis arasabWoTa sizmrebi. „sabWoTa mweraliunda xedavdes meqanikur sizmrebs,romelic savse iqneba bednierisakolmeurneo cxovrebiT”saxreba virisa”.gv85)..), kulturul-kulturul-kulturul-kulturul-kulturul-sulier da yofierebis RirebulebiT korelatTa gaTiSvasulier da yofierebis RirebulebiT korelatTa gaTiSvasulier da yofierebis RirebulebiT korelatTa gaTiSvasulier da yofierebis RirebulebiT korelatTa gaTiSvasulier da yofierebis RirebulebiT korelatTa gaTiSva(((((„..romeliRac meorexarisxovan moTxrobaSi gamoyenebulSorisdebulze rom daicav kaci sakandidatos amaze mamuliSvilurisaqme raRa gindaT.”..„saxareba virisa”102 an „..wamovwvebodi leRvisCeroSi da aRarafers aRar vifiqrebdi. aramed gavakeTebdi imas,rasac Cemi winaprebi akeTebdnen, anu yovelgvari fiqris gareSeavuwyobdi bunebas fexs...” „mineraluri jazi”gv135), TviTironiaTviTironiaTviTironiaTviTironiaTviTironia(„...ara mgonia sakuTari Tavis iseTi metkbe da nebuke sxvaca naxoT,me rom var”... „mineraluri jazi” 9), xalxur da literaturulxalxur da literaturulxalxur da literaturulxalxur da literaturulxalxur da literaturulidiomaTa da mxatvrul saxeTa miznobrivi kalkireba-idiomaTa da mxatvrul saxeTa miznobrivi kalkireba-idiomaTa da mxatvrul saxeTa miznobrivi kalkireba-idiomaTa da mxatvrul saxeTa miznobrivi kalkireba-idiomaTa da mxatvrul saxeTa miznobrivi kalkireba-parodirebaparodirebaparodirebaparodirebaparodireba („(„(„(„(„ase vnebiT, ase JiniT da amgvari gatacebiT mgonimarto zevsi aWdobda ukvdav tuCebs neqtriani Tasis kideze...”„saxarba virisa” gv.67, „...muram uneblied gulamoxvinCviT daiwyo


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askecad cremlTa dineba”, „mineraluri .jazi”130 „...CemTvis dResaviTaris naTeli, Tumca amavdroulad sulerTia ras ityvis CemzeSTamomavloba, magram vici STamomavlobisTvis araa sulerTi rasvetyvi me mas,” „mineraluri jazi”gv.142), simulakrebi religiursimulakrebi religiursimulakrebi religiursimulakrebi religiursimulakrebi religiurda filosofiur Teda filosofiur Teda filosofiur Teda filosofiur Teda filosofiur Temebze (mebze (mebze (mebze (mebze (imTaviTve jer Tavad saTauri romanisa„saxareba virisa”; „...ra vqna, Zvelebur yaidaze gaxlavargazrdili,mtkiced mwams ,rom raJams adamis Ze ufals ganudgeba,bunebriv rids dakargavs wmindanTa mimarT, xatebs, mamaTa salocavsSemurtlavs da Seaginebs da sakuTri bedis mowyobas TviTon anuufalTan SeTanxmebis gareSe Seecdeba, zustad emaSin waxdeba misisaqme....aq SeiZleba Semomedaon, zemoT ar iyo, rom cinikosobdi,odenqristes kvarTma da ciskris locvam rogor unda dagvicvaso?Tumca es mxolod adasturebs Cems azrs. qvesknelis yovlismnTqmelida musris gamvlebi WiaRuebis kerZi Seviqne,da Seviqnebi kidec, amisdardi Tu geqnebaT, Cemo batonebo,odnav gadaWarbebuli an zemoT TumeTqvas, an axla Tu vambobde. xan mwams, xan eWvis Wia mxravs. egrea,adamieni var da araferi adamianuri ar meucxoeba..” „mineralurijazi” gv.127-128 an – „...gulaxdilad rom mogaxsenoT sul mTladgamotvinebulxarT Tu marTla ggoniaT, rom me am kiTxvaze gipa-suxebT.ise, miniSnebiT, SemiZlia miganiSnoT, sad unda daazustoT:pasuxi ix. „jadosnuri mTa”, Tavi meeqvse, „cvlilebani” ,.Tumca kiminda gagafrTxiloT,rom sul amaod daSvrebiT da mocdebiT, TuzemoTa TavSi marTla CaixedavT, rameTu igive iqneba, Tuki aristotelesmetafizikas, anda imave metafizikaze darTul Toma aqvineliskomentarebs im imediT CaabulbulebT, rom rasme gaigebT...” „mineralurijazi” gv134).

avtoris mizani empiriul, saazrovno da kulturul pirvelwyaroTafiqtiurobis Cvenabaa, rac saboloo jamSi yovelgvari tradiciulisaazrovno arsenalis gaufasurebasa da umaqnisobaze miuTiTebs daSemoqmedebiTi krizisis, mxatvruli apokalifsis (rogorc aRsas-rulis) dadgomas gvauwyebs, rac „mineralur jazSi” simbolizebuliaSamugias absurduli gamoZiebis dasasruliT (ufro sworeddausruleblobiT) internetkafeSi. es mogzauroba internetSijojoxeTSi mogzaurobis miTiur-simbolur paradigmas imeorebs.

imas, rasac avtori „SemoqmedebiT klimaqss” eZaxis SemoqmedbiTiapokalifsia, romelSic ironiasa da TviTironias „aRsarebis” funqciaaqvs miniWebuli, xolo groteskis mTeli tragizmi miemarTeba imcarieli adgilisaken, sadac adre samyaros RirebulebiTi mTlianobis„garantad” RmerTi egulebodaT. sicarielis tragizmi z.burWulaZisromanebis karnavalur-parodiuli proeqciis, enobriv TamaSebsa da

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avtoris niRabSi mTlianad an nawilobriv reducirebuli ironiisazrobrivi ukufenaa. da roca mwerali ambobs „me ar vici rogoriwereba kargi wigni,” es unda niSnavdes imas, rom man ar icisrogor unda moeqces, ra uyos am sicarieles – itiros Tu icinos!groteskis saSualebiT avtori dualisturad wyvets emociuri daracionaluri recefciis sakiTxs, riTac erTsa da imave drosuzrunvelyofs aRqmis demokratiasac, Txrobasa da impliciturmkiTxvels Soris komunikaciuri aqtis warmatebulobas da aseveavtoris niRbis ironiul, damcinav orazrovnebas, romelic miemarTebaklasikuri „gulubryvilo” aRqmisaken (aRmqmelisaken), stereotipuliwakiTxvisaken (wamkiTxvelisaken), ris molodinsac avtori Riad,ironiulad adasturebs xolme Tavis SemoqmedebaSi.

* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *dabolos, sicilis postmodernistuli poetika warmoaCens

literaturuli procesebis Sinagan dinamikas, metic, masSi xdebatradiciis kulturuli gadaformeba-metafrastireba da misidamtkicebac. igi tradiciisa da novaciis, nacionalur-sakacobriokulturisa da individualuri TviTcnobierebis gamaerTianebel birTvswarmoadgens. ironia, groteski, parodia da karnavaluri sicilipostmodernistuli kreaciis gamformebeli, maorganizebeli sawyisia.

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, uaxlesi qarTuli literaturuliprocesebi, erTi mxriv, gamoxatavs tradiciis stereoti puliwakiTxvisagan gandgomis tendencias, meore mxriv, – axal TviTmyofadformaTa Ziebis process...

yovel droSi, epoqaTa zRvarze, tradiciiTa da warsuliTepigonobasa da auTvisebel siaxleTa mimbaZvelobas Soris arcTudidi adgili rCeboda xolme WeSmariti siaxleebisaTvis, anu istoriisrealuri dasrulebisa da Semdeg axal formebSi misi kvlavaRdgenisaTvis... SeiZleba vilaparakoT da vikamaToT imis Sesaxebac,arsebobs Tu ara saqarTveloSi postmodernistuli realoba, romelicmoiTxovda literaturuli procesebis kursis iseT cvlilebas,romelic bolo periodis qarTul sinamdvileSi postmodernistuliTeoriisa da praqtikis talRis agorebas mohyva... amJamad imisganxilva, arsebobs Tu ara saqarTveloSi iseTi „yofiereba”, romelicgansazRvravda postmodernistul cnobierebas, Tu piriqiT, daromlisganac bunebrivad daibadeboda axali literaturuliproduqti, arc warmoadgens Cveni saubris sagans.

faqtia, arsebobs da iqmneba literatura, romelic cdilobsdaarRvios dro-sivrculi lokali, werisa da aRqmis stereotipi.


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Sesabamisad, Teoriuli da kritikuli recefcia erTaderTi gzaa amprocesisa da misi Sedegebis WeSmariti TviTRirebulebis dadge-nisaTvis.. am TvalsazrisiT ki saTqmeli jer kidev bevria dawyebuliliteraturuli ierarqiebisa da reputaciebis dadgena-gansazRvridan,damTavrebuli gemovnebisa da literaturuli cxovrebis problemebiT...

Cven mier dasmuli Teoriuli problemis kvlevas, sxvadasxvacnobadobis mqone avtorebis Suqze, gansaxilveli sakiTxis Ri-rebulebiTi arsis gamWoli mniSvnelobis gansazRvris garda Tanaxlda Tanamedrove literaturuli arealisa da cnobadobis kom-petenciis iribi moniSvnis survilic. Tomas mani ityoda,TanamedroveebSi didi warmateba iSviaTad xvdebaT xolme WeSmaritda didebul avtorebs da Cveni azriT, arc cnobadobaa maincadamainc„lamazi” ram, romelsac erTaderTi ufleba eqneboda kritikis mowyalemzera upirobod moitacos..


barbaqaZe 2000:barbaqaZe 2000:barbaqaZe 2000:barbaqaZe 2000:barbaqaZe 2000: barbaqaZe d. „trfoba wamebulTa” kiTxvebi dasocialuri garemo; Tb., 2000.

barbaqaZe 1994:barbaqaZe 1994:barbaqaZe 1994:barbaqaZe 1994:barbaqaZe 1994: barbaqaZe d. ,,Semxvedri winaRmdegobebi,” Tb., 1994.barabqaZe 2006:barabqaZe 2006:barabqaZe 2006:barabqaZe 2006:barabqaZe 2006: barabqaZe d. fragmentarium 1. Tb., 2006.barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006:barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006:barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006:barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006:barbaqaZe, mimowera... 2006: barbaqaZe d. d/d Tb., 2006 (mimowera

d. CixlaZesTan).burWulaZe 2003:burWulaZe 2003:burWulaZe 2003:burWulaZe 2003:burWulaZe 2003: burWulaZe z.mineraluri jazi, Tb., 2003.burWulaZe 2004:burWulaZe 2004:burWulaZe 2004:burWulaZe 2004:burWulaZe 2004: burWulaZe z.saxareba virisa, Tb., 2004.ebanoiZe 2006:ebanoiZe 2006:ebanoiZe 2006:ebanoiZe 2006:ebanoiZe 2006: ebanoiZe m.margaliti da sicariele, q., 2006.elioti 1989:elioti 1989:elioti 1989:elioti 1989:elioti 1989: elioti t.s. tradicia da pirovnuli niWiereba,

wigniSi eseebi, Tb., 1989.Tanamedrove...Tanamedrove...Tanamedrove...Tanamedrove...Tanamedrove... 1999: Ñ î â ð å ì å í í îå çàðóáóæ í îå ëèòåðàòóðîâåäå íèå Ì . ,

1999.iurkovi 2001:iurkovi 2001:iurkovi 2001:iurkovi 2001:iurkovi 2001: Ñ.Å. Þðêî â , Ï îñ ò ì îäåðíèçì : ï ð è áëèæåíèå ê àíòè-

ì è ðó; Ì àòåðèàëû í àó ÷ í î é êî íôåðå íöèè 11. î êòÿáðÿ 2001 ã. Ñåðèÿ“Symposium”, âûïóñê 16. ÑÏá, 2001.

nicSe 1993:nicSe 1993:nicSe 1993:nicSe 1993:nicSe 1993: nicSe f. ase ityoda zaraTustra, Tb., 1993.wifuria 2008:wifuria 2008:wifuria 2008:wifuria 2008:wifuria 2008: wifuria b.postmodernizmi; ix;literaturis Teoria

Tb., 2008.yiasaSvili 1983:yiasaSvili 1983:yiasaSvili 1983:yiasaSvili 1983:yiasaSvili 1983: yiasaSvili n. jeimz joisi, „ulise”,winasityvaoba;

Tb., 1983.xalizevi 2000:xalizevi 2000:xalizevi 2000:xalizevi 2000:xalizevi 2000: Õàëèçåâ Â. Å . Òåîðèÿ ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 2000

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k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

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XX saukunis xelovnebam, iseve rogorcmTlianad kulturam TvalnaTliv warmoaCinaerTiani monoliTuri stilis, ideologiis,strategiis SeuZlebloba. ganviTarebis erTimagistraluri xazis moSlam safuZveli daukargaZveli tipis liderebis, kerpebis arsebobas.mweralma da sazogadod Semoqmedma dakargamaswavleblis, mentoris funqcia, rac srulebiTacar niSnavs geniis, niWis, Semoqmedebis dakninebas,ubralod Semoqmedma dakarga Tavisi sidiadistaxti~ (kristeva). xelovnebis nawarmoebi aRaremorCileba raRac monomoTxovnebs~, aucilebelkanonebs. is gaxda pluralisturi, poliRirebu-lebrivi~ da es poliRirebulebebi nakarnaxeviacalkeuli adamianebis, avtorebis gemovnebiTa daunariT.

magistraluri da xSirad angaJirebuliavtorebis gverdiT sworuflebianad war-moCindnen marginaluri Semoqmedebi da saer-Todac marginaluri adamiani gaxda aranaklebsaintereso da mniSvnelovani, vidre ZiriTadidiskursis matarebeli pirovnebebi. sworedeqscentriuli tipi, romelic upirispirdebada akninebs arsebul kerpebs, warmoadgens XXsaukunis 60-ani wlebidan dRemde mxatvru-lobis aqtors.

Zveli wesrigis da Cveuli paradigmebisdangrevis winaswarmetyveluri grZnoba ukveme-19 saukuneSi daibada. apokalipsisi XIX–XX saukunis mijnis ZiriTadi motivia rogorcxelovnebaSi ise filosofiaSi. Fin de siecle-isgancda Seexo mTel diskursiul da saazrovnosferos. RmerTis sikvdili~, masebis amboxeba~,

filosofiis mecniere-baTa doqtori, Tbilisisilia WavWavaZis saxelmw-ifoUuniversitetis aso-cirebuli profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:`Tanamedrove Rirebule-bebi da idealebi~, post-modernizmi Tanamedro-veobis konteqstSi”(kulturis filosofia)da sxva. gamoqveynebuliaqvs ramdenime statia so--cialur da politikurfilosofiaSi _ `demo-kratizacia” (g. JorJo-lianTan da m. musxeli-SvilTan erTad), `Tana-medrove socialuri vi-Tareba saqarTveloSi”(rusul enaze xarkovisuniversitetis masaleb-Si) da sxva.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:semiotika, kulturisfilosofia.

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msoflio katastrofa, am epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xatia. sworedam talRazea mosuli mTeli avangardi, vercxlis saukune~, siurealizmida absurdi.

da marTlac, XX saukune uamravi ubedurebis, omis, revoluciisepoqa gaxda. gaufasurda ZiriTadi unificirebuli principi, eWvis qveSdadga naqebi standartebi, ierarqiuloba, monoreligiuroba. universalurmasayovelTao naraciebma adgili dauTmes erTsulovan lokalurpraqtikebs da SexedulebaTa da ideaTa am pluralizmSi marginalurimidgomebi, gariyulebi, marginalebi aqtualurni da sainteresoni gaxdnen.kulturaSi daikarga erTiani standartis mniSvneloba.

vin aris marginali da ratom gaxda marginaluri yofa, mar-ginaluri xedva egzom mniSvnelovani da misaRebi?

cneba marginaluroba (laT. margo – sazRvari, kide, marginalis –sazRvarze myofi) gamoiyeneba socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi,filosofiaSi pirovnebis an jgufis zRvruli mdgomareobisaRsaniSnavad ZiriTadi socialuri erTobliobis mimarT. is gan-sazRvruli, rogorc wesi, dabali socialuri statusis aRmniSvnelia.marginaluri pirovneba umciresobas miekuTvneba, romelic imyofebasocialuri struqturis sazRvarze an mis gareT; is eweva zogad-miRebuli normebisgan gansxvavebul cxovrebis wess da iziarebsgansxvavebul Rirebulebebs. marginalobis cnebas sociologiurisgarda ontologiuri ganzomilebac aqvs, ramdenadac gamoxatavs iseTmdgomareobas, romelic specifikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. es arissazRvarze yofnis unari, Zala zRvruli poziciis warmoCenisa.

marginalurobam, romelic istoriulad aRiqmeboda rogorcnegatiuri movlena, rogorc normaluris, pozitiuris darRveva daamitom saSiSroebis matarebeli, mavnebluri, TandaTanobiT SeiZinadadebiTi Rirebuleba. (v. terneri, m.eliade). terneri miiCnevs, romaxali socialuri struqturebi Cndeba martooden Zvelistruqturebis sazRvarze, periferiaze.

frangul struqturalizmSi uxvad gamoiyeneba terminebi:`marginaluri subieqti~, `marginaluri sivrce~, `marginaluriarseboba~. J. deridam sazogadod uaryo normis idea da wamoayena`gansxvavebulis~ mniSvneloba. TandaTanobiT qreba centris~ arsi.r. barti marginalobas ganixilavs rogorc swrafvas axlisken, gzaskulturuli stereotipebis rRvevisken~.

marginalobis filosofiur ganazrebas win uswrebda am fenomenisasaxva da ganmtkiceba xelovnebaSi – a. kamius `ucxo~, beketis`godos molodini~, e. ioneskos martorqebi~, selinjeris da kepotes,v. kafkas, J-p. sartris nawarmoebebi da sxva.

msoflio omebma da revoluciebma naTlad warmoaCines, rommarginaloba nebismieri adamianisTvis sruliad bunebrivi da

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mosalodneli mdgomareobaa. e. gidensis azriT, Tanamedrove kacobriobaukve ara imdenad progresisa da sayovelTao keTildReobisken iRwvis,risi imedic dakarguli aqvs, aramed riskebis Semcirebisken, imitomrom kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli normis~ myisiereba da mowyvadoba.

srulebiT kanonzomieria, rom marginaloba gamoyenebadi gaxdaara marto sociologiaSi, aramed kulturis filosofiaSi. kontrkul-turis fenomenebi sxva araferia, Tu ara marginalobis aRzeveba daZiriTadi kulturis tolfasovani statusis damkvidrebis mcdeloba.marginalobis filosofiuri cneba axasiaTebs sxvadasxva kulturulifenomenebis specifiurobas da vrceldeba dominirebuli diskursisgareT. is ar ewereba azrovnebis gabatonebul paradigmaSi. sworedmarginaluri amzeurebs kulturis magistraluri mimarTulebiswinaaRmdegobebsa da paradoqsebs. baxtinis azriT, kultura xor-cieldeba kulturaTa sazRvarze. mqadageblebi da xelovanebimidrekilni arian marginalobisa da liminarobisken.

Amdenad, marginaluri Rebulobs progresulis mniSvnelobasayalibebs ra kontrkulturas. avstrieli istorikosi da kulturisTeoretikosi Eernest hans gombrixi amtkicebs, rom yvelaferi, rasacdRes uwodeben Tanamedrove xelovnebas, amoizarda daukmayofi-leblobis grZnobidan. sul ufro metad aRiareben, rom XX saukunisxelovneba da mTlianad kultura marginaluria.

rodesac vlaparakobT marginalizaciaze, rogorc Tanamedrovekulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebelze da misi rogorckontr-kulturis efeqtze, srulebiTac ar vgulisxmobT, rom Tavadkulturis Semoqmedni arian socialuri marginalebi. marginaluriamaTi xedva, midgomebi, marginaluria maTi gemovneba. sainteresoa raiwvevs am gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis gaCenas da damkvidrebas. ratomuCndeba xelovans moTxovnileba Secvalos arsebuli kanonebi, stili,arsi. ueWvelia, rom novatorobis~ am aqts, moTxovnilebas didwiladiwvevs Cveulis, kargad Camoyalibebulis, mravaljer gameorebulismoyirWeba da amis Sedegad warmoqmnili mowyenilobis gancda.

filosofosTa umravlesoba mowyenilobis fenomens ganixilavsrogorc borotebas, Tumca aseTi Sefaseba maSinve mexamuSeba, ra wamsvixseneb oblomovs an germantebisken moseirne svans, prustis romanisgmirs.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom valter beniaminovi apirebda mowyeni-lobaze wignis daweras. mowyeniloba xom gaugebrobaSi arsebuliadamianis grZnobaa da swored am gaugebrobidan gamosvlis surviligvibiZgebs gaazrebisa da Semoqmedebisken. mowyenilobaze werda bevrifilosofosi da mwerali dawyebuli paskalidan, damTavrebuli iseTiTanamedrove mwerlebiTa da filosofosebiT, rogoricaa kamiu ankortasari. solomonis amaoebac sxva araferia, Tu ara mowyenilobis

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gancda. da mainc mowyeniloba gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove adamianisxvedria. RmerTis sikvdilze SeiZleba elaparaka martoodenTanamedrove erTferovani cxovrebiT Zalian daRlil da mowyeniladamians, romlisTvisac kulturam~, gagebulma rogorc sicocxlisarsma, mniSvneloba dakarga.

Ffernando pessoa ase wers mowyenilobaze: mowyeniloba - imdenadeqstremaluri grZnobaa, rom misi damarcxeba ar SeiZleba TviTmkvlelobisaqtiTac ki, es SesaZlebelia martooden raRac SeuZleblis gziT,martooden iseTiT, rac saerTod ar arsebobs bunebaSi~.

swored am moZlierebuli mowyenilobiT Tanamedrove cxovrebaSiaixsneba Tanamedrove adamianis miswrafeba garTobisaken, sainteresos~Ziebisken, rac meorexarisxovnad xdis WeSmariti Rirebulebebiskenswrafvas. am fenomenis gamoxatulebaa sayovelTaod gavrcelebulimasobrivi kultura, romelic inteleqtualTa yuradRebasacimsaxurebs, Tundac maT es uaryon. masobrivi kultura xom sworedTavisi cvalebadobiT, myisierebiT, siWreliT gamoirCeva, Tavisi mudmiviganaxlebiT. masobrivi kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes da Zalianpopularul saxeobas warmoadgens moda, top-modelebis monawileobiTdidi defile, rac warmoadgens `axlis mudam dabrunebas~, valterbeniaminovis sityvebiT. roca vsaubrobT modaze, upirveles yovlisavgulisxmobT swored mis sanaxaobriv mxares, romelic yvelazemetad tansacmlis warmodgenaSi warmoCindeba, magram Tanabrad SeiZlebavilaparakoT modaze nebismier sxva sferoSi – avtomanqanebi, aveji,samkaulebi, telefoni da a.S.

modis nimuSi rogorc movlena ar saWiroebs gansakuTrebulxarisxs, is unda iyos axali, yovelTvis axali. uwyvetad undaiqmnebodes axali sagnebi, obieqtebi da stilebi. modasTan dasazogadod mas-kulturasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba reklamis cneba.Tavad reklamac masobriv kulturas miekuTvneba didwilad. reklamaaucilebelia masobrivi kulturis obieqtis gasasaReblad, gasayidad.amisTvis reklama cdilobs warmoaCinos reklamirebadi obieqtisgansakuTrebuloba, Tavisebureba, xarisxi. xSirad bevr reklamirebadobieqts reklama enacvleba da reklama cxovrobs damoukideblad,rogorc erTi raRac sfero, romelic sxva sferoebTan erTadsazogadoebas gars axvevia. sazogadoebaSi, sadac umTavresi roliinformacias miekuTvneba, da es informacia v. beniaminovis TqmiT,gamudmebiT unda ganaxldes, gamocdilebis aqciebma fasi dakarges~.informacia da arsi ki Zalian gansxvavebuli cnebebia. Tanamedroveadamianis cxovreba mowyenilobis gadalaxvaa, romelmac is Seipyro,imis Semdeg, rac gauCnda bevri Tavisufali dro.

rasakvirvelia mowyenilobac araerTgvarovania. arsebobs misisxvadasxva saxeoba. svendseni oTxi saxis mowyenilobas ganixilavs:

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1) situaciur mowyenilobas, rodesac adamiani raRacis molodinSia,magaliTad, matareblis an koncertis;

2) gulgacruebis mowyenilobas, rodesac adamiani elodeba raimemniSvnelovans movlenisagan, magram Sedegad yvelaferi mtknari dauSedego aRmoCndeba;

3) egzistencialuri mowyeniloba, rodesac iseTi grZnobaa, romsuli moklebulia Sinaarss da samyaro erT adgilzea gayinuli;

4) kreatiuli mowyeniloba, romelic xasiaTdeba ara imdenadSinaarsiT, ramdenadac SedegiT, magaliTad, roca adamiani iZulebuliagamudmebiT ASeqmnas raRac axali.

kulturis filosofiiT dainteresebuli adamianebisTvissainteresoa swored mowyenilobis mesame da meoTxe tipi. egzis-tencialuri mowyeniloba SeiZleba gaCndes gamocdilebis simcirisgamo. am mowyenilobis gadalaxvis mcdelobisas adamiani eZebs sulufro da ufro axal SegrZnebebs imis magivrad, rom TandaTanobiTmiiRos gamocdileba.

adamiani, romelic realur cxovrebaSi ver poulobs kmayofilebas,romelic gulgacruebulia da amdenad mowyenili, qmnis gamogonilsamyaros. mowyeniloba stimuls aZlevs SemoqmedebiT aqtiobas. xSiradswored xelovnebaSi hpovebs adamiani wonasworobas da harmonias.bevri mwerali da moazrovne miiCnevs, rom mowyeniloba rCeulTasuls axasiaTebs da naklebadaa cnobili mdabioebisTvis. ase miiCnevenleopardi, Sopenhaueri, kirkegori, nicSe da sxvebi. nicSe miiCnevs,rom mowyeniloba win uswrebs kreatiul, SemoqmedebiT moqmedebas.SemoqmedebiTi naturis adamianebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli mowyeniloba,martivi da mdabio naturebi ki cdiloben moicilon igi, gaeqcnenmowyenilobas. nicSesTvis adamiani Tavs ganamtkicebs imiT, rom Tavsganixilavs Tanamedrove samyaroSi rogorc sixaruls. es sixaruliiswrafvis maradisobisken, magram es maradisoba cirkularulia daara wrfivi. maradisoba axlaa. mowyenilobas misi gadalaxvisSemTxvevaSi sixarulis motana SeuZlia. magram es sixarulizeadamianuria, maSin rodesac mowyeniloba adamianuria, metismetadadamianuri. magram mowyenilobis gadalaxva yvelas ar SeuZlia, Tumcayvelam unda scados.

miuxedavad imisa, rom nicSes egzistencialistebs ver mivakuTvnebT,SesamCnevi gaxdeba erTgvari paralelizmi Tu maT naazrevs mowyenilobisgaazrebis kuTxiT ganvixilavT, nicSesa da egzistencialistebisTvalsazrisiT adamianze. kamius mowodeba, rom adamiani aujanydesubedurebebs _ sikvdils, avadmyofobas, sinacisfres, mowyenilobas _enaTesaveba nicSeseul zeadamianisken swrafvas, xolo sartris ideaadamianis unarze gaakeTos `swori~ arCevani da ar darCes mcdaricdunebebis msxverpli, swored mowyenilobis daTrgunvis gzaa.


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mowyenilobaze saubrisas aucileblad Cndeba ironiis Tema.mowyenilobaSi TiTqosda araferi komikuri ar aris, magrammowyenilobisas gaaqtiurebuli gaazrebisa da analizis procesebiueWvelad ironiasac Seicaven. Tavis TavSi Caflul adamians arSeiZleba ar hqondes ironia. niSandoblivia romantikosTa gan-sakuTrebuli ironia, rodesac awmyoTi, realurad dRes arsebuliTgulgacruebulebi da mowyenilebi isini cxovrebis arss, mSveniersda keTils eZeben warsulSi, Soreul qveynebSi, velur bunebaSi.ironiiTaa gamsWvaluli sartris piesa `daxuruli WiSkari~ (`huitclos~). cvlileba da siaxle arRvevs erTferovnebas da jojoxeTisxva araferia, Tu ara Cven TviTon, rodesac cudi, yalbi arCevanisSedegad, samudamo mowyenilobas vimkiT, rodesac Tvalis xamxamisunaric ki dakargulia da aRmoCndeba, rom xamxami es Tvalis dasvenebaa,sixalisea, Svebaa.

mowyenilobis fenomeni metad arsebiTia semuel beketisTvis damiuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, piesebSi is am sityvasTiTqmis ar iyenebs, mowyenilobis Tema misTvis umTavresia da bevrinawarmoebisTvis ganmsazRvrelic. misi adreuli ese prustze~ sworedmowyenilobas exeba. Tavis ganTqmul piesaSi `godos molodinSi~mowyenilobis komikurobas aRwers, es mowyenilobis komediaa.

`xelovneba – es STagonebuli simartivea~, komunikacia SeuZlebeliada nebismieri xma, sityva matyuaraa, is gulgrilia imis mimarT,rasac ambobs. yvela velodebiT didi patiebis dRes, raRac diaddRes, magram dadgeba ki es dRe?

mowyeniloba ganimarteba aq rogorc personaluri arsisararseboba. adamians araferi darCenia, garda imisa, rom elodosaxali arsis gaCenas, povnas. magram es lodini usasruloa da uSedego.

sainteresoa, rom egzistencializmis da absurdis ganviTarebaukavSirdeba axali grZnobebis, realobebis, SegrZnebebis, Tvalsazrisebis,axali Rirebulebebis ganviTarebas. Tu wina saukuneebSi mowyeniloba(da marginaloba) rogorc problema, rogorc mniSvnelovani da xSiradadamianis qcevis, qmedebis ganmsazRvreli gancda arc ganixileboda,egzistencializmi swored mowyenilobis fenomenis analizs axdens,Tumca ki TiTqosda uSualod es ar aris misi mTavari mizani. magramganixilavs ra egzistencias, arsebobas, rogorc ZiriTad cnebas,ganmsazRvrels adamianis sicocxlis arsisa, egzistencializmi gverdsver uvlis mowyenilobis fenomens.

haidegeris TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs mowyenilobis sxvadasxvasaxeebi, dawyebuli zedapirulidan da damTavrebuli egzisten-cialuriT.

haidegers surs gaaRviZos mowyeniloba, romelic SeiZleba Tvlemdes,rac Zalian saSiSia, imitom, rom is am SemTxvevaSi Rebulobs sxvadasxva

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formas, moZraobs droSi da maSin, rodesac Cven TiTqosda vebrZviTmas, is iZinebs~ da masTan erTad iZinebs filosofosobis ganwyoba,ganazrebis ganwyoba. es damangreveli Zalaa da amitom saWiroagaRviZeba. unda gaviRviZoT, raTa movaxdinoT Cveni SesaZleblobebisrealizeba. anu haidegeric frangi egzistencialistebis msgavsadmiiCnevs, rom SesaZlebelia da aucilebeli mowyenilobis gadalaxva.

mowyenilobaze msjelobisas xSirad saubroben mis damangrevelbunebaze. Sopenhaueri laparakobs imaze, rom mowyenilobam SeiZlebamiiyvanos adamianebi TviTmkvlelobamde an koleqtiur TviTmkvle-lobamde. magram xom ar xdeba es raRac ciklis, raRac `proeqtis~dasrulebis, srulyofis Sedegad, rogorc ki raRac `proeqti~sruldeba, aRwevs Tavis srulyofas, iwyeba mowyeniloba, romelicangrevs yovelive Cveuls da damdgars.

mowyeniloba rogorc TeTri furceli Seicavs potencials.mowyenilobaSi sicarielea, romelic SeiZleba mgrZnobiare iyos axlismimarT. mowyeniloba arRvevs Cveul konteqsts da sagnebsa damovlenebs axal konfiguraciebs aniWebs, is sZens maT axal arss,Tumca SeiZleba sruladac daukargos nebismieri arsi. amdenad,negatiuri mniSvnelobis paralelurad mowyenilobas SeuZliapozitiuri cvlilebebi moaxdinos.

amasTanave mowyeniloba xels uwyobs Tavisi meobis, Tavisi arsisgagebas, rac TviTrealizaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva. nicSe miiCnevs,rom `is vinc mowyenilobis winaSe damcav nagebobebs aSenebs, is amdamcav nagebobebs uSenebs sakuTar Tavs~.

zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom rogorc marginalizacia,ise mowyenilobis gancda erTgvarad xels uwyobs Rirebulebebisgadafasebas, axlebur xedvas da axali sruliad gansxvavebulistruqturebis Seqmnas. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom erTi da igive, anmsgavsi movlenebis, xatebis gameoreba iwvevs mobezrebas, interesisdakargvas da mowyenilobis gancdas. mowyeniloba ki SeiZleba gaxdesan garTobis, sxvadasxva swrafad cvalebadi movlenebisa dasanaxaobebisaken swrafvis safuZveli an axali samyaros Seqmnissawindari, kontrkulturis Camoyalibebis winapiroba.

axali Rirebulebrivi sistemis, gansxvavebuli kulturulistilis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba ukve gulisxmobs imas, rom pirovnebaan pirovnebaTa jgufi warmoadgens marginalurs.

aq unda SevniSnoT, rom socialuri marginalizacia da kulturulimarginalizacia gansxvavebuli fenomenebia. kontrkulturis SemoqmedisrulebiTac ar aris aucilebeli, rom iyos socialuri marginali.socialuri marginalizacia mZime xvedria. albaT did winaaRmdegobebsejaxeba isic, vinc gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs iziarebs kulturis,xelovnebis sferoSi, magram aseTi marginalizacia ar aris damakninebeli,


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is ar axdens pirovnebis stigmatizacias da TandaTanobiT lum-perizacias. Tu socialuri marginali or kulturul Tu socialurerTianobas Sorisaa, maT zRvarzea da orivesgan gariyuli, marginali,romelic axal stils qmnis xelovnebisa Tu azrovnebis sferoSi,sruliad mowyvetilia ZiriTadi kulturis sistemas; is cnobierademijneba mas, imitom rom ar iziarebs am kulturuli sistemisideebs. socialuri marginali ki ar emijneba ZiriTad kulturas,aramed mas uWirs arCevani. is ar aris protestanti, is msxverpliaori sxvadasxva sistemisa, romelTac is erTdroulad nawilobrivmiekuTvneba da iziarebs. meore mxriv, bolomde ver esadageba misgandamoukidebeli mocemulobis gamo. SemoqmedebiTi potencialiTswored is adamiani xasiaTdeba, vinc mTlianad uaryofs wamyvan,centralur paradigmas.

amgvarad, rogorc marginalizacia, ise mowyeniloba ar warmoadgenenerTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiTi Sinaarsis cnebebs. bevr SemTxvevaSiisini urTierTdakavSirebulia. mowyenili adamiani, romelic ufiqrdebagaremos da movlenebis absurdulobas, marginalia siameebis maZebarsazogadoebaSi, sadac mravalgzis meordeba erTxel dawerili scenarida sadac erTi da igive sityvebi imdenjer aris gameorebuli, rommaT dakarguli aqvT mniSvneloba. martooden mowyenilobis fskeramdeamowurvis SemZle Semoqmeds SeuZlia mowyenilobiT gafantuli Zvelixatebisgan gaTavisuflebuli suliT daiwyos axali xatebis daaxali sityvebis Seqmna, yvelasgan TviTgamijnuls da marginalizebuls.es procesi usasruloa.


krkrkrkrkristeva 1isteva 1isteva 1isteva 1isteva 1974:974:974:974:974: Êðèñòåâà Þ. «Ðåâî ë þ ö è ÿ ï îýòè÷åñêî ãî ÿçûêà.Àâàíãàðä êî í ö à XIX âåêà. Ëî òðåà ì î í è Ì àëëàðìå» Ì . 1974

ternerternerternerternerterneri 1i 1i 1i 1i 1984:984:984:984:984: Òåðíåð Â. «Ñèìâî ë è ðèòóàë», Ì. 1983eliade 1998: eliade 1998: eliade 1998: eliade 1998: eliade 1998: Ýëèàäå Ì. « Àçèàòñêàÿ àëõèìèÿ» Ì. 1998beniamini 1997: beniamini 1997: beniamini 1997: beniamini 1997: beniamini 1997: Áåíüÿìèí Â. «Öåíòðàëüíûé ïàðê» ÈË N 12 1997pessoa 1997: pessoa 1997: pessoa 1997: pessoa 1997: pessoa 1997: Ïåññîà Ô. «Ðàçðîçíåííûå ñòðàíèöû» ÈË N 9 1997nicSe 1nicSe 1nicSe 1nicSe 1nicSe 1990:990:990:990:990: Íèöøå Ô. «×åëîâå÷åñêî å ñëèøêî ì ÷åëîâå÷åñêî å» Ñî÷. Â

2-õ òî ì àõ, ò. 2, Èçä. «Ìûñëü» Ì. 1990nicSe 1990: nicSe 1990: nicSe 1990: nicSe 1990: nicSe 1990: Íèöøå Ô. «Ðîæäåíèå òðàãåäèè èëè Ýëëèíñòâî è

ï åññèìèçì » Ñ î÷. Â 2-õ òî ì àõ, ò. 1, Èçä. «Ìûñëü» Ì. 1990sartrsartrsartrsartrsartri 1i 1i 1i 1i 1998:998:998:998:998: Ñàðòð Æ-Ï «×òî òàêî å ëèòåðàòóðà», Ì. 1998svendseni 1007:svendseni 1007:svendseni 1007:svendseni 1007:svendseni 1007: Ñâåíäñeí «Ôèë îñîôèÿ ñêóêè», Áèáë è îòåêà Ãóìåð ,

ðàçäåë «Ôèëîñîôèÿ» 2007

Tamar berekaSvili

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SoTa bostanaSvilidaviT bostanaSvili

naS/enis prezentacia

es teqsti “semiotikis” wina nomerSi (4, 2008)dawyebuli diskursis - “niSani da naSeni” -gagrZelebaa. neologizm naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enisenisenisenisenis, prezentaciiTarqiteqturis semiotikis gansakuTrebul bunebazecmivaniSnebT, romelsac lingvisturi hibridi -

niSanaSeni niSanaSeni niSanaSeni niSanaSeni niSanaSeni ver gamoxatavs.

naSenisnaSenisnaSenisnaSenisnaSenis dekonstruqciiT miRebuli naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enisenisenisenisenis SesaZleblobebi (saTqmeli, uwyeba,Setyobineba, mesiji, medialuroba) gaizarda,gamdidrda da garTulda. ase magaliTad: naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enis enis enis enis enis gatexva (amoReba, amodgma, wagrZeleba,damokleba, Cagdeba da misT.) an/da: naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/eniTeniTeniTeniTeniTmoxiblva, naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enad enad enad enad enad gakrefa.

naSenis naSenis naSenis naSenis naSenis morfemul-grafemuli trans-formacia naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enad enad enad enad enad ar aris mxolod enobriviTamaSi, axali konotacia, koncepti, an semantema;gnebavT, enis areva, - diseminacia, an semiozisi.

saqme is gaxlavT, rom naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/eniT eniT eniT eniT eniT warmod-genilia iseTi ram, rac erTdroulad ma-terialuria, - naSenianaSenianaSenianaSenianaSenia da amave dros - enaaenaaenaaenaaenaa,niSanianiSanianiSanianiSanianiSania, erTicaa, meorec da arcerTia, raRacsxvaa; aRmniSvnelia, romelsac ori aRsaniSniaqvs da orive usxlteba.

asec SeiZleba vTqvaT: naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enad enad enad enad enad warmod-genilia sityvis da sagnis, logosis da te-losis Tanamyofoba, - enis materialurobada materiis enobaenobaenobaenobaenoba (metyveleba, ritorika) -S/enobaenobaenobaenobaenoba. enis materialurobaSi vgulisxmobTimas, rac TargmanSi ikargeba. “sityvierisxeuli ar gvemorCileba, rom sxva enaSi gada-vitanoT” [derida 2000: 268].

SoTa bostanaSvili:SoTa bostanaSvili:SoTa bostanaSvili:SoTa bostanaSvili:SoTa bostanaSvili:saqarTvelos teqnikuriuniversitetis arqiteq-turis fakultetis sruliprofesori; arqiteqturissaerTaSoriso akademiisprofesori; poeti.ZiriTadi Sromebi:„arqiteqturis poetika”;„Tbilisis ritualebis sa-saxle”; “sazRvrebis kon-fliqti da urbanuli kon-fliqtis sazRvrebi”; “uri-dod da uderidod”; “pro-toposti, anu gavTend-i”.interesTa sfero:filosofia, filologia,literatura.

daviT bostanaSvili:daviT bostanaSvili:daviT bostanaSvili:daviT bostanaSvili:daviT bostanaSvili:arqiteqtori. stu-s arqi-teqturis doqtoranti.ZiriTadi Sromebi:“arqiteqtura da xelisuf-leba”,“arqiteqturis semio-logia”, “casaxle”interesTa sfero:kulturologia, lingvis-tika, literatura.

118 SoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSvili

bolosdabolos, naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enis enis enis enis enis paradigmatuli saTave, sityvisgansxeuleba da sxeulis gansityvebaa.

naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/eniTeniTeniTeniTeniT aRniSnulia da warmodgenilia isic, rac erTdrouladaris da arc aris; is, rac Tavis myofoba-armyofobaSi adasturebsTavis inter-esse-obas, yofna-aryofnas Soris myofobas Soris myofobas Soris myofobas Soris myofobas Soris myofobas - sainte- sainte- sainte- sainte- sainte-resoobasresoobasresoobasresoobasresoobas, polisemanturoba-diseminaciis erTdroulobas. am niSniTgvagondeba platonis “qora”. “qora ar ganekuTvneba arc eidosissaxeobas, arc mimesisis saxeobas” [derida 1998: 145]. J. deridas daarqiteqtor p. eizenmanis erToblivi wigni “Chora L Works” enobriviTamaSia qorasa da qorals Soris.

ise, arc arqiteqturaarqiteqturaarqiteqturaarqiteqturaarqiteqtura aris erTi batonis msaxuri termini(terminus - laT. sazRvris mcveli). arqiteqturaSi, arqiteqturaSi, arqiteqturaSi, arqiteqturaSi, arqiteqturaSi, konteqstiskvalobaze, vgulisxmobT, rogorc naSens (kedeli, saxli, qalaqi) damis aRkazmulobas, ise profesias; xelovnebis an/da saxalxo meurneobisdargs; zogadad ki, wesrigis romelime sivrcis mowyobis dagegmviswess, koncefcias, gegmas, struqturas da misT.

bolo xanebSi arqiteqtura arqiteqtura arqiteqtura arqiteqtura arqiteqtura metismetad metaforuli (metaphora- gadatana, gadasvla) gaxda da im gadasasvlelad gadaiqca, romliTacwesrigis sxvadasxva sivrceebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian (“peres-rtoikis” arqiteqtura, axali evropis arqiteqtura da sxva). ase,rom arqiteqturaze saubrisas SegviZlia naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/eniT eniT eniT eniT eniT (da í à ø eniTeniTeniTeniTeniT)vilaparakoT. “Cveni” eniT saubari ki metakritikis (da semiotikis)movaleobaa. misi valia “ara is, rom ‘aRmoaCinos’ namuSevarSi TuavtorSi raime ‘dafaruli’, ‘Rrma’ da ‘saidumlo’ rac aqamde SeumCnevelidarCa, ... aramed mxolod miusadagos misi periodis ena ... kritikulidiskursi - rogorc, ufro metad, logikuri diskursi - sxva araferia,Tu ara tavtologuroba: is mTlianad metyvelebaSi gamoixateba,Tumca mTel Tavis arss dayovnebaSi aTavsebs, ... kritikuli ‘dasabuTeba’,Tuki aseTi arsebobs, damokidebulia saTanadoobaze, ara aRmoaCinosgansaxilveli namuSevari, aramed sapirispirod, ramdenadac SesaZlebeliadafaros is sakuTari eniT” [barti 1963]. naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/eniTeniTeniTeniTeniT laparaki sworedaseT dayovnebuldayovnebuldayovnebuldayovnebuldayovnebul da sakuTarsakuTarsakuTarsakuTarsakuTar enasenasenasenasenas warmoadgens. naS naS naS naS naS/enis enis enis enis enis neografizmifukos azrsac adasturebs, rom “damwerlobis pirveladobaeWvgareSea” [fuko 2004: 79]. da erTic: naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/eniTeniTeniTeniTeniT laparaki is laparakia,romlidanac ar SegviZlia gamovitanoT saboloo ganaCeni, magrammniSvnelobs da afarToebs Cvens warmodgenebs. ai yovelive is, racSeexeba naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enis enis enis enis enis prezentacias da mis semiotikur damkvidrebas.

SeniSvna: winamdebare teqstSi naS/enis naS/enis naS/enis naS/enis naS/enis saxeliT imuSavebs Tavadena im enis Sesaxeb, romelmac ukve moixelTa naSeni. aseTi ena gaxlavTarqiteqturis istoria, Teoria da poetika.

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aqvs Tu ara arqiteqturas sakuTari ena, mere varkvioT; axla kivaRiaroT, rom xuroTmoZRvruli refleqsiebi, tradiciulad,sametyvelo da grafikuli eniT aris davalebuli, _ diskursi danaxazia misi metaena.

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enis enis enis enis enis gavlenis sferoebi SezRudulianaTesaobiTi (isisisisis), moqmedebiTi - (iTiTiTiTiT) da viTarebiTi (adadadadad) brunvisniSnebiT.

naSeni, naSeni, naSeni, naSeni, naSeni, rogorc saxeli (saxelobiTi brunva) enas ver atrialebs,verafers mogviTxrobs (moTxrobiTi brunva); arc miReba aqvs(micemiTi brunva) da arc subieqt-obieqtia, visac, an rasac SeiZlebamivmarToT. samagierod, “hyavs” didi sanaTesavo, moqmedebs da cvlisviTarebas.

naS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetika

enis da literaturis mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba SeiZlebaxuroTmoZRvrebaSi gadavitanoT da arqiteqturis poetikaarqiteqturis poetikaarqiteqturis poetikaarqiteqturis poetikaarqiteqturis poetikavuwodoT xuroTmoZRvrebasmoZRvrebasmoZRvrebasmoZRvrebasmoZRvrebas (am sityvis etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT),im teqstebs, romlebic trdiciulad warmogvidgenen naSenis arss –koncefcias da ideologias; ganixilaven naSenis esTetikis sakiTxebs:kompozicias, metrul-ritmul sistemebs, proporciebs, simetrias,perspeqtivas, orderul sistemas da misT.

metakulturis epoqaSi arqiteqturis poetika es aris refleqsiaTavad poetikaze, mis mier Se/quCebulquCebulquCebulquCebulquCebul teqstebze (rogorc naSenze,aseve nawerze) da saerTod samyaroze, sagnebsa da movlenebze, rogorcartifaqtebzeartifaqtebzeartifaqtebzeartifaqtebzeartifaqtebze. am gagebiT arqiteqturis poetika dRes – es arisarqiteqturis metapoetikaarqiteqturis metapoetikaarqiteqturis metapoetikaarqiteqturis metapoetikaarqiteqturis metapoetika , an /da n aS / e n is poetika .n aS / e n is poetika .n aS / e n is poetika .n aS / e n is poetika .n aS / e n is poetika .literaturaTmcodneobis analogiiT warmovadgenT mas sam nawilad:

zogadi, aRweriTizogadi, aRweriTizogadi, aRweriTizogadi, aRweriTizogadi, aRweriTi da istoriuliistoriuliistoriuliistoriuliistoriuli.naS/enis poetikis amocanebi:naS/enis poetikis amocanebi:naS/enis poetikis amocanebi:naS/enis poetikis amocanebi:naS/enis poetikis amocanebi:1. refleqsia msoflio arqiteqturaSi uwyvetad, an xangamoSvebiT

moqmedi princi pebis (Temebis) fofofofoformalurrmalurrmalurrmalurrmaluri niSnebis kla-i niSnebis kla-i niSnebis kla-i niSnebis kla-i niSnebis kla-sifikaciazesifikaciazesifikaciazesifikaciazesifikaciaze.

2. naSenis xuroTmoZRvruli enisxuroTmoZRvruli enisxuroTmoZRvruli enisxuroTmoZRvruli enisxuroTmoZRvruli enis da yofiTi samSeneblosamSeneblosamSeneblosamSeneblosamSenebloenisenisenisenisenis - specifikis garkvevaspecifikis garkvevaspecifikis garkvevaspecifikis garkvevaspecifikis garkveva.

3. naSenis funqciuri, struqturulifunqciuri, struqturulifunqciuri, struqturulifunqciuri, struqturulifunqciuri, struqturuli da stilisturistilisturistilisturistilisturistilisturiklasifikacia.

4. naSenis kulturologiuri orientacia;kulturologiuri orientacia;kulturologiuri orientacia;kulturologiuri orientacia;kulturologiuri orientacia; cifrul teqn.epoqaSi axal paradigmaTa fiqsacia da sistematizacia.


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naS/enis aRwernaS/enis aRwernaS/enis aRwernaS/enis aRwernaS/enis aRweriTi (deskriTi (deskriTi (deskriTi (deskriTi (deskriiiii pciuli)pciuli)pciuli)pciuli)pciuli) poetikis amocanaa poetikis amocanaa poetikis amocanaa poetikis amocanaa poetikis amocanaaama Tu im arqiteqtoris, jgufis an skolis Semoqmedebis in-in-in-in-in-dividualuri niSnebisdividualuri niSnebisdividualuri niSnebisdividualuri niSnebisdividualuri niSnebis dadgena.

naS/enis istoriuli poetikis amocanaanaS/enis istoriuli poetikis amocanaanaS/enis istoriuli poetikis amocanaanaS/enis istoriuli poetikis amocanaanaS/enis istoriuli poetikis amocanaa arqiteqturaSi amaTu im mimdinareobis, stilis, koncefciis, tendenciis aRmocenebisistoriuli procesis dadgena da maTi adgilis gansazRvra kulturissazogado problemur velTan - epistemesTanepistemesTanepistemesTanepistemesTanepistemesTan mimarTebaSi.

warmodgenili sistema gansazRvravs arqiteqturis fenomens _erTis mxriv mis miwier raobasmiwier raobasmiwier raobasmiwier raobasmiwier raobas, meores mxriv simbolur ti-simbolur ti-simbolur ti-simbolur ti-simbolur ti-pologiaspologiaspologiaspologiaspologias – niSnebisa da kodebis sistemas da im inter esse-s(Soris yofna), riTac poetika ukavSirdeba semiotikas.

naS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetikanaS/enis poetika xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriis “axali wakiTxvis”,Tu gnebavT, “kritikuli wakiTxvis” da “paraleluri Txrobis”kvaldakval cdilobs “gadaweros” xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria tra-diciuli qronotopuli sazRvrebis gauqmebiT: saxeebiTsaxeebiTsaxeebiTsaxeebiTsaxeebiT gansxvavebulni(stili, epoqa, adgili) daaaxlovos saxelebiT - masa, kedeli,saxelebiT - masa, kedeli,saxelebiT - masa, kedeli,saxelebiT - masa, kedeli,saxelebiT - masa, kedeli,ride, sveti, kibe, CarCo.ride, sveti, kibe, CarCo.ride, sveti, kibe, CarCo.ride, sveti, kibe, CarCo.ride, sveti, kibe, CarCo.

masamasamasamasamasa – simZimis, materiis da Zalis damkvidreba; masiurobis –araindividualurobis gamovlena.

kedelikedelikedelikedelikedeli – barieri, sazRvari, karCaketiloba, SeuRwevadoba,gadaulaxavoba, dacva da saimedooba.

riderideriderideride – niRabi, zRude, SefuTva.svetisvetisvetisvetisveti – gravitaciuli mizidulobis mimarTuleba, orientiri.kibekibekibekibekibe – ierarqiuli struqtura, svla, kavSiri.CarCoCarCoCarCoCarCoCarCo – reglamentireba, Tavmoyra, gamoyofa, warmoCena,

gansakuTrebuloba.

arqiteqturis poetikis manifestiarqiteqturis poetikis manifestiarqiteqturis poetikis manifestiarqiteqturis poetikis manifestiarqiteqturis poetikis manifestiSeiZleba aswavlo mxolod is, Tu rogor unda iswavlos.Cemi Zalisxmeva mimarTulia arqiteqturaSi miTis da poetis

dasabruneblad, rac gulisxmobs humanitaruli azrovnebis primats– es ki bunebasTan da adamianurobasTan dabrunebas niSnavs, imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom XX saukune ukve moxda.

memkvidreobisadmi pativiscema xels ar uSlis imis aRiarebas,rom kultura barieria, igi qmnis azrovnebis stereotips, romelicunda davZlioT.

arqiteqturis ,,geni” iracionaluria da mowodebulia marTossivrce simboloebiT da niSnebiT.

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niSani da naSeni nangrevis poetikas gvimxels, - rom Soreulida axali qaosis saSeni masalac arqiteqturaa.

arqiteqtura iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba pragmatizmi dasargeblianoba, sadac suls meti sivrce sWirdeba vidre sxeuls;sadac codnas warmarTavs intuicia da gancda; sadac logikas aRematebaxilva da warmosaxva.

arqiteqtura xelovnebaa da meTodur yalibebs ar emorCileba.arqiteqtura xelovnebaa – es ki gamorCeuli unaria gamoxato

emociebi da gaaRviZo sxva adamianebSic – es niSnavs SeinarCunobavSvoba da TamaSis azarti; gaocebisa da aRtacebis unari; gaocebisaimiT, rac Sens garSemoa da rasac TiTqos pirvelad xedav; aRtacebisaimiT, rom yofna saocrebaa da xilva dResaswauli.

xelovneba aris is, rac realobas aklia, rasac is malavs darac misganve unda ga/movityuoT. iqneb realoba arafers malavs daubraloa.., da xelovneba realobaze “akidebuli danaSaulia”.

arqiteqtura xelovnebaa – es ki is samefoa, sadac arisjebian dogmatebisa da kanonis darRvevisaTvis, sadac ar isjebiandiqtatis, Tavxedobis, intrigebisa da provokaciebisaTvis, radganmSvenierebas amkvidreben. mSvenierebis wyaro ki empiriuli sinamdvilismiRmaa, moklebulia sargeblianobas da uangaro siamovnebas iwvevs.

SoTa bostanaSvili. 1995.

naS/enisnaS/enisnaS/enisnaS/enisnaS/enis semiotikasemiotikasemiotikasemiotikasemiotika

niSanTa sferoSi saqmianoba sam saxeobad sam saxeobad sam saxeobad sam saxeobad sam saxeobad warmodgeba:1. niSanTSewyobaniSanTSewyobaniSanTSewyobaniSanTSewyobaniSanTSewyoba (-SexamebaSexamebaSexamebaSexamebaSexameba), moicavs naratiul nairgvarobebs:

literaturuls, religiurs, mecnieruls, politikurs, yofiTs dasxva. niSanTSewyobis xuroTmoZRvruli paradigmebiniSanTSewyobis xuroTmoZRvruli paradigmebiniSanTSewyobis xuroTmoZRvruli paradigmebiniSanTSewyobis xuroTmoZRvruli paradigmebiniSanTSewyobis xuroTmoZRvruli paradigmebi undaaRvweroT bunebis an/da kulturis formaTa urTierTganlagebebiT,rac praqtikaSi, masStabisa da funqciis cvlilebebis kvalobaze,warmoqmnis sivrcul nairgvarobas (situaciebs, modelebs, fenomenebs):baRs, ezos, bans, quCas, moedans, kompleqss, sofels, qalaqsbaRs, ezos, bans, quCas, moedans, kompleqss, sofels, qalaqsbaRs, ezos, bans, quCas, moedans, kompleqss, sofels, qalaqsbaRs, ezos, bans, quCas, moedans, kompleqss, sofels, qalaqsbaRs, ezos, bans, quCas, moedans, kompleqss, sofels, qalaqs damaTi keTilmowyobis elementebs - mcire formebs. es eqsplikacia-eqspozicia bunebriv niSnebTan erTad (mTa, tye, mindori, zRva, mdinare,CanCqeri da sxva) gansazRvravs sivrcul nairgvarobaTa poetikas dasemantikas.

2. niSanTaRwerilobaniSanTaRwerilobaniSanTaRwerilobaniSanTaRwerilobaniSanTaRweriloba gramatikis, leqsikonebis da lingvisturikvlevebis saqmea.


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niSanTaRwerilobisniSanTaRwerilobisniSanTaRwerilobisniSanTaRwerilobisniSanTaRwerilobis xuroTmoZRvruli eqsplikaciaxuroTmoZRvruli eqsplikaciaxuroTmoZRvruli eqsplikaciaxuroTmoZRvruli eqsplikaciaxuroTmoZRvruli eqsplikaciaganfenilia arqiteqturul teqstebSi: leqsikonebSi, orderulisistemebis analizSi, arqiteqturuli universaliebis paradigmebSida arqiteqturis metapoetikis arqetipebSi (gnebavT, konceptebSi,an/da semantemebSi). maTi gamaerTianebeli niSania sax(e)lisax(e)lisax(e)lisax(e)lisax(e)li -konceptualuri samwevri saxe - saxeli - saxlisaxe - saxeli - saxlisaxe - saxeli - saxlisaxe - saxeli - saxlisaxe - saxeli - saxli (nimuSi, niSaniniSaniniSaniniSaniniSani- saxeldeba - naSeninaSeninaSeninaSeninaSeni).

SeniSvna: sax(e)lisax(e)lisax(e)lisax(e)lisax(e)li calke diskursis sagania.3. niSanTniSanTniSanTniSanTniSanT(aR)SenebaSenebaSenebaSenebaSeneba dainteresebulia axali niSnebis SemotaniT

- neologiiT, niSanTSemoqmedebiT da semiurgiiTsemiurgiiTsemiurgiiTsemiurgiiTsemiurgiiT.semiotikasemiotikasemiotikasemiotikasemiotika - mecniereba niSnebis Sesaxeb - dakavebulia niSnebze

refleqsiebiT (niSnuri refleqsiebiT) da ganiyofa sam (+ erT)nawilad:

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . semantikasemantikasemantikasemantikasemantika - niSnis mimarTeba mniSvnelobasTan da aRsaniSnTan;2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . sintaqtikasintaqtikasintaqtikasintaqtikasintaqtika - niSanTa urTierToba;3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . pragmatikapragmatikapragmatikapragmatikapragmatika - niSnis da momxmareblis urTierToba.(m. epSteins semiotikaSi Semoaqvs meoTxe mimarTuleba -

semionika)semionika)semionika)semionika)semionika).4. semionikasemionikasemionikasemionikasemionika - es aris mecniereba axali niSnebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.axali niSnebis Seqmna da maTi Setana praqtikaSi ukve semiurgiissemiurgiissemiurgiissemiurgiissemiurgiis

saqmea.ismis kiTxva: ra potenciali da ra meTodebi arseboben axali

niSnebis aRmosaceneblad?aq uadgilo ar iqneba goeTes gaxseneba: “pirvelad iyo saqme” da

Tu es asea, maSin semiurgia demiurgia;semiurgia demiurgia;semiurgia demiurgia;semiurgia demiurgia;semiurgia demiurgia; arqiteqtoric, Tu isdemiurgia, misi saqmea semiurgia. am konteqstSi arqiteqtura aRmniSvnelformad warmodgeba, magram ras aRniSnavs is? aris ki masSi mocemulimniSvneloba? ra aris is, rac misi “daweris” SesaZleblobas qmnis?iqneb arqiteqtura arafersac ar aRniSnavs da Tavad gvevlineba“Tavdapirvelad”, saxelis maZieblad, aRsaniSnad?

Semdegi publikaciebi swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis ZiebasmieZRvneba. aq ki gasaziarebelia is azri, rom niSanTSemoqmedebissistemuri SesaZlebloba umTavresad internetTan iqneba dakav-Sirebuli. “mxolod qseli, rogorc mTlianoba, aris niSanSemoqmedebisamocanaTa Tanazomadi .., rom kulturis SemoqmedebiT sferoebSiTandaTan met adgils daiWers niSnebis gaCena [epSteini 2004: 654].

sainteresoa, da iqneb damajerebelic, azri imis Sesaxeb, romdroTa viTarebaSi niSanTSemoqmedni (çíàêî äàòåëè) aranakleb rolsSeasruleben sazogadoebaSi, vidre kanonTSemoqmedni (çàêî í îäàòåëè).am fiqris mizezia is, rom kanoni zRudavs yvelas saerTo aucileblobiT,axali niSani ki uqmnis TviTgamovlenis axal saSualebebs. Tu am

SoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSvili

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azris perifrazs gavakeTebT, maSin samomavlod menaSeneebs meniSnenimenaSeneebs meniSnenimenaSeneebs meniSnenimenaSeneebs meniSnenimenaSeneebs meniSneniar Camouvardebian. asea Tu ara es, sxva saqmea, erTi ki cxadia, romyovel axal sityvasTan erTad Cndeba axali azri, axali naSenismolodini da axali niSaniniSaniniSaniniSaniniSani - saswaulisaswaulisaswaulisaswaulisaswauli. diax, niSani saswaulia.“niSani - niSi, gina saswauli, niSani somxuria, saswauli - qarTuli”[saba 1991: 595].

“azrovneb - niSnavs xelaxla Seqmna ena” [epSteini 2004: 655],xelaxla Seqmna saswauli. is radikaluri transformaciebicsaswaulia, rasac bolo aTwleulebSi xuroTmoZRvrebis ena ganicdis.aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs arqiteqturis S/enebis aRrevaenebis aRrevaenebis aRrevaenebis aRrevaenebis aRreva marketingisenasTan.

marketingis semiurgiuli sfero “brendingi” da “kreativi”dakavebulni arian ra axali sasaqonlo niSnebis SeqmniT (sityvieri,saxviTi, bgeriTi), xSirad faraven arqiteqturis tradiciul enas,laparaks ar acdian, pirSi uvardebian da sityvas awyvetineben. aseTiaraTavazianobis magalTebia reklamebiT gadatvirTuli fasadebi.maTi Semtevi energia miswvda iatakqveSeTSi gaxiznul xuroTmoZR-vrebasac - metros. Cvens qalaqSi, axali saukunis dasawyisamde,arqiteqturis ukanaskneli mohikani metros gvirabiani sadguriiyo. reklamam da bilbordma es salaparako Rruc dauxSoxuroTmoZRvrebas.

Cvens sinamdvileSi axali arqiteqtura Tavisi bolSevikuriodiseis dasawyisSia, barbarosul stadiaSia. kulturis da istoriisgamocdilebidan gamomdinare, axali drois (x)uroTuroTuroTuroTuroTmoZRvrebismeTodebi daixveweba, s zeena? albaT gaocdebian kidec, roca Seityoben,rom samyaros pirvelsaxe daewyoba da Sedegad minis amreklavizedapirebisa da reklamebis sivrceSi moveqceviT, rogorc ityvianqva qvaze ar darCeba. gansxeulebuli mediagansxeulebuli mediagansxeulebuli mediagansxeulebuli mediagansxeulebuli media - iqneb es arisxuroTmoZRvrebi qva da niJara iyo, - kvrivi da fuRuro - vnaxoT,vuyuroT...


saba 1991:saba 1991:saba 1991:saba 1991:saba 1991: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli, Tbilisi: “merani”1991.

barti 1963:barti 1963:barti 1963:barti 1963:barti 1963: barti r. ra aris kritika? Targ. Jurn. “afra” #13Tbilisi: 2008.

fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi, Tbilisi: gamomcemlobadiogene 2004.

derderderderderida 1ida 1ida 1ida 1ida 1998:998:998:998:998: Äåððèäà Æ. Ýññý îá èìåíè. Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðã 1998derderderderderida 2000:ida 2000:ida 2000:ida 2000:ida 2000: Äåððèäà Æ. Ïèñ ì î è Ðàçëè÷èå. Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðã 2000.epSteini 2004:epSteini 2004:epSteini 2004:epSteini 2004:epSteini 2004: Åïøòå é í Ì . Çíàê Ïðîáåëà. Ì .: 2004


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izabela petriaSvili

globaluri da lokalurikodebi reklamaSi

rogorc cnobilia, reklama Tanamedrovekulturis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia.igi ara mxolod biznesis mniSvnelovaniiaraRia, aramed komunikaciis relevanturisaSualeba da diskursis gansxvavebuli tipiaglobalizebul samyaroSi. Tumca, zogjerreklama im produqtebze, romlebic mTelmsoflioSi gamoiyeneba, ar aris efeqturi;zogierTi sareklamo slogani kargad vermuSaobs. aqedan gamomdinare, warmatebulireklamis Sesaqmnelad mniSvnelovaniaglobaluri kodis arseboba.

rogor davweroT efeqturi reklama –es aris erT-erTi umTavresi problema,romelsac reklamis Seqmnisas vawydebiT post-sabWoTa saqarTveloSi. statiaSi warmod-genilia qarTuli da inglisuri reklamebisSedarebiTi analizi. monacemebi gaanalize-bulia struqturul, semantikur da prag-matikul WrilSi. saanalizod SerCeuliaZiriTadad qarTuli sabanko da farmacevtuliproduqtebis reklamebi da sloganebi daSedarebulia sxvadasxva ucxoeli lingvistismier ganxorcielebul inglisuri reklamebisanalogiur kvlevebTan saerTo lingvo-pragmatikuli maxasiaTeblebis dadgenismizniT, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevsganvsazRvroT globaluri da lokalurikodebi reklamaSi. reklamis enis verbalurdoneze reprezentaciisas analizi fokusire-bulia gramatikul struqturaze, xolo ara-verbalur doneze mokled aris ganxiluli

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, iv. javaxiSvilissax. Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis huma-nitaruli fakultetisenebis centris maswav-lebeli, inglisuri fi-lologiis mimarTuleba.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:avtoriseuli wiaRsvlebissemantikuri da pragmati-kuli Taviseburebebi (mo-nografia); konteqstisa davokabularis roli rek-lamaSi; deiqsisis kate-goriebis realizacia av-toriseul wiaRsvlebSi;avtoriseuli wiaRsvlebislingvistur-stilisturiTaviseburebani (inglisuriromanis masalaze); refe-rencia da implikaciaavtoriseul wiaRsvlebSi;sametyvelo aqtebis Teo-ria avtoriseuli wiaR-svlebis pragmatuli ana-lizis WrilSi.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:lingvisturi pragmatika,stilistika, sociolin-gvistika.

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feris, xatis, simbolos roli reklamis ‘mesijis’ interpretaciaSi.reklamis struqturulma analizma gviCvena martivi gramatikuli

struqturebis gamoyenebis siWarbe (mokle, martivi, elifsuriwinadadebebi da a. S.), romlebic mainc aRwevs mizans, miuxedavadimisa rom xSir SemTxvevaSi amgvari winadadebebi aramarTebuliiqneboda normalur werilobiT gamoyenebaSi. liCis mixedviT,‘diziunqciuri stili’ anu, gramatikulad Zalian martivi ena,gulisxmobs mis gamoyenebas iseT situaciebSi (maT Soris reklamebSi),romlebSic gramatikuli struqturebis organizebis maRali xarisxiaraekonomiurad da zedmetad miiCneva. amgvarad, reklamebSi gamoyenebuliwinadadebebis tipebi, brZanebiTi kilos gamoyeneba, uaryofiTi formebisTavidan arideba SeiZleba CaiTvalos globalur kodad struqturuldoneze.

rac Seexeba reklamebis pragmatikul WrilSi ganxilvas, aq mravalifaqtori (rogorc verbalur, ise ara-verbalur doneze) iyris Tavs.reklamis umTavresi funqcia aris myidvelis darwmuneba iyidos esaTu is produqti. Tumca garda am ZiriTadi funqciisa, mas SeiZlebaqondes sxva funqciebic, rogoricaa garToba, informireba, gafTxilebada sxv. swored am funqciebis warmatebulad ganxorcielebisaTvisdid mniSvnelobas iZens iseTi ara-verbaluri faqtorebi, rogoricaareklamis dizaini, musika, feri, xati, indeqsi, simbolo. niSnis cnebaarsebiTia reklamis elementebis sworad gasagebad. garda amisa,arsebobs kidev ori sakvanZo cneba – presupozicia da relevanturoba– radgan swored maTi meSveobiT xdeba reklamis mier imaze metiinformaciis gadacema, vidre reklamaSi eqspliciturad gadmocemuliinformaciaa. am mxrivac, rogorc inglisuri, ise qarTuli reklamebisanalizma gviCvena, rom yvela es niSani SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorcglobaluri kodi, Tumca reklamis sworad interpretaciaSesaZlebelia mxolod lokaluri kodis gaTvaliswinebiT.

statiaSi naTqvamia, agreTve, rom gaziarebuli unda iqnas inglisurienis rogorc lingva frankas mier akumulirebuli gamocdileba.inglisuri reklamis teqnika unda iqnas aRebuli rogorc globalurisareklamo kodi, Tumca, amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebulikulturis specifikidan gamomdinare Taviseburebebi.

globaluri da lokaluri kodebi reklamaSi

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GLOBAL AND LOCAL CODES IN ADVERTISING

Advertising is an important aspect of communication – who iscommunicating with whom and why, in what kind of society and situation, throughwhat medium. Advertising is not only an important business dimension, but anintegral aspect of communication in our modern globalized world, which focuseson issues from a range of fields including pragmatics of intercultural discourse.Some very creative minds come up with seductive combinations of sound, imageand words, but tests show that we often don’t remember the brand beingadvertised.

The article deals with the study of Georgian advertisement catchphrasesand slogans, mainly for pharmaceutical products and bank services, to comparethem with existing studies of English advertisements by different linguists in orderto state some common linguo-pragmatic features which will make it possible toidentify global and local codes in advertising. I will focus on the analysis of thegrammatical structure as a verbal representation of the advertising language, andthe role of some non-verbal features, such as colours, image and symbol in theinterpretation of the message of advertisements.

The language of advertising must be a language of immediate impact andrapid persuasion. It must bring the advertised produce into attention, stress itsqualities in the most attractive way, clearly outline the reason for buying it, and,preferably, leave a memorable echo of what has been said about the productringing in the reader’s/listener’s/viewer’s mind. Advertisements do differ amongstthemselves according to the purpose for which they are designed, the medium inwhich they are presented and the places in which they are found. But there arenearly always certain linguistic features present in any advertisement that serve tomark it very clearly for what it is.

The linguistic features include a basically simple grammatical structure,especially as regards the sentences, most of which are short and many of which,in dispensing with anything that is not absolutely necessary, manage to work veryeffectively without parts that would be considered essential in normal writtenusage. In this respect Leech uses the term ‘disjunctive style’ as contrasted to‘discursive style’ (under the word ‘style’ he means ‘a variety of language the useof which is governed by contextual features other than the identity of the speaker/writer’ i.e. ‘register’). According to Leech (Leech 1963:257), ‘disjunctive style’,( i. e. grammatically very simple language), is generally found in situations wherea high degree of grammatical organization would be uneconomical and redundant.This is generally so in the case of advertisements.

As for the sentence structures used in the language of advertising we meet alltypes of sentences (simple, compound, complex), as well as minor sentences,which do not have a verb used in advertising because information is put across tothe consumer in a very brief manner (e.g. a cool mint gel; Tqveni da Tqveni

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pirmSos saimedo damcveli; dRe tkivilis gareSe! TBC Card – metiTavisufleba!; and incomplete/elliptical sentences, e.g. Help! gtkiva? sesxisesxisesxisesxisesxiespresoespresoespresoespresoespreso – swrafad da giraos gareSe; yvelgan aversiaversiaversiaversiaversi, aversiaversiaversiaversiaversiTvenTvis! tkivilidan – Svebamde ... 15 wuTi.

It is very frequent to use a series of short sentences for impact on the reader.This impact is especially clear at the beginning of a text, often using bold or largetype for the headline or slogan to capture the attention of the reader. e.g.gayidvebis lideri!gayidvebis lideri!gayidvebis lideri!gayidvebis lideri!gayidvebis lideri! moxerxebulia xmarebaSi. saimedo. op-moxerxebulia xmarebaSi. saimedo. op-moxerxebulia xmarebaSi. saimedo. op-moxerxebulia xmarebaSi. saimedo. op-moxerxebulia xmarebaSi. saimedo. op-timalurtimalurtimalurtimalurtimaluri kompleqtacia.i kompleqtacia.i kompleqtacia.i kompleqtacia.i kompleqtacia.; TBC BROKER – CAPITAL +, etc .

Many sentences consist of constructions which could usually only occur as asubordinate part of a sentence, but which become independent items in thelanguage of advertising. e.g. umoklesi gza tkivilis dasamarcxeblad!Zlieri, swrafi, usafrTxo! saxalxo banki: depozitebis aqcia - 17weli damoukideblobidan.

Another very common grammatical feature of advertising language is thelarge number of imperative verbs: daamarcxeT tkivili 15 wuTSi! SexvdiTgazafxuls alergiis gareSe! daiviwyeT stresi, gaRizianeba dadaRliloba! dazogeT dro, gaimartiveT gadasaxadi. depoziti“pozitivi” … miiReT maqsimaluri pozitivi.

Thus, all the above features of grammatical structure in advertisements canbe viewed as a global code in the advertising language. Furthermore, as advertisingnormally emphasises the positive side of a product avoidance of negatives isanother common feature, which can be regarded as a global code as well. In thematerial of my analysis negative sentences were practically not encountered.

Language has a powerful influence over people and their behaviour. This isespecially true in the fields of marketing and advertising. The choice of languageto convey specific messages with the intention of influencing people is vitallyimportant.

Visual content and design in advertising have a great impact on the consumer,but it is language that helps people to identify a product and remember it. Thetarget audience also puts its own meaning into certain words. Different peoplesometimes interpret language in different ways. That is where understanding themeaning in the context becomes most relevant and the principle of localinterpretation is understood as the local code of the advertising language ( whichI deal with in my article: The Role of Context and Vocabulary in Advertising,saenaTmecniero Ziebani, t. XXVIII, 2008).

The unusual aspects of language that are sometimes found in advertising canbe fruitfully considered to be examples of “artful deviations”. As an illustration ofthis P. Sells and S.Gonzalez bring the following two examples.

VW ad (Rolling Stone, May 23, 2002): re-tuned. re-conditioned. heck,it’s been re-everything-ed. Out of the blue, “to re-everything” would be hard


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to interpret, but in the context provided by the advertisement, its meaning isclear.

In Cointreau (In Style, August 2002) a blend, “Be Cointreauversial”.Besides the main function of advertising – persuading the addressees to buy

– it may have other functions as well, such as amusing, informing, misinforming,worrying, warning. It is the complex interaction of society, its culture, values andbeliefs of those people who make and experience it. Advertisements provokesocial, moral and aesthetic judgments ranging from the most positive to the mostnegative. (Cook 2001)

Despite the peculiarities characteristic to the language of advertisingeverybody agrees that advertising is ordinary communication, and advertisinglanguage – ordinary language, and that the ideas from linguistics and semioticsthat have been applied in many domains of language and cultural behavior carryover directly to the analysis of advertising.

Besides structural, semantic and stylistic features characteristic to theadvertisements on the verbal level, which we consider as a global code, there arealso other, non-verbal features crucial for understanding and interpreting themeaning of advertisements, such as the sound/music, image, sign, colour etc.

The concept of a sign is fundamental to understanding the meaningful elementsin an advertisement. Beyond this, there are two key concepts, namely,presupposition and relevance which are important because they allow us to seethe primary means by which advertisements can communicate much moreinformation than what is explicitly presented in them. Presuppositions are a crucialpart of advertising as they can cause the reader to consider the existence ofobjects, propositions, and culturally defined behavioral properties.

If we refer to C. S. Peirce’s (1960) three categories of denoting expressionsor objects – icon, index, and symbol, in an advertisement any image of theproduct is an icon, representing the product more or less accurately. An index isgenerally quite culturally-bound, representing something by association, thoughthere are globally accepted indexes. e. g. in TBC ad for quick consumer loans aclock indicates to the swiftness of actions, or a picture of a field full of flowers inanti-allergic drug ads, etc. These indexical components of advertisements haveconnotations, which typically connect the advertisement to a larger cultural context.

Symbols need little illustration; everyone can easily think of company symbols.e.g. globally recognized McDonald’s “Golden Arches” is, of course, originallyindexical from the name. In terms of cultural significance, a company is well-served if its symbol becomes an index – a signifier which goes beyond what itdirectly signifies to some larger association. The symbol, too, may come to beindexical over time. This represents a very strong cultural establishment of thesymbol, and may be a very powerful marketing tool. (e. g. the Lion in BOG ads,a red cherry for the mobile operator – Bali, as well as its Georgian initial letter B– b b b b b which graphically looks like a cherry).

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One of the most important functions of an advertisement, besidesinformativeness, is persuasion. Different types of advertising may have differentproportions of informative and persuasive content. Hermerén (Hermerén 1999)observes that even informative content may be persuasive, for example if it indicatessuperior performance of some product. In order for a communication to bepersuasive, the reader must accept some or all of its emotional content, and todo that, the reader must have a reason for doing so. Hermerén distinguishesamong the following kinds of power through which an advertisement may have apersuasive influence:

• reward power: the product promises some positive benefit.• coercive power: the product is presented upon pain of threat or

punishment.• referent power: the message associated with the product fits into the

reader’s value system.• expert power: the product is presented by an expert.• star power: the product is associated with a celebrity figure (the latter is

added by P. Sells, S. Gonzalez).Colours contribute a great deal to the advertisements. The color choices

advertisers make are more than aesthetic decisions; colors have been known toaffect (and reflect) a person’s mood or emotions, current style trends and culturalbeliefs and symbols, as well as represent personalities. Colour choices can alsocorrespond to levels of salience. Besides, Colours carry some message to thereaders/viewers of the advertisements. e.g. in Georgian bank advertisements everybank has its clearly recognizable colours: e.g. BOG (Bank of Georgia) – orange(they were first in Georgia to make intensive use of the colour for advertisingpurposes). Besides dominating orange colour in their office facades or interiors,they have orange credit cards, their logo is an orange lion, there are even orangecabs in the city. Paint company Glidden suggests a very interesting interpretationof colours. According to them, orange is the color of autumn, spice, form anddesign. In bright tones, orange is jovial, cheerful and playful. Deepened, it becomesexotic and exciting. If orange is your choice, you have abundant energy with aneye for structure and organization. Your social nature finds you surrounded byfamily and friends. The latter meaning is undoubtedly considered in the symbol ofAldagi-BCI Insurance Company. Likewise, People’s Bank’s colour is red,the single most dynamic and passionate color, symbolizes love, rage and courage.Demanding attention, red has great emotional impact. Those who select red areaggressive, impulsive and strive for success. TBC has cool and constant tealindicating stability and resistance to change. If teal is your favorite color, you area sensitive individual, and have excellent taste. Optimistic and trusting, you havea high degree of faith and hope, easily trusting others. VTB Bank and BasisBank choose the color of tranquility, blue, cool, soothing and orderly. The colorof royalty, blue brings comfort and serenity to our lives. If you choose blue, you


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have a basic need for a calm, harmonious, and tension-free existence. Capable,conservative and sensitive to others, you make a loyal and trustworthy friend.PSP Pharmaceutical Company uses green – the color of life, and representsfreshness, security, and tranquility. Green creates an atmosphere that is calm andrestful, and characterizes the intense power of nature. If you select green, youseek stability, balance and persistence. You are a moral and affectionate individual.

Perhaps the creators of these companies’ images had some of these featuresin mind when they made their choices. Besides, these companies are easilyremembered and easily recognized by their colour. Thus, colour can also beregarded as a global code of advertising. However, it can also carry some culturespecific features and become at the same time a local code, as is the case withthe colours of Bank Republic (black, red and white), which, besides the globalmeaning that these colours carry, for a Georgian they are also the colours of thefirst National Flag of Independent Georgia (though we have a different flag now).

Thus, the results of the study of the language of advertising proved that theexperience accumulated by the English language (which serves as a lingua franca)should be shared; the English language and the techniques and features used inEnglish advertising can be considered as a global code, though some culture-specific features constituting the local code should also be taken into considerationfor successful creation of advertisements.

Bibliography:

Cook, G. 2001: The Discourse of Advertising. Routledge.Hermerén, L. 1999: A Study of the Language of Advertising. Lund University

Press.Leech, G. N. 1963: Disjunctive Grammar in British Television Advertising. Studia

Neophilologica. A journal of Germanic and Romance Philology. vol. XXXV.No. 2.

Peirce, C.S. 1960: Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume 2.C. Hartshorne.

Sells, P. Gonzalez, S. 2002: The Language of advertising. http://www.stanford.edu/class/linguist34/index.htmhttp://www.gliddenpaint.com/Ideas_Inspiration/psychology_of_color.html

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gia joxaZe

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(meore werili)

adamianis sxeulia mizezi senis gavrcele-bisa, _ ityvis miSel fuko Tavis ,,klinikisdabadebaSi”. metic: seni sxeulis meSveobiTvlindeba, sxeulSi awydeba sivrces, romelsacgansxvavebuli konfiguracia aqvso [fuko1998:8-9] da Sua saukuneTa evropis medicinacyvelaze did gamocdilebas infeqciurdaavadebebTan brZolaSi SeiZens.

am xanis gamaukacurebeli epidemia SaviWiri iyo, romliTac ganixvna da daixSo SuasaukuneTa karibWe.

Savi Wiris, rogorc ,,baqteriologiuriiaraRis”, gamoyenebis pirveli recidivi jerkidev Zvel aRTqmaSi gvxvdeba: filistimelebsRvTis kidobnis misakuTrebisTvis ufalisjis _ ,,gvemda maT bugrebiT”, ,,qalaqismkvidrT didian-patarianad... gamoaCndaTbugrebi... cas miswvda qalaqis RaRadi”(pirveli mefeTa, 5, 5-12).

gamanadgurebeli omebisa da adamianTamasobriv gadaadgilebaTa sanitaruli Sedegisameurneo cxovrebis yvela sferos moSla,SimSili da farTomasStabiani epidemiebi iyo.kacTa modgmas sakvebis ararseboba Tangavda.

907-dan 1014 wlamde dasavleT evropaSidaregistrirebulia SimSilobis 28 mtanjve-li weliwadi. 1032-35 wlebSi ,,didma Sim-Silobam” SeZra saberZneTi, safrangeTi,inglisi... stiqiaTa mZvinvareba da arasaxar-bielo klimaturi pirobebi iwvevda SimSils.

istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWava-Zis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis humanitarulmecnierebaTa da kultu-ris kvlevebis fakul-tetis asistent-profe-sori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:“XIII_XIV saukuneebissaqarTvelos istoriidan”,“avgustineseuli provi-dencializmi da JamTa-aRmwerlis religiurimsoflmxedveloba” da“istoriuli esseebi”.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:eklesiisa da religiisistoria da istoriulianTropologiis proble-mebi.

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adamianebi Wamdnen yvelafers, razec xeli miuwvdebodaT.klunis monastris beris, raul glaberis qronikis Tanaxmad,

gareuli cxovelebisa da frinvelebis STanTqmis Semdeg, dauokebelmaSimSilma adamianebi aiZula, mZoric eWamaT da iseTi rameebic CaedinaT,risi Tqmac qronografs Zrwolas hgvrida. evropa lamis kanibalizmsdaubrunda. amas Tan erTvoda antihigienurobac. romis papma klimentIII-m gamosca brZanebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac kviraobiT araTubanaoba, piris dabanac ki ikrZaleboda, rom aRaraferi vTqvaTsaxarebiseuli epizodis vulgarizebul gagebasa da gavrcelebaze:farisevelTa kiTxvas qristem xom ase upasuxa: ,,xeldaubanlad Wamaar bilwavs kacs!” (maTe, 15, 2-20). yinvam (,,mcire gamyinvareba”) kidevufro gaamZafra dasavleT evropaSi Seqmnili antisanitaruli viTareba:civi wyliT dabana arc Tu momxiblavi aqti gaxldaT [kirianovi2002:9]. sadac SimSilia, iqvea sneulebac. gamosakvebad daZrulimigracia yovelTvis epidemiebs imkis. 1087 wels germaniasa dasafrangeTSi Savi Wiris epidemiam ifeTqa. 1089 wels safrangeTSi,germaniaSi, inglissa da skandinaviaSi pirvelad gamoCnda axali seni,e.w. ,,wminda cecxli” _ cxeleba. 1092 wels aRnusxulia pirutyvisada adamianis didi sikvdilianoba. 1094 wels Wiri moedo germanias,safrangeTs, niderlandebs... 1147 wlis jvarosnuli laSqrobis drosSimSilma da sneulebam gaanadgura germanelTa laSqris didi nawili.erTi anonimi avtoris TqmiT, cocxlebi ar kmarodnen mkvdrebisdasamarxad. 1212 wlis bavSvTa jvarosnulma laSqrobam _ anuSimSilma da avadmyofobam _ aTobiT aTasi ymawvilis sicocxleimsxverpla. XIII saukuneSi SimSili mZvinvarebs poloneTSi, safrangeTSi,livoniaSi, avstriaSi, moraviaSi, CexeTSi... adamianebi Wamen katebs,ZaRlebs, cxenebs, cxedrebs, Sxamian mcenareebs... [kirianovi 2002:9].mudmivad daunayrebelma suldgmulma dakarga fizikuri winaaR-mdegobis unari, ramac Tavisi roli Seasrula im gaukacurebaSi,romelic 1384 wlis did Jamianobas mohyva. cxedarTa simravlisgamo maT damarxvaze zrunva amao movaleobad iqca. erT-erT yvelazekatastrofulad miiCneven ,,Savi sikvdilis” (Wiri da misi Tanamdevidaavadebebi) epidemias XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi. metropoliaTamosaxleobis naxevarze meti gawyda _ mTel dasavleT evropaSi 26milionze meti adamiani daiRupa [le gofi 2000:104; 221].

seni sikvdilTan gaigivda. cocxlebisa da micvalebulebissamyaroTa urTierToba dairRva. aikrZala samgloviaro procesiebida ceremoniebi. micvalebulebs saxlis win yridnen. dasaflavebisrituali saerTod ar axsovdaT, an misi usazRvrod damcrobili

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varianti sruldeboda. idga panikuri SiSi, sulieri da xorcieligansacdeli [le gofi, triuoni 2008:101-104].

Savma Wirma, aseve sxva epidemiebma, gamoavlina sqolastikurimedicinis sruli uunaroba. saSrobze dasxmuli melaniviT gantotvilisenianobis SeCereba veravin SeZlo. aman Zalze Searyia eqimTaavtoriteti. saZulvel profesiaTa siaSi ,,eqimic” SeaqvT. amas garda,Sua saukuneebSi kvlavac SemorCenilia pirvelyofili mentalobisnaSTebi _ primitiul sazogadoebaTaTvis niSandoblivi akrZalva _uwinaresad _ sisxlis tabu: is vinc sisxls exeba, uwminduria! [legofi 2002:64-67]. Sua saukuneTa dasavleTis sisxliT gaumaZRarisazogadoeba TiTqos meryeobs sisxlis TxeviT gamowveul netarebasada misgan mogvril Zrwolas Soris, Tumc, Semdgom amgvaridamokidebuleba icvleba [le gofi 2002:64-67]. moqalaqeTaTvismicemul profilaqtikur rekomendaciaTa Sinaarsi aseTia: ,,yovelmxrivSeecadeT, Tavi aaridoT sajaro musaifs, raTa erTmaneTis haeri arCaisunTqoT da erTma sneulma ramdenime ar daavados. ganmartovdiTda uari TqviT mowamlulhaeriani garemodan mosulTan Sexvedraze(pietro da tosinio, Tractatus de pestilentia).

Sua saukuneebisaTvis niSandobliavia mudmivi daavadebebi,romlebic didxans mZvinvarebdnen erTsa da imave adgilebSi. aseTiiyo e.w. ,,ofliana”, romelsac Tan sdevda Zlieri cieb-cxeleba daofldena; Wleqi anu tuberkulozuri adeniti; abscesi, gangrena,wylulebi, egzema (wm. lavrentis cecxli), simsivne, Sankri, wiTeliqari (wm. silvianis madli), saymawvilo, avitaminoziT gamowveulisneulebani, sxvadasxva saxiCrobani, nervuli daavadebani: epilefsia(wm. ioanes daavadeba), meorenairad _ e.w. ,,wm. gis cekva”, tifi,yvavili, dizenteria, malaria, yivanaxvela, jer kidev VII saukunidanmomdinare keTri _ Sua saukuneTa yvelaze didi sanitaruli problema...[le gofi 2000: 222-226; le gofi, triuoni 2008: 104].

Tumc, keTri sulieri satkivaric iyo, radgan imdroindeli adamianiscnobierebaSi nebismieri daavadeba simbolizdeboda: keTrovanicodvilad aRiqmeboda, romelic eswrafoda Tavisi sul-xorcisbiwisagan, gansakuTrebiT _ avxorcobisagan ganwmendas. keTrovniswamebuli sxeuli sulier wylulebze mianiSnebda. Cveulebriv, miaCndaT,rom keTrovani mSoblebma akrZalul periodebSi _ marxvisas, Sobiswina dRes da a.S. _ Casaxes. keTri codvis, Tanac, yvelaze mZime _seqsualuri codvis produqtad kvalificirdeboda. amis safuZvelicZvel aRTqmaSia: keTrovnis wylulis aRmoCenis Semdeg mRvdeli sneulsuwmindurad scnobda, romelic ,,gancalkevebiT unda cxovrobdes

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Tavisi sacxovrebeli banakis gareT” (levianni, 13, 46). keTrovanisamoqalaqo sikvdilis proceduras gadioda, cocxal mkvdrad iqceoda_ arTmevdnen qonebas, acilebdnen ojaxs, socialur garemos, Cveulmaterialur wyobas. Tuki mainc rTavdnen gareT gamosvlis nebas,Wriala unda aexmaurebina, bukisTvis unda Caebera, eJvani aeJRarunebina,raTa sxvebs misgan garidebis dro da saSualeba miscemodaT. keTrovanierTgvar mwvalebladac aRiqmeboda: ,,mwvalebloba sulis senia, romelicsimbolurad eklesiis jansaR sxeuls mocilebul sneul sxeulSivlindeba, “ _ ase werdnen da ase swamdaT [le gofi, triuoni2008:105-107].

XIII saukunis jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Sedegad (rac xelsuwyobda keTris farTod gavrcelebas) iqmneba sagangebo organizacia_ wm. lazares ordeni. keTrovanTa TavSesafrebsac lazareTebi ewodaT,Tumc, amgvar sasneuloebs meore saxelic hqondaT: leprozoriumebi(Lepra- keTri), romelTa ricxvi 1226 wels safrangeTSi oriaTasamdeaRwevs. 1250 wlisaTvis ki centraluri evropa 19000 leprozoriummadafara [kirianovi 2002:10]. monastrebTan stacionaruli dawese-bulebebis Seqmna, romlebsac Tavs sneulni, moxucebi da invalidebiafarebdnen, albaT, bizantiidan iRebs saTaves. evropul saavadmyofoebSieqimebad monazvnebi msaxurobdnen, romlebic, ZiriTadad, ,,marxviTa dalocviT” mkurnalobdnen. Tumc, gamoricxuli ar aris, samonastrosaavadmyofoebSi xalxuri medicinis danatovriTa da antikur avtorTaTxzulebebSi amokiTxuli meTodebiTac esargeblaT [kirianovi 2002:9].1163 wels romis papma aleqsandre III-m monazvnebs aukrZala medicinisada samoqalaqo samarTlis swavlebisaTvis monasterTa datoveba.medicinisaken gza saeroebsac gaexsnaT, rasac eklesiis miermowonebuli da tiraJirebuli ori motivic amyarebda: sayovelTaokeTildReobaze zrunvisa da Sromis, rogorc aseTis, madlian saqmedmiCneva [le gofi 2002:67].

albaT, amitomac, ,,sneuli” ,,Ratakis” sinonimad aRiqmeboda da _piriqiT. glaxakad miiCnevdnen ara mxolod materialurad RatakT,aramed _ daucvelT, uufleboebs, Zaladobis msxverplT, qvriv-oblebs,piligrimebs, monebs, tyveebs, martoxela qalebs, xeibrebs, daWrilebs,uZlur moxucebs... aqedan gamomdinare, imdroindel hospitalebSiara imdenad mkurnalobdnen, ramdenadac TavSesafriT uzrunvelyofdnen,uvlidnen, kvebavdnen da a.S. [kirianovi 2002:10].

Sua saukuneTa epoqaSi aRnusxul saswaulTa umravlesobagankurnebiT gamoixateba. aq mTavari personaJi wmindania. Tumc, qristespirovneba aseT midgomasac ambivalenturad aqcevs: keTri, rogorc

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codvis mTavari simbolo, amave dros, qristes simbolocaa _ qristemitvirTa kacTa modgmis mTeli mankiereba kacobriobis gansakurnad.sneuli Tan gankicxulia, Tan _ rCeuli. bibliuri rwmuneba _ Christusmedicus _ aq ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSobs. qriste saswaulebrivadkurnavs adamianis sxeulsac da sulsac da kacobriobas xsnis gzasaniWebs. qriste wamalicaa, radgan adamianTa wylulebis gansakurnadgamoiyeneba. is uRviZebs sneuls tanjvisa da Tvinierad daTmenisRirebulebas. sulis wamlobiT gvinergavs moTminebis madlmosilebas,aRdgomiT ki Cveni dasneulebuli sxeulis gamosyidvis Tavmdebia.amdenad, qriste daavadebuli, tanjuli sxeulicaa.

kurneba RvTis saqmea. samedicino gamocdileba ejaWvis magiasada religias. ZiriTadi roli eniWeba magiur wes-Cveulebebs,daavadebulze simboluri Jestebi ,,gansakuTrebuli” sityvebisa dasagnebis TanxlebiT zemoqmedebs. XI-XII saukuneebSi am wes-CveulebebSigamoCnda qristianuli kultis sagnebi, qristianuli simbolika.warmarTuli Selocvebi qristianizdeboda. warmoiSva axaliqristianuli formulebi, gaifurCqna wmindanTa kulti. wmindanTasaflavebze uamravi adamiani dadioda janmrTelobis gamosakeTeblad.wmindanebs uZRvnidnen saCuqrebs, sTxovdnen Semweobas, cdilobdnen,maT romelime nivTs Sexebodnen da a.S. XIII saukunidan gaformdawmindanTa e.w. ,,specializacia” _ wmindanTa panTeonis naxevarsgansazRvruli daavadebis meurved miiCnevdnen. gavrcelebuli iyoamuletebi, romlebic mTavar profilaqtikur saSualebadgamoiyeneboda: spilenZis an liTonis firfitebi, romlebzec locvisfragmenti, angelozTa saxelebi iyo amotvifruli; wmindanTanawilebiT sakralizebuli avgarozebi; iordanes wyliT savseflakonebi, samkurnalo balaxebi... miiCnevdnen, rom naTloba da ziarebadadebiTad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze. Sua saukuneTa nebismierdaavadebas Tavisi locva an Selocva Seesatyviseboda. samkurnaloTvisebebs miawerdnen, aseve, purs, wyals, marils, rZes, Tafls, saaRdgomokvercxebs...

Sua saukuneebSi popularulia hipokrates siZis, polibiosise.w. ,,oTxi siTxis Teoria”: adamianis sxeuli Seicavs sisxls, balRams,yviTelsa da Sav naRvels. es gansazRvravs sensac da sijansaResac.amasTan, sruli sijansaRe maSinaa SesaZlebeli, roca siTxe _xarisxobriv-raodenobrivad _ urTierTproporciulia da erTmaneTTansaukeTesod Sezavebuli. seni maSin Cndeba, Tu romelime siTxe anZalian mravldeba, an Zalian mcirdeba da sxvebs gamoeyofa. sneuldebaara mxolod is adgili, saidanac esa Tu is siTxe ukuiqceva, tanjva


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da tkivili ganicdeba im adgilasac, sadac siTxe grovdeba, risSedegadac Zlieri sacobi warmoiqmneba.

samxreTitalieli alkmeon krotonelis (daax. 500 w. Cv. w-mde)azriT, janmrTeloba miiRweva sinotivis, simSralis, siTbos, simwaris,sitkbosa da sxva maxasiaTeblebis TanabarTavsebadobiT. erT-erTisgaZliereba, gansakuTrebiT _ siTbosa an simSralis momateba _daavadebas iwvevs. maT Sobs sakvebis gadaWarbebuli doziT miRebaan piriqiT _ SimSili. seni ibudebs sisxlSi, Zvlis tvinsa da TavistvinSi. sens xandaxan garegani mizezebi _ wyali, adgil-garemo, sevdada sxva misTanani _ ganapirobebs. janmrTeloba yovelive zemoTCamoTvlilis SeTanadebaa.

JorJ diubi Tavis wignSi ,,mamakacuri Sua saukuneebi” aRniSnavs,rom XII saukunemde feodalur kulturaSi saerTod ar iCendneninteress sxeulis satanjvelisadmi, yovel SemTxvevaSi es naklebadaRelvebdaT. amas ganapirobebda cxovrebiseuli pirobebis sisastikeda sirTule, Sua saukuneTa ideologiis samxedro-mamakacuri xasiaTi.aqac bibliuri safuZvlis anarekli sxivdeba: Semcdar evas RmerTiase sjis: ,,satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb orsulobas. tanjviTSob Svilebs”. adams ki eubneba: ,,pirofliani Wamde purs, vidremiwad miiqceode”. amgvarad, pirveli adamianebi ara mxolod mokvdavnigaxdnen, aramed _ tanjulnic. mamakacis xvedri Sromaa, qalisa _tanjva. raki qalisTvis tkivilia niSandoblivi, mamakacma is aradunda Caagdos. mamakaci ar itanjeba, yovel SemTxevevaSi, amas argamoxatavs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is diacis mdgomareobamde ecema.Tumc, ase mxolod XII saukunemde fiqroben. Semdeg tkivils araTugamoxataven, ganadideben kidec.

francisk asizeli, romelsac mravali daavadeba RrRnida, calkerZ,sxeuls codvis instrumentad, ,,mtrad” miiCnevda, romelic undadaiurvo da alagmo, calkerZ _ ,,Zmas” uwodebda mas, daavadebebs ki,,debad” moixseniebda. es praqtikuladac aisaxa wmindanis cxovrebaSi:jer Tavisi sneulebebis gankurnvas erTaderTi mkurnalisagan _qristesagan moeloda, Semdeg papis eqimebsac mimarTa. ieso ziraqissibrZneSi aris aseTi debuleba: ,,ufalma miwisagan Seqmna wamlebida gonieri kaci ar ugulebelyofs maT” (sibrZne ziraqisa, 38,4).

sxeulma Rirebuleba SeiZina. hubert romanelis sityvebic amisdasturia: igi mouwodebda sulier Zmebs, ar gamoefitaT sxeuli daar ugulebelyoT higiena, radgan es asustebs adamians da qedmaRladaqcevs. sxeuli yovelTvis sulieri miznebisaTvis unda gamoviyenoT,Tumc, mis misaRwevad tanjva da daTmena aucilebeli ar ariso.

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qristes garda Sua saukuneebis epoqis adamiani sxva mkurnalTacmimarTavda. droTa ganmavlobaSi sulis mkurnal mRvdelmsaxurTagverdiT sxeulis mkurnali eqimebic gamoCndnen. isini erTdrouladiyvnen swavlulebica da praqtikosebic. iqmneboda profesiulikorporaciebi, samedicio skolebi, universitetebi. eqimebi profe-sionalebad yalibdebodnen da amaSi gasamrjelosac iRebdnen: Tumc,es gaxldaT ara mkurnalobis sazRauri (gankurnebis unari saRvTomadlad miiCneoda), aramed _ im Sromisa, romelsac avadmyofis fexzedasayeneblad swevdnen.

diagnostikis antikuri praqtika, rac pulsis gasinjvasa daenis Semowmebas efuZneboda, Sua saukuneebSi uroskopiam Secvala.korbeelma egidiusma (1165-1213) SemoiRo da Semdeg farTod gavrceldaSardis analizi. medikosTa korporaciul emblemadac SuSis WurWelimatula gaxda, romelic am meTodisTvis gamoiyeneboda. uroskopiasTanerTad xSirad mimarTavdnen sisxlis gamoSvebasac, gansakuTrebiT _monastrebSi.

arc eqsperimentebze ambobdnen uars, igonebdnen axal wamlebs,magram eklesiis ideologiuri gavlenis SiSiT, romelic yovelgvarsiaxles krZalavda, galenis saxeliT iniRbebodnen, mis TxzulebaSiamokiTxulad asaRebdnen. gamoigones gautkivarebis axali xerxi _,,saZile Rrubeli”, romelic lencofas, induri kanafis wveniTa daopiumiT iyo gaJRenTili.

diagnostikis TvalsazrisiT arc imas iviwyebdnen, rom sxeulismovlenebi ciur sxeulTa ganlagebas Seesabameba.

Sua saukuneTa medicinas unda vumadlodeT trepanacias, motexilkidurTa Casmas, analuri fistulebisa da buasilis operirebas.Sua saukuneebis qirurgebs SeeZloT sisxldenis SeCereba mowviT,magnitis meSveobiT sxeulidan ucxo metalebis amoReba, WrilobisSekerva. farmakologia spirtisa da vercxliswylis gamoyenebiTgamdidrda. spirti swored am dros aRmoaCines da antiseptikursaSualebad aqcies.

XIII saukunes ganekuTvneba sxeulis gakveTis praqtika. eklesiaspirdapir arasodes aukrZalavs es aqti. is mxolod kuboTa amoTxrisada cxedarTgatacebis winaaRmdeg reagirebda. Tumc, sxeulis gakveTasufro imisTvis mimarTavdnen, rom galenis esa Tu is debulebadaedasturebinaT: mokled, sxeuls jer ,,kiTxulobdnen” da SemdegRaWvretdnen [le gofi, triuoni 2008:105-117].


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seni da salmoba

Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi Zalze mkrTalad, magram mainc CansTiTqmis sinonimuri samedicino aqtivoba: qsenoni gelaTis monasterTan(varaudoben, rom gelaTis akademiaSi iswavleboda medicina), varZiisafTiaqi, sasneulo vanis qvabebSi, Targmnili samedicino literatura...i. javaxiSvilis miTiTebiT, ,,uZlur-myofni”, ,,dasneulebulni” da,,sneulni” ,,sasneuloSi” Tavsdebodnen, sadac maT ,,mesneule” _erTgvari mowyalebis Zma uvlidaT. sxvaTa Soris, didi mecnieridasabeWdad amzadebda kidec monografias ,,adamianis janmrTelobada janmrTelobisaTvis mzrunveloba Zvel saqarTveloSi” [javaxiSvili1984:55-56]. samwuxarod, ar viciT, Sesrulda Tu ara i. javaxiSvilisganzraxva.

arsebobs erTi beletristuli Canaweric: qarTuli medicinismkvlevar m. SengeliasTan saubarSi akademikos g. wereTels uxsenebiaerTi arabuli wyaro, romliTac TiTqos dasturdeboda TbilisSiTamaris dros arsebuli ,,SesaniSnavad mowyobili samefo (saxel-mwifo) saavadmyofo” [Sengelia 1985: 29-30]. am wyaros bedi CvenTvisucnobia.

JamTaaRmwerlis ,,aswlovan matianeSi”, romelic XIII saukunissaqarTvelos saukeTeso wyaroa, adamianebi, ZiriTadad, imitom avaddebian,rom uRvTod moiqcnen. aseTi midgoma bunebrivia Sua saukuneebisaTvisda qarTuli teqsti gamonakliss ratom unda warmoadgendes?! magrammainc gvikvirs, rom ar ayovnebs RvTis sasjeli da sens da salmobasTiTqmis myisieri sikvdili mosdevs: Tavisi Zis _ daviTis monRolebTanmefed dasamtkiceblad gamgzavni rusudani ,,tkiviliTa da uzomomwuxarebiTa Seicveboda”, mogvianebiT _ ,,tkbilisa SvilisaTvis mwaredileoda da dasneulebuli gardaicvala tfiliss”, Tanac, TviTonvehyvedrida Tavs, ,,ra igi yo Zmiswulsa Tvissa daviTs zeda, viTareqsoria hyo” [qarTuli proza 1982:323-324].

JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, tkivili da seni RvTis iaraRia uRvToTadasasjelad _ rusudanis sneulebaca da sikvdilic daviT laSa-giorgis Zisadmi gamovlenilma misma usamarTlo damokidebulebamgamoiwvia.

daviT laSas Zes, ukve gamefebulsa da dacolSvilebuls, ufalisenis movlinebiT imitom sjis, rom ,,Jamsa siberisa misisa aramarTlad vidoda winaSe RmrTisa... iwyo Slad saydarTa saepis-koposoTa. romeli sanatrelTa mefeTa Sesavalni sofelni mieniWnes,ganscemda, egreTve monasterTa”. daviT laSas Ze sibidan wamosvlisas

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,,dasneulda salmobiTa muclisaTa”, magram RmerTma arc es ikmara:,,swrTvida RmerTi ara CvenebiTa, aramed SvenierebiTa Zisa misisaTasikvdilisa gloviTa”: dasneulebuli giorgi marTlac ,,sisxlisamdinarebisgan aRsrulda” [qarTuli proza 1982:366-367].

Tu Semoqmedi qristianebisadmi aseTi daundobelia, ormagadtanjavs warmarTT: ,,Seedva salmoba boroti yaens arRuns... seni igigangrZeldeboda oTxisa Tvisa JamTa’’ [qarTuli proza 1982:401].noinebs yaenis gamokeTeba SeuZleblad miuCneviaT, lodini mobezrebiaTda sneuli winamZRoli mouSTviaT, Tanac, im dRes (12 marts), rocayaenma dimitri II-s mohkveTa Tavi. JamTaaRmwereli azustebs: ,,sacnauriqmna, viTarmed amisTvis moiwia seni boroti arRuns zeda, romeldasTxia sisxli ubralo mravali da ikadra cxebulsa RmrTisasaxelis Sexebad”. morali igivea: yaenis dasneuleba sxva udanaSauloadamianTa daxocvasTan erTad mefis mkvlelobas gamouwvevia.

iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom aq umizezod aravin avaddeba.cxadia, aq ar igulisxmeba samedicino mizezi: imdroindel qarTvelelitas ukve ZaluZs xojayofilis ,,wigni saaqimois” qarTuliTargmanis wakiTxva da warmodgenac aqvs, ra daavadebas ra udevssafuZvlad... magram Sua saukuneobriv sqemaSi Teologiur debulebas_ yvelafris mizezi RmerTia _ es epistema STaunTqavs.

JamTaaRmwereli daavadebas ramdenime saxeliT moixseniebs: ,,seni”,,,sneuleba”, ,,salmoba” (satkivari). seni SeiZleba iyos ,,mcire”(msubuqi daavadeba), ,,boroti” (mZime daavadeba), ,,mware”, rac albaT,mwvave tkivils ukavSirdeba... gvxvdeba aseTi formac: ,,salmoba rame”(gaurkveveli seni), Tumc qarTul teqstSi TiTqmis yvela senigaurkvevelia. JamTaaRmwerlisTvis mniSvnelovani is ki ar aris, Tura daavadeba Seeyara ama Tu im istoriul personaJs, aramed is, romswored is daavadda, vinc daaSava.

kidev ratom aris TiTqmis yvela seni ucnobi da saxeldaudebeli?SesaZloa, aq saqme gvqondes imis sawinaaRmdego viTarebasTan,

razec miSel fuko wers Tavis ,,klinikis dabadebaSi”.Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi avadmyofs jer kidev ar aRiqvamen

subieqtur simptomTa matareblad. seni jer kidev ar qceula Secnobisobieqtad. eqimi sens ki ar xedavs, aramed warmoidgens mas. ar Canssaeqimo diskursi. tkivili jer kidev neitraluri codnaa. am idumalkonfiguracias ena saerTo, ufro sworad, jerac daunawevrebeliterminiT ixseniebs [fuko 1988;8-9]. amitom, jobs, sneuleba bibliurimetaforiT SeiniRbos. vTqvaT _ aseTiT: ,,seni igi sodomelTa dasalmoba gomorelTa moiwia”... [qarTuli proza 1982:365]. amas erTi


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ideologiuri mizani aqvs: unda damkvidrdes, rom yvela seni ukeTurqmedebas mosdevs. misi saerTo saxelia ,,seni igi sodomelTa dasalmoba gomorelTa”. sodomisa da gomoris metafora imdenadveZrwolismomgvrelad unda axmiandes, ramdenadac _ qristianTaSemafxizleblad.

Tu es msjeloba odnav mainc axlos dgas simarTlesTan, arc isunda gagvikvirdes, rom mTel aswlovan matianeSi sul ramdenimesenia metnaklebad determinebuli. ZiriTadad, es muclis sneulebania_ ,,salmoba muclisa”. kuW-nawlavis daavadebani marTlac farTodmosdeboda imdroindel evropas. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, esSeiZleba yofiliyo muclis tifi an dizenteria. i. javaxiSvils es,,sisxas magvar muclis daavadebad” (sisxa _ dizenteria) miaCnda,Tumc, danamdvilebiT amis garkveva, albaT, mainc SeuZlebelia[javaxiSvili 1982: 86-87]. muclis tifi jer kidev ZveliberZnebisTvis iyo cnobili. hipokrate da galeni aRwerdnen amdaavadebis mZvinvarebas berZenTa da romaelTa armiebSi. termini,,tific” (typhus), rac qarTulad ,,nisls” niSnavs, hipokratesSemoRebulia. es termini Zvelad yvela im daavadebas aerTianebda,romlebsac Tan cieb-cxeleba sdevda. tifs nawlavuri baqteria _salmonela avrcelebs: gamaRizianebeli organizmSi dabinZurebulproduqtsa da wyalTan erTad aRwevs. imaves Tqma SegviZliadizenteriazec: isic uZvelesi droidanvea cnobili. dizenteriisinfeqciis wyaro daavadebuli an baqteriamatarebeli adamiania, romelicgamoyofs dizenteriis mikrobebs. daavadebas buzic avrcelebs.dizenteriis mikrobebi tifis mikrobebis msgavsadve xvdebaorganizmSi.

samwuxarod, es qrestomaTiuli cnobebi imis garkvevaSi naklebgvexmareba, Tu kerZod ra daavadeba iyo ,,salmoba muclisa”, romelsacasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ara erTi istoriuli personaJi mousravs.

,,muclis salmobiT” arian avad daviT laSa-giorgis Zeca damisi vaJi giorgic. es ukanaskneli avadmyofobas ise gauTangavs,TiTqmis mkvdari hgonebiaT: ,,idva uxmrad, uZravad, sulTaaRmomfSvinveli...” amosunTqvasac Zlivs axerxebdao.

amave senSeyrili daviT laSa-giorgis Ze eqimebs ver ganukurnavTda ,,cxedriT” (sakaciT) wamouyvaniaT. mamaca da Svilic am daavadebasumsxverplia [qarTuli proza 1982:365;377].

teqstSi aRwerilia arRun yaenis Tavsdamtydari ,,salmobaboroti”: ,,ganxmes yovelni asoni misni da molpesca xorcni daZvalni amoscvivdes... kninRa mimsgavsebuli iyo mkvdarsa... ganrRveuli

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TaviT ferxadmde...” [qarTuli proza 1982:401]. Znelia am aRweriTdaavadebis zustad dadgena, ise ki, cnobilia, rom arRun yaeni (1284-1291) dambladacemuli gardaicvala.

yazan yaenic ,,dasneulda seniTa muclisaTa da mokvda”.vaxtang III ,,muclis salmobiT” gardacvlila.ucnobi seniTaa avad sargis jayeli.vaxtang daviT narinis Zes ,,mcire ram seni Sehyria”, Tumc, am

simciris miuxedavad, mainc gardacvlila [qarTuli proza 1982:385-387; 402;423;426].

muclis neulebaTa garda ,,aswlovan matianeSi” ixsenieba kideverTi daavadeba _ nikrisis qari, e.w. podagra: daviT VIII-s ,,miTsenica Seedva boroti, mikrisi, xelTa da ferxTa, da uxmar iqmna...borotsa sensa Cavardnili uRonoebda” [qarTuli proza 1982:422].

Tu gavixsenebT, rom am daavadebis berZnuli saxeli qarTulad,,fexis maxed” iTargmneba, SesaZloa virwmunoT JamTaaRmwerlisa:nikrisis qari marTlac zRudavs moZraobas, saxsarSi Semavali ZvlebiiSleba, saxsris funqcia irRveva da avadmyofi Sromisuunaro xdeba.

davubrundeT muclis sneulebebs, romelTac imdroindelievropisaTvis niSandobliv viTarebamde mivyavarT: ganuwyveteli omebi,erT adgilas dabanakebuli jari, cudi sanitaruli pirobebi infeqciiswyaro xdeba. JamTaaRmwerlis teqstSi gardacvalebis gamomwvevmudmiv mizezad ,,muclis salmobis” dasaxelebac epidemiaze undamiuTiTebdes. daviT laSas Zeca da misi vaJic sibaze sneuldebian.

ra iyo siba?JamTaaRmwerlis cnobiT, iranis monRolma gamgebelma hulagum

CrdiloeTis ulusis SesaZlo Tavdasxmis asacileblad SirvanSi,md. CaRanusunis piras TavdacviTi nageboba aaSenebina, romelicTxrilisa da Robisagan Sedgeboda. monRolebTan erTad sibazemorigeoba Semodgomidan gazafxulamde qarTvelebsac evalebodaT.Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, ra sanitarul pirobebSi unda ecxovraerTad Seyril masas! Sedegic ar ayovnebda. i. javaxiSvilis SeniSvniT,mefeebic Tu ver axerxebdnen am senisaTvis Tavis acilebas, ubralomosaxleoba ra dReSi iqnebodao [javaxiSvili 1982:86-87].

infeqciebs noyier niadags omebis Sedegebic uqmnida:JamTaaRmwerlis teqstSi araerTganaa aRwerili, Tu ra Zrwolis-

momgvreli viTareba sufevda momxdurTa saomari operaciebis SemdegsaqarTvelos mxareebSi, qalaqebSi, soflebSi: ,,sisxlisa mdinarenidiodes. tvini kacTa, dedaTa, berTa, CCvilTa Tma da sisxli, TavimxarTagan ganSorebuli, nawlevni cxenTa mier daTrgunvilni urTierTas


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aRreul iyo”. ,,kvalad xedvides zogni sayvarel SvilTa, zogni ZmaTada mamaTa, colni qmarTa da qmarni colTa upatiod mkvdar mdebareTa,cxenTa mier daTrgunvilTa da folocTa Sina ZaRlTa mier zidulTa.da arca Tu daflvasa miwasa Sina Rirs hyofdes”. ,,savse iyvnesmoklulTa mier qalaqni da sofelni, velni, tyeni, mTani da xevni”.amas garda, zogi sabrZolo fandis Sedegic Sobda infeqcias: mag.,lamSi CaZiruli cxen-kaci [qarTuli proza 1982:300-309;422-423].

epidemiebis afeTqebas xels uwyobda SimSili. am udides sacTurzemudmivad gvaxsendeba s. bulgakovis ,,socializmi da qristianoba”,romelSic avtori adamians meurneobis tyves uwodebs. es gamowveuliabunebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebis cvlilebiT, rac TviTadamianuri arsebis sulier Seryvnas mohyva. samyaroSi sikvdilmadaivana, sicocxles zRvari daedo. aqedanaa adamianis damRupvelidamokidebuleba sakvebze, samyaros stiqiebze, romelTa dauflebacmas mainc ver ixsnis naadrevi Tu nagvianevi sikvdilisagan [bulgakovi1917:223]

magram adamianis bedi mainc am sacTurze hkidia da, aseaJamTaaRmwerlis teqstSic: SimSili aiZulebdaT, aTasi uwmindurobaeWamaT da daavadebuliyvneno.

vaxtang III-is zeobisas ,,mesamed iqmna (!) puris mokleba, rameTuyovlad ara ipoeboda sasyidlad, arca didiTa fasiTa. eseodenganZvinda SimSili, romel mZorsa arawmidasa, uridad Wamdes... yrmanimkvdarTa dedaTa ZuZuTa leSkTa swovdian” [qarTuli proza 1982:415].

Cans, antihigienurobis problemac idga. es forsmaJorul viTarebasunda gamoewvia, Torem imdroindel saqarTveloSi dabanas rom ucxoxilad ar aRiqvamdnen, JamTaaRmwerelic adasturebs: daviT laSa-giorgis Ze, Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi bnel xaroSi Cagdebuli, qarTveldidebulTa Txovnisamebr rumis sultanma gaaTavisufla da uwinaresad_ ganabanina. am aqtiT iwyeba misTvis xelaxali sicocxle.

roca yaenma abaRam noinebs daviT narinze Tavdasxma daavala,daviTs abanoSi miuswres: mefe ,,ZliT Seeswra cxensa, erTiTa kabiTamarto ivltoda” [qarTuli proza 1982:333;378]

adamianebi mxolod somatur daavadebaTa msxverplni rodi xdebian:teqstSi ramdenjerme aRiniSneba, rom maT sulieri tkivilic asneulebT:,,rusudani tkbilisa SvilisaTvis mwared ileoda”. daviT laSa-giorgis Ze Svilis sikvdilma daauZlura [qarTuli proza 1982:324;372].

Sua saukuneTa sqema iTvaliswinebs gankurnebis procesSi RmerTismonawileobas. qarTuli teqsti adasturebs, rom gavrcelebulia

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xatTa ganmkurnebeli praqtika. erTgan dmanisis RvTismSoblis xatianaxsenebi, meoregan _ martyofisa. es gaxldaT xelTuqmneli xatisasli, romelic saqarTveloSi anton martyofels moutania edesidan.

giorgi ufliswuls muclis salmoba didxans gaugrZelda. daviTidmanisis RvTismSoblis taZarSi wavida. es ar aris Cveulebrivimsvleloba: mefe da misi mxlebelni fexSiSvelni da mxurvaledmtiralni iTxoven Semweobas. xati avadmyofs Seaxes da isic mswrafl,,viTarca uvnebeli warmojda”.

aseve ikurneba daviT laSa-giorgis Zec, roca man ,,moyvanebabrZana martomyofis xatisa”. aqac cremlis Rvra da vedrebaa gadarCenispiroba. manamde ki, saqarTvelodan gaZevebul ymawvil daviTsRvTismSoblis is xati Seeweva, romelic Tan waeRo: ,,daidva pirsada TvalTa da cremlni simwarisani gardmosTxivna...” am SemTxvevaSixati amuletis funqciasac asrulebs, rac ase gavrcelebulia evropaSi:,,misces xati igi da dahkides yelsa” amave epizodSi gankurnebisuebari saSualebaa locva [qarTuli proza 1982:366;320].

marTalia, avadmyofobis gankurnebisas qarTveli profesionalieqimebi TavianT evropel kolegaTa msgavsad sruliad uunaroniarian, magram versad wavuvalT imas, rom teqstSi isini orjer maincixseniebian:

daviT laSa-giorgis Ze ,,mkurnalTa ver uZles kurnebad” an,,ver gankurnes mkurnalTa” [qarTuli proza 1982:377;366]. wmindaTeologiur-ideologiuri motivebis garda, es samedicinoTvalsazrisiTac gasagebia: tifis klinikac XIX saukuneSi aRiwerada dizenteriis mikrobic imave periodSi aRmoaCines.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIV saukunis qarTuli teqstisrulad emsgavseba Sua saukuneTa evropis istoriul dokumentebs,rogorc samedicino codnis, ise _ ideologiuri wyobis Tval-sazrisiT. an es marTlac ase iyo, an swored ase unda aRweriliyo.

literatura literatura literatura literatura literatura

bulgakovi 1bulgakovi 1bulgakovi 1bulgakovi 1bulgakovi 1917:917:917:917:917: Ñ. Áóëãàêî â. Õðèñòèàíñòâî è ñîöèàëèçì , Ìî ñêâàle gofi,le gofi,le gofi,le gofi,le gofi, tr tr tr tr triuoni 2008iuoni 2008iuoni 2008iuoni 2008iuoni 2008: Æ. Ëå Ãî ôô, Í. Òðþîí , Èñòîðèÿ òåëà â

ñðåäíèå âåêà, Ìîñêâàle gofi 2002le gofi 2002le gofi 2002le gofi 2002le gofi 2002: Æ. Ëå Ãî ôô, Äðóãî å ñðåä íåâåêîâüå, Âðåìÿ, òðóä è

êóëüòóðà Çàïàäà, Åêàòåðèíáóðãkirkirkirkirkirianovi 2002:ianovi 2002:ianovi 2002:ianovi 2002:ianovi 2002: Êèðüÿí îâ Ì .À. , Ìåäèöèíà ñðåä íåâåêîâüÿ , Ìî ñêâàfukofukofukofukofuko 1998: Ì . Ô ó êî, Ðî æäåíèå êëèíèêè , Ìî ñêâà


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qarTuli proza 1982: qarTuli proza 1982: qarTuli proza 1982: qarTuli proza 1982: qarTuli proza 1982: qarTuli proza, wigni III, meTerTmete-meToTxmete saukuneebis mwerloba, JamTaaRmwereli, monRolTa-droindeli matiane, Tbilisi

Sengelia 1985: Sengelia 1985: Sengelia 1985: Sengelia 1985: Sengelia 1985: m. Sengelia, renesansi da Zveli qarTuli medicina,Tbilisi

javaxiSvili 1984: javaxiSvili 1984: javaxiSvili 1984: javaxiSvili 1984: javaxiSvili 1984: i. javaxiSvili, Txz., t. VI, TbilisijavaxiSvili 1982:javaxiSvili 1982:javaxiSvili 1982:javaxiSvili 1982:javaxiSvili 1982: i. javaxiSvili, Txz., t. III, Tbilisi

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s e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i a

mirian ebanoiZe

klasikis kvlevaaraklasikuris batonobis

xanaSi

fukos yoveli proeqti axlos aris`klasikur teqstebTan~. `diskursiswesrigSi~ is Tavad SeniSnavs, rom hegelisaCrdili paradoqsulad kvlav gaxdamniSvnelovani (fuko 1996:92). amaSi masadanaSaulebs Jak derida werilSi kogitoda sigiJis istoria~. fuko racionalizmisagresias imeorebs, rac sigiJeze werisasgamovlinda. sigiJes ara aqvs ena, esfsiqiatriis enaa, SeniSnavs is fukos cnobilnaSromTan dakavSirebiT, sadac sigiJisistoria dawerilia Tavad sigiJidangamomdinare, `subieqtis xmis gareSe~, esaa`sityvebi enis gareSe~. `me vcdilobdi araam enis (igulisxmeba sigiJe) istoriis, aramedam dumilis arqeologiis~ daweras~ - wersfuko. deridas azriT, siCume, romlisarqeologiazec vsaubrobT, aRaraa dumiliTwarmoSobili an aradiskursiuli. Tavadarqeologia ukve aris organizebuli ena,proeqti, wesrigi, sintaqsi, Sroma. ena dadasavluri goneba warmoadgenen sigiJisobieqtivacias, mis dapyrobas. am istoriul(istoriisSemqmnel) danaSauls veravin vergaeqceva, vinc am enaze laparakobs, veraferiver gaiqceva am enidan. fuko imeorebs amdanaSauls deridas azriT, riTac wesrigibraldebuli xdeba Tavad wesrigis SigniT.Tu garedamkvirveblis statusi miuRebelia,

filosofiis mecnierebaTadoqtori.akaki wereTlis saxel-mwifo universitetissruli profesori fi-losofiaSi;gelaTis sasuliero aka-demiis leqtori.ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:diskursi da ena. Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcem-loba, Tbilisi, 2001.fragmentebi diskursisproblemebze. Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcem-loba, Tbilisi, 2001.diskursi. quTaisis sa-xelmwifo universitetisgamomcemloba, quTaisi,2006.,,margaliti da sicarie-le” (poeturi krebuli)quTaisi, 2006interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literatura, semiotika,filosofia.

146 mirian ebanoiZe

maSin vin wers am sigiJis istorias, Tavad fukos sayvareli frazarom vixmaroT vin laparakobs?~ ras eyrdnoba es ena da Tu arafersemyareba, vin acxadebs amis SesaZleblobas? romel enaze da logosisra istoriuli situaciidan iwereba sigiJis istoria? logosTandakavSirebiT deridas fukosgan gansxvavebuli pozicia uWiravs.Tuki fuko berZnuli logosis mTlianobaze, sokrates Semrigeblurdialeqtikaze~ wers, riTac logosis alternativaze Tu ara, misganganTavisuflebaze mainc fiqrobs, deridasTvis berZnul logossaqvs sawinaaRmdego, oRond sakuTar TavSi da arc sokratesdialeqtikaa Semrigebluri. misTvis umniSvnelovanesia gayofa,ganxeTqileba, rac logosisTvis Sinagania. gaZeveba da gandevna logosisaxdeba Tavisive Tavidan, es Separulia yvelgan, TviT kartezianulkogitoSic, mis Sedegad vRebulobT gansxvavebas da gansazRvrebas.Tavisi sawinaaRmdegos SeqmniT is, rogorc wesrigis obieqtidafarulia, daculia misiT da ikiTxeba masSi. kidev erTi sityva,riTac am process axasiaTebs derida, aris gadawyveta, racdakavSirebulia istoriisa da istoriulobis SesaZleblobasTan.rogor SeiZleba am gayofis istoria daiweros, Tuki igi Tavadaaistoriulobis Semqmneli? istoriulobis istoria? derida amasuwodebs saSiS lingvistur gadatanas~, rac Targmanis problemasTanaadakavSirebuli (derida). azrovnebis pirveli artikulacia, pirvelisintaqsuri gamoyeneba ukve qmnis diskurss. es ukve Sromaa~, xolofilosofosi warmoadgens molaparake subieqts. laparaki sigiJidan~SeuZlebelia, radgan is Sromis ararsebobaa~, dumilis arqeologia~ki determinirebul dumilze laparakobs da ara iseT dumilze, racTavisufalia istoriisa da metyvelebisagan. siCume, CaxSuli metyvelebadakavSirebulia Zalisxmevasa da akrZalvasTan, rac gvaZlevs istoriasda metyvelebas, limits aZlevs Sromas da ipyrobs enas (derida).

derida laparakobs kogitos temporalizaciaze, romelsaceqvemdebareba determinirebuli dumili, sigiJe, negatiuroba. sigiJekogitos aCrdilia~. Tavis werilSi mas mohyavs herderis sityvebi:`unda arsebobdes sisulele, raTa sibrZnem gadalaxos igi~. enagamocalkevebulia sigiJisgan mxolod gamWvirvale zoliT~, razedacjoisi wers. es gamWvirvale zoli aris ena da azrovneba. enadamsxvreulia sigiJiT. is qmnis Tavis Tavs sigiJis winaaRmdegsigiJidanve da misgan mxolod gamWvirvale zoli hyofs. azrovnebasda araazrovnebas saerTo fesvi gaaCnia. logosSi ena da siCume ararian gayofilni. fuko axdens negatiurobis miTvisebas mfarvelobis

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kartezianuli, Zalauflebrivi JestiT~. isic laparakobs`Zalisxmevaze~, rac metafizikisa da Teoriuli codnis sazomebSiketavs azrovnebas. me, romelic vazrovneb, ar SeiZleba giJi viyo~ -es mniSvnelobs maSin, Tu me giJi var, miiCnevs derida. dekarte misgandevnas moiTxovs mxolod droebiT, dasawyisSi, eWvisarahiperboluri momentis ganmavlobaSi. misi azriT, Cven miveCvieTkogitos CarCos da Cvens TavSi darwmunebulni gavxdiT. dekartesTanki kogito nulovani wertilia, romelSic determinirebuli azrovnebada araazrovneba saerTo warmoSobidan modian. aqedan iwyebaopoziciuri determinirebuli formebis istoria, dialogi, romelicgaqvavebul mdgomareobaSi gadadis. filosofiisaTvis Cveuliistoriuloba damyarebulia tranzitze, hiperbolasa da sasrulstruqturas Soris dialogze, totalobis daxurvasa da misgangaqcevaze, istoriasa da istoriulobas Soris mimosvlaze. sivrcisgaxsna mxolod sigiJis datusaRebiTaa SesaZlebeli. mcdari azria,rodesac sigiJes ganixilaven zedrouli azriT da mistemporalizacias damatebiT fenomenad miiCneven. temporalizaciasivrcis gaxsnaa sigiJisTvis, moZraobaa, romelic aerTianebs maslogosis moZraobaSi. metyvelebis borotad gamoyeneba misZalauflebriv da dampyroblur xasiaTs faravs, faravs dialogs,rogorc absolutur Zalauflebas da metyvelebasa da cxovrebasSoris kavSirs (derida).

dekartTan dakavSirebiT derida SeniSnavs, rom, totaloba argamoricxavs masze aRmatebas, piriqiT, emyareba mas. amis safuZvelsTavad totaloba iZleva, radgan igi dalaqavebulia sigiJiT~. aqedangamomdinare, Tu samyaros totaloba ar arsebobs, Tu araazrovneba(uazroba) SeWrilia samyaros totalobaSi, masze maRla dgas daCemi azris Sinaarss ayalibebs, Tu me ar SemiZlia movixelTototaloba da amis miuxedavad kvlav vqmni proeqts da formulirebasamisTvis, igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc usasrulo daaradeterminirebuli totalobis ganWvretaze mimarTuli. es proeqtiTavad warmoadgens sigiJes da gacnobiereba sigiJis, rogorc misiTavisuflebis da swored misi usakuTrivesi SesaZleblobis,mimarTulia sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebiT `uazrobis (araazrovnebis)boroti geniosis~ Zalis winaaRmdeg da es winaaRmdegoba sakuTarTavSi bunebrivi adamianis reduqciiT xorcieldeba. am azriT, Tvlisigi, araferia naklebad Semrigebluri, vidre kogito Tavis Cveul,inauguralur momentSi. samyaros totalobis daZlevis proeqtiaraa ufro Semrigebluri, vidre sokrates dialeqtika, roca arsebobis

klasikis kvleva araklasikuris batonobis xanaSi

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totalobaze amaRleba xdeba, Cven aRmovCndebiT faruli mzis sinaTleSi,rasac platonTan `epekeina tes ousias~ hqvia, esaa saswaulebrivitranscendencia, demonuri hiperbola.

urTierToba gonebas, sigiJes da sikvdils Soris ekonomiuria.esaa gansxvavebaTa struqtura, romlis gacalmxriveba dauSvebelia.igi SeuzRudavia da dasafasebeli. araekonomiuri xarjva miiRebaekonomiis mier da gadailaxeba. `es cda-Tqma-demonuri-hiperbolaar aris erT-erTi cda sxvaTa Soris – wers derida, - ufro metic,es araa siCumis sawinaaRmdego, aramed kondicirebulia masSi. isaasurvilis warmomSobeli safuZveli da atarebs Tavis TavSi Zala-uflebis kvals (survili araa gagebuli rogorc voluntarizmi,aramed rogorc istoria, vneba). is ufro dawerilia (damwerlo-biseulia), vidre Tqmuli, anu ekonomiuria. am weris ekonomias qmnisregularuli urTierToba imasa, vinc eqscidirebs da eqscidirebultotalobas Soris? gan-sxvaveba absoluturi eqscesisa (derida)~.

deridas azriT, aqti, romelic xorcieldeba, verasodes ver cnobssakuTar Tavs. maSin, rodesac fuko dekartes racionalizmsupirispirebs sigiJes, is imyofeba kvlav daviwyebisa da gaxsnis,dafarvisa da gamovlenis ekonomiur velSi, sadac sinamdvileSi logosiaZevebs sakuTar Tavs da ara sigiJes. esaa klasika da ara dekarte,SeniSnavs derida. igive modeli muSaobs huserlTanac. aqacsafuZvlebis daviwyeba da dafarva qmnis kriziss, obieqtivizmissafrTxes gonebisaTvis, normaluroba ki asocirebuliatrancendentalur reduqciasTan. faqtobrivi samyaros neitralizaciaaris uazrobis neitralizacia (Cvens SemTxvevaSi sigiJis, an kidevpiriqiT, logosisa. amas aq didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs), ZalisxmevismouxelTebeli forma. derida transcendentalur fenomenologiasawmyos metafizikaze damyarebulad acxadebs (`huserliseulicocxali awmyo aris azrovnebis gansazRvrulobis, damajereblobisSemarigebeli safuZveli~), magram fukos moTavseba dekartesa dahuserlis tradiciaSi mxolod ironiul Jestad SeiZleba miviCnioT,rasac aseve Wirdeba Zalisxmeva, Tumca, rasakvirvelia arakartezianuli.fukos nawarmoebis miCneva klasikad SesaZloa ufro myar safuZvelsemyarebodes. klasikis cnebis eliotiseuli kriteriumebis mixedviT,klasikuroba obieqturi korelatis SeqmniT gamoixateba. arasityvebis, aramed sagnebis Seqmna. xilulobebis saxiT fukosklasikurobaze laparakis saSualebas gvaZlevs vizualizacia, racdiskursis gverdiT xorcieldeba. Tavidan fuko laparakobsaradiskursiulobaze, magram mxolod negatiuri mniSvnelobiT, rac

mirian ebanoiZe

149

gamoixateba maTi damatebiTobiT gamonaTqvamTa velisadmi, ekonomiurida socialuri institutebi, praqtika aradiskursiulia. maT Sorisdeterminacia ar arsebobs da diskursiulobas da aradiskursiulobasSoris diskursiuli urTierTobebia,magram, saboloo angariSiT, arcmaTi reducireba xdeba, sxva naSromebSi ki ufro metad izrdebamaTi roli. gamonaTqvamTa miRma rCeba panoptikumi `meTvalyureobada dasjaSi~, xedvis arqeologia `klinikis dabadebidan~ da a. S.marTlac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi gadaiqceoda Tanamedrove ana-litikuri filosofiis erTerTi variantis Semqnelad da Semoi-fargleboda enis problemebiT. tradiciuli damokidebulebisgangansxvavebuli interpretacia SemogvTavaza Jil deliozma, romelmacgamonaTqvamTa diskursiuli praqtikis garda codnis velisformirebisTvis xilulobis aradiskursiuli praqtikis mniSvnelobagaxada TvalsaCino F(fuko 1998:72-97). igi sargeblobs Sinaarsisada gamosaxvis terminebiT, magram cdilobs gaeqces sosiuriseulaRsaniSn-aRmniSvnelis damokidebulebas, risTvisac mimarTavselmslevs(fuko), Tumca Sinaarsis aRsaniSnisgan da gamosaxvisaRmniSvnelisgan gamijvna zedmetad TviTneburi gagebaa elmsleviseulicnebebisa. Sinaars aqvs Tavisi forma da substancia, iseve, rogorcgamosaxvas aqvs Tavisi forma da substancia. (maT aranairi epoqa,aranairi wanamZRvrebi~, aranairi weltanchanuung~ win ar uswrebs).maT Soris ar arsebobs arc mizez-Sedegobrivi, arc simbolurikavSiri. gamonaTqvamis obieqti diskursiuli obieqtia da ara xiluli,Tumca izomorfizmze yovelTvis ocnebobdnen, rogorc fuko aCvenebs`klinikis dabadebaSi~, iqneba es epistemologiuri ocneba, rodesacklinika cdilobs gaaigivos simptomi da niSani, Cveneba da metyveleba,anda esTetiuri ocneba, rodesac kaligrama~ erT da igive formasaZlevs teqsts da naxats, ligvistursa da plastiurs, gamonaTqvamsda saxes. magritis naxatis komentirebisas fuko acilebs naxatisSinaarss gamonaTqvamisgan ès milia~ (cnobili vitgenStainiseuliès xea~). Sinaarsisa da gamosaxvis warmodgena blanSoseuli ara -damokidebulebiT~ xdeba SesaZlebeli, Tumca, rogorc delioziSeniSnavs, blanSos àradamokidebuleba determinaciisa da wmindaaradeterminirebulisa kartezianulia, fukosTan ki or formas,determinaciasa da determinirebuls Soris àradamokidebulebaa~,rac ufro kantianuria, kantTanac nivTi TavisTavad~ ar reducirdebada misi determinirebuloba ar emTxveva absoluturi determinaciisformas (`me vazrovneb~ pirvel SemTxvevaSi da dro-sivrcis wmindadeterminirebulobis forma). ara-damokidebuleba SeiZleba Tu ara


150

damokidebulebas gamoxatavdes? bolo periodSi fuko yuradRebasamaxvilebs problematizaciaze, riTac WeSmariteba mogvecema ur-TierTSeusabamo da gamomricxavi urTierTobebiT. Tu Cven vaCvenebTrom merkantilizmi da antimerkantilizmi XVII s-Si erTi da igiveTamaSidan warmoiSva, viciT, ras niSnavs problematizacia. CvenSemTxvevaSi esaa diskursis kvali sagnebze da piriqiT. esaa brZola,sadac orive mxare atyvevebs erTmaneTs, anu gamonaTqvamebi usasrulodewevian xilulis determinacias.

brZola zedapirze, fukos sityvebiT Tu vityviT, afrontaciispirobebSi mimdinareobs. esaa Teatri adgilebis gareSe, sadacdiskurssa da aradiskursiulobas Soris usasrulo `brZolaa~(derida).

xiluloba fukosTan esaa `xiluloba xedvis gareSe~. igiistoriulia da ar warmoadgens referents, sagans. Tu gamonaTqvamienas emorCileba, xilulobebi sinaTlis mier aris Seqmnili. undagavixsenoT, rom fukosTvis Semecnebis sferoSi axali sagani romSemovides, amisTvis ar aris sakmarisi ubralod Tvalebis gaxela~,`yuradRebis miqceva, gacnobiereba~. sagani ar elodeba misaRebSibrZanebas, romelic mas xilul obieqtad gadaaqcevda. axali sagnisCamosayalibeblad saWiroa Semecnebis veli axleburad aigos, masaxali struqtura mieces. fukos kantis transcedentaluriapriorebis nacvlad Semoaqvs istoriuli apriorebis cneba. is-toriuli apriori msjelobis sayovelTao pirobas ki ar gansazRvravs,aramed gamoTqmis realobis, sxva gamoTqmebTan misi Tanaarsebobispirobebs, igi warmoadgens am gamoTqmaTa warmoSobis, transformaciisada gaqrobis principebs. istoriuli aprioris mixedviT dasaxsruligamoTqmaTa sistemebi arqivs warmoadgenen (fuko 1996:127-131). arqivigagebulia rogorc kanoni, romelic imas gansazRvravs, rac SeiZlebaiTqvas, Tu deliozis interpretacias miviRebT, imasac, rac SeiZlebadavinaxoT.

suraTs xedav?rodesac postmodernizmzea laparaki, yvela wigni erT modelze

trialebs, yvela teqsti erT gverdamde SeiZleba daiyvano, bodriarimosawyenia.

fuko cota labirinTulia, anu klasikuri.is arRvevs klasikur gzebs da amitom aris labirinTuli,ara, piriqiT, ,,virgiliusma ar icoda, rom klasikas qmnida’’.simwife klasikis niSania.xaTusi: simwife rogor izomeba?

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miqaeli.: simwife vinc ar icis ver auxsni, vinc icis, axsna arsWirdeba:

es suraTs etyobaxaTusi: ki magari frazaa, oRondac me gkiTxe, SenTvis ras niSnavs

simwife, albaT ver axsni.miqaeli.: Senma suraTma es icis da amitom ar laparakobs: masac

hkiTxe, raa simwife.xaTusi: damunjda samyaro Cems winaaRmdeg!qali istoriiT: erTi niSani istoriulobaa. sirTule, oRond

ara TviTmiznuri, naklebi originaloba, anu mxolod iq SesamCnevi,sadacoriginalobas cotaRa amCnevs. maRali kulturis SedegebiTsargebloba. originaloba xSirad mouwifaobis Sedegia da aseve amkulturis auTviseblobis.

xaTusi: ganvagrZo provocireba?Semokreba gaklia Senive elementebis, imis rac gars gaxvevia.

esec klasikis niSania, ki ar gaklia es. piriqiT, es Seni Tvisobaa.ara, Sekreba saWiroa.ar vici rogori iqneba ,,Semokrebili”. iqneb aRar iyos saintereso.miqaeli.: ezra paundiviT provincieli Wkuis maswavlebeli.

faSistic.paundi faSisti rom ar yofiliyo, arc saintereso iqnebodasofleli aRar iqneboda. mere yvelaferi misi sofeli gaxda.

veneciaSi srul siCumeSi. faSisturi, xmauriani siCume, nazi sisastike.msxverplic da jalaTic. diadi gulgriloba!es mxiblavs, Tavmdablobis imedis gareSec ki.fukos yoveli proeqti axlos aris `klasikur teqstebTan~.

`diskursis wesrigSi~ is Tavad SeniSnavs, rom hegelis aCrdiliparadoqsulad kvlav gaxda mniSvnelovani.


derderderderderida 1ida 1ida 1ida 1ida 1983:983:983:983:983: Derrida,Cogito and the history of madness,Berkley,1983fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1998:998:998:998:998: Äåëåç. Ôóêî . `Èçäàòåëüñòâî ãóì àíèòàðíîé ëèòåðàòóðû~

1998fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1996:996:996:996:996: Ì . Ôóêî . Àðõå îëîãèÿ çíàíèÿ. `Í è êà-öåíòð~. Êèåâ. 1996fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1996:996:996:996:996: Ì . Ô ó êî. Ï îðÿäîê äèñêóðñà/ Âîëÿ ê èñòèíå. Ì. 1996.


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Tamar lomiZe

metafora da metonimia

metaforisa da metonimiis arsis Sesaxeb

msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

metafora qronologiurad ufro adreuli

warmomavlobisaa, vidre _ metonimia. meta-

foruli azrovneba adamians axasiaTebda misi

istoriis adreul etapebze: ,,metafora, ro-

gorc kompleqsuri da gamaigivebeli az-

rovnebis forma, win uswrebs enisa da miTosis

urTierTgamijvnas. misi aRmocenebisas cno-

bierebis elementebi jer kidev araa gamoyo-

fili da gaigivebis swored es procesi _

metaforizaciaa” (freidenbergi 1998:116).

unda ganvasxvaoT metaforuli azrovneba

(metaforuli ,,RerZi”) da verbalurad for-

mulirebuli metafora. marTalia, orive maT-

gani sinTezis princips emyareba, magram meta-

foruli azrovnebis Tvisebaa sityvaTa mniS-

vnelobebis erTgvari aglutinacia, maSin, ro-

desac verbalurad formulirebul meta-

foraSi impliciturad monawileobs uaryo-

fis elementi. kerZod, a. veJbickas azriT,

metaforis siRrmiseuli struqturis

semantikuri eqsplikacia unda Camoyalibdes

amgvari formiT: ,,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ara...

aramed...” (veJbicka 1990::148). Tu sakmaod

gacveTil magaliTs moviSveliebT (,,riCardi

lomia”), maSin: ,,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

riCardi ki araa, aramed _ lomi”. aseve, iakob

filologiis mecniere-baTa doqtori, iliaWavWavaZis saxelmwifouniversitetis humani-tarul mecnierebaTa dakulturis kvlevebis fa-kultetis asocirebuliprofesori;ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:`qarTuli riTmis isto-riidan~, `feris mxatv-ruli gaazrebis Tavise-burebebi n. baraTaSvilispoeziaSi~, Teoriuli da-fuZnebis problema po-etikaSi, `me~-s koncef-cia qarTvel roman-tikosTa SemoqmedebaSi~.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:semiotika, leqsmcodneoba,literaturis istoriada Teoria, mxatvruliSemoqmedebis fsiqolo-gia.

153

curtaveliseuli metafora ,,movida mgeli igi” saWiroebs Semdegnair

eqsplikacias: ,,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es varsqeni ki ar iyo, aramed _

mgeli”. es ,,SeiZleba iTqvas” migvaniSnebs, rom uaryofa monawileobs

mxolod poeturi metaforebispoeturi metaforebispoeturi metaforebispoeturi metaforebispoeturi metaforebis semantikaSi, magram ar SeimCneva

metaforul azrovnebaSimetaforul azrovnebaSimetaforul azrovnebaSimetaforul azrovnebaSimetaforul azrovnebaSi, romelic aucileblad rodi moiTxovs

sityvier gamoxatvas.

azrovnebis metonimiuri da metaforuli planebis gansxvaveba

gamoixateba agreTve diqotomiiT: nacnobi/ucnobi. TvalsaCinoa, rom

metonimiis safuZvelia warmodgena nacnobi, analitikurad gaazrebuli

sagnis Sesaxeb. metafora emyareba ucnobi, simultanurad aRqmuli

sagnebis Sesaxeb warmodgenaTa urTierTdaaxloebas. jer kidev

potebnia akavSirebda nacnobi saxeebis mxatvrul xorcSesxmas maT

metonimiur bunebasTan (potebnia 1976:342). marTlac, Tu SevecdebiT

metonimiis siRrmiseuli struqturis semantikur eqsplicirebas,

aSkarad gamovlindeba misi zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba. mag., ,,erTi kaTxa

davlie” _ ,,yvelam icisyvelam icisyvelam icisyvelam icisyvelam icis, rom sityva ,,kaTxis” warmoTqmisas me

vfiqrob ludze”; an: ,,Tergdaleulebi Cvens literaturas SemoeWrnen,

rogorc namdvili revolucionerebi” (v. kotetiSvili) _ ,,yvelamyvelamyvelamyvelamyvelam

icisicisicisicisicis, rom sityva ,,TergdaleulTa” warmoTqmisas me vfiqrob maT

Sesaxeb, vinc XIX s. Sua xanebSi ganaTleba ruseTSi miiRo da

Semdgom saqarTveloSi dabrunda”.

,,metonimia amqrqalebs sagnis konturebs”, _ wers r. iakobsoni

metonimiis kerZo nairsaxeobis, sinekdoqes Sesaxeb (iakobsoni

1990:330). marTlac, metonimiuri detalis ,,msxvili planiT” warmoCena

iwvevs aRmqmeli subieqtis yuradRebis gamaxvilebas detalze da

ara mTlianad saganze. metafora, Tavis mxriv, amqrqalebs, abundovanebs

sagnis Sesabamisi termis konkretul mniSvnelobas, gadahyavs ra is

kontinualur semantikur velSi.

Semdgom, metonimia, rogorc suqcesiuri aRqmis Sedegi, anawevrebs

drosa da sivrces diskretul nawilebad, xolo ,,metaforul

gamonaTqvamSi gamoricxulia droisa da adgilis garemoebaTa

monawileoba” (arutiunova 1990:156).

xazgasasmelia, rom metafora literaturis evoluciis procesSi

arsebiT transformaciebs ganicdis. esaa istoriulad cvalebadi,


154

aramudmivi Sinaarsis mqone termini (vgulisxmobT metaforas rogorc

trops, da ara metaforis ,,RerZs”). SesaZloa, formalurad metaforis

Tvisebebis mqone tropi ar warmoadgendes sakuTriv metaforas.

am debulebis dasasabuTeblad unda gavixsenoT, rom seleqcia

(metaforis principi) yovelTvis gulisxmobs paradigmis wevrTa

gaerTianebas ,,virtualur, mnemonikur rigSi. misi wevrebi yovelTvis

in absentia gvxvdeba” (sosiuri 1977:156). amasTan, zogierTi mxatvruli

sistema iTvaliswinebs metaforis in praesentia funqcionirebas (ix.amis Sesaxeb qvemoT). es maSin xdeba, rodesac aqtualuria ganmeorebadi,

nacnobi metaforebis gamoyenebis tendencia. gaqvavebuli, myari

metaforebi, rogorc nacnobinacnobinacnobinacnobinacnobi saxeebi, am niSniT inacvleben metaforuli

planidan metonimiur planSi. amis magaliTebi uxvad gvxvdeba,

gansakuTrebiT _ Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

xSirad gamoiTqmis Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom gauqmebulia

(magaliTad, dialogurobis baxtiniseuli koncefciis zegavleniT)

niSnis Zveli, sosiuriseuli binaruli gageba, iseve, rogorc orpo-

lusiani koncefciebi ena/metyveleba da sinqronia/diaqronia (laxmani

2001:269). magram poetikaSi Tanmimdevrulad araa gamokvleuli

enisa da metyvelebis gamoxatulebebi poeturi figurebisa da

tropebis sferoSi. arada, aSkaraa, rom enisa da metyvelebis planebis

realurad arsebuli opozicia saSualebas iZleva, SemuSavebul iqnas

tropebis axleburi klasifikacia, sadac gamoikveTeba maTi

gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi imisda mixedviT, Tu romel plans

ganekuTvneba TiToeuli maTgani. saerTod, Tu ar CavTvliT

iakobsoniseul koncefcias, romelSic SeimCneva amgvari Teoriis Seqmnis

erTgvari mcdeloba, aseTi sakiTxi poetikaSi arc ki wamoWrila.

poetikaSi sawyis, amosaval aqsiomad enisa da metyvelebis

opoziciuri mimarTebis aRiareba, upirveles yovlisa, ganmartavs im

garemoebas, Tu ratom eTmoba upiratesi yuradReba metaforis arsis

gaSuqebas, maSin, rodesac specialur gamokvlevebSi sxva tropebs

meorexarisxovani adgili eTmoba xolme.

Tamar lomiZe

155

saqme isaa, rom metafora, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens erTaderT

trops, romelic ganekuTvneba enis plans, xolo yvela danarCeni

tropi da figura SeiZleba davajgufoT, rogorc metyvelebis planis

sxvadasxvagvari gamoxatulebani.

metafora erTaderTi tropia, romelic uSvebs garkveulTavisuflebas nagulisxmevi meore wevris mimarT _ es ukanaskneliSeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad iqnes aRqmuli sxvadasxva subieqtis mier.amitom Wirs metaforis sruli eqsplikacia. is arasodes emTxvevasakuTar ganmartebas. nagulisxmevi (virtualuri)sityva an warmodgenasemantikuri bundovanebiT gamoirCeva: ,,rac ufro difuzuria sityvismniSvneloba, miT ufro iolia misi metaforizeba... azrobrivi niuansebi

warmoiSoba mRvrie semantikur garemoSi” (arutiunova 1990:149).

metafora erTaderTi tropia, romelzec zemoqmedebs enis planidan

metyvelebis planSi gadayvana (anu paradigmidan sintagmis warmoqmna).

aseT SemTxvevaSi metafora kargavs Tavis specifikas da Sedarebad

iqceva: ,,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, garkveuli gagebiT, yvela metafora

elifsuria ex definitione, radgan mTlianad eqsplicitur metaforas

Cven saerTod ver vuwodebT metaforas...” (veJbicka 1990:149).

vfiqrobT, eqsplicituria, agreTve, gacveTili, tradiciuli

metaforebi, romlebic formalurad kvlav metaforebad rCebian, magram

inacvleben metaforis ,,RerZidan” (metaforuli planidan) metonimiuri

,,RerZisken” (metonimiuri planisken). marTlac, maTi virtualuri

wevrebi erTmniSvnelovnad gasagebia (nacnobia) enobrivi koleq-

tivisTvis da sintagmebis saxiT aRiqmeba. amgvar metaforebs SeiZleba

vuwodoT,,metonimiuri metaforebi”.∗ vafiqsirebT ra, rom WeSmariti

* rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, metaforas, iakobsonis kvalobaze, mivakuTvnebTparadigmatul poluss. paradigmis wevrebi ki, sosiuris gansazRvriT, ,,ar ariscnobierebaSi mocemuli garkveuli raodenobis, an garkveuli mimdevrobis saxiT”[sosiuri 1977:158]. amitom gansazRvruli sityvebis (cnebebis) myari SekavSirebisgziT warmoqmnil sintagmebs metaforebad ar miviCnevT, ganurCevlad imisa, rogoraaisini warmodgenili metyvelebaSi _ orive wevriT, Tu mxolod erTiT. arsebiTiaq isaa, rom ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic ki mkiTxvelis (an msmenlis) cnobierebaSiwarmoiqmneba myari asociacia nagulisxmev meore wevrTan.

iakobsoni metaforis principad asaxelebs xan substitucias (Senacvlebas),xan seleqcias, xan ki _ orives. vfiqrobT, ufro koreqtulia metaforis principadmartooden seleqciis aRiareba, radgan substitucia safuZvlad udevs aramarto metaforas, aramed _ sxva tropebsac (J. Jenetis azriT ki _ yvela trops[Jeneti 1998:34]). rac Seexeba seleqcias, e.i. alternatiul variantTa SerCevisoperacias, is damaxasiaTebelia martooden metaforisTvis.


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metafora ganekuTvneba enis (paradigmatikis) plans, mokleddavaxasiaTebT sxva tropebs.

m. l. gasparovis miTiTebiT, tropebis mTeli simravle daiyvanebaeqvs saxeobamde, romelTac daemata meSvide tropi: ,,tradiciuliritorikuli Teoriis eqvsi tropis garda, poeturma praqtikamgamoigona meSvide maTgani, romelsac aqamde ar miuRia saxelwodebada gansazRvra. eqvsi tradiciuli tropi iyo: metafora _ mniSvnelobisgadatana msgavsebis mixedviT, metonimia _ mniSvnelobis gadatanamomijnaveobis mixedviT, sinekdoqe _ mniSvnelobis gadatana odenobismixedviT, hiperbola _ mniSvnelobis gaZliereba, da, bolos,emfaza _ mniSvnelobis Seviwroeba (,,es adamiani namdvili adamianiiyo”; ,,aq gmiroba unda gamoiCino, is ki mxolod adamiania”). amnusxas axalma drom daumata, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, antiemfaza _mniSvnelobis gafarToeba, gabundovaneba” (gasparovi 1980:190).

ganekuTvneba Tu ara yvela es tropi metyvelebis plans? amplanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ra TvisebebiT gamoirCevian isini?

metonimia, rogorc analitikuri tropi, sintagmaturi xasiaTisaa.is imave niSniT ganekuTvneba metyvelebis plans, rogorc, magaliTad,myari (,,gacveTili”) metafora. metonimiis virtualuri wevriaucileblad cxadad, erTmniSvnelovnadaa gansazRvruli enobrivikoleqtivis cnobierebaSi da masSi sintagmaturad nawevrdebawarmodgena obieqtis Sesaxeb. analitikuri tropebis ricxvsganekuTvneba sinekdoqec, anu obieqtis detalis mixedviT am obieqtisaRniSvna. amgvarivea hiperbolac, romelic emyareba gansxvavebulisagnebis an movlenebis urTierTSejerebas, da, agreTve, emfaza, romelicanalogiuri xerxiT aigeba. zemoCamoTvlili tropebi metyvelebaSiixmareba myari sintagmebis saxiT. Sesabamisad, isini SeiZleba

metaforis warmoqmnis principad seleqciis (da ara substituciis) aRiarebasaSualebas iZleva, mkafiod ganvasxvaoT es tropi sxvebisgan. terminma ,,substitucia”zogierTi mkvlevari miiyvana iseT arakoreqtul daskvnebamde, rogoricaa: ,,yovelitropi, misi gansazRvris Tanaxmad, warmoadgens wevrTa substitucias da, maSasadame,gulisxmobs am wevrTa garkveul ekvivalenturobas, Tundac maT mimarTebaSi ariyos araferi analogiuri: rodesac vambobT ,,anZas” imis nacvlad, rom vTqvaT,,gemi”, Cven vaqcevT ,,afras” ,,gemis” substituciad, e.i. mis ekvivalentad” [iqve].sityvebi ,,afra” da ,,gemi” urTierTs ukavSirdeba momijnaveobis mixedviT, amitomsityva ,,afra” sinekdoqurad aRniSnavs ,,gems”. substitucia aq marTlacxorcieldeba, ris gamoc Znelia metaforisa da sinekdoqes maorganizebel principTaurTierTgamijvna. magram Tu metaforis warmoqmnis erTaderT principad seleqciasmiviCnevT, maSin es principi, ra Tqma unda, ar gavrceldeba sinekdoqeze, romelicar gulisxmobs araviTar seleqcias _ ,,afra” yovelTvisyovelTvisyovelTvisyovelTvisyovelTvis sinekdoqurad aRniSnavsmxolod da mxolod ,,gems”.

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ganvsazRvroT rogorc figurebi, xolo metafora _ rogorc sakuTrivtropi.∗

riTaa ganpirobebuli metaforisa da danarCeni tropebis(figurebis) mikuTvneba, Sesabamisad, enisa da metyvelebis planebisadmi?albaT, imiT, rom metafora imTaviTve warmoadgenda ara trops, armed_ arqauli azrovnebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas (,,metaforulobas”)maSin, rodesac metyveleba jer kidev Camouyalibebeli iyo. amiTaixsneba, rom mis virtualur meore wevrs aucileblad unda axldesis semantikuri bundovaneba, araerTmniSvnelovneba, romelic adamianisazrovnebis, ,,metaforuli” azrovnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani gaxldaTistoriis gariJraJze.


aaaaarutiunova 1rutiunova 1rutiunova 1rutiunova 1rutiunova 1979979979979979: Àðó ò þ í î âà Í.Ä. . ßçûêî âàÿ ìåòàôîðà (ñèíòàêñèñè ëåêñèêà) // Ëèíãâèñòèêà è ïîýòèêà. Ì., 1979.

gasparovigasparovigasparovigasparovigasparovi 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980: Ãàñïàðîâ Ì.Ë. Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ïîýòèêà è ñðàâíè-òåëüíàÿ ñòèõî âåäåíèå // Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ï îýòèêà. Ì., 1980.

veJbickaveJbickaveJbickaveJbickaveJbicka 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990: Âåæáèöêàÿ À. Ñðàâíåíèå-ãðàäàöèÿ-ìåòàôîðà // Òåîðèÿìåòàôîðû., Ì., 1990.

Telia 1Telia 1Telia 1Telia 1Telia 1988988988988988: Òåëèÿ Í .Â. Ìåòàôîðà êà ê ì îäåëü ñìûñëîïðîèçâî äñòâà èåå ýêñïðåññèâíî-îöåíî÷íàÿ ôóíêöèÿ // Ìåòàôîðà â ÿçûêå è òåêñòå.Ì., 1988 .

iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1iakobsoni 1990990990990990: ß êîáñîí Ð.Î. Äâà àñïåêòà ÿçûêà è äâà òèïà àôàòè-÷åñêèõ íàðóøåíèé. // Òåîðèÿ ìåòàôîðû. Ì., 1990.

laxmanilaxmanilaxmanilaxmanilaxmani 2001: 2001: 2001: 2001: 2001: Ë à õ ìàí Ð. Äå ì î í òàæ êðàñíîðå÷èÿ. Ñïá., 2001.potebniapotebniapotebniapotebniapotebnia 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976: Ïîòåáíÿ À.À. Ýñòåòèêà è êðèòèêà. Ì., 1976.Jeneti 1Jeneti 1Jeneti 1Jeneti 1Jeneti 1998998998998998 : Æåíåòò Æ. Ðàáîò û ï î ï îýòèêå, ò.2. Ì., 1998.sosiursosiursosiursosiursosiuri 1i 1i 1i 1i 1977:977:977:977:977: Ñ îññþð Ô. äå. Òðóäû ï î ÿçûêîçíàíèþ. Ì . , 1977.freidenbergi 1998freidenbergi 1998freidenbergi 1998freidenbergi 1998freidenbergi 1998: Ôðåéäåíáåðã Î.Ì. Ìèô è ëèòåðàòóðà äðåâíîñòè.

Ì., 1998.

∗ aRsaniSnavia, rom e.w. ,,sintagmatur” tropebs aerTianebs kidev erTi niSan-Tviseba, kerZod, ,,momijnaveobis asociaciis mixedviT organizebuli tropebi _sinekdoqe, metonimia da a.S. _ yvelaze naklebad emociogenuria. es tropebiwarmoSobs ufro simboloebsa da zogierT etalonizebul warmodgenas, vidrexatebs. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom iseTi somatizmebi, rogorebicaa xelixelixelixelixeli,,,,, fexi fexi fexi fexi fexi,,,,,TaviTaviTaviTaviTavi, , , , , guliguliguliguliguli da a.S., maTi gadaazrebisas ganapirobebs meoradi mniSvnelobissimbolur wakiTxvas (xeli _ Zalauflebis, nacnobobis, subieqtTan miaxloebis daa.S simboloa) (Telia 1988:32).


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salome omiaZe

konceptis cnebalingvokulturologiaSi

lingvokulturologiuri konceptis(SemdgomSi _ koncepti) gageba ar emTxvevacnebis klasikur (tradiciul) definicias,romelic sagnis arsebiT niSanTa erTobliobasgulisxmobs. Tanamedrove kulturologiurida lingvokulturologiuri midgomakonceptisadmi, uwinares yovlisa, sulieriRirebulebis cnebad miiCnevs mas, rac erTxelkidev amtkicebs humanitarul mecnierebaTaparadigmis morig cvlas, roca gasulisaukunis dasawyisSi gabatonebuli sistemur-struqturuli paradigmis adgils anTropo-centruli paradigma ikavebs. rogorcmkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, Rirebulebebisproblema, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis im epoqebSiCndeboda, roca xdeboda kulturulitradiciis gaufasureba, sazogadoebisideologiuri diskreditacia (aTenisdemokratiis krizisma aiZula sokratepirvelad daesva kiTxva: ra aris sikeTe?).aqsiologiuri Seferiloba, romelickoncepts axlavs, iwvevs mis gancdasac.konceptebi, rogorc mentaluri erTeulebi,aramarto gaiazrebian, aramed ganicdebiankidec, ufro zustad, maT mimarT vlindebasimpaTiisa da antipaTiis emociuri mimarTeba(stepanovi 1997:41). garda gancdisa,konceptis Semfasebluri Seferiloba`semiotikur simWidrovesac~ aCens: konceptigamoxatulebis planSi warmodgenilia mTelirigi enobrivi sinonimebiT, Tematuri velebiT,andazebiT, folkloruli da literaturuli

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ivane javaxiS-vilis saxelobis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis asocirebuliprofesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:`SeuZlebeli Sexamebani~Tanamedrove poeziis enaSi;qarTuli diskursis li-gvokulturul Semadge-nelTa struqtura, se-mantika da funqcionireba;qarTuli enis ganmarte-biTi leqsikonis rvato-meuli _ lingvokultu-rologiur kvlevaTafundamenturi wyaro;erovnul-kulturulikonceptebi: `bedi~, `wu-Tisofeli~; Targmanisadekvaturobis Sesaxebkognitiuri midgomisTvalsazrisiT.interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:stilistika, ritorika,kognitiuri lingvistika,semiotika, lingvokul-turologia.

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siuJetebiT, qcevis stereotipebiT, materialuri kulturis sagnebiTada sxv., rac miuTiTebs Sesabamisi konceptebis mniSvnelovnebazeadamianis cxovrebaSi.

cnebisagan konceptis gamoyofis saSualebad logikuri semantikiswarmomadgenlebs (frege, CorCi, karnapi...) miaCniaT cnebis ganSrevebaiseT wyvilebad, rogoricaa moculoba~ da Sinaarsi~, eqstensionali~da `intensionali~, `denotati~, `signifikati~, `mniSvneloba~ da`sazrisi~. am wyvilTa meore wevrebs eniWeba `konceptis~ saxeli.aq koncepti gulisxmobs raime saxelis cnebiTi Sinaarsis semantikuriwarmodgenis saSualebas, xolo mniSvneloba _ obieqtTa klass(simravles), romelTanac igi gvgzavnis. Tu am dayofas gadavitanTabstraqtul obieqtebze _ cneba-universaliebsa da sulierRirebulebebze, romlebic sinamdvilis saganTa ganusazRvrelad farToklasis hipostazirebul Tvisebebsa da mimarTebebs warmoadgenen,aRmoCndeba, rom amgvari konceptebi umoculobo cnebebia, wmindaazrobrivi konstruqtebi, radganac denotaturad isini obieqtTa`cariel simravles~ Seesabameba... isini mxolod azrovnebis subieqtiscnobierebaSi arseboben~ (vorkaCevi 2004:19).

rogorc s. vorkaCevi aRniSnavs, konceptis gamoyofis Tana-mimdevrulad lingvistikur niSans gvTavazobs n. d. aruTinova. misiganmartebiT, konceptebi `cxovrebiseuli filosofiis cnebebia~,`msoflmxedvelobriv terminTa yofiTi analogebi~, romlebicganmtkicebulia bunebrivi enis leqsikaSi da romlebic uzrunvelyofeneTnosis sulieri kulturis stabilurobasa da memkvidreobiTobas.konceptebi amgvari gagebiT warmoadgenen yofiT-filosofiuri(uwinaresad eTnikuri) cnobierebis erTeulebs, isini kulturuladniSnadi, aqsiologiurad Seferili da msoflmxedvelobrivorientirebulia. `filosofiuri da eTnikuri terminebis yofiTianalogebi bunebrivi enebis leqsikis farTo sferos qmnian~ (aruTinova1993:31). marTalia, kulturul koncepts~ am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,lingvistikuri statusi eniWeba da amdenad iqmneba SesaZleblobaisini aRiweros `samyaros enobrivi suraTis~ terminebiT, magram,rogorc vorkaCevi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, mTlad cxadi da udavoar unda iyos azri, romelic zemomoyvanili sityvebidan arapirdapirgamomdinareobs: wminda mecnierul, msoflmxedvelobrivsa da eTikurcnebebs raime kulturologiuri specifika ar gaaCnia. amasewinaaRmdegeba azrovnebis stilTa~ da mecnierul paradigmaTa~ _`azrovnebis kulturaTa~, rogorc saerTod kulturis Semadgenelinawilis, arsebobis faqti~ (vorkaCevi 2004:16).

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enobrivi konceptualizacia, rogorc leqsikur erTeulTaSinaarsobrivi planis semantikuri warmodgenis saSualebaTaerToblioba, rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebulia(veJbicka 1997:238), magram semantikuri warmodgenis mxolod specifikaar unda iyos sakmarisi konceptis, rogorc lingvokulturologiuricnebis, gamoyofisaTvis. yuradsaRebia specialur literaturaSigamoTqmuli mosazrebebi amis Taobaze. fiqroben, rom enobrivi dakulturuli Taviseburebani aq ufro metad SemTxveviTia da isiniver asaxaven semantikis erovnul-kulturul (sakuTriv eTnikur)Taviseburebas, da arc yvela gansxvaveba calkeul leqsikur erTeulTaSida formebs Sors SeiZleba miviCnioT konceptualuri TvalsazrisiTRirebulad (dobrovolski 1997:42). aqve dgeba sakiTxi mentalobisada mentalitetis Sesaxeb, kerZod, maTi urTierTmimarTebisa da araidenturobisa.

ama Tu im enis matarebelTa msoflaRqmis specifikas asaxavskonceptTa, rogorc semantikur erTeulTa, erToblioba, romelicqmnis konceptualur sferos. swored es sfero Seesabameba mentalobas,rogorc samyaros xedvis saSualebas. rac Seexeba mentalitets,romelic eris kognitiur, emociur da qceviT stereotipTa simravledganixileba, mis sferoSi Sedis eTnikuri specifikiT niSandebulikonceptebi (maslova 2001:49). mentalobasa da mentalitets SorissazRvari anu gansxvaveba konceptTa farTo da viwro mniSvnelobebsSoris ar aris mkafio. dRes arc arsebobs ama Tu imlingvokulturuli erTobis Tanamedrove mentalitetis aRwerisformaluri saSualebebi. erTaderT kriteriumad miiCneven enisleqsikur semantikaSi asaxuli kognitiuri da fsiqologiuristereotipebis masobriobasa da invariantulobas (Telia 1996:235).

lingvokulturologiur gamokvlevebSi erTiani azri ar arisimis Sesaxeb, Tu enis konkretulad romeli erTeulebi ukavSirdebakoncepts, Tumca kavSiris arsebobas konceptsa da gamoxatvis verbalursaSualebebs Soris yvela aRniSnavs. igi miaCniaT `sityvaSiganzogadebul (signifikaciur) saxed, romelic samyros erovnulisuraTis fragments asaxavs~; `koleqtiuri cnobierebis nebismierdiskretul erTeulad, romelic asaxavs realuri an idealurisamyaros sagans da verbalurad aRniSnuli inaxeba erovnuli enismexsierebaSi~ (vorkaCevi 2004:34).

marTlac, enaSi arsebobs konkretuli leqsikuri erTeulebi,romlebic nominaciuri formiT warmoadgenen materialursa dasocialur kulturas, iqneba es yofis specifikuri realiebi Tu

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sazogadoebrivi institutebi, xolo sulieri da qceviTi kulturaleqsikur semantikaSi konotaciebis saxiT gvevlineba. amdenad,konceptisa da misi realizaciebis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba sakuTrivenaTmecnierul problematikas. konceptis, rogorc verbaluradgacxadebuli sazrisis, Seswavla unda gulisxmobdes am sazrisispovnierebis sferosa da misi komunikaciuri realizaciis donisdadgenas. amasTanave, sityva, rogorc enis leqsikur-semantikurisistemis elementi, yovelTvis realizdeba ama Tu im leqsikuriparadigmis SemadgenlobaSi, ris gamoc igi SeiZleba ganvixiloTrogorc am sityvis leqsikur-semantikuri variantebiT agebulileqsikuri paradigmis invarianti, aseve, ganvixiloT rogorc amavesityvis erT-erTi leqsikur-semantikuri variantis Sesabamis sinonimTarigis saxeli. yvela SemTxvevaSi koncepti, rogorc wesi, miemarTebaim sxvadasxvagvar sinonimur (leqsikur, frazeologiursa daaforistul) erTeulTa erTobliobis gamoxatulebis plans, romlebicam koncepts aRweren enaSi. amgvarad, mTel leqsikur-semantikurparadigmas da ara paradigmis erT-erT wevrs ukavSirdeba konceptiscneba.

rac Seexeba lingvokulturuli konceptis Sinaarsis plans, isicSeicavs semantikur niSanTa, sul mcire, or rigs: 1) masSi Sediskonceptis enobrivi realizaciebisaTvis saerTo semebi, romlebiclingvokulturuli, eTnosemantikuri specifikiT aris niSandebulida dakavSirebuli enis matarebelTa mentalobasTan an nacionalurienobrivi pirovnebis mentalitetTan (vorkaCevi 2004:37). erovnul-kulturuli specifikis qona sityvisTvis is niSania, rac mas konceptisstatuss aniWebs (neroznaki 1998:85).

rogorc vxedavT, koncepti semantikurad warmoadgens garkveulabstraqcias, romelic Tavis enobriv realizaciaTa mniSvnelobebsganazogadebs. abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxi aqvT metafizikurkonceptebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, suli, siyvaruli, WeSmariteba,suli, siyvaruli, WeSmariteba,suli, siyvaruli, WeSmariteba,suli, siyvaruli, WeSmariteba,suli, siyvaruli, WeSmariteba,bedniereba, Tavisuflebabedniereba, Tavisuflebabedniereba, Tavisuflebabedniereba, Tavisuflebabedniereba, Tavisufleba da misT. isini miemarTebian sulierRirebulebaTa uxilav samyaros~. am mentalur arsTa sazrisi SeiZlebagacxaddes mxolod simbolos, niSnis saSualebiT, romlis xatovanisagnobrivi Sinaarsis meSveobiT gamoixateba abstraqtulis Sinaarsi.mkvlevarTa azriT, swored es iwvevs amgvar konceptTa SedarebiTadvil `sinonimizaciasa~ da e. w. `konceptualizebuli sferos~Seqmnas, sadac metafizikur sazrisebsa da sagnobrivi samyarosmovlenebs Soris Cndeba semantikuri asociaciebi, erTmaneTs erwymissulieri da materialuri kulturebi.


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amgvarad, konceptTa ricxvs miekuTvneba mxolod semantikuriwarmonaqmnebi, romelTa sia sakmaod SezRudulia. isini sakvanZoerTeulebs warmoadgenen erovnuli mentalitetis, rogorc misimatareblebis samyarosadmi specifikuri mimarTebis, gagebisaTvis.enobrivi niSnis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris adekvaturi aRniSvnisaTvisaxali terminis SemuSavebam, romelic moxsnida tradiciuli`mniSvnelobisa~ da sazrisis~ funqciur SezRudulobas da romelSicorganulad iqneboda Serwymuli logikur-fsiqologiuri daenaTmecnieruli kategoriebi, gaaCina metoqe nominaciuri erTeulebi:`koncepti~, `lingvokulturema~, `miTologema~, `logoepistema~.`koncepti~, `lingvokulturema~, `miTologema~, `logoepistema~.`koncepti~, `lingvokulturema~, `miTologema~, `logoepistema~.`koncepti~, `lingvokulturema~, `miTologema~, `logoepistema~.`koncepti~, `lingvokulturema~, `miTologema~, `logoepistema~.amaTgan ufro sicocxlisunariani pirveli aRmoCnda, romelmacgamoyenebis sixSiriT Camoitova sxva danarCenebi, miuxedavad imisa,rom dasaxelebul proterminTa Soris saerTo is iyo, rom yovelimaTganis meSveobiT cdilobdnen aesaxaT mouxelTebeli, e. w. xalxissuli~, anu enobriv codnaTa warmodgenis eTnikuri specifika.

rac Seexeba konceptis definiciur niSnebs, maT Soris SeiZlebadavasaxeloT Sida danawevreba, `semiotikuri simWidrove~,`komunikaciuri relevanturoba~, `gancdiToba~, `etimologiurimexsiereba~ abstraqcia (leqsikur realizaciaTa mniSvnelobebisganzogadeba, romelic moculobiTa da siRrmiT aRemateba Cveulebrivisityvis ganmazogadebel Zalas), agreTve, mravaldonianoba, rac aRniSnulrealizaciaTa simravleze abstraqciis intervaliT ganisazRvreba(igulisxmeba `protokonceptebi~ _ monoglosuri konceptebi _poliglosuri konceptebi). am niSanTagan zogi fakultatiuria.arsebiTi ki is aris, rom konceptis semantikaSi gamoiyofa cnebiTi,xatovani da RirebulebiTi komponentebi, amasTanave, cnebiTi Semadgeneliar daiyvaneba ubralod `sagnis arsebiTi niSnebis~ Sesaxebinformaciaze, xolo mTlianad koncepti moicavs komunikaciuradmniSvnelovan mTel informacias, iqneba es Sidasistemuri, pragmatikuliTu etimologiuri. amgvar konceptTa erToblioba qmnis eniskonceptur sferos, sadac koncentrirebulia eris kultura anuigi warmoadgens enobriv-kulturul codnaTa erTobliobas.konceptosferodan igeba enis mflobelis msofl-gageba. magaliTad,qarTuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis konceptosferoSi, sadacasaxulia Cveni xalxis mentaliteti da sulieri gamocdileba, ariskonceptebi: amaoeba, boroteba, saTnoeba, damdableba, Tanalmoba,amaoeba, boroteba, saTnoeba, damdableba, Tanalmoba,amaoeba, boroteba, saTnoeba, damdableba, Tanalmoba,amaoeba, boroteba, saTnoeba, damdableba, Tanalmoba,amaoeba, boroteba, saTnoeba, damdableba, Tanalmoba,sasoeba, ziareba, miteveba, cxoneba, jvarcmasasoeba, ziareba, miteveba, cxoneba, jvarcmasasoeba, ziareba, miteveba, cxoneba, jvarcmasasoeba, ziareba, miteveba, cxoneba, jvarcmasasoeba, ziareba, miteveba, cxoneba, jvarcma da sxv., romelTaganTiToeuli sakraluri azris Semcvelia. aRniSnul midgomaSi gan-msazRvrelia leqsikur semantikaSi moqmedi samyaros konceptua-

salome omiaZe

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lizaciis xerxi, xolo kvlevis ZiriTad saSualebas, rogorc miiCneven,warmoadgens konceptualuri modeli, romlis saSualebiTac gamoiyofakonceptis semantikis bazisuri komponentebi da dgindeba maT Sorisarsebuli mdgradi kavSirebi (mixalCuki 1997:29).

enis simdidre ganisazRvreba ara marto leqsikuri maragisa dagramatikuli SesaZleblobebis simdidriT, aramed koncepturi samyaros,konceptosferos simdid-riT, romelSic yalibdeba erovnuli enobrivipirovneba (maslova 2004:17).


aruTinova 1993:aruTinova 1993:aruTinova 1993:aruTinova 1993:aruTinova 1993: Àðóòþíîâà Í. Ä. Ââåäåíèå // Ëîãè÷åñêèé àíàëèçÿçûêà. Ìåíòàëüíûå äåéñòâèÿ. Ì., 1993.

dobrovolski 1dobrovolski 1dobrovolski 1dobrovolski 1dobrovolski 1997:997:997:997:997: Äîáðîâî ëüñêèé Ä. Î., Íàöèîíàëüí î -êóëüòóðíàÿñïåöèôèêà âî ôðàçåîëîãèè (I) // Âîïðîñû ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ. Ì., 1997,¹ 6 .

veJbickaveJbickaveJbickaveJbickaveJbicka 11111997:997:997:997:997: Âåæáèöêàÿ À. ßçûê. Êóëüòóðà. Ïîçíàíèå. Ì., 1997.vovovovovorkaCevi 2004:rkaCevi 2004:rkaCevi 2004:rkaCevi 2004:rkaCevi 2004: Âîðêà÷åâ Ñ. Ñ÷àñòüå êàê ëèíãâî êóëüòóðíûé êî í ö å ï ò.

Ì., 2004.Telia 1Telia 1Telia 1Telia 1Telia 1996:996:996:996:996: Â. Í. Òåëèÿ. Ðóññêàÿ ôðàçåîëîãèÿ. Ñå ìàíòè÷åñêèé,

ïðàãì àòè÷åñêèé è ëèíãâî êóëüòóðîëîãè÷åñêèé àñïåêòû. Ì., 1996.maslovamaslovamaslovamaslovamaslova 20012001200120012001: Ì à ñ ë î âà Â. À. Ëèíãâî êóëüòóðîëîãèÿ. Ì., 2001.maslova 2004maslova 2004maslova 2004maslova 2004maslova 2004: Ì à ñ ë î âà Â. À. Ââåäåíèå â êîãíèòèâíóþ ëèíãâèñòèêó,

Ì., 2004.mixalCuki 1mixalCuki 1mixalCuki 1mixalCuki 1mixalCuki 1997:997:997:997:997: Ì è õàëü÷óê È. Ï. Êî í ö å ï òóàë ü í û å ì îäåëè â

ñå ìàíòè÷åñêî é ðåêî íñòðóêöèè (èíäîåâðîïåéñêî å ïîíÿòèå “çàêî í ” )// ÈÀÍÑËß. Ò. 56, ¹4, 1997.

neroznaki 1neroznaki 1neroznaki 1neroznaki 1neroznaki 1998:998:998:998:998: Íåðîçíàê Â. Ï . Îò êî í ö å ï òà ê ñëîây: ê ïðîáë å ì åô è ë îë îãè÷åñêî ãî êî í ö å ï òóàëèçì à / / Â î ïð îñ û ô è ë îë î ã è è èì å òî äèêè ïðå ï îäàâà í èÿ è í îñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ. Îìñê, 1998.

stepanovi 1stepanovi 1stepanovi 1stepanovi 1stepanovi 1997:997:997:997:997: Þ. Ñ. Ñòåïàí îâ . Êî í ñ òàíòû: ñëîâàðü ðóññêî éêóëüòóðû. Îïûò èññëåä î âà í è ÿ . Ì., 1997.


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giorgi SavguliZe

semiotikidanfilosofiisaken

franguli struqturizmis warmomadge-nlebi, ikvleven sinamdvilis erT romelimekonkretul mxares, _ es iqneba eTnologia,fsiqologia, xelovnebaTmcodenoba, mecnierebisistoria, Tu literaturaTmcodneoba,Tanamedrove sazogadoebis zogadi problemebiaisaxeba struqturalistur koncefciebSida unda iTqvas, rom kacobriobis mierdagrovili codnisadmi struqturalisturimidgoma, codnis, mecnierebis xiluli teqstismiRma arsebuli jerac aqamde uxilaviteqstis TeTri sicarielis danaxvasemsaxureba (fuko). aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT,rom struqturalistebi upirispirdebiancodnis imgvar gagebas, rogoric Camoayalibaklasikuri epoqis racionalisturma mimar-Tulebam. erTis mxriv, maTi koncefciebiSeicavs kritikas klasikuri racionalizmismniSvnelovani debulebisa da meores mxriv,ayalibeben Semecnebis sruliad axal vels.aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebulebaklasikuri evropuli racionalizmisadmigvidasturebs da migvaniSnebs neoraciona-listuri koncefciis rTul xasiaTze.

mecniereba, rogorc Teoriuli codnisforma, flobs im xerxebsa da saSualebebs,romlebic gamoimuSavebs sakuTar refleq-sias da masze dayrdnobiT axdens winarecodnis safuZvlebis gaazrebas da agebs axalicodnis vels.

struqturalistebis azriT, mecnierebasSeuZlia dagvanaxos, rom adamianuri cnobiereba

akaki wereTlis uni-versitetis saerTaSorisourTierTobaTa saswavlo-samecniro kvleviTi ins-titutis mecnieri Tana-mSromeliZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:franguli struqturizmida rolan barti rasinisTeatris Sesaxeb (2002 w.)ojaxi, legitimacia dalegitimuroba (2005 w.)interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:struqturalizmi, socio-logia, politikuri fi-losofia.

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ar daiyvaneba mxolod racionaluri azrovnebis donemde, rom istoriiswarsul periodebSi, epoqebSi SenivTebulia raRac maradcocxalispecifika, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebam ki ar unda CaaxSos,aramed unda moaxdinos misi rekonstruireba. es procesebi ar ariswinaswargansazRvruli da erTmniSvnelovnad determinirebuli, romlisekonomikur-materialuri da sulieri faqtorebi urTierTzemoqmedebenda mudmivad warmoSoben am procesebs.

struqturalisturi moZRvrebis konstruqcia, romelic TiTqmis`msoflmxedvelobriv~ donemde iqna ayvanili, iZleva sakmaod STambeWdavsuraTs, romlis sruli da gaformebuli saxiT CamoyalibebadakavSirebulia k. levi-strosis, J. lakanis, r. bartis da m. fukossaxelebTan. k. levi-strosis, rogorc eTnologis mTavari kritikissagans warmoadgens evropocentrizmi; mecnierebis istorikosis m.fukosaTvis _ evolucionisturi progresizmi; fsiqolog J.lakanisaTvis _ raciocentrizmi; literaturaTmcodne r. bartismTavari Tema ki _ aqronizmia (dros gareSe mdgomi esTetikuriRirebulebebi da idealebi).

sabWouri filosofiis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic struq-turalizms ganixilavdnen dialeqtikuri materializmis poziciebidan,miaCndaT, rom struqturalizmi ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes erTianmonoliTur Tvalsazrisad (avtonomova 1977: 51), rac ara marTebulia,radgan struqturalizmis warmomadgenelTa Teoriebi yvelgan dayovelTvis emyareba Semdeg principebs: 1. ena, rogorc niSanTa sistema;2. sistemis gaazreba cnobierisa da aracnobieris organulmTlianobad; 3. elementi, rogorc sistemis struqtura.

literaturaTmcodne r. barti da mecnierebis istorikosi m.fuko amuSavebdnen tradiciuli, istoriagamovlili evropulikulturis masalebs, J. lakani _ fsiqoanalizs, k. levi-strosisazogadoebriv organizacias da pirvelyofili adamianis sulierstruqturas. kvleva struqturalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelizemoTaRniSnuli sami principis gamoyenebiT da masze dayrdnobiTxorcieldeboda, ramac struqturalizmi udaod monoliTurmoZRvrebad warmoaCina.

struqturalizmis gamoCenas XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebisfrangul mecnierebaTa parnasze arc ukritikod Cauvlia. fransuaSatles werilSi `sadamdea misuli struqturalizmi?~ (Satle1967), saCoTirod miaCnda am `fsevdomimarTulebaze~ yuradRebisgamaxvileba. Satle TviTreklamas, eklektizmsa da `ideologiur

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deboSs~ swamebda struqturalizms da bodiSs uxdida mkiTxvels,brWyalebSi Casmul problemaze rom sTavazobda mokle biografias.

struqturalizmis irgvliv bumi klod levi-strosis SromebTanaris dakavSirebuli, magram misi Semdgomi kvlav gaxmaureba ukvemiSel fukos saxels ukavSirdeba. safrangeTis filosofiur daliteraturul wreebSi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia fukosmeoTxe da mexuTe wignma _ sityvebi da sagnebi~ (1966 w.), codnisarqeologia~ (1969 w.). gamokvleva aRiqves, rogorc struqturalizmismorigi gamovlineba. kvlav daisva sakiTxi: bolosdabolos, raswarmoadgens struqturalizmi?! Satles, struqturalizmi ar miaCndaerTian da raime arsebiTi xasiaTis mqone mimarTulebad. miswarmomadgenlebs ufro is akavSirebs, rasac TviT ukuagdeben dauaryofen, vidre is, rasac amtkicebeno. Satles es Sexedulebastruqturalizmis mowinaaRmdegeTa saerTo azrs gamoxatavs.

Satle struqturalizmis warmomadgenlebs oTx ZiriTad jgufadhyofs: pirveli jgufis sulis Camdgmelia eTnologi k. levi-strosi,mis SromebSi ganxilulia egreTwodebuli primitiuli sazogadoebis~struqturebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mkvlevari cdilobs daSordesam sakiTxze mecnierebaSi arsebul stereotipebs da uSualod realuriviTarebidan gamomdinare axdens analizs. am aspeqtSi Satle arkamaTobs, magram sasacilod miaCnia (misi sityvebia) levi-strosismier erTi konkretuli dargis safuZvelze miRebuli daskvnebisada meTodologiis gavrceleba sxva humanitarul mecnierebebze.

meore jgufi, romelsac Jak lakani Taosnobda, froidizmisperspeqtivaSia moqceuli da kvleva-Ziebas awarmoebda fsiqiurdaavadebaTa problemebze dayrdnobiT. f. Satles aqac mxedvelobaSiaqvs konkretuli Sedegebi da uars ambobs maT ganzogadebaze.

mesame jgufma Seqmna Zalze sxvadasxvanairi Sromebi, romelTaSoris yvelaze cnobili da marTebulia miSel fukosa da rolanbartis ideebi~ (Satle 1967). kritikosi am jgufis mimarT SedarebiTlmobierebas iCens da mouwodebs maT nicSeanuri `filosofiurikeTilsindisierebisaken~ da gatkepnili gzisagan ganze gadgomas.

meoTxe jgufi, marqsisti struqturalistebisa lui alTuserisTaosnobiT, cdilobda dialeqtikuri materializmis moZRvrebisganviTarebas. f. Satle levi-strossa da alTusers Soris aTavsebsmoris godelies, romelic miznad isaxavda istoriuli materializmisCarCoebis gafarToebas.

Jan pol sartris azriT, `fuko, adamianebs awvdis imas, rasacisini saWiroeben: eklektikur sinTezs, sadac rob-griie,

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struqturalizmi, lingvistika, tel-keli~ da lakani rig-rigobiTgamoyenebulia istoriuli ganWvretis (reflexion historique)SeuZleblobis dasamtkiceblad~ (deqsi 1967). Jan pol sartricdebao, _ ambobs deqsi, _ rodesac igi struqturalizms (miSelfuko) istoriis Praxi-is uaryofas swamebs. yvela mecnierebas oriSemadgeneli nawili aqvs: pirveli, umTavresi, struqturebis gamoyofada, meore, maTi gardaqmnisa da erTimeoreSi gadasvlis Seswavla.suraTis gasamartiveblad, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirvel moments ikvlevsmiSel fuko, meore momenti ki sartris filosofiis mizidulobiscentrs warmoadgens. magram es ori momenti, pier deqsis azriT,erTimeores ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed avsebs. deqsis TvalsazrisiT,fukos damsaxureba isaa, rom igi aRadgens istoriul manZils,distancias, saukuneTa cvlaSi eZebs evropuli azrovnebis ZiriTadstruqturebs.

struqturalizmiT gamowveul paeqrobaSi TviT struqturalizmiscneba gaxda dasadgeni. sartri mas negatiur elfers aniWebs dasisxlis Segubebas (stase) amsgavsebs istoriis ganviTarebisstruqturalistur interpretacias. pier deqsi emxroba piaJesgansazRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmad `Cvens winaSea cnebaTa sami didikategoria: struqturebi anu organizaciis formebi; funqciebi,struqturebi anu organizaciis formebi; funqciebi,struqturebi anu organizaciis formebi; funqciebi,struqturebi anu organizaciis formebi; funqciebi,struqturebi anu organizaciis formebi; funqciebi,raodenobriv an energetikul RirebulebaTa wyaro daraodenobriv an energetikul RirebulebaTa wyaro daraodenobriv an energetikul RirebulebaTa wyaro daraodenobriv an energetikul RirebulebaTa wyaro daraodenobriv an energetikul RirebulebaTa wyaro damniSvnelobani (mniSvnelobani (mniSvnelobani (mniSvnelobani (mniSvnelobani (significations)~ )~ )~ )~ )~ (deqsi 1967).

struqturalizmTan mimarTebaSi sagulisxmoa cnobilifilologis norTrop frais sityvebi, romelic semantikurigamokvlevebis Sesaxeb Semdegs werda: CemTvis, ra Tqma unda, cnobilia,rom axla viTardeba axali tipis boboqari (igulisxmeba XX saukunis60-iani wlebi) da friad bundovani inteleqtualuri moRvaweoba...amasTan urTierTkavSirSi aRmoCndnen erTmaneTisagan iseTi dacilebulicodnis dargebi, rogorebicaa: uZvelesi istoria da maTematika, logikada sainJinro saqme, sociologia da fizika. yvela im wigns, romelSices axali ideebia gadmocemuli, daaxloebiT ise Sevcqeri, rogorcmose mis win mTaze movlenil RmerTs _ krZaluli SiSiT~ (veimani1975).

* * *erTis mxriv, sakmaod damuSavebuli meTodis arsebobam da meores

mxriv, konkretul mecnierebebSi struqturuli meTodologiisdamkvidrebam sakvlevi masalis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT sruliadaxali realobis winaSe daayena mTeli mecnierebis sfero, vinaidanigi mkvlevars ubiZgebda sakvlevi obieqtis sxva rakursiT

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danaxvisaken. amasTan dakavSirebiT Jan-maqs oziasi ityvis:`struqturalizmi xdeba meTodi, romelic metyvelebs Tavisi obieqtissufTa enaze~ (oziasi 1971: 72).

rogorc cnobilia, meTodi arasodes ar aris gulgrili sagnismimarT, yoveli axali xerxi sruliad sxva TaviseburebebiTwarmogvidgens erTi da igive sagans da am SemTxvevaSi ara mxolodsagani gansazRvravs meTods, aramed meTodic axdens ukuqmedebassaganze, rac sxva WriliT gviCvenebs mas.

struqturuli meTodis konkretul mecnierebaze gamoyenebisasSeiniSneba am meTodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli originaluri Tavisebureba,kerZod, igi iwvevs am mecnierebis CarCoebSi damoukidebeli dagansakuTrebuli nawilis Seqmnas da amdenad, mkvlevarebi zogjerarc mTlad usafuZvlod miuTiTeben ori mecnierebis arsebobaze _tradiciulze da struqturulze. magaliTad, tradiciulilingvistika, struqturuli lingvistika; literaturaTmcodneoba,struqturuli literaturaTmcodneoba (cvetan todorovas terminiTpoetika); anTropologia, struqturuli anTropologia; eTnografia,struqturuli eTnografia (levi-strosis terminiT eTnologia).

am gansxvavebaSi arsebobs raRac pirobiToba, vinaidan mecnierebaganisazRvreba pirvel rigSi Tavis sagniT da amocanebiT da aragamoyenebuli meTodiT. axali meTodologiis gamoyeneba araxali meTodologiis gamoyeneba araxali meTodologiis gamoyeneba araxali meTodologiis gamoyeneba araxali meTodologiis gamoyeneba ariZleva axal mecnierebasiZleva axal mecnierebasiZleva axal mecnierebasiZleva axal mecnierebasiZleva axal mecnierebas. meTodologiuri xerxis gamoyenebasaSualebas iZleva gamoyofili iqnas gansakuTrebuli sferomecnierebaSi da gafarTovdes Cveni codna sagnis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa frangulistruqturalizmis warmomadgenlis cvetan todorovas mosazreba.igi Tavis wignSi `poetika~ (todorova 1975) gvTavazobs struq-turuli meTodologiis gamoyenebis gziT axleburad iqnes agebulimecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb. mas miaCnia, rom literaturulimasalis kvlevisadmi biografiuli midgoma aranair mecnierulRirebulebas ar warmoadgens da amdenad igi literaturaTmcodneobissferos ar unda ganekuTvnebodes. aseTi daskvnidan gamomdinare,todorova erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs da asaxelebs litera-turaTmcodneobis Seswavlis or ufro SesaZlo variants: pirvelivarianti literaturuli teqstis rogorc aseTis Seswavlaa. aseTSemTxvevaSi, literaturuli nawarmoebi warmoadgens erTaderTobieqts da kvlevis saboloo mizans, aq mocemulia misi interpretacia.meore SesaZlo varianti gulisxmobs calkeuli nawarmoebebisganxilvas, rogorc romelime abstraqtuli struqturis gamovlineba.

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am SemTxvevaSi analizis obieqti xdeba ukve ara calkeuli nawarmoebebi,aramed misi jgufebi. mkvlevari miiswrafvis saerTo kanonebisdadgenisaken, romelTa mixedviT aigeba nawarmoebi. aseT midgomas,todorovas azriT, SeiZleba vuwodoT mecnieruli kritika, vinaidanaq, am SemTxvevaSi, urTierTTan mezobloben gamokvlevebi fsiqologiasada fsiqoanalizSi, sociologiasa da enTologiaSi, filosofiasa daistoriul mecnierebebSi. am gamokvlevebSi uaryofilia lite-raturuli nawarmoebis avtonomiuroba, romelic ganixileba rogorcliteraturuli kanonzomierebebis gare fsiqologiis, sazogadoebrivicxovrebis an e.w. adamianis sulis~ sferos sakuTreba. am SemTxvevaSi,todorova Tvlis, rom mkvlevaris amocanas warmoadgens mxatvrulinawarmoebis azris asaxva am miznisaTvis romelime ufro Rrma enazeSerCeuli gamonaTqvamis saxiT. mxatvruli nawarmoebis kvlevaemsgavseba amoSifvras an Targmnas, vinaidan mkvlevaris winaSe nawarmoebimocemulia rogorc `raRac~ da misi mizania, amocanaa gaSifros am`raRacis~ poetikuri kodi, imis mixedviT, Tu rogori buneba gaaCniaam raRacas~, _ filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri Tu kidevromelime sxva. amisda mixedviT, ganxiluli tipis kvleva SeiZlebamivakuTvnoT codnis Sesabamis sferoebs. aseTi xasiaTis gamokvlevebs,todorovas azriT, mecnierebaze pretenzia aqvT imdenad, ramdenadacmaT obieqtebs warmoadgenen sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi ganwesrigebulikanonebi (fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri da sxva) da ara calkeulifaqtebi, romliTac xdeba am kanonTa ilustrireba.

literaturuli masalisadmi midgomis es ori varianti,todorovas azriT, ar aris SeuTavsebadi, piriqiT, isini avsebenkidec urTierTs, magram imisda mixedviT, Tu raze keTdeba ZiriTadiaqcenti, yovelTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, Tu romeli dominirebs am orivariantidan.

calkul nawarmoebTa interpretaciis gziT poetika cdilobsara am nawarmoebSi mocemuli azris garkvevas, aramed im saerTokanonebis Semecnebas, romlebic ganapirobeben mis warmoqmnas. meoresmxriv, poetika mecnierebaTa sferoSi mocemul kanonebs eZebs TviTliteraturaSi. maSasadame, poetika gamoxatavs literaturisadmirogorc `abstraqtul~ midgomas, aseve gamowvlilviT midgomas`Signidan~.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rogorc vxedavT, struqturulipoetikis kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens ara literaturulinawarmoebi Tavis Tavad, aramed iseTi gansakuTrebuli ti pisgamoTqmebis Tvisebebi, rogoric aris literaturuli teqsti. am


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TvalsazrisiT, yoveli mxatvruli nawarmoebi ganixileba rogorcromelime ufro abstraqtuli struqturis realizacia. amdenad,struqturuli poetika dainteresebulia literaturul nawar-moebebis SesaZlo qveteqstebiT. mas ainteresebs is abstraqtuliTviseba, romelic warmoadgens literaturuli faqtis ganmasxvavebelniSans. aseTi saxis kvlevis amocanaa ara literaturuli nawarmoebisTxroba, aramed literaturuli teqstis struqturis dafunqcionirebis Teoriis Camoyalibeba, _ Teoriisas, romeliciTvaliswinebs literaturuli SesaZleblobebis mTel krebuls,romelSic realuri literaturuli nawarmoebebi daikavebengansazRvruli kerZo SemTxvevebis, realizebuli SesaZleblobebisadgils.

literaturaTmcodneobis am formiT gagebisaTvis, da kidev ufronaTeli rom gaxdes sakiTxi, SevexebiT lingvisturi filosofiisprofesoris mamuka biWaSvilis poetikas `Sagrenis tyavis meoremxares~ (biWaSvili 1996). mecnieri balzakis novelidan exeba teqsts,romelic gamosaxuli gaxldaT Sagrenis tyavis erT mxares, Tu me`Tu me`Tu me`Tu me`Tu memflob, yovelives mflobeli iqnebi. magram Seni cxovrebamflob, yovelives mflobeli iqnebi. magram Seni cxovrebamflob, yovelives mflobeli iqnebi. magram Seni cxovrebamflob, yovelives mflobeli iqnebi. magram Seni cxovrebamflob, yovelives mflobeli iqnebi. magram Seni cxovrebaCemi iqneba. RmerTma ase ineba. isurve da Seni survilebiCemi iqneba. RmerTma ase ineba. isurve da Seni survilebiCemi iqneba. RmerTma ase ineba. isurve da Seni survilebiCemi iqneba. RmerTma ase ineba. isurve da Seni survilebiCemi iqneba. RmerTma ase ineba. isurve da Seni survilebiSens cxovrebas Seufarde. es cxovreba aq aris. yoveli SeniSens cxovrebas Seufarde. es cxovreba aq aris. yoveli SeniSens cxovrebas Seufarde. es cxovreba aq aris. yoveli SeniSens cxovrebas Seufarde. es cxovreba aq aris. yoveli SeniSens cxovrebas Seufarde. es cxovreba aq aris. yoveli Senisurvilis mixedviT me iseve Sevmcirdebi, rogorc Seni dReebisurvilis mixedviT me iseve Sevmcirdebi, rogorc Seni dReebisurvilis mixedviT me iseve Sevmcirdebi, rogorc Seni dReebisurvilis mixedviT me iseve Sevmcirdebi, rogorc Seni dReebisurvilis mixedviT me iseve Sevmcirdebi, rogorc Seni dReebiSemcirdebian...~Semcirdebian...~Semcirdebian...~Semcirdebian...~Semcirdebian...~ (balzaki 1952: 65-301). misgan gansxvavebiT mecniersainteresebs tyavis meore mxaris sruliad ucnobi Sinaarsi, anu is,razedac migvaniSnebs xiluli teqstis TeTri sicariele~ (fuko).

am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis mkvlevari mimarTavs semiotikuristruqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel triadas: aRmniSvneli (designati),aRmniSvneli (designati),aRmniSvneli (designati),aRmniSvneli (designati),aRmniSvneli (designati),aRsaniSni (denotati) da niSani (sazrisi anu mniSvneloba).aRsaniSni (denotati) da niSani (sazrisi anu mniSvneloba).aRsaniSni (denotati) da niSani (sazrisi anu mniSvneloba).aRsaniSni (denotati) da niSani (sazrisi anu mniSvneloba).aRsaniSni (denotati) da niSani (sazrisi anu mniSvneloba).mocemuli sqemis mixedviT Sagrenis tyavze gamosaxuli citata arkvevstyavis mflobelis prioritets da enobriv sistemaSi warmoadgensaRmniSvnels.aRmniSvnels.aRmniSvnels.aRmniSvnels.aRmniSvnels. sqemis meore elementi _ aseT SemTxvevaSi, TavadSagrenis tyavi aRsaniSnisaRsaniSnisaRsaniSnisaRsaniSnisaRsaniSnis funqcias asrulebs. dasaZebni rCeba amori elementis reduqciis produqti _ sazrisi.sazrisi.sazrisi.sazrisi.sazrisi. amis Semdgom,mamuka biWaSvili kvlav mimarTavs `Sagrenis tyavidan~ kidev erTfragments, romelic poetikis dasawyisSi citirebuli pasaJiskomentars warmoadgens. moxuci sovdagari Semdegnairad uxsnis rafaelde valentens tyavis erT mxares CaWedili warweris sazriss: axlaàxlaàxlaàxlaàxlaminda oriod sityvaSi adamianuri cxovrebis didi saidumlominda oriod sityvaSi adamianuri cxovrebis didi saidumlominda oriod sityvaSi adamianuri cxovrebis didi saidumlominda oriod sityvaSi adamianuri cxovrebis didi saidumlominda oriod sityvaSi adamianuri cxovrebis didi saidumlogagimxiloT. adamiani iSriteba or instiqturad SesrulebulgagimxiloT. adamiani iSriteba or instiqturad SesrulebulgagimxiloT. adamiani iSriteba or instiqturad SesrulebulgagimxiloT. adamiani iSriteba or instiqturad SesrulebulgagimxiloT. adamiani iSriteba or instiqturad SesrulebulaqtSi, romelic aSrobs misi arsebobis wyaroebs. ori sityvaaqtSi, romelic aSrobs misi arsebobis wyaroebs. ori sityvaaqtSi, romelic aSrobs misi arsebobis wyaroebs. ori sityvaaqtSi, romelic aSrobs misi arsebobis wyaroebs. ori sityvaaqtSi, romelic aSrobs misi arsebobis wyaroebs. ori sityva

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gamoxatavs sikvdilis am ori mizezis yovel formas: surviligamoxatavs sikvdilis am ori mizezis yovel formas: surviligamoxatavs sikvdilis am ori mizezis yovel formas: surviligamoxatavs sikvdilis am ori mizezis yovel formas: surviligamoxatavs sikvdilis am ori mizezis yovel formas: survilida Zala... aq, Tqva man maRali xmiT da Sagrenis tyavzeda Zala... aq, Tqva man maRali xmiT da Sagrenis tyavzeda Zala... aq, Tqva man maRali xmiT da Sagrenis tyavzeda Zala... aq, Tqva man maRali xmiT da Sagrenis tyavzeda Zala... aq, Tqva man maRali xmiT da Sagrenis tyavzemiuTiTa, aq Zala da survilia SeerTebuli. aqaa TavmoyrilimiuTiTa, aq Zala da survilia SeerTebuli. aqaa TavmoyrilimiuTiTa, aq Zala da survilia SeerTebuli. aqaa TavmoyrilimiuTiTa, aq Zala da survilia SeerTebuli. aqaa TavmoyrilimiuTiTa, aq Zala da survilia SeerTebuli. aqaa TavmoyriliTqveni socialuri ideebi, Tqveni gadaWarbebul survilebi,Tqveni socialuri ideebi, Tqveni gadaWarbebul survilebi,Tqveni socialuri ideebi, Tqveni gadaWarbebul survilebi,Tqveni socialuri ideebi, Tqveni gadaWarbebul survilebi,Tqveni socialuri ideebi, Tqveni gadaWarbebul survilebi,Tqveni TavSeukavebloba, Tqveni sixaruli, romelic adamiansTqveni TavSeukavebloba, Tqveni sixaruli, romelic adamiansTqveni TavSeukavebloba, Tqveni sixaruli, romelic adamiansTqveni TavSeukavebloba, Tqveni sixaruli, romelic adamiansTqveni TavSeukavebloba, Tqveni sixaruli, romelic adamiansklavs, Tqveni mwuxareba, romelic sicocxles amZafrebs, imitom,klavs, Tqveni mwuxareba, romelic sicocxles amZafrebs, imitom,klavs, Tqveni mwuxareba, romelic sicocxles amZafrebs, imitom,klavs, Tqveni mwuxareba, romelic sicocxles amZafrebs, imitom,klavs, Tqveni mwuxareba, romelic sicocxles amZafrebs, imitom,rom tkivili SeiZleba cxare siamovneba iyos da sxva araferi...rom tkivili SeiZleba cxare siamovneba iyos da sxva araferi...rom tkivili SeiZleba cxare siamovneba iyos da sxva araferi...rom tkivili SeiZleba cxare siamovneba iyos da sxva araferi...rom tkivili SeiZleba cxare siamovneba iyos da sxva araferi...da ra aris sigiJe Tu ara survilis da Zalis siWarbe~da ra aris sigiJe Tu ara survilis da Zalis siWarbe~da ra aris sigiJe Tu ara survilis da Zalis siWarbe~da ra aris sigiJe Tu ara survilis da Zalis siWarbe~da ra aris sigiJe Tu ara survilis da Zalis siWarbe~(balzaki 1952).

amiT ukve moZebnili iqna pirveladi enobrivi sistemis samiveelementi _ tyavis erT gverdze gakeTebuli warwera (aRmniSvneli),Tavad tyavis Sesabamisi mxare (aRsaniSni) da survili (sazrisi).warmodgenili semiotikuri elementebis Sesabamisi Sinaarsebiseqsplikacia gviCvenebs, rom Sagrenis tyavis mTeli idumaleba imgvariZalis konstituciaSi mdgomareobs, romelic garkveuli pirobebisxarjze nebismieri survilebis Semsrulebelia.

amgvarad, mkvlevaris mier gamovlenili iqna nawarmoebisabstraqtuli struqturebi da amis Semdgom msjelobaSi Semoaqvspolitikuri diskursi da akeTebs daskvnas, romlis Tanaxmad, upirveleskandidatad im Zalisa, romelsac nebismieri survilis SesrulebaSeuZlia, saxelmwifo da mmarTveli politikosebia. enobrivi sistemisstruqturaSi aRmniSvnelis Zalis~ gverdiT, saxelmwifos~ SetanisSemTxvevaSi igi aRsaniSnis adgils daikavebs. da kvlav, mecniersaxla dasaZebni rCeba am ori elementis produqti. mimarTebam undagaxsnas latenturi enis sazrisi da migvaniSnos imaze, Tu ra arismoxazuli Sagrenis tyavis ukana mxares. mecnieri askvnis, Sagrenistyavis ukana mxares gamosaxulia saqarTvelo, romlis sazRvrebiSagrenis tyaviviT qreba,* am qveynis politikosebis dauokebelltolvebTan da mravalferovan survilebTan SesabamisobaSi.

rogorc vxedavT, amgvari xasiaTis samecniero kvleva arRvevsliteraturis sferos avtonomiurobas da masSi CarTulia rogorcpolitika, aseve fsiqo-analizi da filosofia. mkvlevari mo-xerxebulad iyenebs enobriv niSanTa cvalebadobas, roca igi erTisgarda aRniSnavs kidev sxva sagans, ise rom ar wyvets pirvelisagnis aRniSvnas. aqve davZenT, rom amgvari enobrivi sistemaalegoriulia, radgan allegorie niSnavs erTis Tqmisas raRac metisTqmasac.

* mamuka biWaSvilis naSromi `Sagrenis tyavis meore mxares~ daiwera 1996 w.


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amgvarad, konkretuli kvlevebis sferoSi struqturul analizsmoaqvs dadebiTi Sedegebi, romlebic, albaT, imiT aixsneba, romstruqturalisturi lingvistikis wanamZRvrebis ukan sworianalitikuri xerxebi dgas.

struqturuli meTodis nayofierma gamoyenebam sxvadasxvakonkretul mecnierebebSi, e.w. `struqturuli mecnierebebis~ war-moSobam mkvlevarebi daayena sakiTxis filosofiuri gaazrebisaucileblobis winaSe. propi levi-strosTan samecniero kamaTisasaRniSnavda: Tu mTeli rigi faqtebisa da maTi kavSirurTierTobisaRwera da Seswavla xdeba, maSin maTi aRwera movlenis, fenomenisaxsnaSi gadaizrdeba, da amgvari fenomenis axsna... filosofiurfiqrebsac gvgvris~ (propi 1984: 9).

* * *dRis wesrigSi dadga struqturuli meTodis Seyvana zogad

filosofiur problemaTa ojaxSi. meTodis farTod gavrcelebamsxvadasxva mecnierebebSi da efeqturma gamoyenebam struqturalizmisTayvanismcemlebic SesZina safrangeTSi, rasac xels uwyobda, erTismxriv, egzistencializmis kraxi (XX saukunis 60-iani wlebi).struqturalizmma pretenzia gamoTqva ara mxolod meTodologiisrolze, aramed mTlianad filosofiur problematikaze, mis ZireulsakiTxebze, iseTi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze, romelic gavlenasaxdens politikaze da cvlis mTlianad saxelmwifo ideologias(grecki 1971:10).

frangi inteleqtualebis modur filosofias egzistencializmsstruqturalizmi Caenacvla. arsebobis egzeistenciurma koncefciamda misma absurdis filosofiam asaxa sazogadoebis namdvili krizisi,romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgomi evropuli cxovrebisniSandobliv maxasiaTebels warmoadgenda. maT mier dasmul kiTxvas,_ `rogor vicxovroT~ _ pasuxi ver gaeca da egzistencializmirogorc gabatonebuli koncefcia XX saukunis 60-iani wlebisdasawyisSi miicvala. qarTveli filosofosis guram TevzaZismarTebul SeniSvniT, `roca raime mniSvnelovani filosofiurimimarTulebis marcxi gamomJRavndeba xolme, es, rogorc wesi, niSnavsyovlismomcvelobaze misi pretenziis usafuZvlobis gacnobierebas.misi warmomadgenlebi amas, saerTod, filosofiis dasasruladmiiCneven~ (TevzaZe 2002:528). fukom sartri ukanasknel filosofosadCaTvala da ase daayena sakiTxi: SeuZlia Tu ara adamians sxvagvaradiazrovnos, vidre azrovnebs, sxvagvarad aRiqvas, vidre aRiqvams. XVIII

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saukunis moazrovnis baumgartenis Teoriam filosofiidanmecnierebaTa gamoyofis Sesaxeb ukuprocesi SeiZina, mecnierebi kvlevisaxali gamdidrebuli meTodebiTa da xerxebiT kvlav daubrundnenfilosofias. uwyvetoba ukve aRar aris istoriis mTavari daZireuli kategoria, mis adgils wyvetadobis kategoria ikavebs.fukos azriT, swored aseTi saxis kvlevas SeuZlia moxazos sfero,sadac filosofia eswrafvis ganviTarebas raRac mocemul garkveulepistemeSi. mecnierebis istoria es aris ganzidvisa da mizidvisSeuqcevadi procesi, iseve rogorc bunebaSi zRvis talRaTa miqcevada moqceva. struqturalizmi namdvil humanitarul mecnierebaTaistoriis dasawyisad gamocxadda da Tu aqamde msjelobdnen damsjeloben postmodernizmze arqiteqturaSi, literaturaSi,lingvistikaSi, politikaSi, amis Semdgom, postmodernizmi istoriissxvadasxva sferoebis kvlevis Sedegad filosofiaSic damkvidrda(TevzaZe 2002:515).

kacobriobis ganvlil, istoriis xangrZliv da momqancveli gzisTiToeuli etapis (epoqis) inteleqtiT daZlevas adamiani axali daaxali epistemeTi axerxebda. epoqaluri moZraobiT dagrovilepistemeTa grovaSi CaiZira adamiani da adamianur mimarTebaTa pirvelibunebrivi sawyisi, is, riTac (ukve inteleqtualurad SiSveli) adamianimoevlina samyaros.

adamiani, rogorc struqturis elementi, amyarebs kavSirs struq-turis sxva elementTan adamianTan, bunebasTan, kulturasTan(adamiani_A; buneba_B; kultura_C) A→A; A→B; A→C; mimarTebaTakavSirSi aisaxeba adamianis qcevis motivacia, romlis struqturulimimarTeba gvaZlevs saSualebas sxvagvarad aRviqvaT samyaro.struqturalizmma, rogorc meTodma, SeZlo SeeRwia adamianismoRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoebis Rrma labirinTebSi da misielementebis mimarTebaTa gamokvleviT sruliad axali sinamdviliswinaSe dagvayena. aRniSnuli meTodiT msjelobam ekonomikasa dapolitikaSi àxali sazogadoeba~ mogvca, ideologiaSi _ àxalimemarjveneebi~ da àxali memarcxeneebi~, literaturaSi _ àxaliromani~, literaturaTmcodneobaSi _ àxali kritika~, istorio-grafiaSi _ axali istoria~ da yvela erTad axali filosofiaa~.


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avtonomova 1977:avtonomova 1977:avtonomova 1977:avtonomova 1977:avtonomova 1977: Àâòîíîì îâà Í. , Ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîáëåìû ñòðóê-òóðí îãî à í àëèçà â ãóì àíèòàðíûõ íàóêàõ, èçä. “Í àóêà”, Ì ., 1977.

Satle 1Satle 1Satle 1Satle 1Satle 1967:967:967:967:967: Châtlet F., Où en est le structuralisme? “La Quinzaine Littéraire”I-er au 15 juillet 1967.

deqsi 1967:deqsi 1967:deqsi 1967:deqsi 1967:deqsi 1967: Daix Piere, Sartre est-il dépassé? “Les Lettres fran caises”, ¹1168, fevrier 1967.

veimani 1veimani 1veimani 1veimani 1veimani 1975:975:975:975:975: Â å é ìàí Ð., Èñòîðèÿ ëèòåðàòóðû è ì èô îëîãèÿ, Ì., 1975.todotodotodotodotodorova 1rova 1rova 1rova 1rova 1975:975:975:975:975: Òî äîðîâ Öâåòà í , Ï îýòèêà. Ñòðóêòóðàëèçì: “çà” è

“ïðîòèâ” (ñá. ñòàòåé, èçä. “Ïðîãðåññ”, Ì., 1975).biWaSvili 1996:biWaSvili 1996:biWaSvili 1996:biWaSvili 1996:biWaSvili 1996: biWaSvili m., Sagrenis tyavis meore mxares, Jurnali

`tetrameroni~, Tb., 1996 w.balzaki 1952:balzaki 1952:balzaki 1952:balzaki 1952:balzaki 1952: balzaki o., Sagrenis tyavi (Targmani geronti qiqoZisa),

gamomc. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~.propi 1984: propi 1984: propi 1984: propi 1984: propi 1984: propi v., zRapris morfologia (Targmani mariam

karbelaSvilisa), mecniereba~, Tb., 1984.grgrgrgrgrecki 1ecki 1ecki 1ecki 1ecki 1971:971:971:971:971: Ãðåöêèé, Ôðàíöóçñêèé ñòðóêòóðàëèçì , “çíàíèå”, Ì . ,

1971.TevzaZe 2002:TevzaZe 2002:TevzaZe 2002:TevzaZe 2002:TevzaZe 2002: TevzaZe g., XX saukunis filosofiis istoria,

gamomc. Tsu, Tb., 2002.

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s e m i o t i k a d a s x v as e m i o t i k a d a s x v as e m i o t i k a d a s x v as e m i o t i k a d a s x v as e m i o t i k a d a s x v a

diana anfimiadi

danaSaulis semiotika

enobrivi paTologiebi

Tanamedrove kriminalistikuri kvleviserT - erT saintereso da aucilebel nawilsmetyvelebis fonoskopiuri eqspertiza amgvarikvlevisas warmoadgens. sadac gansaxilvelimasalis specifikuroba saintereso enobrivida fsiqologiuri niSnebis aRmoCenis saSua-lebas iZleva.

statiis mizans warmoadgens damnaSavis,rogorc socialuri cnebisa da erTgvarifsiqo - socialuri semiotikuri niSnis, ga-movlena da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli lingvis-turi Taviseburebebi. Sedegad, garkveuliintersistemuri universaliebis dadgena damaTi warmomSobi mizezebis gamoaSkaraveba.

CvenTvis mniSvnelovania fsiqo - so-cialuri da lingvistikuri problematikisgadakveTis is wertili, rasac qcevisa dacxovrebis wesis metyvelebaSi gamoxatva hqvia.

sakiTxi interdisciplinuria da xan-grZliv auditoriul kvlevas emyareba.

gamosakvlev masalas Seadgens fono-skopiuri eqspertizisaTvis sakvlevadwarmodgenili audio da video masala.(konkretuli magaliTebis moyvana gamo-sakvlevi masalis specifikidan gamomdinare,ar moxdeba.)

visaubrebT zogad da konkretul niSnebzesakvlevi masalis konkretizaciis gareSe.

iv. javaxiSvilis sa-xelmwifo universitetiszogadi da gamoyenebiTienaTmecnierebis kaTedrisdoqtoranti, poeti(literaturul konkurs`wero~s(2008) I premiismflobeli) eleqtro-nuli literaturulibiblioTekis lib.ge_s Ta-n a a vtori , litera -turuli Jurn alis“l’il” redaqtori,araerTi literaturuliproqtis avtori daTanaorganizatori, ramde-nime samecniero da li-teraturuli publi-kaciisa da erTi poeturikrebulis _ Sokoladi”_ avtori.interesebi interesebi interesebi interesebi interesebi – yvelaferi,rac ki enis -YyofierebissaxlSi cxovrobs,niSani – Seqmnis procesSida Semdeg...…

176 diana anfimiadi

gamokvleuli masala da diqtorTa metyvelebaze dakvirveba,gamokvleuli masala da diqtorTa metyvelebaze dakvirveba,gamokvleuli masala da diqtorTa metyvelebaze dakvirveba,gamokvleuli masala da diqtorTa metyvelebaze dakvirveba,gamokvleuli masala da diqtorTa metyvelebaze dakvirveba,gvaZlevs im varaudisa da higvaZlevs im varaudisa da higvaZlevs im varaudisa da higvaZlevs im varaudisa da higvaZlevs im varaudisa da hi poTezis dayenebis SesaZleblobas,poTezis dayenebis SesaZleblobas,poTezis dayenebis SesaZleblobas,poTezis dayenebis SesaZleblobas,poTezis dayenebis SesaZleblobas,rom damnaSavis fsoqosocialuri aspeqti da mis mier sa-rom damnaSavis fsoqosocialuri aspeqti da mis mier sa-rom damnaSavis fsoqosocialuri aspeqti da mis mier sa-rom damnaSavis fsoqosocialuri aspeqti da mis mier sa-rom damnaSavis fsoqosocialuri aspeqti da mis mier sa-metyvelo narativSi gamoxatuli enobrivi paTologiebimetyvelo narativSi gamoxatuli enobrivi paTologiebimetyvelo narativSi gamoxatuli enobrivi paTologiebimetyvelo narativSi gamoxatuli enobrivi paTologiebimetyvelo narativSi gamoxatuli enobrivi paTologiebiurTierTmimarTebaSiaurTierTmimarTebaSiaurTierTmimarTebaSiaurTierTmimarTebaSiaurTierTmimarTebaSia.

damnaSave, rogorc socialuri da iuridiuli cneba, warmoadgensniSans, sadac aRsaniSni aris zogadi danaSaulis cneba, xoloaRmniSvneli _ danaSaulis konkretuli tipi.

aRsaniSnsa da aRniSvnels Soris mimarTeba myardeba konkretuliviTarebidan gamomdinare, zogad da konkretul cnebas Soris mimarTebasituaciis pirobiTobazea damyarebuli.

aRsaniSni - anu zogadi danaSaulis cneba, Tavis TavSi bevrqvefaqtorsa da mizezs moicavs, rogoricaa _ fsiqologiuri faqtori- pirovnebis araswori fsiqologiuri Camoyalibebis procesi,kompleqsebi, bavSvobis stresebi, bavSvobaSi gadatanili avadmyofobebisfsiqologiuri Sedegebi da sxva, da socialuri - araswori aRz-rda, mZime bavSvoba, ganviTarebis cudi pirobebi, areuli ojaxurimdgomareoba..

es faqtorebi, xSirad xdebian damnaSavis fsiqologiisCamoyalibebis wammarTveli mizezebi.

enobriv paTologiebze dakvirvebisas cxadi xdeba, rom SeZenilienobrivi paTologiebis mizezebsac xSirad aseTive fsiqologiurida socialuri aspeqtebi Seadgens da zogjer piriqiT, enobrivipaTologiebi gvevlinebian mizezTa rolSi.

xangrZlivi enobrivi da fsiqologiuri dakvirvebis Sedegad,SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom “danaSavis” niSnis qveS moazrebulisocialuri sistemis SemadgenelTa did umravlesobas axasiaTebsenobrivi paTologiebi, romlebic pirovnebis fsiqosocialur dasametyvelo individualizmTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSia.

eqspertizis winaSe sakvlev masalad warmodgenil fonogramebzedafiqsirebulia sxvadasxva tipis damnaSaveTa metyveleba. zogjeres aris faruli Canaweri, sadac saSualeba gvaqvs diqtoris enobrivkompetenciebze bunebriv garemoSi visaubroT, an e.w xmis nimuSi,sadac bunebriv narativze msjeloba Zneli xdeba, Tumca, diqtorTaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli enobrivi individualizmi aseT SemTxvevebSicZiriTadad SenarCunebulia.

gamokvleva mimdinareobs enis sxvadasxva safexurze, fonetikuridandawyebuli semantika - sintaqsiT damTavrebuli.

kvlevis konkretuli nawili, romelsac aq warmovadgenT, emyareba

177danaSaulis semiotika enobrivi paTologiebi

daaxloebiT asamde diqtoris metyvelebas.es pirovnebebi sxvadasxva socialur da sazogadoebriv wres

ekuTvnian, ganaTlebis sxvadasxva done aqvT, Tumca aerTianebT is, romCven mier gamoyofil socio - semiotikur niSanTa sistemaSi jdebian.

pirvel rigSi unda gamoiyos enobriv paTologiaTa ori jgufi:1) SeZenili1) SeZenili1) SeZenili1) SeZenili1) SeZenili2) Tandayolili2) Tandayolili2) Tandayolili2) Tandayolili2) TandayoliliTu SeZenili paTologia SeiZleba Tavis TavSi imave mizezebs

Seicavdes, rasac pirovnebis fsiqikis damaxinjeba da Sedegad damnaSavismiRebaa, Tandayolili paTologia piriqiT, mizezTa Soris gvevlineba.

magaliTisaTvis, enabluoba SeiZleba raime didi stresis Sedegiiyos, magram Tu igi Tandayolilia, SesaZloa kompleqsis mizezicgaxdes, xolo kompleqsi - damnaSavis fsiqologiis CamoyalibebiserT-erTi mTavari mizezia.

kriminaluri fsiqologia damnaSavis moqmedebas mravalisaintereso kuTxiT ganixilavs, misTvis sainteresoa damnaSavisfsiqologia, kriminogenuli motivacia, socialuri wre, Seqmnilisituaciis roli, danaSaulis gamomwvevi mizezebi.

yovelive es gvaZlebs saSualebas davakvirdeT damnaSavisfsiqologiis Camoyalibebis process, romelSic mravali subieqturiTu obieqturi faqtori iRebs monawileobas.

rac Seexeba am wris metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs,garkveuli uxerxulobisa da sakiTxis arasworad gagebis saSiSroebisTavidan asacileblad, ar vilaparakeb Tandayolil sametyvelodefeqtebze, rogoricaa, sametyvelo aparatis nebismieri saxisanatomiuri paTologia. Tumca, ukve vTqvi, rom garkveuli rolisTamaSi aseT paTologiebsac SeuZliaT, Tu pirovnebis dabaliTviTSefasebisa an sxvadasxva saxis kompleqsebis Camoyalibebismizezebad iqcevian, rasac sazogadoebis mxridan araswori damo-kidebulebis SemTxvevaSi, individisa da sociumis gaucxoeba SeiZlebamohyves.

magaliTisaTvis warmovadgen saeqsperto daskvnis cxrils,romelic aerTianebs im ZiriTad sametyvelo paTologiebs, romelicaxasiaTebs CvenTvis saintereso sociojgufs. (cxrili miRebuliasametyvelo Taviseburebebis Sejerebis safuZvelze).

daskvniTi cxrili mocavs enis yvela dones, fonologiidandawyebuli sintaqsiTa da semantikiT damTavrebuli.

178

cxrili N# 1cxrili N# 1cxrili N# 1cxrili N# 1cxrili N# 1damnaSavis” sociomodelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelidamnaSavis” sociomodelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelidamnaSavis” sociomodelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelidamnaSavis” sociomodelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelidamnaSavis” sociomodelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

metyvelebis Taviseburebebimetyvelebis Taviseburebebimetyvelebis Taviseburebebimetyvelebis Taviseburebebimetyvelebis Taviseburebebi

xmovanTa Zalian mokle, an metismetad dayovnebuli warmoTqmaxmovanTa Zalian mokle, an metismetad dayovnebuli warmoTqmaxmovanTa Zalian mokle, an metismetad dayovnebuli warmoTqmaxmovanTa Zalian mokle, an metismetad dayovnebuli warmoTqmaxmovanTa Zalian mokle, an metismetad dayovnebuli warmoTqma

xmovanTa midrekileba reduqciisakenxmovanTa midrekileba reduqciisakenxmovanTa midrekileba reduqciisakenxmovanTa midrekileba reduqciisakenxmovanTa midrekileba reduqciisaken

midrekileba difTongizaciisakenmidrekileba difTongizaciisakenmidrekileba difTongizaciisakenmidrekileba difTongizaciisakenmidrekileba difTongizaciisaken

i - mokle, susti da xandaxan umarcvlo alofoniT warmodgenilii - mokle, susti da xandaxan umarcvlo alofoniT warmodgenilii - mokle, susti da xandaxan umarcvlo alofoniT warmodgenilii - mokle, susti da xandaxan umarcvlo alofoniT warmodgenilii - mokle, susti da xandaxan umarcvlo alofoniT warmodgenili

u - mokle, susti da xandaxan misi umarcvlo alofoniTu - mokle, susti da xandaxan misi umarcvlo alofoniTu - mokle, susti da xandaxan misi umarcvlo alofoniTu - mokle, susti da xandaxan misi umarcvlo alofoniTu - mokle, susti da xandaxan misi umarcvlo alofoniT

warmodgeniliwarmodgeniliwarmodgeniliwarmodgeniliwarmodgenili

xmovanTa asimilaciaxmovanTa asimilaciaxmovanTa asimilaciaxmovanTa asimilaciaxmovanTa asimilacia

xmovanTa disimilaciaxmovanTa disimilaciaxmovanTa disimilaciaxmovanTa disimilaciaxmovanTa disimilacia

xmovanTa rigis cvlaxmovanTa rigis cvlaxmovanTa rigis cvlaxmovanTa rigis cvlaxmovanTa rigis cvla

TanxmovanTa warmoebis adgilis da ragvarobis cvlaTanxmovanTa warmoebis adgilis da ragvarobis cvlaTanxmovanTa warmoebis adgilis da ragvarobis cvlaTanxmovanTa warmoebis adgilis da ragvarobis cvlaTanxmovanTa warmoebis adgilis da ragvarobis cvla

-rbili-rbili-rbili-rbili-rbili l

rbili rrbili rrbili rrbili rrbili r

-zogadad, rbilad gamoTqmuli sonantebi ( r, l, m, n, )-zogadad, rbilad gamoTqmuli sonantebi ( r, l, m, n, )-zogadad, rbilad gamoTqmuli sonantebi ( r, l, m, n, )-zogadad, rbilad gamoTqmuli sonantebi ( r, l, m, n, )-zogadad, rbilad gamoTqmuli sonantebi ( r, l, m, n, )

bolokidur TanxmovanTa dakargvabolokidur TanxmovanTa dakargvabolokidur TanxmovanTa dakargvabolokidur TanxmovanTa dakargvabolokidur TanxmovanTa dakargva

Tanxmovnebis reducireba da zog SemTxvevaSi dakargvac ki.Tanxmovnebis reducireba da zog SemTxvevaSi dakargvac ki.Tanxmovnebis reducireba da zog SemTxvevaSi dakargvac ki.Tanxmovnebis reducireba da zog SemTxvevaSi dakargvac ki.Tanxmovnebis reducireba da zog SemTxvevaSi dakargvac ki.

TanxmovanTa asimilacia, regresuli, kontaqturi da distanciuriTanxmovanTa asimilacia, regresuli, kontaqturi da distanciuriTanxmovanTa asimilacia, regresuli, kontaqturi da distanciuriTanxmovanTa asimilacia, regresuli, kontaqturi da distanciuriTanxmovanTa asimilacia, regresuli, kontaqturi da distanciuri

amoweuli da darbilebuli mkveTri Tanxmovnebi, umniSvneloamoweuli da darbilebuli mkveTri Tanxmovnebi, umniSvneloamoweuli da darbilebuli mkveTri Tanxmovnebi, umniSvneloamoweuli da darbilebuli mkveTri Tanxmovnebi, umniSvneloamoweuli da darbilebuli mkveTri Tanxmovnebi, umniSvnelo

cvlileba bgeraTa warmoTqmis rigSi, bgeraTa winwarmoebacvlileba bgeraTa warmoTqmis rigSi, bgeraTa winwarmoebacvlileba bgeraTa warmoTqmis rigSi, bgeraTa winwarmoebacvlileba bgeraTa warmoTqmis rigSi, bgeraTa winwarmoebacvlileba bgeraTa warmoTqmis rigSi, bgeraTa winwarmoeba

mkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba nazalizaciisakenmkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba nazalizaciisakenmkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba nazalizaciisakenmkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba nazalizaciisakenmkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba nazalizaciisaken

yru TanxmovanTa gamJRerebis tendencia, romelic ar iZlevayru TanxmovanTa gamJRerebis tendencia, romelic ar iZlevayru TanxmovanTa gamJRerebis tendencia, romelic ar iZlevayru TanxmovanTa gamJRerebis tendencia, romelic ar iZlevayru TanxmovanTa gamJRerebis tendencia, romelic ar iZleva

morfonologiur cvlilebas, Tumca SesamCnevia mosmenisas.am drosmorfonologiur cvlilebas, Tumca SesamCnevia mosmenisas.am drosmorfonologiur cvlilebas, Tumca SesamCnevia mosmenisas.am drosmorfonologiur cvlilebas, Tumca SesamCnevia mosmenisas.am drosmorfonologiur cvlilebas, Tumca SesamCnevia mosmenisas.am dros

yru Tanxmovani iZens misive rigis mJReris Tvisebebs, magaliTad,yru Tanxmovani iZens misive rigis mJReris Tvisebebs, magaliTad,yru Tanxmovani iZens misive rigis mJReris Tvisebebs, magaliTad,yru Tanxmovani iZens misive rigis mJReris Tvisebebs, magaliTad,yru Tanxmovani iZens misive rigis mJReris Tvisebebs, magaliTad,

y – emsgavseba –R-s, p-b-s, k-g-s da a.S,xsenebuli mizezis gamo rigy – emsgavseba –R-s, p-b-s, k-g-s da a.S,xsenebuli mizezis gamo rigy – emsgavseba –R-s, p-b-s, k-g-s da a.S,xsenebuli mizezis gamo rigy – emsgavseba –R-s, p-b-s, k-g-s da a.S,xsenebuli mizezis gamo rigy – emsgavseba –R-s, p-b-s, k-g-s da a.S,xsenebuli mizezis gamo rig

SemTxvevaSi xdeba afrikatTa gamartiveba, anu dezafrikatizaciaSemTxvevaSi xdeba afrikatTa gamartiveba, anu dezafrikatizaciaSemTxvevaSi xdeba afrikatTa gamartiveba, anu dezafrikatizaciaSemTxvevaSi xdeba afrikatTa gamartiveba, anu dezafrikatizaciaSemTxvevaSi xdeba afrikatTa gamartiveba, anu dezafrikatizacia

adgilis zmnizedaTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebaadgilis zmnizedaTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebaadgilis zmnizedaTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebaadgilis zmnizedaTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebaadgilis zmnizedaTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyeneba

brunvis niSanTa kargva msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SemTxvevaSibrunvis niSanTa kargva msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SemTxvevaSibrunvis niSanTa kargva msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SemTxvevaSibrunvis niSanTa kargva msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SemTxvevaSibrunvis niSanTa kargva msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SemTxvevaSi

zmnis drois formaTa araswori gamoyenebazmnis drois formaTa araswori gamoyenebazmnis drois formaTa araswori gamoyenebazmnis drois formaTa araswori gamoyenebazmnis drois formaTa araswori gamoyeneba

zmnis subieqtur da obieqtur piris niSanTa araswori xmareba:zmnis subieqtur da obieqtur piris niSanTa araswori xmareba:zmnis subieqtur da obieqtur piris niSanTa araswori xmareba:zmnis subieqtur da obieqtur piris niSanTa araswori xmareba:zmnis subieqtur da obieqtur piris niSanTa araswori xmareba:

kontaqtis formaTa araswori gamoyenebakontaqtis formaTa araswori gamoyenebakontaqtis formaTa araswori gamoyenebakontaqtis formaTa araswori gamoyenebakontaqtis formaTa araswori gamoyeneba

I TurmeobiTis araswori gamoyenebaI TurmeobiTis araswori gamoyenebaI TurmeobiTis araswori gamoyenebaI TurmeobiTis araswori gamoyenebaI TurmeobiTis araswori gamoyeneba

Temis niSanTa araswori gamoyenebaTemis niSanTa araswori gamoyenebaTemis niSanTa araswori gamoyenebaTemis niSanTa araswori gamoyenebaTemis niSanTa araswori gamoyeneba

diana anfimiadi

179

mravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa araswori gamoyenebamravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa araswori gamoyenebamravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa araswori gamoyenebamravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa araswori gamoyenebamravlobiTi ricxvis formaTa araswori gamoyeneba

zmniswinTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebazmniswinTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebazmniswinTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebazmniswinTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyenebazmniswinTa dialeqturi variantebis gamoyeneba

TandebulTa arasistemuri gamoyenebaTandebulTa arasistemuri gamoyenebaTandebulTa arasistemuri gamoyenebaTandebulTa arasistemuri gamoyenebaTandebulTa arasistemuri gamoyeneba

sityvaTa araswori SeTanxmeba brunvaSi;sityvaTa araswori SeTanxmeba brunvaSi;sityvaTa araswori SeTanxmeba brunvaSi;sityvaTa araswori SeTanxmeba brunvaSi;sityvaTa araswori SeTanxmeba brunvaSi;

ZiriTadad areulia qarTuli winadadebis wyoba, diqtori winadadebisZiriTadad areulia qarTuli winadadebis wyoba, diqtori winadadebisZiriTadad areulia qarTuli winadadebis wyoba, diqtori winadadebisZiriTadad areulia qarTuli winadadebis wyoba, diqtori winadadebisZiriTadad areulia qarTuli winadadebis wyoba, diqtori winadadebis

wevrebs ganalagebs imis mixedviT, Tu romeli wevria misTvis amwevrebs ganalagebs imis mixedviT, Tu romeli wevria misTvis amwevrebs ganalagebs imis mixedviT, Tu romeli wevria misTvis amwevrebs ganalagebs imis mixedviT, Tu romeli wevria misTvis amwevrebs ganalagebs imis mixedviT, Tu romeli wevria misTvis am

etapze mniSvnelovanietapze mniSvnelovanietapze mniSvnelovanietapze mniSvnelovanietapze mniSvnelovani

winadadebas awarmoebs spontanurad, ris gamoc, xSirad, azrobriviwinadadebas awarmoebs spontanurad, ris gamoc, xSirad, azrobriviwinadadebas awarmoebs spontanurad, ris gamoc, xSirad, azrobriviwinadadebas awarmoebs spontanurad, ris gamoc, xSirad, azrobriviwinadadebas awarmoebs spontanurad, ris gamoc, xSirad, azrobrivi

lafsusebis Sesavsebad iyenebs gamoTqmebs “ra vici”, “raRaca”lafsusebis Sesavsebad iyenebs gamoTqmebs “ra vici”, “raRaca”lafsusebis Sesavsebad iyenebs gamoTqmebs “ra vici”, “raRaca”lafsusebis Sesavsebad iyenebs gamoTqmebs “ra vici”, “raRaca”lafsusebis Sesavsebad iyenebs gamoTqmebs “ra vici”, “raRaca”

uadgilo intonaciuri maxviliuadgilo intonaciuri maxviliuadgilo intonaciuri maxviliuadgilo intonaciuri maxviliuadgilo intonaciuri maxvili

maxvilis gamoyeneba winadadebis azrobrivi centris dasafiqsireb-maxvilis gamoyeneba winadadebis azrobrivi centris dasafiqsireb-maxvilis gamoyeneba winadadebis azrobrivi centris dasafiqsireb-maxvilis gamoyeneba winadadebis azrobrivi centris dasafiqsireb-maxvilis gamoyeneba winadadebis azrobrivi centris dasafiqsireb-

lad, xSirad maxviliT axdens winadadebis logikuri centrislad, xSirad maxviliT axdens winadadebis logikuri centrislad, xSirad maxviliT axdens winadadebis logikuri centrislad, xSirad maxviliT axdens winadadebis logikuri centrislad, xSirad maxviliT axdens winadadebis logikuri centris

cvlilebascvlilebascvlilebascvlilebascvlilebas

TxrobiT winadadebaSi iyenebs ramdenime maxvils, aqcentisa daTxrobiT winadadebaSi iyenebs ramdenime maxvils, aqcentisa daTxrobiT winadadebaSi iyenebs ramdenime maxvils, aqcentisa daTxrobiT winadadebaSi iyenebs ramdenime maxvils, aqcentisa daTxrobiT winadadebaSi iyenebs ramdenime maxvils, aqcentisa da

intonaciis gasaZlierebladintonaciis gasaZlierebladintonaciis gasaZlierebladintonaciis gasaZlierebladintonaciis gasaZliereblad

maxvilis ufunqcio gamoyenebamaxvilis ufunqcio gamoyenebamaxvilis ufunqcio gamoyenebamaxvilis ufunqcio gamoyenebamaxvilis ufunqcio gamoyeneba

araswori sunTqviTi aseve metyvelebiT pauzas, Tumca, xSiradaraswori sunTqviTi aseve metyvelebiT pauzas, Tumca, xSiradaraswori sunTqviTi aseve metyvelebiT pauzas, Tumca, xSiradaraswori sunTqviTi aseve metyvelebiT pauzas, Tumca, xSiradaraswori sunTqviTi aseve metyvelebiT pauzas, Tumca, xSirad

teqstis azrobrivi mxare da pauza erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.teqstis azrobrivi mxare da pauza erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.teqstis azrobrivi mxare da pauza erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.teqstis azrobrivi mxare da pauza erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.teqstis azrobrivi mxare da pauza erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.

uadgilo pauzauadgilo pauzauadgilo pauzauadgilo pauzauadgilo pauza

Jargoni, ucxo sityvebi, barbarizmebiJargoni, ucxo sityvebi, barbarizmebiJargoni, ucxo sityvebi, barbarizmebiJargoni, ucxo sityvebi, barbarizmebiJargoni, ucxo sityvebi, barbarizmebi

sityva – parazitebi ( ra vici, raRaca da a.Ssityva – parazitebi ( ra vici, raRaca da a.Ssityva – parazitebi ( ra vici, raRaca da a.Ssityva – parazitebi ( ra vici, raRaca da a.Ssityva – parazitebi ( ra vici, raRaca da a.S

es cxrili, rasakvirvelia, ar moicavs mTels monacemebs, calkeulSemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleba gamoakldes an miematos sxvadasxva niSnebi.

amas umravles SemTxvevaSi Tan erTvis inteleqtis dabalikoeficienti, mwiri da erTferovani leqsika da sxva.

rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom am faqtorTa arsebobada urTierTmimarTeba yovelTvis garkveul Sedegs iZleva, rom nebismierSemTxvevaSi araswori sametyvelo procesis analizisas pirovnebisgarkveul tipTan gvaqvs saqme. es mxolod konkretuli, SezRuduliraodenobis masalaze dakvirvebiT gamotanili daskvnebia, gamokvleulimasalis 70 procenti Cven mier dasaxelebul enobriv tipSi jdeba,Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebic.

am mcire gamokvlevis statistika gvavaraudebinebs, rom ammizez - Sedegobriobas garkveuli safuZveli namdvilad aqvs dasametyvelo narativis Tavisebureba pirovnebis fsiqo - socialuridentobasTan kavSirSia.

danaSaulis semiotika enobrivi paTologiebi

180

naTela arvelaZe

niRabi, Teatrisvizualuri ena

mecnierebaTa urTierTgamdidrebis pro-cesma, rac amJamad ukve TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa,TiToeuls Seuqmna ganviTarebis ufro maRalifaza. miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis gar-kveuli dargis xvedriTi wona am procesSiufro metia, zogisa –naklebi, amjerad TavadTvisebis mniSvnelobas gamovyof, rogorcfriad sagulisxmo faqts. am mxriv sain-teresoa TeatrmcodneobiTi Ziebanic, rogorcsaTeatro xelovnebis Semswavleli prio-ritetuli dargisa. Teatris SeswavlisaTvisfaseulia semiotikis, rogorc erTgvari“metamecnierebis”, kvlevis formaTa, TumignebaTa gaazreba, rac gaamdidrebs Teatr-mcodneobiT Ziebebs da kidev ufro gamokveTsmsjelobis sabuTianobas efemeruli obieqtis,speqtaklis, Semecneba – SefasebisaTvis.Teatris istoriis Seswavlis, Teoriisa TusaTeatro kritikis Semdgomi ganviTarebi-sTvis, metad sagulisxmod mesaxeba aRniSulimecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SesaZlozusti msjelobis gaazrebiT efemerulimovlenis – sasceno Semoqmedebis – sxvada-sxva aspeqtis kvleva.

rogorc cnobilia, realoba TavisTavadaris ena, xolo kultura ganixileba, rogorcenaTa konglomerati. Teatrs, rogorc rea-lobis sarkes, mis models, rogorc kul-turis Semadgenel nawils, iseve, rogorcxelovnebis nebismier dargs, Tavisi ena gaaCnia– cocxali sasceno qmedeba... ena xom niSanTasistemiT arsebuli mocemulobaa da amdenad,

xelovnebis mecnierebaTadoqtori, SoTa rusTave-lis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universite-tis sruli profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi: msaxiobi, reJisori, repe-ticia (1978). Teatrisistoriis swavlebis sak-iTxisaTvis (2002); Te-atrmcodneobis kvlevisformebi (speqtakl "sam-Soblos" Seswavla rekon-struqciis meTodiT)(1998); Teatrze da aramxolod... (2006).interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:saTeatro kritikis for-maTa transformaciisproblema; Teatris is-toriis Seswavla Tanamed-rove mecnieruli mignebe-bis konteqstiT; saTeatrosakomunikacio enis sxva-dasxva aspeqti; Teatrissemiotika.

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saTeatro xelovnebis semiotikuri kvleva am niSanTa sistemisgaSifvrasa da amokiTxvas efuZneba. niSani, rogorc cnobilia, simbolosCanasaxobrivi formaa (loki), xolo ena ki – niSanTa zogadi TeoriiserT sistemas warmoadgens (barti ). amrigad, Teatris sametyveloena, niSanTa erTi sistemis gaSifvra – amokiTxva, speqtaklis SeswavliserT-erT optimalur gzad, saxeobad SeiZleba miviCnioT, rac kidevufro dasabuTebuls xdis dadgmaze msjelobas da mis Sefasebas(uwinaresad mxedvelobaSi maqvs interpretaciis, mxatvruligadawyvetis principis, TamaSis wesis, qveteqstis da sxva plastebismikvleva, maTi saxeldeba, warmodgenis aqtualobis gansazRvra ze-zeamocanis da zeamocanis miTiTebis Sedegad).

amjerad, saTeatro xelovnebis niSanTa erTi sistemis mxoloderT aspeqts ganvixilav, raTa naTeli moefinos ramdenad mniSvnelovaniasemiotikuri kvlevis gamoyeneba speqtaklis wakiTxva–SefasebisTvis,misi masStabis warmoCenisaTvis, obieqturobisa da sabuTianobisxvedriTi wonis amaRlebisaTvis.

niRabi,niRabi,niRabi,niRabi,niRabi, rogorc religiur-sakraluri movlena, ritualis nawili,xolo Semdgom ki saTeatro qmedebis erTiani sistemis nawilic,sasceno xelovnebis specifikuri sakiTxebis Seswavlis drosgansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqti aRmoCnda. Tanamedrove mecnierTamier Seswavlili da miTiTebulia misi arsi da mniSvneloba, misiformebi da genezisi, amasTanave, mikvleulia isic, rom masSikodirebulia garkveuli informacia. amrigad, niRabi erT-erTi wyaroadafaruli, saidumlo codnis SecnobisTvis.

rogorc cnobilia, antikuri epoqis berZnuli Teatri sanaxaobiTikulturis, religiur- sakraluri ritualis wiaRidanaa amozrdili.dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli ritualidan iSva profesiuliTeatri da amdenad, Teatri TavisTavad eyrdnoba da iyenebs religiuri,sakraluri, pirvelqmnili ritualis formebs... niRabsac _ pirdapirida gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT (saxis SeRebvidan dawyebuli damaterialuri niRbebisa Tu niRabi –simboloebis SeqmniT das-rulebuli). berZnuli Teatri iyenebda materialur niRbebs,Suasaukuneebisa Tu aRorZinebis epoqaTa TeatrisaTvis damaxasia-Tebelia saxis mTliani Tu sanaxevrod dafarva materialuri niRbiTan rTuli grimis gamoyenebiT. es Tviseba SeiniSneba rogorc evropulida aRmosavluri TeatrisTvis, agreTve, sxva kontinentTa sanaxaobiTikulturisaTvis.

Tanamedrove TeatrmcodneTa gamokvlevebsa Tu saTeatrokulturis sxvadasxva aspeqtTa Seswavlisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi

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vxvdebiT niRbis ufro farTo gagebiT gamoyenebas. specialistebisul ufro da ufro xSirad mimarTaven am termins, rogorc msaxiobismier Seqmnili personaJis aRmniSvnels. amgvari midgoma, am terminisaseTi SinaarsiTac gamoyeneba Teatris istoriisTvis cnobili faqtia.italiis “saero TamaSebis” wiaRidan warmoSobili “ficarnaguliTeatri“, profesiuli, improvizaciuli komedia del arte sami tipisniRbiT iyo cnobili da ara marto materialuri niRbis gamoyenebiT.saTeatro literaturis mixedviT, am Teatris sami saxis niRabiacnobili : 1. saxalxo komediuri (msaxurTa niRbebi –pirveli dameore Zani );

2. SeyvarebulTa liriuli niRbebi (jer erT, xolo Semdeg oriwyvili); 3. satirul-mamxilebluri niRbebi (batonebis niRbebi:tartalia, pantalone, doqtori). am klasikuri niRbebis damuSavebiT,axali plasetebisa da aspeqtTa gamdidrebiT xdeboda scenarismixedviT moqmedebis ganviTareba. CemTvis savsebiT misaRebia niRbisam SinaarsiTac gamoyeneba da misi damkvidreba samecniero Tu sxvasaxis saTeatro literaturaSi.

uZvelesi ritualebis monawileTa, Semdgom ki msaxiobTa pirisaxisdafarva materialuri niRbiT, feradi saRebavebiT an rTuli grimiT,ramdenime obieqturma pirobam warmoSva. maT Soris, religiuri,specifikuri, wminda praqtikuli mizniT xdeboda (axlac xdeba)misi gamoyeneba. umTavresi ki aris TamaSis Tanamdevi aucilebloba– sakuTari mes SemweobiT sxvisi, sxva me-s warmodgena da am procesis“SeniRbva”, misi idumalebiT “Semosva”, amiT ki erTgvari iluziisSeqmna.

uZvelesi ritualis monawile, niRbis SemweobiT (verbalursaSualebebTan erTad) warmosaxavda, vTqvaT, totems, imeorebda misTvisdamaxasiaTebel vizualur – verbalur Taviseburebas. NnebismieriniRabi (materialuri, saxis SeRebva, martivi da rTuli grimisgamoyeneba) am procesis monawile xdeboda. misi gamosaxvis formaritualis, am sakraluri TamaSis, am idumali aqtis (RmerTebTanTu miRmier samyarosTan kavSiris inscenirebis) garkveuli informaciismatarebeli realobac gaxldaT. imave procesiT gamoirCeva ukveTeatraluri TamaSi. aq sxvadqcevis ritualuri aqtis ganxorcieleba(msaxiob-adamianis me_dan personaJi–adamianis Seqmna, warmosaxva), amxiluli da ambivalenturi aqtis warmodgena personaJTa erTobliobiT,sasceno qmedebiT xdeba. amdenad, niRabi (materialuric da personaJi– simboloc) erTian sasceno nawils warmoadgens da SesaZlebeliais ganvixiloT, rogorc niSani, garkveuli informaciis matarebeli,

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umetesad ambivalenturi mocemuloba. igi damoukidebel arsebobasTanerTad, mTliani sanaxaobis konteqstSic ganixileba da amdenad, masSikodirebuli informacia am ormagi xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiTac undaamoixsnas.

speqtakli, saTeatro teqsti, personaJTa da sxva komponentTaerTiani sistemiT, dinamikaSi arsebuli mocemulobaa. yoveli personaJiTavisi individualuri ritmiT, “Tavisi dinamikiT” gamoirCeva daerTveba am saerTo dinebaSi. magram yoveli personaJis (aq vgulisxmobara marto dramis avtoris mier Seqmnil rols, aramed speqtaklispersonaJs, Teatris yoveli komponentis Tanaxmieri monawileobiTSeqmnil mTlianobas, uwinaresad ki msaxiobis avtorobiT warmodgenilpersonaJs) improvizaciul dinamikaSi arsebobs individualurTanerTad zedrouli da statikuri mocemuloba, rogorc maradiulobis,ucvlelobis, simbolo. is erTgvari dvritaa am tipis, kacobriobisam modgmis, Tundac am garkveuli statusis ganmsazRvrelmocemulobisaTvis. personaJis garegnoba, saqcielTa rigi, laparakismanera, mTlianad fsiqo-fizikuri xati, warmosaxavs garkveul tips,romelic zogadisa da individualuris erTobliobiT moqmedebsscenaze da zemoqmedebs mayurebelze. Aam improvizaciul dinamikaSi“zis” da zogjer dominanturad funqcionirebs statikuri, zedroulimocemuloba, maradiulobis, TiTqmis xelSeuxeblobis mudmiviSegrZnebisTvis arsebuli niSani –simbolo. zogadisa da indivi-dualuris Tanaarseboba, am nacnobi–ucnobis erTianoba, am impro-vizaciuli moqmedebiT spontanurad dabadebuli Strixisa TuSefasebisa da statikuri simyariT arsebuli “dvritas” Tanaxmianoba,Tavis mxriv, niSani –simbolos mTlianobas maStabs hmatebs damravlis es mowesrigebuli Tanaarseboba xasiaTis simkvrivesac avlensda mayurebelze zemoqmedebis procesSi asociaciuri nakadis maStabsacaZlierebs. personaJi – niRabic mTeli amgvari modgmis personi-ficirebul realobas qmnis.

Tanamedrove TeatrSi SeiniSneba niRbis nebismieri saxeobisarseboba: mravalSriani, feradovani an TeTri grimiT “Semosili”pirisaxe, rTuli da xatovani grimiT dafaruli saxe, materialuriunificirebuli niRabi, materialuri niRbiT naxevrad dafarulisaxe, kanisferi grimi, romelsac “tons” uwodeben da sxva. Yyovelcalkeul SemTxvevaSi niRabi, misi forma da feri, iqmneba speqtaklisgadawyvetis principiT da gamoxatavs im informacias, rac CaidomasSi dramis Teatraluri analizis, interpretaciis Sedegad. niRabimikrosamyaros raobis gamomxatvelic aris da amdenad, informaciis

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simravlesac itevs. personaJi-niRbis ambivalentoba individualurisada zogadis SenivTebiTa da, amasTanave, azrobrivi partiturissimwyobrisa Tu mravalgvarobis Sedegsac warmoadgens.

radganac msaxiobi qmnis ara marto erT konkretul individs,aramed personaJiT warmodgenili da gacxadebulia kacobriobisamgvari modgmis sazogado tipic, es Tanafardoba qmnis kidec amaxali individualobis namdvilobisa da moulodnelobis (nacnobi-ucnobi) efeqts. rac ufro myaria am zogadis xvedriTi wona, ramdenadoriginalurad “zis” da “funqcionirebs” am zogad-statikurSiindividualur-dinamikuri Strixebi, niuansebi, Sefasebebi, saqcielTarigi, miT ufro rTuli da maStaburia Seqmnili personaJi-niRabi,romelic TavisTavad saTeatro enis erT-erTi niSania. amgvariprincipiT ganxorcielebuli, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, materializebuliazrobrivi partitura, msaxiobTa ansambli –ukve niRabTa sistemaaanu niSanTa sistema. igi mTliani sanaxaobis azrobrivi partituris,mxatvruli gadawyvetis principTa matarebeli mocemulobaa, pro-tagonistia sxva komponentTa scenaze SeTanxmebuli Tanaarsebobisa.Ddamxmare komponentebi, saTeatro enis niSanTa sistemis Semadgenelinawilebi funqcionireben speqtaklSi ormxrivi SinaarsiT: da-moukidebladac da konteqstiTac. es suverenoba da, amasTanave, da-mokidebuloba (qveSevrdomoba) niWieri damdgmeli gundiT –gawo-nasworebulia, miRweulia Sinagani Tanaxmiereba, organuli Tanaarseboba.am erTobliv niSanTa sistemaSi kodirebulia garkveuli informacia,rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ganpirobebuli azrobrivi partituriT,mxatvruli gadawyvetis principiT (ze-zeamocaniT, zeamocaniT, gamWolimoqmedebiT, saqcielTa rigiT, vizualur-verbaluri sxva gamosaxvisformebiT, romelSic, Tavis mxriv, kodirebulia azrobrivi, grZnobaTada fizikuri partiturebi). Sanaxaobis, rogorc saTeatro teqstisSeswavla (Secnoba-Sefaseba), am niSanTa sistemis, rogorc saTeatroenis amokiTxviT aris SesaZlebeli.

* * ** * ** * ** * ** * *mayureblis mier speqtaklis personaJTa pirveladi aRqma, umetesad

vizualuri saSualebis erTobliobiT xdeba. amdenad, metad sa-gulisxmoa reJisorisa da mxatvris mier dekoraciis, kostumebis,butaforiis, aqsesuaris da sxva vizualur saSualebaTa gadawyveta.amjerad ganvixilav kostums, rogorc niRbis vizualuri “gaformebis”erT-erT saxeobas, mis nawils. personaJi-niRabi (materialuri-sulierigamosaxuleba) TavisTavad ambivalenturia, “inaxavs” da gamoxatavs

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mravalgvar da mravalsaxobriv informacias. qsovilis faqtura,feri, formaTa Sexameba, garkveul Targze gamoWra, samkauliTa damaqmaniT an bewveuliT da naqsovi detalebiT, brWyviala mZivebiT,moqarguli gulispiriT gaformeba –yvelaferi erTad, SesaZlebeliamiviCnioT Teatraluri teqstis vizualuri plastis Semadgenelnawilad. amdenad, speqtaklis “wakiTxvisaTvis” Zalze mniSvnelovaniaTiToeuli am Semadgeneli nawilis simboluri mniSvnelobisgamokvleva, gamovlena, maTi funqciis gansazRvriT saerTo maniSnebliswarmoCena, maTi urTierTSeTanxmebiT axali mTlianobis, axalimocemulobis mTeli sistemis amocnoba, daSifruli koduri sistemisgaSifrva da Sefaseba.

ferTa simboluri raoba, ferTa Sexamebis gamiznuloba, emblematurferTa mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, speqtaklis azrobrivi partiturismxatvruli gadawyvetis principzec migvaniSnebs da imasac miuTiTebs– ra azris matarebelia es niSani. amjerad mxolod oriod magaliTsmovuxmob qarTuli Teatris sinamdvilidan.

kote marjaniSvilis speqtakli “uriel akosta” “uriel akosta” “uriel akosta” “uriel akosta” “uriel akosta” (karl guckovisdrama , urieli –uSangi CxeiZe, ivdiTi –veriko anjafariZe, mxatvari–petre ocxeli, kompozitori –Tamar vaxvaxiSvili, qoreografi –daviT maWavariani, marjaniSvilis Teatri, 1929 weli) ivdiTiskostumis, rogorc niRbis garegnuli plastis analizi.

reJisorisa da mxatvris mier dekoraciisa da kostumebiTgadawyvetiT dominirebda TeTri, Savi, ruxi feri (yviTels SedarebiTmokrZalebuli datvirTva qonda). ivdiTis samoseli am sami ferisSexamebis nawili gaxldaT. am ferebiT igrZnoboda personaJisnaTesauri, wodebrivi kuTvnilebac, am SemosazRvruli da mtkicerkalis garRvevis mcdelobac, misgan Tavdaxsnis, gamijvnis wadilic.jer kidev aRorZinebis epoqis mier mikvleuli, damuSavebuli dawarmoCenili konfliqti pirovnebis movaleobasa da grZnobas Soris,dramaSi religiuri fanatizmis foniT uerTdeba epoqaTa dilemas.ivdiTi Tavisi istoriuli winaprebis memkvidrec aris da erTgvarademijneba kidec maT, SemosazRvruli asparezic garRveuli Cans. ivdiTi,miuxedavad imisa, rom moqmedebis dro avtors miTiTebuli aqvs(1640weli), ganaTlebis epoqis adeptia da amdenad, gonis primatiTmoqmedeba am droebis warmmarTvel Tvisebas avlens. ivdiTi jerkidev ar aris emansipirebuli qalbatoni, romelic axali epoqispirmSo gaxdeba, pirovnebis amboxiTa da sociumTan dapirispirebismtkice nebiT, sakuTari gamorCeulobis damkvidrebis JiniT rom


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SeZravs msoflio scenas. axali drama amgvari personaJis sascenoambis gaTamaSebiTac Seva Teatris istoriaSi.

reJisorisa da msaxiobis interpretaciiT (mTeli damdgmeligundis TanamoazreobiT) ivdiTi ormagi kontrapunqtiT warmoaCendakonfliqtis Tvisebasa da xarisxs, romelsac aZlierebda Svilismovaleoba, rwmenis sidiade da siyvarulis erTguleba. sociumisfanatizmi da ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis Tavdadeba (mamis nebisgaTvaliswineba! ) is mocemuli piroba, romlis borkilebsac eWidebodaqalis sulier samyaroSi almodebuli rwmena, siyvaruli da Svilismovaleoba. grZnobisa da movaleobis konfliqti drois mTxovanTaSeferilobiT warmoaCina mweralma da aseve gaTamaSda scenaze, ukvesxva epoqis moTxovnaTa kvaldakval.

ivdiTi –Tvinieri Svili, Smagi Seyvarebuli, gulficxi mowafe,SemarTuli axladmoqceuli – aseT adamianur TvisebaTa erTobliobiTgamorCeuli qalis Sesrulebas sTavazobda reJisori msaxiobs. amTvisebaTa dominants reliefurad warmoaCenda veriko anjafariZe.is TamaSobda Tamamad, vnebianad, grZnobaTa siwrfeliT, texilieqspresiiTa da saxieri plastikuri partituriT, riskiani intonaciiT.mayurebeli TvalnaTliv xedavda, rogor imsxvreoda misi sulierisamyaro sazogadoebis myarad nagezi moralis zRudeTa, fanatikosTaCakiruli mrwamsis karibWeTa, am mkvidrad amoyvanili cixe-simagrisspontanuri ganrRvevis wuTebSi. TanamoZmeTa orTodoqsalurimsoflmxedvelobis imperativiT dabinduli gonebis, gaqvavebuli nebis,Tavdadrekili morCilebis, am uRirsebo arsebobis marwuxebisagandaxsnis samsxverploze ivdiTs gamohqonda unikaluri Sesawiri –sakuTari norCi sicocxle. reJisoruli Canafiqri msaxiobis maRalirangis ostatobiT iyo warmoCenili. ivdiTi – verikos mikrosamyaroSi aboboqrebuli Widili gamWvirvaled iyo gamotanilisasceno ficarnagze, TvalnaTliv Canda da ikiTxeboda Sinaganidapirispireba ivdiTi – Svilis Tvinierebasa (movaleobasa) daivdiTi – Seyvarebulis Seupovrobas (grZnobas) Soris.

konkretuli samyaros gamoxatulebad gaxldaT Cafiqrebulidekoracia da personaJTa samoselis ferebi, maTi Sexameba daTanaarseboba. ivdiTis kostumis TeTri da ruxi feri, Rrma gaazrebisSedegad daibada. TeTri – WeSmaritebis, naTlis, umankoebis,RvTaebriobis da sxv. simboloa. dasavluri tradiciis gaTvalis-winebiT, TeTri pozitiuris mimaniSnebelia, amasTanave, axladmoqceulissimbolodac aris miCneuli. am miniSnebaTa erTobliobas TuCavukvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT reJisorisa da msaxiobis mier ivdiTis

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rolis interpretaciasTan siaxloves, SesaZloa, am Canafiqrisidenturobas, Tundac ferTa simbolikasTan. uwinaresad,gasaTvaliswinebelia dramis ambavi, romelic epoqis winaaRmdegobaTa,dapirispirebul mxareTa msoflmxedvelobiT gansxvavebulobazeaaWrili. speqtaklic am ambis gaTamaSebis Sedegad warmoaCendaukompromiso pirovnebis (am SemTxvevaSi urielis) SinaganTavisuflebasa da, amasTanave, religiur fanatikosTa sisastikesTanSerkinebis masStabsac. ivdiTi uriel akostas Rirseuli mowafe,mimdevari da trfiali gaxldaT. ivdiTi da urieli am brZolisprotagonistebi arian. maTi samoselis ferTa gamaSic SeigrZnobodaes kontrasti: kuTvnileba garkveuli wrisa (TanamoZmeTa), rac kostumissaerTo moyvanilobis msgavsebiTac SeigrZnoboda da maTgan gandgomismoTxovnileba, amis SesaZleblobis, am pozitiuri svlis gamosaxulebagaxldaT TeTri feris sxivCamdgari gamonaTeba.

TeTri feri ivdiTis, rogorc neofitis niSan-simbolodacikiTxeboda, samsxverplod ganwirul umankoebazec mianiSnebda. amSemTxvevaSic TeTri feri ambivalenturi Sinaarsis mimaniSnebladSeiZleba miviCnioT.

ruxi feris simboluri gamoxatuleba migvaniSnebs gandgomas,morCilebas, Tavmodrekas. garemo, romlis wiaRSic iSva da aRizardaivdiTi, swored Tvinierebas, Tavdrekas, morCilebas iTxovs da am-kvidrebs TanamoZmeTa naSierebSi. es msoflmxedvelobiTi prag-matizmiTacaa warmoqmnili. TeTrisa da ruxis Tanaarseboba migvaniSnebssazogadoebis mZvinvare marwuxebzec, uRimRamo yofis borkilebzecda maTgan Tavdaxsnis wadilzec, Seupovrobis mniSvnelobazec daSvilis morCilebazec, erTsa da imave dros. sazogadoebis uRimRamoyofa da rwmeniT gaciskrovneba, morCilTa agresia da rwmenisa dasiyvarulis mSveniereba – samyaros konkretuli arseboba –ferTagamiTac iyo damowmebuli, xolo Savi feris gaelveba (fonic!) avbediTifinalis perspeqtivasac mianiSnebda. ivdiTis siyvaruli, axlad-moqceulis siwminde, Svilis valdebuleba – TavisTavad ganwiruliCanda am mrume garemoSi. STamomavlis Tviniereba (saerTod Tviniereba)da siyvarulis yovlismomcveloba, yovlisSemZleoba SeuTavsebelisidideebi gaxlavT. msxverplSewirvis mwuxare akordi asrulebdaivdiTisa da urielis uiRblo trfobis dramas. Aamrigad, rolisgadawyvetis, TamaSis wesis, konfliqtis xarisxis mimaniSnebeliaRmoCnda SerCeuli kostumebi: qsovilis sikmkvrive, stilizebuliTargi, ferTa Sexameba, ferTa TanaarsobiT gaZlierebuli kontrasti.


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ivdiTis kostumis Sefaseba mxolod mWidrod naqsovi flasisferTa SerCeviT sakmarisi ar aris. es mxolod erTi aspeqtia immxatvruli Rirebulebisa, TavisTavad da saxierad rom metyvelebspetre ocxelis gemovnebasa da azrovnebis simwifeze. AaranaklebimniSvnelobisaa samoselis moyvaniloba, Targi, romelzec arisgamoWrili ivdiTis (sxva personaJebis) kostumi. welze morgebuliTeTri zedatani mTavrdeboda Tavisuflad daSvebuli da nakecebiTgawyobili kalTebiT, maraosaviT gaSlili marjvena saxeloTi. esstilizebuli, realuri modisa da irealuri moyvanilobisTanaarseboba, zemoqmedebis efeqts aZlierebda, Seucnobelisa da ucxosieriTac avsebda sasceno sivrces. ivdiTis texili, sxarti, anazdeulimoZraobebiT sxadasxvagvarad iSleboda kalTis nakecebica da saxelosgaSlili daboloebac. es ritms, dinamikas, eqspresias gamokveTda daaZlierebda, amasTanave, haerovnebas, silazaTesa da simSvenieres hmatebdaara marto msaxiobs, aramed sasceno sivrcesac. kabis moyvanilobayvelaze mniSvnelovnad SeigrZnoboda ori epizodis gaTamaSebiT: menasesojaxSi wveulebis dros, romelic urielis gandevniT dasruldebada ivdiTis monologis dros, sinagogisken mimaval uriels romgascqeris. menases vilaSi maRali, TeTri kibis safexurze nelaeSveboda de santosi, aleqsandre imedaSvili, wyevlis yovel muxlzewelSi ixreboda erT mxares aRmoCenili stumrebis masa. urielakosta –uSangi CxeiZe, amayad idga mopirdapire mxares, idga marto,yvelasgan uaryofili. de santosis sityvebis Semdeg “ise mokvdebi,rom ver gaigeb vercerTi qalisgan mxurvale alerss!”, ivdiTi, veriko,welSi gaswordeboda, gamoeyofoda Tavdaxril masas, ZlieradSehyvirebda: “rabino, styui! “ da urielisaken garboda maraosaviTgaSlili saxeloTi da sivrceSi gaSlili nakecebiani kabis kalTebiT.erT arsebad qceuli wyvili trfobisa da Seupovrobis siamayedqceul qandakebas Camogavda. axla isini uxmod upirispirdebodnende santossac da morCil, usaxur masasac –TanamoZmeTa rux gunds,scenis meore kuTxeSi rom Sejgufebuliyo. mkrexelobiT gaognebulsTiTqos TavSi waeSina marjvena. Bbolos ivdiTi-veriko, imave kibiTmaRla arboda. zeviT, maRali kibis Tavze Semdgari, haerSi gawvdilimarjvenaTi da mtkice SeZaxiliT asrulebda epizods: “visac aqvsrwmena da nebisyofa, is mTel qveyanas daimorCilebs!” im wuTebSiivdiTi cis kabadonze gaWrisaTvis mzad myof frTosans Camogavda,Tavisufali navardisTvis gaCenili, frTaaSlil frinvelis qandakebasemsgavseboda. kabis kalTis gaSlili nakecebi axla mwyobradasrulebdnen zenaarisken mimarTuli, maraosaviT gaSlili saxelos

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saerTo monaxazs. Ddaxvewili plastikuri monaxazi da musikismaJoruli fraza, CuqurTmasaviT “exveoda” da amSvenebda mizanscenas,metaforis rangSi amaRlebuli sasceno saxiereba zeaRmtaczemoqmedebas axdenda mayurebelze.

amrigad, niRbis vizualuri gaformebis nawili, kostumi, misiferadovneba, qsovilis xarisxi, Targi, aqsesuarebi da sxva, erTianisistemiT “inaxaven” da gamoxataven sanaxaobis mizandasaxulobas,damdgmeli gundis Canafiqrs, mxatvruli gadawyvetis princips. rogorczemoT aRiniSna, msaxiobis Cacmuloba gamoxatavs epoqasac,stilsac,xasiaTis arssac.

robert sturuas speqtakli “yvaryvare”“yvaryvare”“yvaryvare”“yvaryvare”“yvaryvare” (polikarpe kakabaZiskomediis “yvaryvare TuTaberis” Tavisufali interpretacia, yvaryvare– ramaz CxikvaZe, mxatvrebi- mirian SveliZe, uSangi imer-liSvili,rusTavelis Tetri 1974weli). gandidebis maniiT SepyobilTa,yvaryarizmis sindromiT SepyrobilTa, medrove bedis mebrZolTamsvlelobas gviCvenebda reJisori, epoqaTa monacvleobis avbediTobaswarmoaCenda damdgmeli gundi, roca piruTvnelad warmosaxavdapolitikur piramidaze yvaryvares aRmasvlis ambavs. fexSiSveliyvaryvare-ramaz CkikvaZe, arsaidan gamoecxadeboda saswaulis momlodinexalxs, mesiad movlenilad Seracxda yvaryvares sakuTari xvedriTsvegamwarebuli, usaxuri masa. “revoluciis qafiT” aRzevebuli,revolucioneri sevastis xeldasmiT~ waTamamebuli medrove, axlarevolucioner winamZRolad evlineboda gaognebul masas. mere damere beladad, demiurgad gardasaxuli yvaryvare, tiranad ecxadebodagasavaTebul, uRimRamo yofiT gaCanagebul brbos. politikursarbielze am xelSesaxeb cvlilebas epoqaTa mimaniSnebeli niuansebismonacvleobiT warmosaxavda reJisori. am procesis umTavresi“protagonisti” yvaryvare –CxikvaZis modifikaciasTan erTad, misiCacmulobac gaxldaT. Aam mravalmxrivi, mravalplastiani, ambivalenturiniRbis arsis warmosaCenad damdgmelma gundma airCia metad riskiani,magram saxieri, upovari yvaryvare (amis niSani is gaxldaT, romyovel situaciaSi, aRmasvlis yovel safexurze is fexSiSveliimyofeboda) myisierad irgebda sxvadasxva samoss, rogorc axaliepoqis dadgomis nivTmtkicebas: mas xan Sin naqsovi jvalos grZeliTeTri perangi emosa, (aq TeTri feris ubiwoba Seryvnili gaxldaTpostmodernizmis ironiiT, parodiuli elferiT warmosaxavdanebismier faseulobas, TviT ferTa simbolikac Tavdayira iyowarmosaxuli), xan samxedro mundiris imperativi hqonda “wamocmuli”,xan ruxi feris asketuri kiteli, an umklavebo da yelmoxsnili


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maisuri, sanaxevrod rom ufaravda torss. ambis zedroulobis niSansaq msaxiobis kostumic warmoaCenda.

Mmixeil TumaniSvilis speqtakli “zafxulis Ramis sizmari”(Seqspiris komedia, mxatvari – giorgi - aleqsi mesxiSvili,kinomsaxiobTa Teatri ,1992 weli). bunebis sifxizlis, siyvarulismcxunvarebis, ymawvilkacuri siancis, zRvardaudebi fantaziis, silaRisritmiT iyo aRsavse sasceno ambavi, romelic Seqspiris komediisumTavres Tvisebaze iyo amozrdili – aq yvelaferi SesaZlebelia,SeyvarebulTa planetaze araferia tabuirebuli! mSvenieri ipolita– mzia arabulis stilizebuli kabis kalTa, moCiTuli xaliCasaviT,aTasafrad hqonda gawyobili, is yvavilebiT aWrelebul melodiasacCamohgavda. giJmaJi sicelqis, Tavneba sixalisis, natifi vnebis“nivTmtkicebadac” gvevlineboda mxatvris uzado gemovnebiT Seqmnilikostumi, romelic sxva personaJTa samosis erTian sistemaSiorganulad ixateboda da axalgazrduli siCauqis eqod aRiqmeboda.es erTiani sistema (yoveli personaJi- niRabis Cacmuloba) kizmanebasaviT mouxelTebel, axalgazrdulad onavar, almodebultrfials, am giJmaJ vnebianobas, moliclice irealurisa da mkacrirealobis Tanaarsebobas, organulad gamoxatavda. es Seusabamoba(magaliTad, hermias haerovani kaba da Tanamedrove, uxeSi, mokleyelianiCeqma), es kontrasti iwvevda iumors, zomier ironiasac da zRaprulsiames hgvrida moulodnelobis efeqtiT gaocebul mayurebelszRaparSic, sizmradac xom yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes!

goCa kapanaZis speqtakli “mariam stiuarti”“mariam stiuarti”“mariam stiuarti”“mariam stiuarti”“mariam stiuarti” (Sileri,razumovskaias nawarmoebTa mixedviT, mxatvari – baqar janaSia,kostumebis mxatvari – nino asaTiani, rusTavelis Teatris mcirescena, 1977 weli) finali. scenis siRrmidan rampisaken auCqareblad,amayad, fiqrianad modioda mariam stiuarti_marine kaxiani. xasxasawiTeli, farTokalTiani kaba moxdenilad hqonda morgebuli koxtasxeulze. am goroz msvlelobaSi igrZnoboda personaJis didebuleba,yioda jiSi da STamomavloba! Savi feris mZime fardebis foni,kaeSansa da avbediT winaTgrZnobas aZlierebda, TiTqos, dedofalimariami wyvdiads ganerida, mrume simkacridan modioda win, rampisaken.modioda Rirseulad, welgamarTuli, qedmaRali, modioda taatiT,modioda pewiani, eSxiani, mimzidveli sidiadiT, modioda da Tanmohqonda mamakacTa trfialis simxurvaliT ganebivrebulimandilosnis Tavdajereba, uiRblo dedoflis faTerakianibiografiisagan gandgomili pirovnebis simSvide, silamazis sinatifeda msxverplis miusafroba. is modioda nela, ar irxeoda kabis

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kalTac ki, Tavze ki gvrigvinis nacvlad SaravandediviT edga Rirsebisdiadema. is modioda nela, warbebSeuxrelad, amayad Tavaweuli, modiodadidxans, “Sotlandiis yvavilis” mSvenieri hangis ritmiT (Sotlandiisar aRiarebuli himni), mihqonda auracxeli mamakacis ganuyofelitrfialis siTamame da ugvirgino dedoflis naRvliani gandideba.eSafotisaken mimavali mariami TiTqos axladdaRvrili sisxlisnakvalevs tovebda am eklian gzaze. elisabedis epoqas es sisxianikvalic SemorCeba_inglisis Wirveuli dedoflis mSvenierSotlandiel dedofalTan pirovnuli qiSpis Sedegi- sajalaTokunZze dagorebuli mariamis Tavi! anu, uwinaresad, elisabedi-qalisada elisabedi-dedoflis lamazi msxverplis simbolo. msxverplT-Sewirvis rituali gamoisaxa am msvlelobiT. ase dasrulda sanaxaoba.reJisori, uTuod wiTeli feris sikvdil-sicocxlis mimaniSnebelinterpretacias iTvaliswinebda, rodesac mxatvarTan erTad personaJiskabis stils, fersa da qsovils irCevda. reJisoris informaciiT,mas pakistanSi SeuZenia wiTeli feris atlasi-abreSumis qsovilida maqmani mariam stiuartis kostumisaTvis. rogorc Cans, dam-dgmelisaTvis metismetad mniSvnelovani yofila mariamis safinalosamoseli, amitomac ar dauSurebia dro, energia, finansebi. marTlac,Zlier STabeWdilebas axdenda mayurebelze qsovilis brwyinvaleba,haerovneba da simkvrive, kabis koxta moyvaniloba da pewi. Eesefeqturi kaba da dinji msvleloba, STambeWdavi musikaluri Tanxleba,Savi fardebis foni, naTeli sxiviT ganaTebuli mariamis figura damis pirisaxeze aRbeWdili kaeSani –urTierTganpirobebuli mxatvruligadawyveta da msaxioburi Sefaseba gaxldaT. msaxiobs SvenodaCacmuloba, moxdenilad atarebda kabas, am gangaSis mauwyebeli kostumiTmniSvnelovnad mohqonda Tan am movlenis miRma arsebuli qaluribednierebis netarebaca da dedoflis avbediTi finalis mSfoTvaresevdac, pirovnebisa da banovanis maradiuli miusafrobac. dedofaliiq, kulisebSi miicvala TiTqos, axla ki eSafotisken misi amayisuli miemarTeboda mxolod. rogorc cnobilia, winareistoriuliadamianis interpretaciiT, sisxli sulTan iyo gaigivebuli.

daviT andRulaZis speqtakli “meored mosvla, anu viziti”“meored mosvla, anu viziti”“meored mosvla, anu viziti”“meored mosvla, anu viziti”“meored mosvla, anu viziti”(fridrix diurenmatis “molodinis viziti”, mxatvari –aivengo WeliZe,kostumebis mxatvari – Temur ninua, ira SaraSiZe, aleqsandre axmetelisTeatri, 2001 weli). klara caxanasiani –nana faCuaSvilis samosimetad STambeWdavi gaxldaT (klaras kaba abram bazelis saxelosnoSiSeukeravT taftis, abreSumisa da gamWvirvale qsovilis SexamebiT).Sua scenaze qandakebasaviT uZravad idga gamexebuli klara. fermkrTal


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pirisaxeze idumalebisa da moulodnelobis sicive aRbeWdiliyo.TeTri, TvalismomWrelad qaTqaTa, uzomod farTokalTiani kaba naxevarsivrces faravda. qolgasaviT gaSlili krinolini TiTqos mzrunvaledefineboda mTel qalaqs, mTels moqalaqeebs. eris simbolika – ubiwoeba,sinaTle, sibrZne... da klaras mrume, zRvardaudebeli SurisZieba –urTierTgamomricxavi sidideebi gaxlavT, am kontrastiT aRwevdareJisori mizans – warmoeCina klaras moCvenebiTi sikeTe, moCvenebiTigulmxurvaleba moZmeTa siduxWiris mimarT, moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobaqalaqis mesveurTa mimarT. SurismaZiebeli, sastiki qali da sakraluri,Seuryvneli samosi –am kontrastiT warmoCenili iyo milionerisvizitis zneobrivi aspeqti, romelic meored mosvlis rangiT Seafasadamdgmelma, gamoikveTa klaras xasiaTis sirTulec, epoqis wi-naaRmdegobrivi xasiaTic. ambivalenturi movlena xatovanad dagamiznulad gamoisaxa kostumis mxatvruli gadawyvetiT. am kostumiTreJisorma TiTqos klaras auxdeneli ocnebac gamoxata – mas xommTeli cxovreba natvrad eqca ivTan jvriswera! es uSvelebelkalTiani,qaTqaTa kaba klaras fataluri vnebis simboloc iyo da micvalebulmijnurTan samaradJamod damakavSirebeli niSanic.

rogorc vxedavT, ferTa simboluri miniSneba da misi amocnobaudides mniSvnelobas iZens scenografiisa da kostumebis gadawyvetisdros, rac, Tavis mxriv, aZlierebs niRbis mTlianobis SegrZnebas.isic unda aRiniSnos, rom speqtaklis Seswavlis procesSi gasaT-valiswinebelia ara marto ferebis, siluetis, Targis, qsovilisfaqturis, samkaulebis, maqmanis, bewveulis da sxv. Sexameba, aramedisic, rogor Caisaxeba kostumebis erToblioba sanaxaobis erTiansistemaSi. ferTa simboluri mniSvneloba gansakuTrebul funqciasiZens scenografiis gadawyvetis procesSi. Aaqedan gamomdinare, iqmnebakidec msaxiobTa Cacmulobis mTliani sistemac, maTi saxierebac.

sanaxaobis mTlianoba Tanamedrove TeatrSi mxolod msaxiobTaSesrulebiT rodi miiRweva. am procesSi saTeatro komponentTaharmoniuli Tanaxmierebac igulisxmeba.. kostumi ara marto per-sonaJis bunebis, misi Sinagani samyaros, msoflaRqmis, naTesauri Tucenzismieri kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli mocemulobaa, aramed sanaxaobis“ukvdavi feris” TanaarsebobiT Sqemnili sasceno samyaros nawilicaa(im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca Txrobis fragmentuloba dadgmis principiTaris kultivirebuli, msaxiobTa mokazmuloba am “uTvalav ferTa”mimaniSnebelicaa, esaa misi Tviseba, xarisxs ki damdgmeli gundisniWiereba da ostatoba gansazRvravs). ferTametyvelebis safuZvelicSeiZleba iyos sanaxaobis vizualuri partituris farTo da saxieri

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panorama. is iqmenba dadgmis mxatvruli gadawyvetis principiT daemsaxureba dadgmis ideis (zeamocanis) gamoxatvas. misi ganxilvaSesaZlebelia individualurad, rogorc kerZo movlenis, magramumTavresia, misi Seswavla mTliani gamosaxvis saSualebaTa konteqstSi,xolo Sefasebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia mayurebelTa darbazzezemoqmedebis efeqtic.

amrigad, ferTametyvelebis gacnobiereba, ferTa simbolurimniSvnelobis amocnoba metad faseulia speqtaklis SeswavlisaTvis,sanaxaobis SefasebisaTvis.


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mamuka biWaSvili

istoria mecnierebaTaarqeologiis Suqze

daviT bagrationi – ena,istoria, mecniereba

savele samuSaoebi da arqivebis orga-nizacia, gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili eqsponatebissaTuTi movla, damuSaveba, maTi Sesabamisiinterpretacia – epoqis gansazRvra daklasifikacia, mxolod nawilia im TavisTavadmimzidveli saqmianobidan, romelsac war-movidgenT xolme, rodesac sityva Seexebaarqeologias, rogorc istoriuli mecnierebisnawils. Tuki mTel am saqmianobas davumatebTsiZvelis pativiscemas da sakuTari hipo-Tezis WeSmaritebis Ziebis dauokebelwyurvils, met-naklebad gasagebi gaxdebasubieqturi motivacia, romelic SeiZlebahqonoda, vTqvaT, Slimans, romelmac moaxerxadaujerebeli da troas zRaprad qceulimiTi realuri istoriis kuTvnilebad eqcia.arqeologia istoriuli da ufro zogadad,humanitaruli mecnierebebidan erT-erT imiSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens, romelsacfaqtebTan mWidro urTierToba, empiriulimecnierebebis mwyobrSi Caayenebs da maszegaavrcelebs am mecnirebebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebel yvela upiratesobas Tu siZneles.miuxedavad imisa, rom arqeologia, romelzedacqvemoT gveqneba saubari aRwerili tipisaar aris, igi mainc inarCunebs, siZveleebisZiebis, miviwyebulis gaxsenebis da xdomilebisistoriuli mtverisagan ganTavisuflebis

filosofiis mecniereba-Ta doqtori, ivane jav-axiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis filosofiisfakultetis profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:sametyvelo moqmedebisanalitikuri Teoria(1994); instrumentarie-bi firosmanis naratiu-li diskursis aTvis(1999); laibnicis meta-fizika da enis filoso-fia (2005); politikuriTeoria (2006).interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:enis filosofia, poli-tikuri filosofia.

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saerTo Strixebs. razea ufro konkretulad saubari?miSel fuko uTuod erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani figura

iyo maT Soris, vinc Tavi gamoiCina gasuli saukunis meore naxevrisfilosofiasa da kulturis mecnierebaSi. fuko ZiriTadad ikvlevdaevropuli sazogadoebis marginalur struqturebs da marginalizaciismizezebs. man uaRresad saintereso Sromebi dagvitova ideebisistoriis, penitencialuri sistemis, SeSlilobis da Sesabamisiinstituciebis istoriis Sesaxeb. magram amJamad fuko CvenTvisufro sainteresoa im wvliliT, romelic man Seitana mecnierebaTameTodologiaSi. franguli srtuqturalisturi tradiciidangamomdinare, fukos SromebSi sul ufro mzardi adgili daikavameTodologiurma novaciebma. am mimarTulebiT gamoTqmuli axaliSexedulebebi pirvelad gaJRerda avtoris gaxmaurebul SromaSi,“sityvebi da sagnebi. humatitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia”.mogvianebiT, mkiTxvelma “klinikis dabadebaSi” ixila, Tu rogor“muSaobda” fukos arqeologia konkretuli problemis kvlevisas.kidev erTi naSromi, romelmac ara mxolod Seajama fukosarqeologiuri Ziebani, aramed sagrZnoblad gaafarTova saZiebo areali,gaxldaT “mecnierebaTa arqeologia”. cxadia, aq adgili ar arisimisaTvis, rom warmovadginoT fukos meTodologiis detalurianalizi. am meTodologiaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad savsebiTsakmarisi iqneboda ufro zogadi aRwera imisa, rogorc iqcevakvlevisas fuko da mivaniSnoT imaze, rom konkretuli problemiskvlevisas, fukos mier warmoebuli analizisaTvis tipiuria ideebisistoriis siRrmiseuli fenebidan ama Tu im miviwyebuli, “mtver-gadayrili” avtoris dRis sinaTleze gamotana. amgvari “aRmoCenis”Semdgomi samuSaoebi, romlebic gulisxmoben istoriuli epoqis,enis, interpretaciis sakmaod rTuli problemebis saWirohermenevtikuli velis gavlas, isini ori mTavari miznis gadaWrascdiloben. upirveles yovlisa, zedmiwevniT kargad unda gavecnoTCvens saarqivo masalas, Tavad avtors da mis nawarmoebs. aseTianalizisas, Tuki siaxle Cvens gakvirvebas gamoiwvevs, gamoricxuliar aris garkveuli filosofiuri ganwyobebi, radgan gakvirveba xomaristoteles mixedviT, filosofosobis winapirobaa. meore mizani,ra Tqma unda, mocemuli istoriuli “aRmoCeniT” Tavad istoriulimonakveTis gagebaa. saqme is gaxlavT, rom Cven gvaqvs istoriisaraerTi klasifikacia, romelTa monakveTebze (vTqvaT, aRorZinebaze,an feodalizmze da a.S.) droTa ganmavlobaSi gviyalibdeba gaxevebulistereotipebi. fukos arqeologiuri meTodis erT-erTi mTavari

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amocana aseTi stereotipebis dekonstruqciaa, rasac igi didiostatobiT axorcielebda.

axla, swored rom droa movixsenioT Cveni interesis ZiriTadisagani, daviT bagrationis “werilebi” da “Semoklebuli fisika”.masalebi gamosacemad moamzada, SeniSvnebi da gamokvleva daurTofilosofiis institutis TanamSromelma, gulnara dedabriSvilma.miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamocemebi ar yofila qarTul literaturulsivrceSi daviT bagrationis originaluri Tvalsazrisis pirveligaJRereba (“Semoklebuli fisikis” erTi nawili jer kidev 1954wels gamoica vaxtang parkaZis mier), Znelia gadaWarbebiT SevafasoTam gamocemebis mniSvneloba. fukos arqeologiuri meTodis konteqstSiSegveZlo gveTqva, rom am gamocemiT istoriis mtveri CamocildaerT Zalze saintereso pirovnebas, romlis naweridan, rogorc utyuariwyarodan, Cvenive qveynis warsuli Semogvyurebs. es masala mzadaaSemdgomi interpretaciisaTvis miT ufro, Tu daviT bagrationisfilosofiuri Sexedulebebis erTi interpretacia Tavad gamomcemelmaSemogvTavaza (bagrationi 2002:3-20).

amrigad, daviT bagrationis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis saxiTCven saqme gvaqvs TavisTavad istoriasTan, radgan istoria warsuliindividebis da maTi saqmeebis mexsierebaa. swored es gaxlavTistoriuli TxrobisaTvis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovna. TugavixsenebT istoriis mamis, herodotes sityvebs, romliTac iwyebamisi Txzuleba, davrwmundebiT, rom savsebiT daculi gvaqvs istoriulikvlevisaTvis saWiro, Zalze arsebiTi postulati: “herodotehalikarnaselis istoriis es gadmocema - wers is - miznad isaxavsimas, rom droTa viTarebaSi ar iqnes daviwyebuli adamianTa saqebarisaqmianoba, arc is didi da saocari saqmeebi unda darCes ganudidebeli,romlebic aRasrules rogorc elinebma, ise barbarosebma, ar undaiqnes daviwyebuli yvela sxva da gansakuTrebiT ki is mizezi, risigulisTvisac ebrZodnen elinebi da barbarosebi erTmaneTs” (herodote1975:37).

istoriuli analizis meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi istoriisuwyvetobas Seexeba. akad. simon yauxCiSvili “qarTlis cxovrebis”Semadgenlobaze msjelobisas wers Semdegs: “am krebulis warmoSobaCven ase warmogvidgeba. rodesac daibada imis saWiroeba, rom hqonodaTqarTveli eris Tavgadasavalis Semcveli wigni ... daZebnes calkeuliepoqebisaTvis dawerili mimoxilvebi da saistorio Sromebi, SeaerTeses ukanasknelni ise, rom moTxroba Tanmimdevruli yofiliyo dagaukeTes saerTo redaqcia. ... ar aris saeWvo, rom ori sxvadasxva

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istorikosi, leonti mroveli da juanSeri ver dawerdnen TavianTsaistorio Sromebs ise, rom maTi bolo da dasawyisi ase bunebrivadgadabmoda erTmaneTs. cxadia, aq redaqtoris xeli unda vivaraudoT:mas Seucvlia rogorc leontis Txzulebis bolo, ise juanSerisSromis dasawyisi. amgvarad, cxadia, rom “qarTlis cxobrebaSi”Setanili Txzulebebi Zveli qarTveli istorikosebisa CvenamdemoRweulia Secvlili saxiT; yovel SemTxvevaSi, am Sromebis dasasrulida dasawyisi redaqtorTa mier ikveceboda da icvleboda”(qarTliscxovreba 1955:7). rogorc vxedavT, ukve wminda enobriv donezeistoria rogorc warsuli saqmeebis Txrobis erTiani, uwyvetixazi saredaqcio moRvaweobis Sedegia da rogorc enobrivi aqtiobisproduqti, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, is warmoadgens ara bazisur enas,aramed metaenas. gavixadoT saxelmZRvanelod enisa da yofierebismTlianobis Tezisi, romelsac Tanabrad uWerda mxars gasuli saukunisori didi filosofosi, haidegeri da vitgenSteini da vikiTxoT,gvaqvs Tu ara analogiuri viTareba ukve bazisuri enis doneze?

yauxCiSvili, rogorc vnaxeT, uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva. igivesgveubneba fukoc. erTiani uwyveti qronologiis nacvlad, islaparakobs movlenebis qaosze da xanmokle rigiTobebze, romlebicZnelad Tu eqvemdebarebian erTian kanons. TiToeul aseT rigiTobassakuTari istoria gaaCnia. Tu aqamde cdilobdnen xdomilebaTawyveta analizis procesSi daeZliaT, axla is umniSvnelovanesi elementigaxda, romelmac unda gansazRvros procesebis sazRvrebi, gardatexiswertilebi da a.S. (fuko 1996:12). magram gvaqvs ki aseTi bazisurimomenti daviT bagrationis nawerebSi? gulisxmoben Tu ara isiniwyvetis fenomens aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT?

am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis dasturad moviyvanT daviT bag-rationis 1801 wlis 10 ianvris werilis fragments laSqariovisadmi:

“Cemo mowyaleo xelmwifev, sergia lazariC!giorgi avalovma da falavandovma eliazarma gamomicxades

saidumloT neba imis didebulebisa, romelmaca didis madlobiTSeviwynare da sixaruliT neba davrTe. da ra es azrebi vscan, dReisiqiT Cemi qveyana ruseTad aRmiarebia da Cemi Tavi monad imperatorisad”(bagrationi 2006:46).

am ganuzomeli sixarulis arsi ufro naTladaa gamoxatulidaviT batoniSvilis general lazarevisadmi 1801 wlis 18 ianvrisrusul enaze daweril werilSi:

“Åãî Âåëè÷åñòâó áëàãî óãî äíî áûëî, ÷òîáû ÿ, áóäó÷è ïðèçíàí íàñ-ëåä í è êî ì , óïðàâëÿë â ñåì çâàíèè Ãðóçèåþ, è êàê ÿ åñìü ðàá ãî ñóäàðÿ,


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òî è ï î â è í î âàëñÿ ñîâåðøåí í î , è íû íå èçâåñòíî, ÷òî Ãðóçèÿ íûíå óæåíå åñòü Ãðóçèÿ, à Ðî ññèÿ è æèòåëè îíîé ñóòü îò í û í å ï îä ä à í û åè ì ïåðèè . “ (bagrationi 2006:51).

axali epoqa

amrigad, istoriuli wyveta dafiqsirebulia. sanacvlod iwyebaaxali epoqa. Sesabamisi transformaciebiT, rac kargad CansbatoniSvilis orenovan werilebSi. Tu maTi mniSvnelovani nawiligamarTuli rusuliTaa Sedgenili, samagierod qarTuli dauxvewavia,barbarizmebiT savse da aranakleb bundovani, vidre qveynis momavali(sanimuSod ix. werili.#150). mTlianobaSi iqmneba sakmaod mZimesuraTi imisa, Tu rogor iqca qarTveli ufliswuli, erT dros“daviT uZlevelis”@ saxeliT rom awerda werils xels (2. w.#16),ruseTis imperatoris keTilganwyobaze damokidebul kerZopirad(2.w.#105). aSkaraa, rom werilebSi gadaSlil daviT bagrationiscxovrebas namdvilad ver vuwodebT bedniers. piriqiT, misi zogierTiwerili mkiTxvelisagan ufro TanagrZnobas moiTxovs: “amisTanaSemTxvevas (saubaria daviTis ruseTSi gadasaxlebaze. m.b.) gardaubedurebisa Cemisa veras davabraleb keTilmoqmedi suli maradisganavrcelebs keTilmoqmedebasa Tvissa yovel ubedurTa zeda. TugekadrebaT ucxos qveyanaSi metis ubedurebiT SevideT es neba Senia.radgan es sofeli warmavalia. Tu kargi ram minaxavs da gaivliaavsaca vnaxav isic gaivlis ukanaskneli adli xuTi miwa imperatorissagzliTa. Cemi vedreba esaa qarTvelebisa da kac ver ars. nu iqmTdaviwyeba. qaRaldi ar mqonda laqi nu gamowyrebi” (2.w.#85).

politikuri cxovrebis fragmentipolitikuri cxovrebis fragmentipolitikuri cxovrebis fragmentipolitikuri cxovrebis fragmentipolitikuri cxovrebis fragmenti. batoniSvilis ufroadreuli nawerebidan jer ar Cans Rrma politikuri gardatexaromelic qveyanas da mis marTvel elitas eloda. mamis gardacvalebisSemdeg, ruseTis saimperatoro karma daviT bagrationi ramdenimeTve saqarTvelos mmarTvelad daniSna. yofili ufliswulis esucnauri Tanamdeboba masSi araviTar eWvs ar aRZravs ruseTisxelisuflebis mimarT. piriqiT, igi bedis kmayofili Cans da mzadaabiZebis mier waqezebuli, amboxebis piras mdgari mosaxleobisdasaSoSmineblad rusis jarTan erTad aqtiuri nabijebi gadadgas.1800 wlis 2 dekembris werilSi, magaliTad, vkiTxulobT Semdegs:“Cemo sasurvelo Zmao bagrat! Tqveni wigni momivida da qarTvelaTacmujalma moeweraT, magram amilaxvari gaiqca da iulonTan boloTsmovida. orasi kaci hyavT da sofel-sofel daeTrevian. Sen imaTgan

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imedi gardaswyvite, aras gaxdebian ra da rom gekiTxa: ra vqnaT, Tugaremovidneno, Tofi vesrolo Tu ara? rogorc leks ise esrole,ar daTmo” (2.w.#30). igive suliskveTebis matarebelia zemoT-xsenebuli me-40 werilic: “... radgan es qveyana imperators SeswiramamaCemma, axla Tqven unda izrunoT amis waxdenisaTvisac daaSenebisaTvisac. wyalobas viTxov, ubrZanoT aq myof Renerals da esbunti daacxros da damijeros xolme kidec, romelsac mxaresjaris dayenebaa saWiro, radgan eseni am adglebis umecarni arian daTu aq waxdes rame, Cemis pativiT me mivsce pasuxi ...”. axal pirobebSiqveynis ufro qmediTi administrirebis mzaobaa gacxadebuli 62-ewerilSic: “ ... axla winamZRvarma sanatrelis batonis papis CvenisganaCeni mogvitana da gujari da imaTis ZaliT SevityveT, rommonastris ymani yofilan. axlav is oqmic unda gamoarTva da winamZRvarsavad mopyrobiT daumorCilo da mamis Cvenis mzema, Tu kidev isiniCemTan movidnen Senganac didad mewyineba da imaT sul naRvelasvasxmevineb piridama”.

imperatoris aseTma samsaxurma imedebi ar gaumarTla batoniSvils.1801 wlis zafxulis misi werilebi mowmoben, rom is Camocilebuliaqveynis marTvelobisagan romelic oTx TaRliT medroves gadaeca.viTarebis arasasurveli mimarTulebiT cvlilebam, ufliswulsmetnaklebad daanaxa saqarTvelos momavali politikuri mowyobisperspeqtiva: “ubedureba soflisagan didi xania Cveulebad Semosulada viTom mec erTi gavubedurdi, magram am mTelma qveyanam TavisSoris damkvidrebulis eriT ra daaSaves da an ras Sescodnen, romamisTana ukanonos da uwesos ubedurebaSi miawies, rom oTx uwignoTauwuvrTelTa da uistorioTa gvamTagan es mrTeli samefo itanjebodesda ase mouvlelad da mwuxared rCebodes?” (2.w.#66). Tumcaubedurebis gancda politikuri sifxizlis arasakmarisi garantoriaRmoCnda. daviT bagrationi ar yofila SorsmWvreteli politikosi.misi werilebi 1801 wlis zafxulidan mTeli 1802 wlis ganmavlobaSiiluziebiTaa nakvebi. is xan rus moxeleebs sTxovs imperatoriswinaSe Suamdgomlobas mefis titulis misaRebad (2.w.68), xanacruseTis xelisuflebis erTgulebas ificebs da aRiarebs, rom gulSiaRar aqvs mefobis survili. amave dros ar aviwydeba arc mtradyofilibiZa, iuloni misi uflebis aRiarebiT bagrationTa saxlis gaZRolazeda samefos aRdgenisaken mowodebiT (2.#71). 1803 wlis 11 Tebervliswerilidan vgebulobT, rom amgvari politikuri qaosi Tavis logikurdasasrulamde misula da daviT batoniSvili Sinagan saqmeTa ministrsruseTs gauwvevia. batoniSvili gamgzavrebis gadasavadeblad axla


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imasRa iTxovs, rom “... am yinvaSi ar waisvleba Cemgan, amitom, romgzazed avadmyofi ufro adre Seviqnebi da sikvdils mivecemi daTqvenTvis ra sargebeli aris” (2.w.#79). 1803 wlis 20 maisispeterburgidan gamogzavnili werili metyvelebs, rom daviTbatoniSvilis cxovrebaSi axali periodi iwyeba.

rusuli periodirusuli periodirusuli periodirusuli periodirusuli periodi. batoniSvilis rusuli periodi sruliadgansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesiT aRiniSneba. am mxriv gamovyofdiTmis literaturul da komerciul saqmianobas, agreTve urTierTobasrusul biurokratiasTan,

cnobilia, rom batoniSvilis filosofiuri xasiaTis Sromebsansilonis da volteris Txzulebebis Targmanis garda, ekuTvniskidev “kategoriebi” da “Semoklebuli fisika”. jer kidev 1796wlis mefe ereklesadmi miweril werilSi daviT batoniSvilisaubrobs papisadmi mirTmeul, savaraudod, “kategoriebis” wignze,“romel ars gzai sibrZnisa, gina klitei mecnierebisa”(2.w.#16).ruseTSi myofma daviTma “mocaleobis Jams” Targmna evropulinawarmoebebi, ansilonisa da volteris Txzulebebi (2.w.#152).gansakuTrebiT maRali azrisa iyo mTargmneli ansilonis Txzulebaze,romlis gadamwersa da redaqtors sagangebod eZebda saqarTveloSi:“... igi ars maRali da uzTaesi gvari metafisikebrTa da estetikebrTagamokvlevaTa bunebisaTa da ukanasknel igi ars uxvi wyaro poeziisada Sveniersityvebisa, sadaca qarTvelni aSikni SairobaTni Semecnebianipoeziasa da poemasa ara umaRlessa gadmocemasa yovelTa sxolaTaSina evropisaTa, Semdgomad mosmenisa filosofiisa da Sveniersityvaobisa Seamecneben mowafeTa” (2.w.#141).

Tu Ria esTetizms, swavla-mecnierebiT da poeziiT gatacebasbagrationebis sagvareulo niSnad miviCnevT da am mxriv mxolodimasRa davitovebT daviT batoniSvils Sesabamisi adgili mivuCinoTwinaprebis rigSi, sruliad moulodnelia misi komerciuli interesebida am mimarTulebiT gaweuli aqtioba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoais faqti, rom batoniSvili, romelic yovelTvis ar wyvetda mimowerassamSobloSi darCenil megobrebTan, cdilobda maT komerciulsaqmianobaSi Cabmas. sataxto qalaqidan gamogzavnili werilebimowmobs, rom igi, molodinis sapirispirod, arc Tu cudad mowyobila.imperator aleqsandres, romelsac sakmaod windaxedulad erCivnacvalebadi ganwyobebis mqone batoniSvili TavisTan, samSoblodanSors yoloda, Cans piradad misi sawinaaRmdego araferi hqonia.marTalia batoniSvils mamulebi CamoarTves saqarTveloSi, magramsamagierod jer kidev 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifesti ruseTis

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saqarTveloSi jaris meTaurs, kronings avalebda saqarTvelos taxtismemkvidre uzrunveleyo 6.000 vercxliT. ruseTSi gadasaxlebisSemdeg, warTmeuli qarTuli mamulis sanacvlod, batoniSvilma axalimamuli miiRo ruseTSi 2.000 suli ymiT (amasTan, TiToeuli ymaSefasebuli iyo 150 Tumnad) (2.w.#111). garda amisa, imperatormacxovrebis da meurneobis mosawyobad mas 5 wliT 50.000 Tumniskrediti gaatanina bankidan. mTeli es saxsrebi daviTma saxelmwifosakredito bankSi ganaTavsa saidanac wliurad 12.000-is Semosavalihqonda. ufro Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis, daviT batoniSvilmaimperators kidev ori Txovna aaxla da damatebiT jer pensiisdaniSvna moiTxova, xolo Semdeg sasaxleSi misasvlelad ekipaJi.yovelive es sulac ar niSnavs, rom batoniSvili mxolodxelisuflebis xelisSemyure iyo. werilebis erTi rigidan Cans,rom igi fxizlad adevnebda Tvals saqonelze bazris fasebismonacvleobas (2. w.#142) da arc komerciul saqmianobas Takilobda:“Cemo sayvarelo megobaro, kniaz manuCar! - werda daviTi manuCarTumaniSvils - ... am Zvirobis mizeziT aRmosavleTis broli daZvirda.kargi didroani kenWebi qoloTisa da stefanwmindisa, agreTve daviTgarejas xom daxvalT; zosime beria, imas hkiTxeT – saucxoo brolebiaiq yviTel-Savi da sxva ferebi da TeTris, manuCar, nuras dazogav,asiode gamomigzavne. iqneba magiT, Tu aq gamodga kargi sovda gavakeToT.me aq da Tqven mand. nuravis ubrZanebT. ...”(2.w.#104) da kidev “...Cemis codviTa da ubedurebiT kidev ziani momivida, TavlafianiZaRli usjulo francielis jari rom Semovida am Tvis sams moskovSi,iq saqoneli mqonda, veRara gavige ra imisa da var ase damagrebuli”(2.w.#127).

dabolos, aRvniSnavT batoniSvilis axlo urTierTobas ruseTissaimperio biurokratiasTan. werilebidan kargad ar Cans Tu raposti hqonda mas senatSi (is laparakobs “Cvens komitetze” 2.w.#152),magram faqtia, rom garda piradi saqmeebis mosagvarebeli momowerisa,araerTi sabuTia SemorCenili, saidanac cxadi xdeba, rom viTarsazogadod qarTvelTa wesia, igi arc megobrebs iviwyebs da yovelgvarSesaZlo daxmarebas aRmouCens ucxo qveynis maRal politikurwreebSi.

am mSvidi da arcTu SeWirvebuli cxovrebis pirobebSi Zalzesariskod gamoiyureba batoniSvilis 1817 wlis 11 martis iseve,rogorc zogierTi ufro adreuli werili imperatorisadmi,romelSic is daufaravad iTxovs saqarTvelos samefos aRdgenasda uflebas dabrundes samSobloSi. sanacvlod, aRebulia valdebuleba


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saqarTvelom ruseTs yovelwliurad gadauxados 1 milioni maneTiasignaciebiT, mudmivad Seinaxos misi 6.000 jariskaci da miiRossakuTari ZalebiT monawileoba yvela eqspediciaSi, romelsac ruseTiganaxorcielebs TurqeTis an iranis winaaRmdeg (2.w.#155). im poli-tikosisagan, romelic napoleonis damarcxebis Semdeg evropis erT-erT ugavlenianesi monarqi gaxda da romelic mis TanamedroveTamsgavsad ucxo teritoriis daqvemdebarebas warmatebuli politikisutyuar niSnad aRiqvamda, cxadia, aseTi “wyalobebi” mosalodneliar iyo.

rogor warmogvidgeba axali epoqis profili batoniSviliswerilebidan? upirveles yovlisa, TvalsaCinoa nacionaluri masStabispolitikuri katastrofa, rac daviT bagrations, rogorc samefotaxtis pretendents, imiT gauormagda, rom man ver gaagrZelasagvareulo samefo xazi, ver SesZlo Seesrulebina nacionalurilideris funqcia. miuxedavad amisa, axal epoqaSi, politikuri sivrcisar arsebobis pirobebSi, Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT, batoniSvili Zalzeaxlos dadga im modelTan, romelzedac naxevari saukunis Semdegilia miuTiTebs qarTvel sazogadoebriobas (WavWavaZe 1955). epoqaSi,romelSiac nacionaluri interesebisadmi gaCenil manmade ucnobproblemebs xmlis qnevis magier xalxebi ekonomikuri zrdiT daganaTleba-mecnierebis ganviTarebiT pasuxoben, daviT bagrationisruliad adeqvaturi iyo axal gamowvevebis mimarT.

bunebismetyveleba

daviT bagrationis “Semoklebuli fisika” ar warmoadgensdaviT bagrationis “Semoklebuli fisika” ar warmoadgensdaviT bagrationis “Semoklebuli fisika” ar warmoadgensdaviT bagrationis “Semoklebuli fisika” ar warmoadgensdaviT bagrationis “Semoklebuli fisika” ar warmoadgenssaxelmZRvanelos fizikaSi am sityvis dRevandeli mniS-saxelmZRvanelos fizikaSi am sityvis dRevandeli mniS-saxelmZRvanelos fizikaSi am sityvis dRevandeli mniS-saxelmZRvanelos fizikaSi am sityvis dRevandeli mniS-saxelmZRvanelos fizikaSi am sityvis dRevandeli mniS-vnelobiT. igi moicavs ara mxolod fizikis mecnierebisaTvisvnelobiT. igi moicavs ara mxolod fizikis mecnierebisaTvisvnelobiT. igi moicavs ara mxolod fizikis mecnierebisaTvisvnelobiT. igi moicavs ara mxolod fizikis mecnierebisaTvisvnelobiT. igi moicavs ara mxolod fizikis mecnierebisaTvisganmsazRvreli sakiTxebis gadmocemas, aramed qimiis, biologiis,ganmsazRvreli sakiTxebis gadmocemas, aramed qimiis, biologiis,ganmsazRvreli sakiTxebis gadmocemas, aramed qimiis, biologiis,ganmsazRvreli sakiTxebis gadmocemas, aramed qimiis, biologiis,ganmsazRvreli sakiTxebis gadmocemas, aramed qimiis, biologiis,farmacevtiis da sxva msgavsi Temebis gaSlas. amis gaTva-farmacevtiis da sxva msgavsi Temebis gaSlas. amis gaTva-farmacevtiis da sxva msgavsi Temebis gaSlas. amis gaTva-farmacevtiis da sxva msgavsi Temebis gaSlas. amis gaTva-farmacevtiis da sxva msgavsi Temebis gaSlas. amis gaTva-liswinebiT, bagrationis “fisika” ufro ZvelberZnuli mniS-liswinebiT, bagrationis “fisika” ufro ZvelberZnuli mniS-liswinebiT, bagrationis “fisika” ufro ZvelberZnuli mniS-liswinebiT, bagrationis “fisika” ufro ZvelberZnuli mniS-liswinebiT, bagrationis “fisika” ufro ZvelberZnuli mniS-vnelobisaa da “bunebismetyvelebas” uaxlovdeba. am mosaz-vnelobisaa da “bunebismetyvelebas” uaxlovdeba. am mosaz-vnelobisaa da “bunebismetyvelebas” uaxlovdeba. am mosaz-vnelobisaa da “bunebismetyvelebas” uaxlovdeba. am mosaz-vnelobisaa da “bunebismetyvelebas” uaxlovdeba. am mosaz-rebasTan srul TanxmobaSia gansazRvreba, romelsac CvenirebasTan srul TanxmobaSia gansazRvreba, romelsac CvenirebasTan srul TanxmobaSia gansazRvreba, romelsac CvenirebasTan srul TanxmobaSia gansazRvreba, romelsac CvenirebasTan srul TanxmobaSia gansazRvreba, romelsac Cveniavtori aZlevs gadmosacem sagans: “fisika aris xelovneba,avtori aZlevs gadmosacem sagans: “fisika aris xelovneba,avtori aZlevs gadmosacem sagans: “fisika aris xelovneba,avtori aZlevs gadmosacem sagans: “fisika aris xelovneba,avtori aZlevs gadmosacem sagans: “fisika aris xelovneba,gina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs TvisebaTa nivTTasa dagina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs TvisebaTa nivTTasa dagina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs TvisebaTa nivTTasa dagina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs TvisebaTa nivTTasa dagina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs TvisebaTa nivTTasa dagangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa gancxadebaTasa” (bagrationigangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa gancxadebaTasa” (bagrationigangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa gancxadebaTasa” (bagrationigangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa gancxadebaTasa” (bagrationigangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa gancxadebaTasa” (bagrationi2002: 22).2002: 22).2002: 22).2002: 22).2002: 22).

fizikis saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas avtoris winaSe ori ZiriTadiamocana idga, romelTagan erTi gulisxmobda moswavleTaTvis

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Sesaswavli sakiTxebis Tanmimdevrul, gasagebad da sainteresodgadmocema-gaSlas. daviT bargationis sasargeblod unda vTqvaT, romman am amocanas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi.

Cven Segnebulad avaridebT Tavs daviT bagrationis “fisikis”sxva komentatorebis Sefasebebs. amgvari analizi Cvens miznebs scil-deba da gacilebiT ufro met dros moiTxovs. Cven SevecdebiT“fisikas” SevxedoT upirveles yovlisa rogorc artefaqts daSemovifarglebiT batoniSvilis mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos kom-poziciis daxasiaTebiT, agreTve oriode, Cveni azriT, sainteresosakiTxiT.

daviTis mier fizikis mecnierebis gansazRvrebas mosdevs codnisam sferosaTvis ramdenime fundamenturi cnebis daxasiaTeba. upirvelesyovlisa, es Seexeba sxeulsa da mis Tvisebas, agreTve im saSualebebs,romliTac isini Seimecnebian. “nivTi poebuli sofelsa Sina daqveSe Sevrdomi sagrZnobelTa, iwodebis sxeulad, xolo Tvisebasxeulisa ars igi raisaca mis Soris damtkiceba Zalidebis”(bagrationi 2002:22). ZalTa Tvisebani ori gziT miiwvdomeba erTimaTgani gamocdilebaa, xolo meore gasinjva. Tu am empiriuli codnisavtoriseul gansazRvrebebs gavyvebiT, “gasinjva” Cveni dRevandelitermonologiiT ufro “dakvirvebas” uaxlovdeba, xolo “gamocdileba”ki eqsperiments. daviT bagrationi amis Taobaze wers Semdegs:“gasinjva aris ganxilva nivTTa bunebiTsa mdebareobasa maTsa”(bagrationi 2002:22). gasinjvis, anu dakvirvebis srulyofiladganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia Cveni grZnobis organoebis simrTele,xolo winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saWiro “iaraRi”, agreTve Sesabamisidro, adgili da yuradRebis koncentracia. rac Seexeba gamocdilebas,anu eqsperiments, “da gamocdilebanica arian ganxilvani nivTTanasadaca esreTsa mdgoobasa Sina miiwTomis ZaliTa da xelovnebiTa”(bagrationi 2002:22).

nivTTa Tvisebebi orad iyofa, erTi, romelic yvelasaTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli (maT avtori “sazogado Tvisebebs” anu “komuness”uwodebs) da Tvisebebi, romlebic mxolod zogierT nivTs axasiaTebs(“saTaviTo” Tvisebebi, anu “partikulares”). sakiTxebis Semdgomigadmocema am dayofas miuyveba; jer CamoTvlilia da saTiTaodganxiluli zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, Tvisebebi, xolo meore nawilidan,romelic moculobiT aSkarad didad sWarbobs pirvels, ganixilebanivTTa kerZo Tvisebebi. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda “fisikaSi” gad-mocemuli masalis sxvagvari dajgufebis warmodgenac. SegveZlo,magaliTad gveTqva, rom pirvel nawilSi ganixileba meqanikis sakiTxebi,


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xolo meoregan ki sakiTxebi, romlebic qimiis da bolos, biologiissferoebs ufro miekuTvneba. ra Tqma unda, aseTi dayofac ar iqnebodausafuZvlo, radgan gansxvaveba saganTa meqanikur da qimiur SeswavlasSoris daviT batoniSvils savsebiT refleqsurada aqvsdafiqsirebuli $12-Si, rodesac is msjelobs Serwymuli sxeulebisor saxeobaze – raodenobrivze da Tvisobrivze. gansxvaveba maTSoris – avtoris azriT - imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tu pirvelisdaSla ar iwvevs arsebis cvlilebas, meore SemTxvevaSi aseTi cvlilebagardauvalia. raodenobrivi daSla avtoris mixedviT, aris meqanikuridaSla, xolo Tvisobrivi ki qimiuri (bagrationi 2002: 27). miuxe-davad imisa, rom qimiis, biologiis, Tu anatomiis rigi sakiTxebidaviT bagrationis mier SemoTavazebul ganxilvaSi TandaTanobiT,TiTqmis SeumCnevlad gadadis erTmaneTSi, es sulas ar niSnavs ammecnierebebis sazRvrebis gauTvaliswineblobas avtoris mier.dasturad, garda aRniSnuli $12-sa, SegviZlia kidev mivuTiToT $3-ze, sadac avtoris mier gatarebuli gansxvaveba ganfenilobis fizikurda geometriul Seswavlebs Soris maRal spekulaciur dones aRwevs.

“fisikis” Sida struqturaSi SegveZlo dagvenaxa garkveulikvali sokratemdeli, Zveli fizikosebis tradiciisac, romlebicbunebis kvlevas oTxi stiqiis analizs uqvemdebarebdnen. batoniSviliswignis meore nawilis Tematika, marTlac koncentrirebulia airebis,siTxeebis da naTelis (cecxlis) modifikaciebis irgvliv, Tumcaamgvari interpretacia naklebad momgebiani gvgonia ara marto imitom,rom meoTxe stiqias, miwas mxolod erTi paragrafi eTmoba, aramedimitom, rom mas gacilebiT ufro Zlier argumentacia Wirdeba, vidrees bagrationis wignze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia warmovadginoT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom “fisikis” wigni sakmaod ganyenebuli daabstraqtuli gansazRvrebebiT iwyeba, is marTlac saswavlodaniSnulebisaa da bunebis bevr iseT movlenas pasuxobs, romelicSeiZleboda dainteresebuliyo Sesabamisi epoqis ymawvili. moTminebiTda Zalze martivad alagebs avtori bunebis iseT movlenebis axsnas,rogoricaa wvima, qari, elva, quxili, cisartyela, miwidan amoxeTqilimJave da xceli wyalis mizezebi, dabadeba, sikvdili da a.S. masalisZaldautanebeli gadmocema am dros sulac ar hgavs zRaprebisTxrobas. movlenebis cnebebis definiciebs, jer erTi saTanadoparagrafebadaa dalagebuli da garda amisa, sadac ki es SesaZlebelia,gansazRvrebebs Tan sdevs Sesabamisi “damtkicebac”. “damtkicebis”funqcia, rogorc wesi dakisrebuli aqvs konkretuli praqtikuliSemTxvevis aRweras an raime warmosaxul eqsperiments. ai, erTi

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patara magaliTi aseTi gansazRvrebisa Sesabamisi “dasabuTebiT”:“sizrqed sxeulisa – wers avtori - igulisxmebis Tvisebai igisxeulisa, romlisa adgilsa veraodes daipyrobs nivTi meorei, sadacapirveli mdebareobs: Tvisebai ese iwodebis sizrqed, xolo raicaSeadgens simtkicesa, amas iwodebis nivTierebad.” axla vnaxoTdasabuTebac: “ukueTu lulasa Tofisasa aqvndes Tavi erTi gamoWedilda meoresa STadva probka mWirmed romel saSual ver Zalidvashaer ganvla, maSin vera raimeTa ZaliTa daiyvnebis Ziramdis da esedaamtkicebs viTarmed haeri ars zrqeli sxeuli” (bagrationi2002:23). Tu es gadaWarbebul wiaRsvlad ar CagveTvleba pedagogiurfsiqologiaSi, gvinda vivaraudoT, rom msgavsi “dasabuTebebi”ymawvilebisTvis gacilebiT meti damajereblobisa, vidre SiSveliTxroba an ganyenebuli argumentacia.

meore mniSvnelovani problema, romlis gadaWrac “fisikaSi”daviT bagrations mouwia enobrivi da zogadkulturulia. mas qarTvelmkiTxvelamde unda mietana imdroindeli bunebismetyvelebisterminologia, rac ioli saqme ar gaxlavT. Tu vinme dakvirvebia,ucxoeTidan Semosuli teqnikis Tanmxleb mravalenovan instruqciebs,dResac ki maT Soris Zalze Wirs qarTuli axsna-ganmartebebisdaZebna. amis mizezi Cveni qveynisadmi upativcemulobaSi rodia.simciris miuxedavd, Tuki vinmem gadawyvita qarTuli bazris aTviseba,is, cxadia, dainteresebulic iqneba Tavisi saqonelis drouli damomgebiani realizaciiT. problema, romelic aq realurad arsebobsufro enobrivia da gulisxmobs saWiro teqnikuri detalebisaRmniSvnel Zalze mwir qarTul leqsikur marags. damatebiTi sabuTiara gvgonia daWirdes mas, visac hqonia bedniereba moesminaavtomanqanebis Cveni tkbilmoubari xelosnebisaTvis. ucxoeTidanxmarebaSi Semosul nivTebs Tu teqnikur saSualebebs, CveulebrivTan ar moyveba Sesatyvisi leqsikonebi. am an, Tundac yofiTi siaxleebisaRmniSvnel terminologias ama Tu im enaze moRvawe kompetenturiadamianebi gamoimuSaveben da an igive ena gaiTavisebs ucxo sityvebsim donemde, rom azrs dakargavs germanuli “lozungis” Sesa-narCuneblad inglisuri “sloganis” sawinaaRmdego kamaTi.

teqnikidan didi manZili rodia bunebismecnierebamde iseve, rogorcpiriqiT. bunebismetyvelebaSi cnobili mizezebis gamo, qarTvelebiver daikvexnidnen iseTive mravalsaukunovani gamocdilebiT, rogorc,vTqvaT filosofiaSi. swored amitom iyris Tavs batoniSviliswignSi amdeni rusuli da evropuli termini. is laparakobs, magaliTad“butilkaze” (bagrationi 2002:36;38;39) da “tablicaze” (bagra-


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tioni 2002:44), “staqanze” (bagrationi 2002:47) da “pompaze”(bagrationi 2002:46). “probkaze” (bagrationi 2002:23), romelicsxva unda iyos, radgan arsebobs “xufi minisa”(bagrationi 2002:.38).“hidrogenze”, romelic axsnilia rogorc “sinotivis dasabami”(bagrationi 2002:37) da “hipersulfatze”, romelic “gogirdisRviZlia” (bagrationi 2002:38), “opitze”, romelic frCxilebSiganimarteba rogorc “gamocdileba”(bagrationi 2002:47).erTmaneTisaganaa gansxvavebuli “spiriti”, “otka” da “arayi”(bagrationi 2002:45). avtors daWirda ara mxolod enobrivinovaciebi, aramed sagnobrivi axsna-ganmartebebic: “platina aris metaliTeTri amerikisa, umjobesi simtkicisa gamo oqroisa” (bagrationi2002:24) an “gasi ars nivTi msgavsi haerisa, romelsa aqvs mavnebeliTviseba da amiT ganesxvavebis haersa, romelsaca vsunTqavT Cven”(bagrationi 2002:25). migvaCnia, rom moyvanili magaliTebi savsebiTsakmarisia saimisod, rom konkretuli warmodgena gvqondes problemaze,romlis daZlevac mouwia daviT batoniSvils. faqtia, rom rogoriarasrulyofilic ar unda iyos enobrivi velis gafarToeba, igiZalze mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli eris gonebriv ganviTarebasTan daam mxriv Znelia daviT bagrationis Rvawli gadaWarbebiT iqnasSefasebuli, radgan qarTul enaze Seqmnili “fisikis” adresati xomqveynis momavali Taoba iyo.


bagrationi 2002:bagrationi 2002:bagrationi 2002:bagrationi 2002:bagrationi 2002: daviT bargationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tbilisi,2002.

bagrationi 2006:bagrationi 2006:bagrationi 2006:bagrationi 2006:bagrationi 2006: daviT bagrationi. werilebi. Tbilisi, 2006.fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004: miSel fuko. sityvebi da sagnebi. humatitarul

mecnierebaTa arqeologia. Tbilisi, 2004fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1996:996:996:996:996: Ìèøåëü Ôóêî. Àðõå îëîãèÿ çíàíèÿ. Èçä., «Íèêà-Öåíòð».

Êèåâ 1996.herodote 1herodote 1herodote 1herodote 1herodote 1975: herodote. istoria. t. I. Tsu gamomc., 1975.qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tbilisi, 1955.WavWavaZe 1955:WavWavaZe 1955:WavWavaZe 1955:WavWavaZe 1955:WavWavaZe 1955: ilia WavWavaZe. ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT. ix.

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t.V, Tb., 1955. saqarTvelosssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba.

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mirian ebanoiZe

,,Tanamedrove’’literatura

diskursi garkveuli kanonzomierebebiTmowesrigebuli metyvelebaa. am kanonzomie-rebebis Seswavla moiTxovs kavSirebis, ga-dabmis wesebis, Tanmimdevrulobebis aRmoCenas.es Tanmimdevrulobebi ar unda iqnas ganxi-luli diaqronulad, anu droSi. aq ,,manamde‘’da ,,Semdeg’’ mxolod metaforebia. diskursikalendaris arsebobis pirobaa da arapiriqiT.

ras niSnavs diskursiuli kanonzomie-rebis mixedviT ,,Tanamedrove literaturis’’cneba, romelmac meoce saukuneSi gansakuT-rebuli aqtualoba SeiZina drois moder-nistul percefciebSi, rogoria litera-turis kavSiri drosTan, SeiZleba Tu ara,literatura iyos Tanamedrove? sityva,,Tanamedroves’’ ara aqvs mxolod qronolo-giuri mniSvneloba. igi ideologiur xasiaTsiZens, Tumca iSviaTi gamonaklisebis gardaTeoriuli da refleqsuri azrovnebis saganies termini ar gamxdara. zogierTi mkvlevrisazriT, mxolod da mxolod retrospeqciuligziT SegviZlia gavigoT, ra aris Tanamedro-veoba, ara imitom, rom Cven ufro win wavediT,amjerad Cveni xeliT iqmneba istoria, ansakuTari drois, adgilis upiratesobisiluziebiT varT Sepyrobilni, aramed immizeziT, rom retrospeqcia saSualebasmogvcems wavikiTxoT meoce saukunis avtorTanawarmoebebi im genetikuri TanmimdevrobebisgareSe, romelTac literaturis istoriagvTavazobs drois ,,uwyinari’’ koncefciisTanaxmad, rac aRiwereba ,,tradiciis’’,

filosofiis mecnierebaTadoqtori.akaki wereTlis saxel-mwifo universitetissruli profesori fi-losofiaSi;gelaTis sasuliero aka-demiis leqtori.ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:diskursi da ena. Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcem-loba, Tbilisi, 2001.fragmentebi diskursisproblemebze. Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcem-loba, Tbilisi, 2001.diskursi. quTaisis sa-xelmwifo universitetisgamomcemloba, quTaisi,2006.,,margaliti da sicarie-le” (poeturi krebuli)quTaisi, 2006interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literatura, semiotika,filosofia.

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,,gavlenis’’, ,,siaxlis’’, ,,originalobis’’ terminebiT. wignSi ,,codnisarqeologia’’ frangi filosofosi miSel fuko miznad isaxavsgagvaTavisuflos xsenebuli konceptebisagan da gviCvenebs, romistorikosebs saqme aqvT gasxltomebTan, wyvetebTan, frag-mentulobasTan. isini iwyeben napralebis amovsebas, wyvetebisgamTlianebas, fragmentebis dakavSirebas, Tanmimdevrulobebis, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis, azris, miznis Setanas maTSi _ sakuTarisxeulis analogiiT nawilebis gamoyofas, istoriisaTvis ,,saxis’’micemas (fuko). am genetikur struqturaSi unda moeqcesmravlobiToba. literatura paradoqsuli fenomenia, romlis arsebobiswesi sxva arsebulTagan gansxvavdeba, Tumca am gansxvavebasliteraturis istoria jiutad uaryofs, radgan amiT misi arsebobadgeba eWvqveS. literatura sxvagvarad amyarebs kavSirs drosTan,sxva obieqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, misi arseboba wakiTxvisa dainterpretaciis saSualebiT iZens yofnis SesaZleblobebs. obieqtisstatusi zedmetad didia misTvis, an zedmetad mcire. literaturisistorikosebis azriT, meoce saukuneSi mas ufro meti moeTxoveba,igi Tanamedrove unda gaxdes. rogorc rembo miiCnevs, mas ar hyavswinaprebi safrangeTis istoriaSi. erTaderTi, rac poets moeTxoveba,aris ,,siaxle’’ _,,du nouveau’’, antonen arto ki miiCnevs, rom ,,dawerilipoezia mxolod wamierad flobs mniSvnelobas, Semdeg ki undaganadgurdes.’’(pol de mani 1971:213) Tanamedroveoba gagebulialiteraturis istorikosTa mier, rogorc gaTavisuflebaistoriisagan, erTgvar maradiul awmyoSi gadasvla, magram es Tavadliteraturis arsebobas ayenebs eWvqveS, radgan igi dawerilia damkvdari, Tuki artos kategoriebiT vimsjelebT. es ar aris cecxli,aramed nakvalevi, romelsac es cecxli tovebs, ferfli, romelicmodernistuli proeqtis sasaflaod iqceva. bodleri uaryofiTkonteqstSi axsenebs sityva ,,stenografias’’, anu Canawers, racgameorebas ukavSirdeba, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo moqmedebisspontanurobasa da TanamedroveobasTan. frangi filosofosi Jakderida aCvenebs, rom literatura gameorebaa da mas araferi aqvsTanamedroveobasTan saerTo. derida SeniSnavs, rom arto Tavisimoqmedebis TeatrSi ver axerxebs ganTavisufldes repeticiisagan,rac misi sisastikis safuZvelia. awmyoSi arsebuli obieqtebisagangansxvavebiT, literatura aistoriulia. awmyo zurgs aqcevsliteraturas da gvevlineba misi istoriulobis safuZvlad.problema ase SeiZleba gamoixatos _ an unda gavTavisufldeTliteraturisagan, radgan is gameorebaa, yovelTvis gvabrunebs da

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gvakavSirebs warsulTan, an vicxovroT orive droSi, awmyoSi dawarsulSi, aviTvisoT nicSeseuli ,,daviwyebis xelovneba’’. ,,saWiroadidi Zala, raTa icxovro da SeZlo daviwyeba, radgan erTi da igivea,icxovro da iyo usamarTlo’’(nicSe). marTalia, modernizmis TeoriulisafuZvlebis kvlevisas xSirad miuTiTeben mkvlevarebi nicSesfilosofiur Sexedulebebze, magram nicSes damokidebuleba warsulisada istoriisadmi bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cansda SesaZloa, arc araferi iyos saerTo warsulis uaryofasa dapozitiur, ,,daviwyebis’’ teqnikas Soris, nicSeseuli uaryofa isev,,hos’’ niSnavs. misTvis awmyos problema warsulTanaa gadajaWvuli,rac ,,maradiuli mobrunebis~ ideaSi gamoixata, es isev ,,literaturis’’farglebSi gvtovebs, aqedan modis nicSes gadaWarbebuli, SeusabamoJestebi da metyveleba. is, rasac daviwyebisas uarvyofT, kvlavagrZelebs arsebobas am uaryofiT. ,,warsulis uaryofa yovelTvisZalian saSiSi operaciaa, saSiSi Tavad cxovrebisaTvis, da is adamianebida epoqebi, romlebic am gziT emsaxurebian cxovrebas, anu ayenebenwarsuls sasamarTlos winaSe, angreven mas, Tavad arian saSiSi dasaxifaTo xalxebi da epoqebi, radganac Cven warmovadgenT ara martowina Taobebis, aramed maTi Secdomebisa da vnebebis da codvebis,iseve, rogorc danaSaulis produqts da SeuZlebelia, mTlianadgaTavisufleba am jaWvisagan. es iqneboda mcdeloba, Segveqmna CvenTvisaposteriori iseTi warsuli, romlisganac visurvebdiT war-movSobiliyaviT, nacvlad im warsulisa, romlisganac sinamdvileSiwarmoviSviT, _ es mcdeloba yovelTvis saSiSia, radgan araa advili,moZebno saWiro zRvari warsulis uaryofaSi, radganac meoreebiumetes SemTxvevaSi sustebi arian pirvelebze’’(nicSe). nicSes idealiTiTqos aistoriulobaa: ,,Cven vxedavT cxovels, romelic mTlianadmoklebulia istoriul grZnobas da moTavsebulia horizonts SigniT,romlic erT wertilSia moqceuli, tkbeba ra sayovelTaod cnobilibednierebiT, an yovel SemTxvevaSi cxovrobs ise, rom araferi icisarc TvalTmaqcobis da arc tyuilis Sesaxeb, amitom, Cven undaCavTvaloT, rom, araistoriulobis grZnobis SesaZlebloba ufromniSvnelovania da Tavdapirveli, radganac is aris fundamenti,romelzedac, saerTod SesaZloa aSendes raRac swori, janmrTelida didi, raRac namdvilad adamianuri.’’ (nicSe) miuxedavad mcdelobisa,cxovreba warsulis mavne zegavlenisagan daicvas, nicSe grZnobs,rom Tanamedroveoba da warsuli opozicias ar warmoadgens.Tanamedroveoba swored is jaWvia, riTac warsulze varT mibmulni.,,adamiani sakuTari Tavis gamo aris gaocebuli, imis gamo, rom ar

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SeuZlia iswavlos daviwyeba, rom is samudamod aris mijaWvuliwarsulze, da ra Sorsac da ra swrafadac ar unda gaiqces igi,jaWvi garbis masTan erTad.’’(nicSe) es jaWvi aris diskursi, rogorcgadabmis, dakavSirebis, Tanmimdevrulobebis Seqmnis meqanizmi, Tumcaigi ar aRiwereba gavlenis, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis,qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobebis gziT. es ufro omia herakliteseuligagebiT. aq momavali gansazRvravs warsuls, da ara piriqiT,Lamitomaraferia dasrulebuli da erTxel da samudamod gansazRvruli,rogorc es literaturis istorikosebs surdaT. literaturaarsebobs swored TviTuaryofis gziT (literaturis, rogorc,,nakvalevis’’ uaryofis gziT, deridas terminologiiT), rac masawmyoSi yofnis saSualebas aZlevs, ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva _TviTuaryofebis gziT, rac qmnis Tanmimdevrulobebs, anu xangrZliobebs,anu moZraobas. literatura mudmivad gadis Tavisi Tavis miRma damudmivad ubrundeba mas. am Tanmimdevrulobebis, anu diskursis wyaroswored omia literaturasa da araliteraturas Soris. misi aRweraukve arsebuli klasifikaciebiT, zedrouli cnebebiT, avtorisavtoritetiT, saRi azris modusiT, realobaze miTiTebiT, droisobieqturi Tu subieqturi dinebebiT SeuZlebelia, radgan omiyvelafris safuZvelia, igi qmnis kavSirebs da gansxvavebas.


fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004:fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi, ,,diogene . 2004fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1fuko 1969:969:969:969:969: Foucault M. Archeology of knoledge. 1996nicSe 1nicSe 1nicSe 1nicSe 1nicSe 1990:990:990:990:990: Íèöøå Ô. Ñî÷èíåíèÿ .ò.1.Ì. »Ìûñëü»1990pol de mani 1971:pol de mani 1971:pol de mani 1971:pol de mani 1971:pol de mani 1971: Paul de man. Blindness and insight. Esseys in the

rhetoric of contemporary criticism. N.Y. Oxford university press.1971

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xaTuna TavdgiriZe

miTosuri simulaciebimSvenieri urCxuli

,,rom ara garegani gamovlinebebi, samyaroiqneboda srulyofili danaSauli. sxvagvarad romiTqvas, danaSauli damnaSavis, msxverplis da motivisgareSe. danaSauli, romelSic ar arsebobs samxili,amitom simarTle dafarulia ukunisamde dasaidumlo rCeba saidumlod. magram realuraddanaSauli ar SeiZleba iyos srulyofili, radgansamyaro TavisTavs xsnis gareganiT – kvalimomdinare jer kidev misi ararsebobidan. es kvaliwarmoadgens uwyvet kavSirs ararasTan, romlidanacsamyaro gvawodebs Tavis saidumlos. amiTsaSualebas gvaZlevs SevigrZnoT is, sakuTari Tavisgaregan gamovlinebebSi gamudmebuli dafarviT”

Jan bodriari.Jan bodriari.Jan bodriari.Jan bodriari.Jan bodriari.

,,srulyofili danaSauli.”,,srulyofili danaSauli.”,,srulyofili danaSauli.”,,srulyofili danaSauli.”,,srulyofili danaSauli.”

winaTqma

meoce saukunem TiTqos sabolooddaasamara RmerTi. magram RmerTis dasamarebanicSes erTi SeZaxiliT, Tundac amiT mTeliepoqis suli yofiliyo gamoxatuli, iseveSeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, rogorc homerosisa dahesiodes mier berZenebisTvis RmerTebisSeqmna(romelTac hesiodemdec da homerosamdechyavdaT RmerTebi), herodote rom asedaJinebiT miawerda am or genialur antikosmwerals. arada yvelaferi sul piriqiT moxda:homerosma da hesiodem, iseve rogorc danarCenmaantikosma mwerlebma berZnebs waarTvesRmerTebi, miTebi, romelTagan gamoSritesRvTebrivi substancia da pirveladi miTosisenigmuri sivrcidan literaturis profanulrealiebSi Serekes. amieridan Cven vxedavTsasowarkveTil RmerTebs, romelTac win kidev

filologiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, baTumisSoTa rusTavelis sa-xelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori;baTumis niko berZe-niSvilis institutisufrosi mecnieri Tanam-Sromeli.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:ZiriTadi naSromebi:`miTologiuri gad-

mocemebi aWaraSi (wera-qveTas miTi, ukvdavebismaZiebeli luymani)”(baT.2001); ,,aWarulisamonadireo miTosi”(baT.2004); ,,sawyisTandabrunebis” qarTulikosmogoniuri miTo-ri-tualuri modelebi”(2008).mxatvruli proza:,,HOMO TOTUS” (2008).interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literatura, filo-

sofia, semiotika, miTispoetika, arqaul kultu-raTa kvlevebi, kulturisfilosofia.

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ufro didi imedgacrueba eliT. magram es adamianuri da ara RvTebriviganaCenia: adamianma ,,ganWvrita” RmerTi aseTad maSin, roca RmerTiveRar ,,ganWvrita.” RmerTi ki Zveleburad maradiuli da SeucnobelidarCa, miT ufro axla, Tavis axal strategiaSi. J.bodriari ambobs:RmerTis strategiaa gaqres sakuTar gamosaxulebaSi, ise rom ardatovos sakuTari arsebobis aranairi kvali. winaswarmetyvelebaaxda: Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi, sadac umaRlesi winaswardaniSnulebaaris niSani – dafaros sinamdvile da amasTanave SeniRbos misigauCinareba(J.bodriari, ,,srulyofili danaSauli”(bodriari 1999).

,,RmerTis strategia – gaqres sakuTar gamosaxulebaSi,” romelicbodriarma postmodernistul samyaros miusadaga, jer kidev imdroidan iwyebs aqtualizebas, rac RmerTis amqveyniuri samyofeli– miTi imsxvreva. am namsxvrevebSi moyolili qreba sakuTargamosaxulebaSi da gamqrali, uCinari RmerTi zRaparSi ganagrZobsarsebobas. zRapari, miuxedavad Tavisi jadosnuri da fantastikurisivrcisa ucxo garemo aRmoCndeba misTvis da amas orive mxareigrZnobs. zRapari Tavis wiaRSi iseTive eWviT da SiSiT ganicdisuCinari RmerTis simZimes, rogorc ganayofierebuli qal-RvTaebasaswaulebrivad Casaxul embrions. zRapari orsulia RmerTiT,orsulia RmerTis yvela niSniT da RmerTis yvela atributiT.magram zRapari uZaliandeba sakuTar enigmur ,,orsulobas” da mismosalodnel Sedegebs, radgan zRaparma jerjerobiT, dasawyisisTvis,Tavisi jerac saxlidangausvleli gmiriviT, danamdvilebiT araferiuwyis arc RmerTze, arc wuTisofelze. mas win elodeba yovelive:gzajvaredinebi da aRmoCenebi. manam ki brmaa uxilavis saxilvelad,Seucnoblis Sesacnobad. erTaderTi rasac zRapari windawin grZnobs,,simZimea,” romlis ,,zidvas” mis Tavidan moSorebas amjobinebs. isemsgavseba urCxulebriv kosmiur qalRmerTs, romelsac masze ZlierisakuTari naSieris ganadgureba ganuzraxavs. am wuTidan zRapariciwyebs strategiis SemuSavebas. is mizans advilad aRwevs, pirvelivegamovlinebidan(Tavformulidan - ,,iyo da ara iyo”) TiTqos uwyinari,magram orazrovani da damabneveli xdeba. am orazrovnebasa da jadosnurekleqtikaSi ukve ikveTeba mTavari simulacia: ,,gasauCinareblisgauCinarebis” strategia. zRapars Tavisi RvTaebrivi embrionismkvleloba ganuzraxavs, magram man ar icis rom Tavad am RvTabriviembrionis karnaxiT moqmedebs; man ar icis, rom RmerTis sakralursimulaciebSi Tavad aris simulirebuli. zRapris mier Cadenili,,srulyofili danaSauli” - RmerTis mkvleloba, Tavad RmerTisstrategias imeorebs: zRapari jer niRbavs RmerTs da Semdeg klavs

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mas, rac RmerTis sikvdilsac niSnavs da imavdroulad, misi sikvdilisgauqmebasac, radgan is vinc moikvleba ukve RmerTi aRar aris. amgvariormagi simulaciiT, RmerTTan mebrZoli zRapari, sinamdvileSi misiTavSesafaria.

vis ebrZvis zRapari da vin SeniRba zRaparma?is urCxulia, miTis namsxvrevebs gadmoyolili mSvenieri urCxuli,

romelic vidre gvelis tyavs ar gaixdis, aravin icis rom mSvenieria.,,urCxuli mokvda!” - gamudmebiT gvesmis zRaprebidan

prenicSeanuli SeZaxili, romlis eqoc, mTels Semdgom saukuneebs,epoqebs gasdevs seriuli mkvlelobebis laitmotivad, rogorcritualuri, mravaljeradad ganmeorebadi aqti. am ritualurmkvlelobas Tavisi mniSvnelobiT mxolod miTiur droSi, samyaroskosmogenezSi momxdari mkvleloba(msxverplSewirva) Tu Seedreba.prenicSeanuli SeZaxilis eqos uwyvetoba ki cxadyofs rom vercmiTi, verc zRapari am ,,SeZaxilis” vercerT jerze ver klavs urCxuls,Tumc ki bunebrivad akanonebs mis mudmiv devnas da legitimaciasaZlevs mis SesaZlo mkvlelobas.

urCxulis xiluli gza miTsa da zRaparze(rogorc xilvadiyofierebis formebze) gadis. amitom SegviZlia am gzisTvis Tvalyurismidevneba, magram ucnobi rCeba miTsa da zRapris gareT arsebuligaremo, rogorc uxilavi, transcedenturi sivrce. am mizeziT CvenTvisuxilavia(da ara ucnobi) urCxulis imanenturi sawyisi: Sinaganibuneba da garegnuli forma.

miTsa da zRaparSi sami sxvadasxva gza ganvlo urCxulma daurCxulad darCa:

1. kosmogoniur miTosSi samyaros Sesaqme ganaxorciela daesqatologiis precedentic Seqmna: es aris gza ,,kudismWamelobidan”,,qalismWamelobamde.”

2. sociogoniur-totemur miTosSi ,,ucxo totemze” – qalzeiqorwina, riTac egzogamiur saqorwino urTierTobebs da pirveladsociumebs Caeyara safuZveli. sabolood egzogamiuri qorwineba,,erTad mZovelTa” miTosuri simulacia aRmoCnda.

3. jadosnur zRaparSi Casaxlebulma wyali da mzeTunaxavimiitaca, ris Semdegac an mesianistur gmirs Seakla Tavi, an gvelistyavi gaixada da mSvenieri saxe gamoaCina.

am gzebis dasasruls urCxulma ugrZesi sxeuli morkala, kudipirSi Caido da miiZina.

,,Zili” urCxulis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobaa, ,,mZinareurCxuli” maradisobis xatia.

miTosuri simulaciebi mSvenieri urCxuli

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• ,,kudismWamelobidan” ,,qalismWamelobamde”

,,saSinelebiT garemoculma davinaxe uzarmazari gveli, wreSekruli, misSigniT ki _ Zalian patara wre.

da Tqva man, romelsac me Sevxvdi: ,,ici ki Sen, es ra aris?wre – miwaa, xolo gveli – zRva, romliTac garemoculia miwa, anu mTeli

samyaro.”,,aleqsandria”., ,aleqsandria”., ,aleqsandria”., ,aleqsandria”., ,aleqsandria”.

Suasaukuneebis laTinurenovani romani.Suasaukuneebis laTinurenovani romani.Suasaukuneebis laTinurenovani romani.Suasaukuneebis laTinurenovani romani.Suasaukuneebis laTinurenovani romani.

is rac filosofiasa da esTetikaSi mSvenieria, miTosisTviskosmosia(1). miTosi ki aris kosmosi anu mSvenieri urCxuli.

miTosi ,,kudismWameli” urCxulia:

amgvarad gamoisaxeba miTosur da alqimiur ikonografiaSi,,kudismWameli” urCxuli. es kosmosis xatia: urCxuls//gvelssakuTari kudi piriT uWiravs, wre aqvs Sekruli da samyarosqaotur wylebs kosmosis kalapotiT SemosazRvravs, riTac kosmiurwesrigs uzrunvelyofs.

magram kudic urCxulisaa da piric mas ekuTvnis, amitom masveSeuZlia salteSekruli sxeulis wrfivad gaSla, dasabamiseuliwylebis aSveba da ,,qaosis mobruneba”.

amitom mSvenieri urCxuli, romelic aris mSvenieri urCxuli, araris mSvenieri urCxuli.

is erTdroulad atarebs kosmosis da qaosis substanciebs,rac sabolood mxolod erTi saerTo substanciaa. substratTaganlageba-wyoba gansazRvravs samyaros erTis mxriv, harmoniul-kosmosur da meores mxriv, uwesrigo-qaosur mdgomareobas. samyarouxilavi jadoqris xelSi kargad moxelTebul asawyob saTamaSoshgavs, romelsac xan aawyoben, xanac daSlian.

miTebsa da zRaprebSi ganZze mravalkecad Semoxveuli mZinarigveleSapi, romelsac kudi piriT uWiravs, urCxulis eqstensiuri -

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,,mZinari” mdgomareobaa, romelic kosmiur wyobaSi stabilurobasasaxavs. gveleSapis mciredi moZraobac ki kosmosisTvis saxifaTokataklizmebs iwvevs – miwisZvrebs, warRvnebs da a.S. afrikulimiTosis aido-hvedo, an skandinaviuri miTosis ,,kudismWameli” urCxuliormugandi, romelsac kudi kbilebiT uWiravs da saltesaviT kravsdedamiwas, riTac icavs mas okeanis warmxocveli wylebisgan, amdemiurgul kosmosur fazaSic mudmivad atarebs antikosmosurintencias – ,,qaosis mobrunebis” pasiur, magram intensiur safrTxes.miTosi gaJRenTilia am potenciuri safrTxis mudmivSiSiT; miTosigamudmebiT gvaxsenebs am safrTxis garduvalobas, migviTiTebsromeliRac ganusazRvrel, magram gansazRvrulad arsebul ,,momavaldroze”, im momaval droSi konkretulad arsebul dro-Jamze(Jamianobaze), romelsac ,,samyaros aRsasrulis” Jami hqvia.maSin ormugandi piridan gauSvebs Tavis kuds da okeanis wylebiwarxocen dedamiwas. wrfivad gaSlili urCxuli qaosis xatia. isaRar aris ,,mSvenieri urCxuli” sakuTari salteSekruli sxeuliTkosmosi rom eWira. am momentidan sakuTari kudis mWameli(,,kudismWameli”) urCxuli samyaros mWamelad (,,kosmosismWamelad”)gardaisaxa, radganac is wylebi, romelsac Tavisi sxeuliT iWerda,sxva araferia, Tu ara, misive bneli wiaRis nivTieri, stiqiismieriemanacia - xTonuri da zeciuri wylebis(okeaneebi, mdinareebi, wvimebi)da xTonuri da zeciuri cecxlis(miwisqveSa vulkanebi, Weqa-quxili,elva) erTdrouli amofrqveva.

samyaros kosmiur wyobas sakuTari sxeuliT ,,iWers” ormugandisgacilebiT arqauli winamorbedi da tyupiscali, afrikuli kos-mogoniis ,,kudimWameli” urCxuli – aido-hvedo. igi ,,ciuri wylebis”baton-patroni ,,gvel-cisartyelas” miTologiuri saxea. cis gvel-cisartyelas miTosuri metafora ar SeiZleba ar gvagonebdesbibliuri warRvnis finalur epizods, sadac cisartyela xelmeoreesqatologiis aRkveTis aRTqma da RvTiuri niSania.

,,kudismWameli” urCxulis miTologema gulisxmobs Sesaqmisada warRvnis monacvleobis garduvalobas. ,,kudismWameli” Tavsuyris da aerTebs samyaroseul substratTa TiToeul, umciresingredientsac ki, dro da dro kravs da Slis maT mTlianobas. igisamyaros or nawilad: cad da miwad hyofs da Tavadac am oripolarobis gansaxovnebaa: urCxulis Tavi cas ekuTvnis, kudi kimiwas da miwisqveSeTs. amgvari dualizmi ganamsgavsebs kidec maTmiTologiur saxeebs. miToss ori sawyisis gveli hyavs: mdedruli,xTonuri miwisa da wylis gveli/gveleSapi – miwisqveSa qaosis


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wylebis ganmgebeli; da mamruli sawyisis mfrinavi urCxuli - cisgveli-cisartyela – zeciuri wylebis batoni. am ori sawyisismTlianoba, rogorc kosmiuri wyobis pirveladi, dualuri modelisuniversaluri xati gansaxovnebulia wreSekruli, ,,kudismWameli”urCxulis miTologiur saxeSi(2). ,,kudismWameli” urCxuligaucalkevebeli(da ara gamTlianebuli) orsqesovani, germafrodituliarsebaa. gveli zogadad iTvleboda kidec orsqesovan, yvelaTviTganayofierebadi da TviTmSobadi RvTaebis emblemad(3).sworedorsqesovneba-germafriditizms gviCvenebs urCxulis morkaluli dapiriT SeerTebuli sxeuli, sadac gvelis zeda nawili, Tavi, romeliccas ganasaxovnebs - mamrobiTia, rac ukve maRalganviTarebulimiTologiebis formirebul panTeizmSi ciuri RmerTebis mamrobiTobaSiaisaxa; xolo, miwisa da miwisqveSa xTonuri RvTaebebis mdedrobiToba– gvelisatributiani qalRmerTebiT.

amitom ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli – kosmosi, sxva araferiaamitom ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli – kosmosi, sxva araferiaamitom ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli – kosmosi, sxva araferiaamitom ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli – kosmosi, sxva araferiaamitom ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli – kosmosi, sxva araferiaTu ara ,,qalismWameli” urCxuli.Tu ara ,,qalismWameli” urCxuli.Tu ara ,,qalismWameli” urCxuli.Tu ara ,,qalismWameli” urCxuli.Tu ara ,,qalismWameli” urCxuli.

,,qalismWameloba” kosmiuri wesrigis umTavresi aqtia; samyarosnawilebisgan Semdgari magiuri wre - kosmosi, _ ,,SeWma-Serwymis”gareSe ar ikvreba. es magiuri wre, romelic mamr casa da mdedrmiwas erTmaneTTan kravs, warmoadgens kidec miTiur paradigmuldroSi ganxorcielebul ,,sakralur qorwinebas”(4), pirvel seqsualuraqts, rogorc demiurguli ,,SemoqmedebiTi” moRvaweobis utyuarparadigmas. ,,qalismWameloba” aris kidec mamris is Zlieriseqsualuri agresia sawinaaRmdego sqesisadmi, romelic mTlianadsublimirebulia kosmosis Sesaqmnelad. Sesabamisad, ,,qalismWameloba”gamoxatavs da niSnavs kidec seqsualur aqts empiriulimniSvnelobiTac. ,,qalismWamelobis” kosmogoniuri metafora,kosmogoniuri msoflaRqmis Camoyalibebamde(rac mogvianebiT, ufroganviTarebul miTologiebSi moxda) arqaul kulturebSi dominirebsswored empiriul-pragmatul, anu biologiur doneze, sadac ,,Wamis”aqtis miTologemuri, metaforuli aspeqti gulisxmobs masTansemantikurad mWidrod dakavSirebul warmodgenaTa damatebiT orbiologiur-metaforul kompleqss: ,,sqesobriv kavSirs” da,,sikvdils.” am samkuTxedSi (Wama-sqesobrivi aqti-sikvdili),,sikvdili” rogorc ,,msxverplSewirvis” biologiuri modusi,umniSvnelovanesi fenomenia SesaqmeSi(5). Tu ki kosmogenezis msofliomodelebs gadavxedavT, yvelgan ,,msxverplSewirva”(sxvadasxva daurTierTmsgavsi formebiT) gvevlineba Sesaqmis aqtis ganxorcielebismTavar meqanizmad. kosmosis ,,nawilebis” miReba mxolod cocxal

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arsebaTa //,,organizmTa” (pirvelwinapari, pirvelkaci, demiurgi,qalRmerTi) ganwvalvis(//daxleCa-daqucmacebis) Sedegad arisSesaZlebeli. kosmogoniur sistemebSi, uklebliv yvelgan dominirebsmsxverplSewirvis – ,,sikvdilis” aqti, misi winare movlenebi ki -,,cisa da miwis”, ,,mlaSe da mtknari zRvebis” SeuRleba(Suamdinaruli,egvipturi, induri miTosi) - ,,seqsualuri aqti”(//,,SeWma”) xSiradgadafarulia ,,brZolis” aqtiT(induri, ugarituli, qarTuli miTosi).roca miTosi mogviTxrobs ori arsebis – qaosis gveleSapisa dademiurgis brZolaze, wylisa da xmeleTis orTabrZolis eskosmogoniuri interpretacia, imavdroulad, mdedri-gveleSapisa damamri-demiurgis seqsualur Widilsac gulisxmobs, romlis finalSic,seqsualurad daZleuli qali-urCxuli ,,SeWmuli” anu moklulia.qarTul kosmogenezSi wylis gveleSapisa da xmeleTis xaris//xmeleTisgveleSapis(demiurgis) brZolis siuJetis paralelurad, arsebobs,,momakvdavi qalRmerTis” miTologiuri cikli. am ciklis poeturiteqstebiT gadmocemulia ,,pirvelqalTan”(mdedri urCxuli)damyarebuli seqsualuri kavSiri, rasac mosdevs kidec misi sikvdilida kosmosis Sesaqme(TavdgiriZe 2008). kosmogenezSi ganxorcielebuliparadigmuli msxverplSewirva umniSvnelovanesi aqtia kosmosisistoriaSi, romelic mudmivad meordeba yovelgvar ,,mcire” YTu,,did” samyaroseul movlenebSi, gansakuTrebiT gardamtex etapebze.arqauli kulturebi yovelmxvriv adastureben msxverplSewirvisgarduvalobas, mis universalobas. msxverplSewirvis arsis Ziebisasa.ienseni swored sawyis droSi ganxorcielebul pirvel paradigmulaqtze saubrobs. misi azriT, miTiur droSi moxda raRac ZalianmniSvnelovani aqti – mkvleloba, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdinaadamianebze. miTosuri azrovneba ganuwyvetliv utrialebs imas, Tura moxda ,,im” droSi (canava 2005:44). miTiur droSi momxdari,,raRac Zalian mniSvnelovani” es aris pirvelarsebis ,,mkvleloba”da moklulis ,,SeWma” – aseve mniSvnelovani ritualur-magiuriaqti. mxolod mkvleloba amaod gaRebuli msxverpli iqneboda, masTanziarebis gareSe. am warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba msxverplis(cxovelis/RvTaebis) sxeulis daqucmaceba//daglejis(,,sparagmos”) tradiciada daglejili sxeulidan saRvTo-sakraluri nawilebis (guli, RviZli,sisxli)gamocalkeveba da gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis miniWeba. es,,saRvTo kanibalizmi” ucilobeli faqtia arqaul xalxebSi, sadac,,Wamasa” da ,,sqesobriv aqts” Soris imdenad mWidro mentalur-biologiuri kavSiria, rom mraval enaSi es ori procesi aRiniSnebaerTi da igive sityviT. magaliTad, keip-iorkis naxevarkunZulze,


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iao-s enaSi ,,kuta kuta”, atarebs ormag mniSvnelobas – incestisada kanibalizmis, rogorc seqsualuri kavSirisa da Wamis hiperboluriformebisa(levi-strosi 1994:194). amave warmodgenaTa semantikurkompleqsSi eqceva sisxlis, rogorc ,,mkvlelobis niSnis” kavSiriseqsualur intenciebTan. m.eliades dakvirvebiT, sisxlis saidumloxSirad dakavSirebulia saWmlis saidumlosTan(eliade 2002:99).am konteqstSi mniSvnelovan rols unda TamaSobdes qalwulisdefloraciis aqti, romlis procesSic fiziologiuri sisxldena//,,sisxlisRvra” ,,mkvlelobis” formad gvevlineba(amitom iyo asemniSvnelovani RvTaebaTaTvis mainc da mainc qalwulebis msxverpladSewirva.). amgvari miTosuri metonimiiT qalwulis pirveli daufleba,romelsac mohyveba ,,sisxlisRvra”(defloraciuli) qalwulismokvdinebis ekvivalenturia. anu biologiuradac aris fiqsirebuli,,agresia” (sisxlis saxiT) da seqsualuri ltolvis obieqtis,,simulaciuri ganadgureba”. sayuradReboa am arqauli fenomenebisTanamedrove mentalur-struqturuli gadaazreba. lakani aRniSnavs,rom survilis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod misi moxsniT– dangreviT an sasurveli obieqtis transformirebiT: magaliTadimisaTvis rom davikmayofiloT SimSilis grZnoba, aucilebelia,,gavanadguroT” saWmeli. lakanisve cnobili gamoTqmiT, - ,,siyvaruligvevlineba TviTmkvlelobis formad” (ilini 1998:66).

,,defloraciuli sisxlisRvra” Tu sxva nebismieri genitaliuriaqti arqaul kulturebSi mowmobs, rom mamakaci ,,mWamelia” qaliki ,,saWmeli”, Tumc levi-strosis azriT, miTologiur planSi xSiradxdeba am Tanmimdevrobis invertireba, Sebruneba, risi nimuSia ,,vaginadentata”, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad kodirebulia ,,Wamis” aRmniSvnelterminebSi(levi-strosi 1994:95). ,,mWamelobis” invertirebisaskosmogoniur-miTosur planSi qalis funqciis gaaqtiurebisSemTxvevaSic mamakaci inarCunebs Tavis sawyis mdgomareobas. igiisev ,,qalismWamelad” rCeba, magram amave procesSi Tavadac ,,SeWmulia”,,kacismWameli” qali-urCxulis mier. ,,mWamelobis” ormagi kodireba- mdedri da mamri ori urCxulis ,,kosmogoniur-seqsualuri wre”cota ufro mogvianebiT Cndeba miTologiur warmodgenebsa Tualqimiur ikonografiaSi ,,erTmaneTismWameli” wreSekruliurCxulebis saxiT. meore urCxuli pirvelis, anu auTenturi,germafrodituli urCxulis sakuTari sawyisidanve dualur-di-qotomiuri gamocalkevebiT miiReba. igi sakuTari mTlianobidangamoacalkevebs naTel da bnel, ciur da xTonur, mamrul da mdedrul

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sawyisebs. es etapi meoreulia da gamoisaxeba erTmaneTis kudismWameliori urCxulis//gvelis gamosaxulebiT:

amgvari dualuri kosmogonia, azrovnebis pirvelad msofl-mxedvelobriv formad gvevlineba. horizontalur-dualuri(zeda-qveda) kosmiuri modeli arqaul kulturebSi yvelgan win uswrebsvertikalur-triqotomiur(zeskneli-Suaskneli-qveskneli) models.es uZvelesi kosmogoniuri dualizmi zogierT maRalganviTarebulmiTologiebsac SemorCaT(mag. xeTur kosmogonias).

am ori ,,urTierTmWameli” urCxulidan erTi ciur meufebasmamrul sawyis ganasaxovnebs. igi frTosani da gvirgvinosani –intronizirebuli urCxulia. skandinaviuri ormugandi niSnavs kidec,,bumberaz kverTxs”, rac lokaluri mniSvnelobiT ,,mefobis” ga-momxatvelia, xolo kverTxis kosmogoniuri miTologema masSi samyarosRerZs moiazrebs. meore urCxuli ufrTo, miwiqveSa mcuravi, xTonurigvelia, Sesabamisad mdedruli sawyisis gamomxatveli. maTi erTobacisa da miwis kavSiria, romelTa Soris wriuli sazRvris Siga-sivrceSi kosmosia ,,Camdgari” Tavisi kosmiur-miTiuri wriul-cikluri droiT. es dro ,,maradisobis” niSnebiT aris aRbeWdili.amitomac aris miTiuri drois movlenebi da sagnebi paradigmulipirvelmovlenebi da pirvelsagnebi.

urCxulis gamomsaxvelobiTi mdgomareoba – wriuloba/wrfivoba,yofierebis formasTan – kosmosi/qaosi, erTad uCvenebs or – Tvisob-rivad sxvadasxva dros: ciklurs da wrfivs. cikluri miTiuridro kosmosis droa, xolo is rac ver moeqceva miTuri droisfarglebSi (wreSi), anu ,,SinaSi”, is ,,gare”, sxva droSi, wrfiv droSieqceva. amitom aris ,,wreSekruli”, ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli kosmiuriharmoniisa da maradiulobis xati - ,,mSvenieri urCxuli”, xolowrfivad gaSlili urCxuli ki - misi antipodi. swored am orimodeliT aris konstruirebuli qaosisa da kosmosis brZoliszoo-anTropomorfuli miTosuri siuJeti, romlis gauTvaliswinebladparadigmuli siuJetis ormagi semantikuri kodireba - homologiurisawyisidan moulodneli heterogenuli gadaxveva gaugebari darCeboda.


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,,kudismWameli” urCxulis miTologemam Tavisi binaruli bunebiTteqstobriv-siuJeturad ganviTarebis swored ormagi, urTierT-sapirispiro gza SeiZina: ori qaosuri Zalis//ori gveleSapis brZola,erTi siuJeturi xazis mixedviT kosmosis damkvidrebiT sruldeba,xolo meore siuJeturi xazi, sruliad sapirispiro mimarTulebasiRebs da es orTabrZola gardauvali esqatologizmis modusSigadahyavs. kosmogoniuri siuJetis ganviTarebis es ori gza farTodaisaxa qarTul miTologiur teqstebSi, sadac ori gveleSapis brZolazogjer ori xaris, an gveleSapis da xaris brZoliT ariswarmodgenili. siuJets sxvadasxvagvari dasasruli aqvs.KTqmulebaTaerTi nawili Sesaqmiseulia, kosmosi imarjvebs qaosze da wylisagangaTavisuflebul teritoriaze sicocxle iRviZebs(kaxuri Tqmuleba);KTqmulebaTa meore nawili esqatologiuria, mas meorenairad ’’mcirewarRvnis’’ ciklsac uwodeben da sruliad sapirispiros mogviTxrobs:gamarjvebuli aqac xmeleTis xaria, magram momakvdavi gveleSapisukanaskneli ZalisxmeviT tba skdeba, gadmoivlis da mTel sofels(mikrokosmosi) wyliT faravs (aWaruli Tqmulebebi vernebze);dasturdeba mesame siuJeturi rkalic: xaris mier gveleSapisdamarcxeba xalxs ixsnis mosalodneli warRvnisagan(erwo-TianeTis,duSeTisa da Silduri variantebi)(Tandilava 1996:85).

aseTia urCxulis kosmogoniuri gza, romlis dasasrulSic issxeuls morkalavs, kuds pirSi Caidebs da daiZinebs.

• ,,erTad mZovelTa” miTosuri simulaciebi

,,uZveles droSi adamianebi da cxovelebi erTad Zovdnen balaxs.

erTxelac cxovelebma Tqves:

- adamianebi nu Zoven, Torem male saZovari aRar gveyofao.maSin adamianebma TavianTi sakvebi miwaSi Caflesda iqidan qeri, xorbali amovida.amosvliT ki amovida, magram adamianebma ar icodnen,rogor aeRoT es zRvad gamskdari mosavali.”

kavkasiuri(noRauri)folklori.kavkasiuri(noRauri)folklori.kavkasiuri(noRauri)folklori.kavkasiuri(noRauri)folklori.kavkasiuri(noRauri)folklori.

iyo dro roca adamianebi da cxovelebi erTad Zovdnen balaxs.es miTiur droSi xdeboda(6). miTiur droSi urCxulic adamianebTanerTad Zovda balaxs. erTxelac ,,erTad mZovelni” daSoriSordnenda erTmaneTisgan waiRes adamianuri da cxoveluri saidumloebebi.am zRvarze maleve aRmoaCines, rom erTmaneTi WirdebodaT. WirdebodaTbunebis, samyaros SesaTviseblad. mixvdnen, rom bunebis gamocana erTad

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unda amoexsnaT. maSin kvlavSemakavSirebeli gzebis Zieba daiwyes.es problema gadaiWra iseTi socialuri fenomeniT rogoricaaqorwineba. saqorwino urTierTobebi, romelic maT Soris adrevearsebobda, amjerad gacilebiT progresuli gaxda. urTierTgaucxoebashqonda erTi umTavresi sasikeTo mxare: amieridan maT Soris Semdgarisaqorwino kavSirebi warmoadgenda or ,,ucxo” totems Soris gan-xorcielebul egzogamiur qorwinebas, romelic auqmebda winareincestualizms. aseTi sqesobrivi kavSirebi muSaobda ,,genis kodis”srulyofisTvis da totemis/gvaris sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebisTvis.TiToeuli mxare, biologiuri ,,genetikuri fondis” garda, meoremxares avsebda Tavisi totemis transcedenturi da empiriuligamocdilebiT.

miTosi, romelic inaxavs aseTi qorwinebebis ,,istoriebs,” gvam-cnobs am istoriebis fatalur finals – cxovelze daqorwinebuliqalis ucilobel daRupvas - ,,SeWmas.” ,,qalismWamelobis” saidumlogvaris, totemis tabuTi aris daculi. erTmaneTis xelaxali aRmoCenisam etapidan ,,erTad mZovelebma” ukiduresi miTosuri simulaciebiTSeniRbes TavianTi arsebobisa da urTierTobis formebi, TavianTigaregani gamosaxulebebi da iqcnen ,,totemur niSnebad.” maT ase -niSnebSi, simboloebsa da metaforebSi amofarebulebma ganagrZes,,balaxis erTad Zova”.

miTosi romelic apelirebs ,,erTad mZovelTa” simulaciebze,saSualebas gvaZlevs amovxsnaT es pirvelyofili ,,simulaciebi”,romelSic kodirebulia cxovelur-adamianuri egzogamiuriqorwinebebis imanenturi Sinaarsi. igi srulad imeorebs ,,Wamisa”da ,,sikvdilis” kosmogoniur miTologemas. arqaul kulturebSi,rogorc kosmogoniur, ise sociogoniur doneze ,,Wama” da ,,qorwineba”homologiuri fenomenebia, romlis arsSic Zevs sikvdili -,,msxverplSewirva”, rogorc Sedegi. Sedegi universaluria: igiemsaxureba ,,axal sicocxles”(sociogoniaSi – genis kods) dakosmogenezs (kosmogoniaSi – kosmosis kods).

am yvelaferSi aris kidev erTi, sayuradRebo niuansi, romelicfaqtobrivad gamWvirvales xdis totemis tabus: ,,qalismWameloba”– msxverplSewirva, motivirebulia incestualizmiT. amave mizeziTarqauli xalxebi totemis SeWmas da incests erTi da imave terminiTaRniSnavdnen. amasve gveubneba kosmogoniuri miTologema, sadac Sesaqmegermafrodituli ,,kudismWameli” urCxulis TviTganayofierebis -parTenogenezis aqtze dgas: miTosuri metaforiT ,,sakuTari TavismWameloba”//,,kudismWameloba” siyvarulisa da sqesobrivi kavSiris


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incestualur formad gvevlineba. am gagebiT, realuradac, empiriulWrilSic xorcs isxams lakanis metaforuli gamonaTqvami, rom,,siyvaruli TviTmkvlelobis formaa.”

,,qalismWamelobis” incestualuri motivi (incestualobarealuri viTareba aRmoCndeba) saerTo fundamentur birTvs war-moadgens am ciklis miTologiur teqstebSi. damafiqrebelia, amaspeqtSi miTis aseTi fundamenturi, struqturuli Careva: qalisgvelTan qorwinebis miTosis mTeli deklamaciur-eqsplicituri muxtiswored am mTavari motivis SeniRbva-gadafarvas emsaxureba. iqmnebaformaluri warmodgena or ,,ucxo” totems Soris ganxorcielebulisaqorwino kavSiris egzogamiurobaze (riskenac aris mimarTulimTeli rigi simulaciebisa, rogorc mentalur, aseve struqturuldoneze). magram egzogamiuroba saboloo jamSi mxolod miTosurisimulacia aRmoCndeba.

miTosuri simulaciebi pirveladi qorwinebebis inces-miTosuri simulaciebi pirveladi qorwinebebis inces-miTosuri simulaciebi pirveladi qorwinebebis inces-miTosuri simulaciebi pirveladi qorwinebebis inces-miTosuri simulaciebi pirveladi qorwinebebis inces-tualizmis SeniRbvas emsaxureba.tualizmis SeniRbvas emsaxureba.tualizmis SeniRbvas emsaxureba.tualizmis SeniRbvas emsaxureba.tualizmis SeniRbvas emsaxureba.

rogor simulirebs miTi? mivyveT movlenaTa ganviTarebas.arqul miTebSi qalisa da gvelis qorwineba yovelTvis qalis

,,SeWmiT” sruldeba, rac sxva araferia Tu ara, warmatebuladganxorcielebuli saqorwino rituali//seqsualuri aqti. es momentikargad Cans gvelisa da qalis qorwinebis ciklis erTi qarTulimiTologiuri baladidan(aWaruli teqsti - ,,gveli xrilsamiZvreboda”), sadac gvelze daqorwinebuli qali, ojaxis TiToeulwevrs saTiTaod atyobinebs Tavisi qmris urCxulebriv bunebas:,,dRisiT kacaT geCveneba, RamiT gveleSapiao”, razec pasuxadTiToeulisgan erTsa da imaves iRebs: ,,col-qmrobisa siyvaruliCvenac gamogvicdiao”. baladaSi sabolood ,,col-qmruli siyvaruli”qalis SeWmiT sruldeba, riTac teqstSi ,,seqsualuri aqtis”, ,,Wamisa”da ,,sikvdilis” miTosuri homologizmia gatarebuli.

qalsa da gvels, rogorc or ucxo totems – cxovelursa daadamianurs Soris ganxorcielebuli saqorwino kavSirebi Zveliincestualuri paradigmis gauqmebis da axali egzogamiuri paradigmisSemoRebis mcdelobaa. Tumc am etapze es mcdeloba mainc kraxiTmTavrdeba, radgan aRmoCndeba rom ,,erTad mZovelTa” kavSiri imazemetad myari da gauTiSavia vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. gvelzedaqorwinebuli qali garda Tavisi kvazianTropomorfuli garegnuliniSnebisa, sxva mxriv arafriT gansxvavdeba meuRle-gvelisgan. gvel-qali garkveuli miTosuri meqanizmiT axerxebs Tavisi zoomorfulisawyisis latentirebas. zoomorfuli sawyisis latentireba aris

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kidec is simulaciuri kodi, romliTac miTi warmatebiT axorcielebspersonaJis SeniRbvas. ,,latenturi gveli” Cvens mier SemoRebuliterminia anTropomorfuli qalis saxes amofarebuli dedali gvelisaRsaniSnavad. ,,latenturi gveli” qalisa da gvelis qorwinebismiTosis centraluri personaJia. masTan qorwinebisas egzogamiamoCvenebiTia, iseve rogorc Tavad latenturi gveli aris moCvenebiTadadmianuri. gvel-kacis qorwineba latentur gvelTan ver iqnebaegzogamiuri, radgan latenturi gveli ar aris ,,ucxo” totemurigvaris warmomadgeneli, aramed misive ojaxis(fratriis) wevria.personaJi genetikurad ,,srulad zoomorfulia” (orive mxridan,matrilinearuli da patrilinearuli xaziT gvelia), xolo garegnuli_ ,,sruli anTropomorfuloba” arafers wyvets. amitom maTi SeuRlebagvelis mokvlas, qalis devitalizacias da sabolood, ,,arSemdgarsociums” ganapirobebs, radgan sociumis warmoSoba arqaulkulturebSi uSalod aris dakavSirebuli egzogamiur qorwinebebTan.

axali gvineis miTologiaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli bilinurimoTxrobebi ,,mamasaxlisi” gvelisa da qalisa saqorwino ur-TierTobebze. gveli marsalai (,,marsalai” gvelebis, rogorczebunebrivi arsebebis aRmniSvneli sazogado saxelia iqauriadgilobrivi terminologiiT) motyuebiT, an iZulebiT axerxebsqalis wayvanas da colad SerTvas, ris Semdegac qals mravaligamocda-gansacdeli moelis. adgili aqvs gaqcevis mcdelobebs, gvel-qmris mokvlas da a.S. gvel marsalaisTan qorwinebis gamo(miuxedavadimisa, rom qorwineba naZaladevia)qals uaryofs da devnis sakuTarikoleqtivi, xolo gvel-qmris mokvlisTanave Tavadac iRupeba(putilovi 1980:71). aseve gavrcelebuli siuJetis mixedviT, gveliZvreba qalis wiaRSi, rasac Sedegad mosdevs ganayofiereba-Casaxvada Svilis Soba. koleqtivi axerxebs gvelis gatyuebas da mokvlas.gvelis mokvlis Semdeg qalic iRupeba. qalis gvelTan qorwinebisaxalgvineur miTebSi v.putilovi xedavs arqaul warmodgenebs qalisada gvelis, adamianurisa da zoomorfulis organul kavSirze, romlisZaladobriv rRvevas mivyavarT sikvdilTan(putilovi 1980:59).Semdgomi analizisas, v.putilovi kidev ufro akonkretebs gvelisada qalis naTesaur kavSirs, kerZod, marsalaize daqorwinebuliqali, Tavad marsalais _ saiqioSi myofi bebia_marsalais STamomavladmiaCnia(putilovi 1980:71).

qalisa da gvelis qorwinebis tragikuli dasasrulis, rogorcgenetikur-naTesauri kavSiris rRvevis putiloviseuli interpretaciauniversaluria gvelTan qorwinebis miTosis yvelaze arqauli


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plastis amosaxsnelad. marsalaize daqorwinebuli bebia-marsalaisSTamomavali qali, is dedali gvelia, romelsac Cven ,,latenturigveli” davarqviT. miTosi cxadyofs amgvar saqorwino urTierTobebSi,,normaluri egzogamiis” moCvenebiTobasa da mis miRma ganxorcielebulincestualur qmedebebs. miTSi yovelive iluziebisa da ,,gadafarvebis”kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba. gvelisa da qalis qorwineba, miRebulirogorc ,,normaluri egzogamia” sruliad moulodneladincestualuri, xolo ,,ucxo totemi”(gveli) latenturi ,,axlonaTesavi” aRmoCndeba. latenturi naTesaoba miTSi bolo wuTebamdeSeniRbulia da mxolod qalis daRupvis momentSi gacxaddeba. amdenad,latenturoba teqstis struqturul meqanizmadac gvevlineba, romlisuSualo funqcia miTSi ,,struqturuli cenzuris” ganxorcielebaa.

miTSi personaJis latenturoba, rogorc miTosurimiTSi personaJis latenturoba, rogorc miTosurimiTSi personaJis latenturoba, rogorc miTosurimiTSi personaJis latenturoba, rogorc miTosurimiTSi personaJis latenturoba, rogorc miTosurisimulacia da struqturuli meqanizmi, ,,miTis cenzuris”simulacia da struqturuli meqanizmi, ,,miTis cenzuris”simulacia da struqturuli meqanizmi, ,,miTis cenzuris”simulacia da struqturuli meqanizmi, ,,miTis cenzuris”simulacia da struqturuli meqanizmi, ,,miTis cenzuris”funqcias asrulebs.funqcias asrulebs.funqcias asrulebs.funqcias asrulebs.funqcias asrulebs.

termini ,,miTis cenzura” Semogvaqvs fsiqoanalizSi z.froidis mierdamkvidrebuli ,,sizmris cenzuris” analogiiT. termini ,,cenzura”z.froidma gamoiyena aracnobierad funqcionirebadi regulatorisaRsaniSnavad, romlis mizania, cnobierebaSi gaataros mxolod Sesaferisimidrekilebebi(ltolvebi) da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi isini SezRudosda Seakavos. zogierT mdgomareobaSi, magaliTad Zilis dros, an ZlieridaRlilobisas, cenzura sustdeba, romlis kvalobaze survilebi,midrekilebebi arRveven cnobierebas da Semodian SeniRbuli formiT(miTisfsiqoanalitikuri... 1998:474). amgvar SeniRbul saganTa da movlenaTasaxeebi sizmarSi erT mTlian sistemas qmnian. simboloebi da metaforul-saxeobrivi azrovneba, razec aris faqtobrivad agebuli miTismorfologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi struqtura, yvelaze metad aaxloebsmiTs sizmarTan. miTsa da sizmars Soris arsebul axlo kavSirzeimTaviTve miuTiTebdnen fsiqoanalitikosebi(z.froidi, k.iungi, k.abrahami,o.ranki da a.S.), roca TavianT gamokvlevebSi miTis fsiqoanalitikurkoncefcias ayalibebdnen.

aris erTi mniSvnelovani detali: ,,miTis cenzura” ,,sizmriscenzurisgan” gansxvavebiT warmoadgens gacnobierebul(da ara aracnobier)meqanizms. miTSi muSaobs ,,gacnobierebuli cenzura,” romelic asevegacnobierebul moralur principebs efuZneba. am gagebiT ,,miTis cenzura”funqciurad imeorebs kantis ,,eTikur imperativs”, romelic kantiseTikur metafizikaSi warmoadgens ucilobel zneobriv brZanebas, gamudmebiTrom axlavs gonebas da moralis safuZvlad iTvleba. am mxriv sainteresoaarqaul xalxebSi promiskuitetis pirobebSi dadasturebuliincestualuri kavSirebis akrZalvebis arseboba, romelsac instiqtebisdoneze ,,genis kodi” amuSavebs. arqauli xalebis SemTxvevaSi ,,genis

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kods” ,,moralis kodic” SegviZlia vuwodoT, radgan rogorca.zolotarevma SeniSna, incests arqaul sazogadoebaSi hqonda arabiologiuri, aramed wminda moraluri gageba, imdenad, ramdenadac maTwarmodgenac ar hqondaT sqesobriv urTierTobasa da ganayofiereba-gamravlebas Soris arsebul kavSirze(zolotarevi 1964:60). maTirwmeniT, qorwineba axlo naTesavebs Soris qalebSi iwvevda unayofobas.ufro metic, amgvari incestualuri qorwinebebi bunebaSi ganapirobebdakatastrofebs: cxovelebi da mcenareebi wyveten gamravlebas, iSritebawyalsacavebi da a.S.(zolotarevi 1964:57). amdenad, ,,genis kodi,”romlis gamovlinebebi ucnobia pirvelyofili adamianisTvis, CanacvlebisprincipiT muSaobs nacnob(eTikur) gamovlinebaTa doneze: ,,genis kodi”

amuSavebs ,,moralis kods.”

miTSi moqmedebs uxilavi ,,cenzura”, romelic axorcielebs normiTdauSvebeli, akrZaluli qmedebebis ,,gadamalva_gadafarvas”. am niadagzeCans warmoSobili miTosis ,,latenturi personaJebi”, romelTacara mxolod totemur-sociogoniur, aramed sxvadasxva miTosurciklebSic SevxvdebiT. swored ,,miTis cenzura” gvevlineba im miTosur-struqturul meqanizmad, romlis saSualebiTac miTSiqalis(latenturi gvelis) gvelTan qorwinebisas ,,incestualuricodvis” ,gadamalva-gadafarva xorcieldeba. Tumca sociogoniur-kosmogoniuri miTosi romelic struqturul-mentaluri meqanizmiTmiTis msvlelobis xangrZliv intervalSi ,,miTis cenzuras” amuSavebs,sabolood mainc ar tovebs dausjelad ,,incestualur codvas”.,,miTis cenzura” moqmedebas wyvets miTis finalSi. ,,cenzuris wyveta”da simulaciebis dasasruli teqstebSi markirebulia qalis daRupviT:sociumi an Tavad qali(rogorc Zaladobis msxverpli) upirispirdebaincestualuri qorwinebis iniciators, moZalade gvel-kacs, sdevnisda klavs mas. miTis finali _ gvelis ganadgurebis Semdeg qalismeqanikuri sikvdili, iseTive moulodnelia, rogorc miTis dasawyisSigvelisa da qalis qorwinebis incestualoba. swored gvel-kacsa dalatentur gvel-qals Soris arsebuli naTesauri, biologiur-genetikuri kavSiris wyveta, gvelTan erTad qalis daRupvasacganapirobebs. es arqauli modeli udevs safuZvlad im mravalricxovanmiTebs, sadac qalisa da gvelis qorwinebis, gvelis mokvlisa daqalis daRupvis ambavia gadmocemuli.

qalisa da gvelis latenturi biologiur-naTesari kavSirismarkireba miTebSi ar aris reglamentirebuli finaluri epizodiT.miTis finalSi gvelze daqorwinebuli qalis sikvdili, sabolooRia gacxadebaa mTeli miTis msvlelobisas ganxorcielebulinaTesauri kavSiris gamomxatveli epizoduri socialur-sakraluri


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aqtebisa~. am ciklis TiToeuli epizodis Rrma dakvirvebas mivyavarTaRniSnuli ,,biologiuri naTesaobis” yovelmxriv aRiarebamde. magramproblemis arsi imaSic mdgomareobs, rom gansxvavebulia TiToeuli,,aqtis” gadafarvis meqanizmi da Sesabamisad, latenturobisa dasimulaciebis xarisxi.

am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa qalis gvelTan qorwinebis siuJetisgavrcoba gogonas (latenturi gvelis) pirvelwinapari bebia-gvelismonawileobiT, romelic xTonuri samyarodan, saiqio-suleTis qveynidanrCeva-darigebebs aZlevs gansacdelSi Cavardnil STamomavals. xTonurisamkvidros pirvelwinapari bebia-qalic latenturi formiT flobsgvelur niSnebs, romlis saboloo gamovlena am personaJis daRupvismomentSi xdeba(mag: axalgvineuri miTis mixedviT, marsalaebisganadgurebisas qalis bebiac iRupeba, raki isic, rogorc erT-erTimarsalai, maT Soris imyofeba(putilovi 1980:71). am siuJetSi gogona-msxverpls bebia-msxverpli Caenacvleba, gogonas ki, gvel-qmris mokvlisSemdeg, ritualuri ganwmendis gziT, gza exsneba sakuTar sociumSidasabruneblad. am SemTxvevaSic ,,miTis cenzura” erT-erTi latenturipersonaJis daRupvamde moqmedebs, radgan meore latentur personaJs,,incestualuri codvisagan” ritualuri ganwmenda aTavisuflebs.

qarTul TqmulebebSi memkvidreze mzrunveli bebia-gvelis saxeunda davinaxoT im fuZis gvelebSi, romlebic uSualod arian CarTulnibavSvebis movla-patronobaSi. erT-erTi aseTi qarTluri TqmulebismixedviT, ,,bavSvi akvniT mdgariyo da tiroda. asula gveli akvanSida kudi Caudvia pirSi da gauCumebia bavSvi”. sxva gadmocemis mixedviT,gveli bavSvebs ealerseba, lokavs da aZinebs (rexviaSvili 1963:214).am ciklis siuJetis ganviTareba SviliSvili-gogonas gvel-kacTanqorwinebamde ar midis. igi latenturi gvel-qalis geneziss: Casaxvis,Sobisa da Cvilobis periodiT aris reglamentirebuli.

msgavsi Tqmulebebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli kavkasiaSi. fuZisgvelis ciklis kavkasiuri Tqmulebebis struqturul analizssadamiansa da ojaxis gvels Soris arsebul naTesauri kavSirisaRiarebamde mivyavarT(sixaruliZe 2004:23).

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• maradisoba da urCxuli: ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis” miTosuri simulaciebi

,,erTi materiidan meoreSi gadayvanisas uCinardeba realoba,is xdeba sikvdilis alegoria, magram Tavad am msxvreviT is myardeba, gardaisaxeba

realobad realobisTvis,obieqtis reprezentaciis nacvlad – misi uaryofis eqstazida ritualuri ganadgureba: hi perrealoba.”

J. J. J. J. J. bodrbodrbodrbodrbodriariariariariari. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hi perrperrperrperrperrealoba.”ealoba.”ealoba.”ealoba.”ealoba.”

wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”

paradoqsia, magram faqtia: uxsovari droidan yvela urCxulismokvlas cdilobs. demiurgebi, RmerTebi, miTiuri da zRapris gmirebi.urCxuli ki yovelTvis cocxalia. providenciulia urCxulis devnis,mkvlelobis da am mkvlelobis SeuZleblobis yvela intencia.urCxulis paradigma emorCileba(sinamdvileSi is Tavad aris paradigmada Tavad imorCilebs)sruliad gansxvavebul, miTisgan da zRaprisganganyenebul romeliRac iseT did struqturas, rac SeuZlebeliasxva ,,mcire struqturebSi” moTavsTdes(7). aseTi ,,mcirestruqturebi” miTi da zRaparia, romlis dros da sivrces urCxuliipyrobs, magram ganusazRvreli sididis gamo ver TavsTdeba datovebs.

urCxulis xiluli gza miTsa da zRaparze gadis. es gza, rogorcdroebiTi transmigraciuli samarSruto sivrce, miTisa dazRaprisTvis niSneuli ,,faTerakebiT” aris savse. miTi(pirveladimiTi) zRaparTan SedarebiT, urCxulisTvis adaptirebadi garemoada vidre mas sakuTari naSierebi kosmosis saxeliT brZolasgamoucxadebdnen, Tavs nacnob garemoSi grZnobs. sagulisxmoa, romurCxuli miTSi qmnadia – warmoSobs sakuTar naSierebs, anu amkvidrebssakuTar paradigmul niSnebs. jadosnuri zRapris sivrce ki urCxulis,,sasaklaoa”. zRapari arcerTi wuTiT ar ayovnebs, urCxulis gamo-CenisTanave sagangebod qmnis ,,gmirs”, romlis erTaderTi da maradiuliepiuri intencia urCxulis mkvlelobaa. urCxulis arseboba miTisda zRapris arsebobis erTaderTi sazrisia. aris Tu ara urCxulisarsebobis sazrisi miTisa da zRapris arsebobaSi? pasuxierTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiTia, radgan Cven ukve vTqviT, rom urCxulisparadigma miTisgan da zRaprisgan ganyenebul romeliRac gacilebiTdid struqturas moicavs. axla ki unda avxsnaT ratom arisurCxulis paradigma miTisa da zRapris paradigmaze didi.


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urCxuli romelic aris maradiuli fenomeni - arsebulikosmosamde, kosmosTan erTad da kosmosis Semdeg(8), aseve aris ammovlenebTan dakavSirebuli temporaluri fenomenic(9): kosmosamdeda kosmosis Semdeg arsebuli maradisobis da kosmosTan erTadSeqmnili drois(droSi SeWrili maradisobis) xati. urCxulimaradisobidan iWreba miTsa da zRaparSi, rogorc medin, warmavaliyofierebis formebSi. urCxuls vxedavT maradisobaSic da samadganwilul droSic: maradisobaSi - jer kidev qaotur substanciaSi,,,araraSi”(urCxuli qaosis, araras zoomorfuli xatia); ,,namyoSi”– qaosisa da kosmosis brZolaSi, kosmogenezis procesSi; masvxedavT ,,awmyoSi” – kosmosSi, rogorc kosmiuri wesrigis, kosmiurimodelis garants(salteSekruli urCxuli) da urCxuls vxedavT,,momavalSic”, esqatologiis molodinSi - urCxulis sxeuliskosmiuri wris gaSlas da ,,qaosis mobrunebis” safrTxes mudmivadatarebs miTosi.

urCxulis, miTis, zRapris da istoriis urTierT-urCxulis, miTis, zRapris da istoriis urTierT-urCxulis, miTis, zRapris da istoriis urTierT-urCxulis, miTis, zRapris da istoriis urTierT-urCxulis, miTis, zRapris da istoriis urTierT-mimarTebis problema uwinaresad temporaluri problemaa.mimarTebis problema uwinaresad temporaluri problemaa.mimarTebis problema uwinaresad temporaluri problemaa.mimarTebis problema uwinaresad temporaluri problemaa.mimarTebis problema uwinaresad temporaluri problemaa.

es mimarTebani da maT Soris warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobaniteqstobriv-siuJetur planSi(siuJetis poetikis doneze da aramxolod,) asaxulia miTsa da zRaparSi.

,,samyaro Seqmnilia ara droSi(in temfore), aramed drosTanerTad(cum temfore).” - es sityvebi netar avgustines ekuTvnis. netaravgustinemde amas plotini ambobda Tavisi ,,eneadebis” VII traqtatSi-,,maradisobisa da droisaTvis.” plotinamde ki eqvsi saukuniTadre - platoni werda Tavis ,,timeosSi”: ,,man(demiurgosma) ganizraxaSeeqmna maradisobis erTgvari moZravi asli da, cis wesrigTan erTad,uZravi da erTaderTi maradisobis xatad Seeqmna moZravi damaradmedini xateba, romelic ricxvTa kanonis Tanaxmad miedineba daromelsac dros vuwodebT Cven. radganac cis dabadebamde arcdReebi iyo da arc Rameebi, arc Tveebi da wlebi, aramed maTidasabami ciuri wesrigis SeqmnasTan erTad iqna dasaxuli” (bregvaZeI 2006:71).

dro kosmosis SeqmnasTan erTad Seiqmna, maSasadame, igi isevemedini da warmavalia, rogorc kosmosi, sicocxle. ,,drocasTan(kosmosTan) erTad daibada, raTa, erTad dabadebulni erTadvedaSliliyvnen, Tuki odesme mouwevdaT daSla”(platoni). dromdeda samyaromde arsebuli waruvali, mudmivi substancia maradisobaa,romlis moxelTebas, rogorc sakuTari medinobis mudmivobaSi,warmavlobis waruvalobaSi gadayvanis SesaZlebloblobas eswrafvis

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dro da kosmosi. dro aqcidenturia, maradisoba ki substanciuri.aqcidenturoba drois sneulebaa. dro sneulia Tavisi medinobiT,romlis sworxazovani, warmavali gzis bolos mxolod aRsasrulimosCans. drois gankurneba am medinobisgan mxolod maradisobasSeuZlia. nikolai berdiaevi wers, rom ,,maradisoba, romelic arisTvisobrivi usasruloba, drois paradoqsis gadaWraa da droissneulebisagan gankurneba... maradisoba iWreba droSi da mis dinebasgansazRvravs. rac maradiuli ar aris, arc maradisobisagan aris daarc maradisobisTvisaa; namdvili Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia da undagaqres. momavals misTvis moaqvs sikvdili, droSi dasasruli, racupirispirdeba drois dasasruls. dro maradisobis gareSemaradisobisgan gandgomaa; masTan erTad ki maradisobis momentia daamitomac aqvs azri. esaa ormxrivi paradoqsi droisa, romlismoazrebac drois kategoriaSi SeuZlebelia Sinagani winaaRmdegobisgareSe”(bregvaZe I 2006:87).

miTosi atarebs drois paradoqss da am paradoqsis gadaWrisTaviseul gzebs saxavs. drois paradoqsis gadaWras emsaxurebaurCxulis paradigma, amasve emsaxureba RmerTebisa da mefe-demiurgebissakralur ,,dro-JamTan” dakavSirebuli miTologemebi. droisa dakosmosis(//RmerTebis) erTdrouli warmoSobis idea antikurfilosofiamde gacilebiT adre, jer kidev miTosSia gacnobierebuli.RmerTi odini daibada TiTqmis drosTan erTad, - ,,roca dro iyoZalian axalgazrda.” odinma icis, rom misi samyaro berdeba da,,male” – ,,mis droSi,” misi samyaro daiSleba da Seerwymebapirvelarsebuli wylis stiqias. odonma aseve icis, rom sadRac,Zalian Sors, samyaros aRsasrulis mwuxris bindbundSi, amoCindebaSuqi axali droisa da daibadeba axali samyaro(piatigorski 1996:4).es drois paradoqsia, romelic gveubneba:

drois aRsasruli miTosSi ar emTxveva drois aRsasruls.drois aRsasruli miTosSi ar emTxveva drois aRsasruls.drois aRsasruli miTosSi ar emTxveva drois aRsasruls.drois aRsasruli miTosSi ar emTxveva drois aRsasruls.drois aRsasruli miTosSi ar emTxveva drois aRsasruls.,,erTi drois”, rogorc yofierebis erTi formis dasasrulis

mijnaze bunebrivad warmoiSveba ,,axali dro,” romlis dasasrulSi– kidev axali da ase usasrulod. drois cikluri monacvleobisidea dasturdeba TiTqmis yvela uZveles tradiciaSi, Camoyalibebuliacikluri, ,,mbrunavi” drois filosofiuri koncefciebi; arqaulimiTosi ki misTvis niSneuli kosmiur-totemisturi niSnebiT aformebsciklur temporalobas. miTosSi dros gaaCnia ,,gagrZelebis” - racatarebs maradisobis usasrulobis niSnebs, Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli- ,,genetikuri sicocxlis,” ,,biologiuri gamravlebis” Tviseba(10).


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drois paradoqsi miTosSi gadaWrilia ,,biologiuridrois paradoqsi miTosSi gadaWrilia ,,biologiuridrois paradoqsi miTosSi gadaWrilia ,,biologiuridrois paradoqsi miTosSi gadaWrilia ,,biologiuridrois paradoqsi miTosSi gadaWrilia ,,biologiurifenomeniT.”fenomeniT.”fenomeniT.”fenomeniT.”fenomeniT.”

miTosSi dro fiziomorfulia da mas gaaCnia parTenogenuriTviTgamravlebis, ,,kosmiuri intiCiumis”(11) enigmuri unari. ,,kosmiuriintiCiumis” rituali xorcieldeba droSi Tavad drois mier.

drois fenomeni miTosSi agreTve gadaWrilia droisdrois fenomeni miTosSi agreTve gadaWrilia droisdrois fenomeni miTosSi agreTve gadaWrilia droisdrois fenomeni miTosSi agreTve gadaWrilia droisdrois fenomeni miTosSi agreTve gadaWrilia droisfenomeniT.fenomeniT.fenomeniT.fenomeniT.fenomeniT.

es miTis filosofiaa - miTebSi gamJRavnebuli maradisobisdroSi SemoWris niSnebis filosofia. miTi am mxrivac unikaluria,mas unari Seswevs ,,obieqturi drois” miRma ataros maradisobisfragmentebi. miTiuri da istoriuli drois aqtivobis pirobebSi,miTSi SeimCneva raRac drosTan miaxloebuli, magram droisagan gareTmdgari - maradiuli myofobis niSnebi. is maradisobis ,,nasxletebia,”miTiuri da zRapruli drois yvelaze dafarul, yvelaze sakralurSreSi Caleqili. miuxedavad enigmurobisa, maTSi maradisobis niSnebisamocnoba advilad SeiZleba, is ar moiTxovs gonebis daZabvas, arcsagangebo intuitiur Wvretas(Cven viciT, rom intuitiuradac SeiZlebamiTis da zRapris utyuari wakiTxva). maradisoba xSirad yovelgvariSeniRbvis da miTosuri simulaciebis gareSe miTis zedapirzeamoativtivebs ,,ara-drois” sakralur nasxletebs, rogorcmaradisobis miTologemebs da siuJetebad ganfens miTosSi. miTosida misi miTologema gveubneba – aq dro gaCerda.aq dro gaCerda.aq dro gaCerda.aq dro gaCerda.aq dro gaCerda.

qarTuli miTosi inaxavs droidan gasvlis miTologemas, romelicramdenime miTosur ciklTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tamaris ,,maradiulizafxulis” miTosi gveubneba, rom Tamars, roca taxti ialbuzismTaze edga, mis samefoSi maradiuli zafxuli idga. ar iyo sikvdili,radgan dro ar gadioda. ase imitom iyo, rom Tamars - ,,dro-Jamis”Suqurvarskvlavi hyavda datyvevebuli; ,,dro-Jamis” SuqurvarskvlavisdaWeras cdiloben dvalTa mTaze msxdomi mefenic. Tqmuleba gvubneba,rom “uZveles droSi, dvalTa mTaze mefeni isxdnen drodadro;isini cdilobdnen erTi cidan mowyvetili varskvlavidaeWiraT”(robaqiZe 1991:260); ,,SeCerebuli drois” - ,,oqros xanis”paradigma qarTul miTosSi dakavSirebulia svanur staruSinis mTismwvervalis miTosTan; agreTve, fSavis ,,mTawmindasTan”(kiknaZe 1985:182);aWaruli miTosis, kuSturis gamoqvabulTan(12). aWaraSi cnobiliaTqmuleba kviris erT-erTi dRis - paraskevis dakargvaze. Tqmulebagveubneba, rom Zvelad Turme qarTvelebs daekargaT paraskevi.dakarguli paraskevi gamoqvabulSi egulebodaT da iq eZebdnen, magramver poulobdnen. gamoqvabulSi paraskevis gamosayvanad Sesuli adamiani

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iqedan uTavod gamodioda, mas Tavs aWamda daTvi(13). am TqmulebaSicdro personificirebulia, igi zoomorful saxeSi – daTvSiaobieqtivizirebuli. paraskevi sulieri obieqtia, romelsac unariSeswevs daikargos, gamoqvabulSi daimalos, adamianebi SeWamos daa.S. ,,dakarguli paraskevi” gamoxatavs SeCerebul dros. paraskevisgaqroba mis dabrunebamde aCerebs dros paraskevis zRvarTan -xuTSabaTTan. am miTSi xuTSabaTis dasasruli aris mijna, saidanacdro wyvets medinobas da gadadis maradisobaSi.

es mcire miTologiuri eqskursic sakmarisia imis warmosadgenadTu rogor aCerebs miTi Tavis wiaRSi arsebul medin dros dagadahyavs maradisobaSi. ufro zustad maradisoba Semohyavs miTiurdroSi. maradisoba miTSi moxvedrisTanave transfiguraciulad misTvisaqamde ucnob – miTiuri drois niSnebs iZens da Tavis mxriv miTsacamdidrebs absolutumis ingredientebiT. maradisobas miTsa dazRaparSi Tavisi ,,Sikriki” hyavs, kargad SeniRbuli da daculi.maradisobis ,,Sikriki” TviTon maradisobaa. is TviTobaa, rogorcabsolutumi, rogorc demiurgosuli goni, rogorc RmerTis atributida ufro metic - Tavad RmerTis identuri(14). maradisobisobieqtivirebuli xilvadi forma da niSani, romelic man sagangebodmiTisTvis da zRaprisTvis SeiZina polimorfuli urCxulia. urCxulisgaregnul formaSi Tavmoyrilia samyaroseul gamovlinebaTa srulispeqtri izomorfuli niSnebis doneze. sruli imdenad ramdenadac,masSi warmodgenilia miTosur msoflmxedvelobaSi damkvidrebulisamyaroseuli fenomenebis - mimarTulebebis da ubnebis(mag.zesknel-qvesknel-Suaskneli; miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri. . .) yvela ZiriTadiniSani. urCxulis izomorfuli miTosuri aglomeracia, romelSicimTaviTve gansazRvrulia da mowesrigebulia samyaroseuli yvelaZiriTadi mocemuloba, urCxulis temporalizmis – eqstensiurimaradisobis pirdapirproporciulia. urCxuli garegnuli forma-niSnebiT sawyisSive stagnirebuli, ,,ucvleli” fenomenia. is,,umomavloa” ,,bunebis uwyvetobis,” ,,bunebis diskursSi,” rogorcamas miSel fuko ambobs urCxulis garegnul mocemulobaze. b.robinesisazriT, urCxuli bunebis evoluciur procesSi ,,prototipis bolotipad” gvevlineba(fuko 2004:204-206). Tumc Cveni dakvirvebiT,urCxulis struqtura aranairad ar zis ,,bunebis diskurssa” da,,bunebis uwyvetobaSi.” Sesabamisad, mas arc prototipebi hyavs daarc Tavad aris ,,prototipis bolo tipi.” is arc miTosurpersonaliaTa evoluciuri uwyvetobis princips eqvemdebareba.miuxedavad TvalSisacemi identobisa, aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT


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sami sxvadasxva fenomeni: gveli, gveleSapi da urCxuli(//drakoni).gveleSapi, rogorc miTologiuri personaJi realisturi gvelissaxidan ganviTarda(es etimologiuradac dasturdeba: gvel-veSapi)da is SesaZloa ganvixiloT kidec ,,bunebis diskursisa” da ,,bunebisuwyvetobis” struqturaSi, magram urCxuli ganyenebulad,pirdapirarsebuli fenomenia, cxovelis, frinvelis, qvewarmavlis,mcuravis niSnebiT. amdenad urCxuli ara mxolod ,,umomavloa”, is,,uwarsuloc” aris. is erTsa da imave dros gvevlineba pirvelsaxedda bolosaxed, anu - ,,prototipebis bolo tipis prototipad.”urCxuls mxolod maradiuli ,,awmyo” aqvs da maradiuli forma.Sesabamisad, is yvela drosa da aradroSi(drois gareT) arsebobsmaradiulad.

m ar adiuli mxolod urCxulia . urCxuli Ta v adm aradiuli mxolod urCxulia . urCxuli Ta v adm aradiuli mxolod urCxulia . urCxuli Ta v adm aradiuli mxolod urCxulia . urCxuli Ta v adm aradiuli mxolod urCxulia . urCxuli Ta v admaradisobaa. maradisoba ,,urCxulis droa.”maradisobaa. maradisoba ,,urCxulis droa.”maradisobaa. maradisoba ,,urCxulis droa.”maradisobaa. maradisoba ,,urCxulis droa.”maradisobaa. maradisoba ,,urCxulis droa.”

dro da maradisoba Tvisobrivad sxvadasxva temporalurifenomenebia. maradisoba Tvisobaa, mdgomareobaa, rogorc n.berdiaeviambobs - ,,Tvisobrivi usasruloba”. dro ki moZraobis modusia,romelic ganwilulia sxvadasxva monakveTebad da raodenobriv,gazomvad fenomens warmoadgens. platonis mixedviT (romlisTvalsazrissac mTlianad iziarebs da aviTarebs misi sulierimemkvidre plotini.) ,,maradisoba goniT sawvdomi sinamdviliserTaderTi temporaluri realoba, idealuri, uZravi da ucvlelipirvelnimuSia, dro ki _ misi moZravi xati”(bregvaZe I 2006:100).

,,uZraoba” – eqstensiuroba, rogorc Tvisobrivi mdgomareoba,maradisobis mTeli paradigmis garegnulad gamoxatuli niSania. esniSani garegnuladac ganamsgavsebs mas ,,moZravi” - intensiuridroisgan. swored am garegnul, niSneul planSi vlindeba miTisa dazRaparis poetikaSi dapirispirebuloba urCxulTan, sadac,,kudismWamel,” ,,mZinar,” umoZrao urCxulTan moZravi, moqmedi gmiri,demiurgia Sepirispirebuli. amdenad, erT mxares dganan maradisobada misi cocxali temporaluri niSani - ,,mZinari urCxuli,” xolosapirispiro mxares Tavs iyris drois, rogorc moqmedi da warmavalifenomenebis kompleqsi: miTi, zRapari da istoria, maTi cocxalitemporaluri niSniT – gmiri.

, ,kudismWameli” urCxuli ,,mZinari” urCxulia. ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli ,,mZinari” urCxulia. ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli ,,mZinari” urCxulia. ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli ,,mZinari” urCxulia. ,,kudismWameli” urCxuli ,,mZinari” urCxulia. misimdgomareoba eqstensiuria: aseTia wyalTan axlos, ganZsa da xezemravalkecad Semoxveuli mZinari gveleSapi, romelsac kudi piriTuWiravs. erTaderTi riskenac urCxuli iltvis ,,Zilia.” mudmivZiliurCxulis imanenturi Tvisebaa, romlis gareSec urCxuli ver iqneba

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urCxuli. miTebsa da zRaprebSi gmiri ZaliT aRviZebs urCxuls.Tumc gaRviZebulic isev Zilisken aris midrekili: gamudmebiT eZebsmyudro, mSvidobian, samarisebur adgils ZilisTvis. aseTi adgiliki qvesknelis bneli jurRmulebia. urCxuls Zinavs qveskneliswylebTan (pirvelarsebuli wylebi), rac iwvevs ,,wylis mitacebis”imitacias, romelic sxva araferia Tu ara SiSi urCxulis uzarmazari,Seucnobeli arsebis winaSe.

,,Zili” urCxulis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobaa. ,,mZinarigveleSapis” miTologema gveubneba, rom mZinari gveleSapi ar arismZinari gveleSapi ar arismZinari gveleSapi ar arismZinari gveleSapi ar arismZinari gveleSapi ar arissaSiSi gveleSapi.saSiSi gveleSapi.saSiSi gveleSapi.saSiSi gveleSapi.saSiSi gveleSapi.

uvnebloba urCxuls xdis kidev ufro Seucnobels, radganuvnebloba urCxuls xdis kidev ufro Seucnobels, radganuvnebloba urCxuls xdis kidev ufro Seucnobels, radganuvnebloba urCxuls xdis kidev ufro Seucnobels, radganuvnebloba urCxuls xdis kidev ufro Seucnobels, radganis auqmebs SiSs, safrTxes, romlis arsebobac unda axldesis auqmebs SiSs, safrTxes, romlis arsebobac unda axldesis auqmebs SiSs, safrTxes, romlis arsebobac unda axldesis auqmebs SiSs, safrTxes, romlis arsebobac unda axldesis auqmebs SiSs, safrTxes, romlis arsebobac unda axldesurCxulis SiSisaRmZvrel garegnul niSnebs. urCxuli kiurCxulis SiSisaRmZvrel garegnul niSnebs. urCxuli kiurCxulis SiSisaRmZvrel garegnul niSnebs. urCxuli kiurCxulis SiSisaRmZvrel garegnul niSnebs. urCxuli kiurCxulis SiSisaRmZvrel garegnul niSnebs. urCxuli kiswored Tavisi Seucnobeli, RmerTTan identificirebuliswored Tavisi Seucnobeli, RmerTTan identificirebuliswored Tavisi Seucnobeli, RmerTTan identificirebuliswored Tavisi Seucnobeli, RmerTTan identificirebuliswored Tavisi Seucnobeli, RmerTTan identificirebulimaradisobis Tvisebis gamo aris warmosaxuli aseTi amazrzenimaradisobis Tvisebis gamo aris warmosaxuli aseTi amazrzenimaradisobis Tvisebis gamo aris warmosaxuli aseTi amazrzenimaradisobis Tvisebis gamo aris warmosaxuli aseTi amazrzenimaradisobis Tvisebis gamo aris warmosaxuli aseTi amazrzenigaregnuli niSnebiT. masSi SiSisaRmZvrelia absolutumisgaregnuli niSnebiT. masSi SiSisaRmZvrelia absolutumisgaregnuli niSnebiT. masSi SiSisaRmZvrelia absolutumisgaregnuli niSnebiT. masSi SiSisaRmZvrelia absolutumisgaregnuli niSnebiT. masSi SiSisaRmZvrelia absolutumisRvTabrivi substancia:RvTabrivi substancia:RvTabrivi substancia:RvTabrivi substancia:RvTabrivi substancia: RmerTis xilva uZveles tradiciebSi(asevebibliur winaswarmetyvelTa gamocdilebebSi) yovelTvis udidesgansacdelTan da SiSTan aris dakavSirebuli.

urCxuli ,,mZinaria,” magram Cven vxvdebiT ,,mRviZar” urCxulsac,romelsac gmiri ebrZvis. urCxuls gmiri ,,aRviZebs.” urCxulTanerTad iRviZebs SiSi da mTeli is safrTxe, romelic urCxulisarsebis miRma moiazreba. am wuTidan is moZravi – intensiuri,dinamiuri xdeba. statiuri maradisobis RerZi dinamiuri droissivrcisken (dro sivreSi) gadaixreba da maTi Sexebis mijnazewarmoiqmneba drois sruliad axali sinTezuri Sre, romelic moZravidroisa da uZravi maradisobis yvela niSan-TvisebiT iqneba aRWurvili.am zRvarze warmoSobili temporaluri fenomeni atarebs maradisobis– miTosuri ,,Zilis” eqstensiur aspeqts da imavdroulad, TaviseqstensiurobaSi(intensiur, dinamiur drosTan Sexebis ZaliT -,,xaxunis ZaliT”) aRmoaCens ,,Zilis” aqtiur, moZrav fenomens –sizmars. swored sizmris - ,,sizmris dro” (drem time), aRmniSvneliterminebiT gamoxatavdnen arqauli xalxebi gansakuTrebul sakralur-paradigmul dros, miTiur epoqas: ,,alTira”, ,,alCera”, ,,juguri”,,,lalau”, ,,ungudi” da a.S. (meletinski 1976:174; levi-briuli1937:269) _ am terminebis siuxve da sizuste sizmarTanidentificirebisas miuTiTebs arqaul xalxebSi kargad gacnobierebultemporalur fenomenze, rac ukve eqspliciturad formdeba miTosurteqstebSi. ,,sizmris dro” miTis droa, romelic masSi SeWrili


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maradisobis Zlieri zegavlenis qveS aqtivobs, swored amitom,,sizmris” temporaluri arsis miRma ganicdeba ,,dinamiurimaradisoba”- bilateraluri(ormxrivi da gverdiTi) temporalurirealoba – ,,aradro droSi”. levi-strosis azriT, miTi yovelTvisdakavSirebulia warsulis movlenebTan: ,,samyaros Sesaqmemde” an,,sawyis drosTan” _ yovel SemTxvevaSi ,,ZvelisZvelTan”. magrammiTis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom drois gansazRvrulmomentSi adgilis mqone movlenebi arseboben aradroSi. miTi Tanabradxsnis rogorc warsuls, aseve axlandelsa da momavals. miTissafuZvelSi mravalplanianoba Zevs. amitom miTiuri dro erTsa daimave dros Seuqcevadi da Seqcevadia(levi-strosi 2001: 217-220).

amdenad, ganisazRvra urCxulis, rogorc temporaluri fenomenisarsi, romlis fonzec bunebrivad ikveTeba ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis”maradiuli intenciis paradoqsuloba(es paradoqsuloba droisparadoqsulobis fardia). urCxulis mkvlelobis paradoqsulobaki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ,,urCxulis mokvla” misi ,,cocxladdatovebis”, droSi Catovebis erTaderTi gzaa. urCxuli am,,mkvlelobiT” nawevrdeba da uamrav identur urCxulad gadamravldeba.amitom aris rom ,,mokluli urCxuli” kvlavindeburad cocxaliayovel axal miTsa da zRaparSi. urCxulis mkvleloba miTSiganxorcielebuli mTavari simulaciaa, romelic realobis SeniRbviTaxal realobas, zerealobas -,,hoperrealobas”(15) qmnis.

miTsa da zRaparSi gacnobierebulia ,,simulaciis hiperrealoba”- ,,urCxulis mokvlis” ambivalenturoba. es mkvleloba ,,urCxuliskvals” inaxavs. es kvali mxolod urCxulis TviTuaryofiTes kvali mxolod urCxulis TviTuaryofiTes kvali mxolod urCxulis TviTuaryofiTes kvali mxolod urCxulis TviTuaryofiTes kvali mxolod urCxulis TviTuaryofiTwarmoiqmneba. TviTuaryofa urCxuls sZens kvals _ formas,warmoiqmneba. TviTuaryofa urCxuls sZens kvals _ formas,warmoiqmneba. TviTuaryofa urCxuls sZens kvals _ formas,warmoiqmneba. TviTuaryofa urCxuls sZens kvals _ formas,warmoiqmneba. TviTuaryofa urCxuls sZens kvals _ formas,romliTac misi temporaloba _ maradisoba ukve miTsa daromliTac misi temporaloba _ maradisoba ukve miTsa daromliTac misi temporaloba _ maradisoba ukve miTsa daromliTac misi temporaloba _ maradisoba ukve miTsa daromliTac misi temporaloba _ maradisoba ukve miTsa dazRaparSic xdeba Tavsebadi.zRaparSic xdeba Tavsebadi.zRaparSic xdeba Tavsebadi.zRaparSic xdeba Tavsebadi.zRaparSic xdeba Tavsebadi. e. levinasis filosofiis Tanaxmad,kvalikvalikvalikvalikvali aris is, rac aRniSnavs miRmier (iqiTa) yofierebebs, saidanacmodis is saxe, romelic Seesabameba absoluturad armyofs~. mxolodtranscendentur samyaros, absolutur yofierebas SeuZlia datovoskvali~ kvali~ kvali~ kvali~ kvali~ (levinasi 2004: 742).

urCxulis, rogorc absoluturad armyofis~ kvaliT miTsa dazRaparSi mocemulia transcendenturi absolutumis saxe, romelicgarda kvalisa~ ar SeiZleba sxvagvarad iyos gamoxatuli. amdenadùrCxulis mkvleloba~ morigi miTosuri simulaciaa, romelicùrCxulis mkvleloba~ morigi miTosuri simulaciaa, romelicùrCxulis mkvleloba~ morigi miTosuri simulaciaa, romelicùrCxulis mkvleloba~ morigi miTosuri simulaciaa, romelicùrCxulis mkvleloba~ morigi miTosuri simulaciaa, romelicxorcieldeba erTaderTi _ `kvalis gaCenis~ mizniT. `kvalisxorcieldeba erTaderTi _ `kvalis gaCenis~ mizniT. `kvalisxorcieldeba erTaderTi _ `kvalis gaCenis~ mizniT. `kvalisxorcieldeba erTaderTi _ `kvalis gaCenis~ mizniT. `kvalisxorcieldeba erTaderTi _ `kvalis gaCenis~ mizniT. `kvalisgaCena~ urCxulis miTidan da zRapridan gasvlas auqmebs,gaCena~ urCxulis miTidan da zRapridan gasvlas auqmebs,gaCena~ urCxulis miTidan da zRapridan gasvlas auqmebs,gaCena~ urCxulis miTidan da zRapridan gasvlas auqmebs,gaCena~ urCxulis miTidan da zRapridan gasvlas auqmebs,

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rac maradisobisrac maradisobisrac maradisobisrac maradisobisrac maradisobis paradigmis `mcire struqturebSi~ Catovebasparadigmis `mcire struqturebSi~ Catovebasparadigmis `mcire struqturebSi~ Catovebasparadigmis `mcire struqturebSi~ Catovebasparadigmis `mcire struqturebSi~ Catovebasda axali, temporaluri paradigmis gaCenas moaswavebs.da axali, temporaluri paradigmis gaCenas moaswavebs.da axali, temporaluri paradigmis gaCenas moaswavebs.da axali, temporaluri paradigmis gaCenas moaswavebs.da axali, temporaluri paradigmis gaCenas moaswavebs.

am axal paradigmas ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis” droSiam axal paradigmas ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis” droSiam axal paradigmas ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis” droSiam axal paradigmas ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis” droSiam axal paradigmas ,,urCxulis mkvlelobis” droSiuwyveti, maradiuli rituali uzrunvelyofs.uwyveti, maradiuli rituali uzrunvelyofs.uwyveti, maradiuli rituali uzrunvelyofs.uwyveti, maradiuli rituali uzrunvelyofs.uwyveti, maradiuli rituali uzrunvelyofs.

miTisa da zRapris warmavali drois urCxulis mardisobasTan(romelic ,,araraa”) SerwymiT samyaroseuli TviTganadgurebis, miTisada zRapris esqatologiuri intenciaa gamoxatuli.

• gmiris vnebebi da zRapris simulaciebi

,,danaSaulis grZnoba, SiSi da sikvdili SesaZlebeliaCanacvldes danaSaulis, sasowarkveTis, Zaladobis, sikvdiliswminda simboloebiT da es aris swored simulaciis eiforia,mimarTuli mizezisa da Sedegis, dasawyisisa da dasasrulisgauqmebisken, maTi dublirebis nacvlad.”

J. J. J. J. J. bodrbodrbodrbodrbodriariariariariari. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hii. ,,simulaciebis hi perrperrperrperrperrealoba.”ealoba.”ealoba.”ealoba.”ealoba.”

wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”wignidan: ,,simboluri gacvla da sikvdili”

,,mSvenier urCxulTan” brZola zRapris, nawilobriv miTisumTavresi mamoZravebeli ideaa. miTi ufro axlos dgas realobasTan,Sesabamisad, masSi metia ,,samarTlianobac”. miTosi kosmosis Sesaqmesswiravs saukeTesos - ,,mSvenier msxverpls” (miTosSi uaryofiTisawyisi antimsxverplia da mas ar iwiravs ,,dadebiTi” Zala ).miToss gamudmebiT axsovs, rom urCxuli ,,mSvenieri urCxulia”.arqaul miTebSi Semonaxulia Tavdapirveli miTosuri plasti,romelSic urCxuli arc moZaladea da arc mimtacebeli, is yvela imsamyaroseuli gamovlinebis gamCen-Semqmneli, mfarvel-Semnaxveli damaterebelia, ris mitaceba-ganadgurebasac mas SemdgomSimiaweren(ganviTarebuli miTologiebi da zRaprebi). miToss gamudmebiTaxsovs, rom urCxuli ,,kudismWameli urCxulia,” romlis kosmogoniurimiTologema gvamcnobs mSvenieri urCxulis Sesaqmiseul-demiurgulintencias – sakuTari salteSekruli sxeuliT Seakavos samyaroswarmxocveli wylebi. zRaprebSi wyalTan mravalkecad daxveuli,,kudismWameli” mZinari gveleSapi ZiriTadi kosmogoniuri miTo-logemaa da samyaros kosmiuri wyobis models asaxavs. kosmogoniurimiTologemaa agreTve xeze, rogorc samyaros RerZze mravalkecadSemoxveuli gveleSapi. am kosmogoniurma miTologemam zRaparSidesakralizacia ganicada da wyalTan mravalkecad daxveuli mZinarigveleSapi ,,samyaros warmxocveli wylebis Semkaveblidan”,,sasicocxlo wylebis” mimtaceblad aqcia.


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zRapris gmiris kvazidemiurguli intencia ,,mSvenieri urCxulis”urCxulad qcevisaken aris mimarTuli. urCxulis mkvlelobis mTavariazri - ,,ideologiurad SefuTul” mkvlelobaSi Zevs. amiT imisTqma gvsurs, rom urCxulis mkvlelobis aqti uwinaresad,,ideologiuradac” unda iyos gamarTlebuli da motivirebuli.amas moiTxovs zRapris da miTosis religiur-Teosofiurimsoflmxedveloba. urCxuli yvela SemTxvevaSi moikvleba, mSvenieriurCxuli yvela SemTxvevaSi iqceva ,,mSvenier msxverplad”, oRondacvidre kosmogoniaSi – ,,kosmosis”, zRaparSi ki - ,,sikeTis” da,,mSvenierebis” saxeliT msxverplSewirvis ucilobeli aqtiaRsruldeba, saWiroa msxverplis ,,borotebad”, ,,aramSvenierad”qceva(ukidures SemTxvevaSi aseTad gamocxadeba). zRapari, Tavisimoraluri kodeqsiT klavs urCxuls, rogorc ,,sayovelTao borotebas”,miTi ki _ ,,msxverplSewirvis” garduvalobiT.

urCxulis `boroteba~ Wirdeba zRapars da zRaprisurCxulis `boroteba~ Wirdeba zRapars da zRaprisurCxulis `boroteba~ Wirdeba zRapars da zRaprisurCxulis `boroteba~ Wirdeba zRapars da zRaprisurCxulis `boroteba~ Wirdeba zRapars da zRaprisgmirs gmirad qcevaSi.gmirs gmirad qcevaSi.gmirs gmirad qcevaSi.gmirs gmirad qcevaSi.gmirs gmirad qcevaSi.

gmiri, romelic urCxuls aRviZebs ,,strategiulia”, am gziT is,,aborotebs” urCxuls.

urCxulis ritualuri mkvlelobis aqts win uswrebs urCxulisritualuri gaRviZebis aqti. misi ,,gamoRviZeba” yovelTvis garegani,xelovnuri zemoqmedebiT aris ganpirobebuli. gmiri arasodes elodebaurCxulis bunebriv gaRviZebas, amitom Cven ar viciT, arc SeiZlebavicodeT, rogoria ,,bunebrivad gaRviZebuli” urCxuli. ar SegviZliavicodeT, ,,borotia”, ,,saSiSia” Tu ara aseTi urCxuli. TiTqosurCxuls ,,mSvidobismyofelad” yofnis SesaZlebloba gangebgamoacales. is sagangebod, mizanmimarTulad ,,gaaborotes.”

urCxuli ar Zaladobs gmirze (da samyaroze), urCxuliurCxuli ar Zaladobs gmirze (da samyaroze), urCxuliurCxuli ar Zaladobs gmirze (da samyaroze), urCxuliurCxuli ar Zaladobs gmirze (da samyaroze), urCxuliurCxuli ar Zaladobs gmirze (da samyaroze), urCxuliTavs icavs ucxo garemoSi.Tavs icavs ucxo garemoSi.Tavs icavs ucxo garemoSi.Tavs icavs ucxo garemoSi.Tavs icavs ucxo garemoSi.

gmiri aRviZebs urCxuls da ebrZvis. gmiri qmnis urCxulis imsaxes, romelsac unda SeebrZolos: aramSvidobians, aramZinares, aqtiurs,borots. urCxuli jer cxaddeba sayovelTao borotebad da Semdegisjeba sayovelTao saxeliT. es erTaderTi gzaa gmirisTvissayovelTao gmirad qcevisa, sxva SemTxvevaSi gmiris moRvaweoba erTlokalur, egzistencialur mniSvnelobas SeiZenda. amitom urCxulikidev arTxel aris msxverpli. amjerad urCxuli gmiris vnebebismsxverplia.

magram rodis da sad gaCnda gmiris vnebebi? vin qmnis gmirisvnebebs? vin miuqsia urCxuls gmiri? iqneb gmiric msxverplia, brma

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iaraRi romeliRac ufro didi Zalis xelSi? aris Tu ara es ZalaurCxulze Zlieri da urCxulze marTali?

es Zala Tavad zRaparia, romelic uamravi sicruis da simulaciisgzebze, bewvis xidebze daatarebs gmirsac da urCxulsac, Tumcsabolood ver Zlevs maT, radgan Cven viciT rom urCxuli arsebobszRapris gareT, arsebobs ara-droSi, sadac zRapars xeli ar miuwvdeba.

zRapari presimulaciuri samyaroa. igi namdvili simulaciebisganimiT gansxvavdeba, rom dasawyisSive(zRapris Tavformula - ,,iyo daara iyo ra”) gvafrTxilebs movlenaTa da saganTa simulirebis,aranamdvilobis Sesaxeb. amgvari gamWoli eTikuri svliT akanonebskidec Tavis ,,sicrues,” aZlevs mas namdvilobis legitimacias. magramzRaparSic dgeba gardamtexi zRvari, es zRapris dasasrulis mijnaa,sadac simulaciebic unda dasruldes da aRsruldes zRapris mTavarimoraluri kodeqsi Tu aRTqma: - ,,Wiri iqa/lxini aqa /qato iqa/fqvili aqa.”

zRapris finali zRapris codvas amxels. amxelszRapris finali zRapris codvas amxels. amxelszRapris finali zRapris codvas amxels. amxelszRapris finali zRapris codvas amxels. amxelszRapris finali zRapris codvas amxels. amxelssimulaciebs da urCxulis winaSe Cadenil ,,srulyofilsimulaciebs da urCxulis winaSe Cadenil ,,srulyofilsimulaciebs da urCxulis winaSe Cadenil ,,srulyofilsimulaciebs da urCxulis winaSe Cadenil ,,srulyofilsimulaciebs da urCxulis winaSe Cadenil ,,srulyofildanaSauls.”danaSauls.”danaSauls.”danaSauls.”danaSauls.”

sad aris zRapris keTili dasasruli? –iq sadac urCxulsklaven da gmiri imarjvebs, romelic mzeTunaxavze qorwindeba, Tu iqaris zRapris WeSmariti sikeTe sadac gvelistyaviani Wabuki urcxulistyavs gaixdis, Tavis mSvenier saxes gamoaCens da mzeTunaxavzeiqorwinebs?

zRapari romelic gveleSapTan, rogorc sayovelTaozRapari romelic gveleSapTan, rogorc sayovelTaozRapari romelic gveleSapTan, rogorc sayovelTaozRapari romelic gveleSapTan, rogorc sayovelTaozRapari romelic gveleSapTan, rogorc sayovelTaoborotebasTan maradiuli brZolis paToss bolomdeborotebasTan maradiuli brZolis paToss bolomdeborotebasTan maradiuli brZolis paToss bolomdeborotebasTan maradiuli brZolis paToss bolomdeborotebasTan maradiuli brZolis paToss bolomdeinarCunebda, finalSi uneblied Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobaSiinarCunebda, finalSi uneblied Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobaSiinarCunebda, finalSi uneblied Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobaSiinarCunebda, finalSi uneblied Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobaSiinarCunebda, finalSi uneblied Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobaSimodis, roca gveleSaps gvelis tyavs gaxdis da mSvenierimodis, roca gveleSaps gvelis tyavs gaxdis da mSvenierimodis, roca gveleSaps gvelis tyavs gaxdis da mSvenierimodis, roca gveleSaps gvelis tyavs gaxdis da mSvenierimodis, roca gveleSaps gvelis tyavs gaxdis da mSvenieriWabukis saxes dagvanaxebs. Wabukis saxes dagvanaxebs. Wabukis saxes dagvanaxebs. Wabukis saxes dagvanaxebs. Wabukis saxes dagvanaxebs. magram swored sakuTari sicruismxilebis gziT zRapari Tavis Tavs aRmoaCens, ipovis da daamarcxebsnamdvil urCxuls, romelic TviTonaa da ganjadovdeba. ganjadovdebamTeli am drois manZilze mSvenieri urCxulis devnaze yuradRebagadatanili, motyuebuli gmiric – is ,,miniurCxulia,”(16) urCxulissimulakraa, romelic zRaparma Seqmna mSvenieri urCxulis mosaklavad.gmiric jildovdeba mzeTunaxaviT mis winaaRmdeg Cadenili borotebissanacvlod.

zRapris gmiri da mSvenieri urCxuli mzeTunaxavze(romelicmefis asulia, riTac gacxadebulia intronizaciis kosmogoniurimiTologema) erTdroulad qorwindebian. es qorwineba ,,urCxulisdroSi” mimdinareobs, maradiulia da esqatologiuri(17).


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Cven viciT, rom qali romelzec urCxuli iqorwinebs qali-urCxulia(latenturi gveli). isini saqorwino sarecelzesalteSekrulni, viTarca kosmiur tablas erTmaneTs ,,SesaWmelad”etanebian. ,,urTierTSeWmulni” ki araraSi inTqmebian. ,,arara”,pirvelarsebuli substanciaa. is urCxulis ganzomilebaa – maradisobaada grZeldeba ad infinitum.

komentarebi:

1. miTi principulad kosmogoniuria. mTeli misi Sinagani intenciamimarTulia samyaroSi kosmosis, harmoniis dasamyareblad; SesaqmisSemdegac miTi ar wyvets Tavis kosmogoniur moRvaweobas dasxvadasxva formiT ganagrZobs kosmosis SenarCunebisTvis zrunvas.kosmosi anu harmonia samyoroseuli wesrigia. igi SeesabamebamSvenierebis erT-erT filosofiur gansazRvrebas. antikur epoqaSi,jer kidev plotinamde(romelsac ekuTvnis mSvenierebis klasikurigansazRvreba, rogorc diadisa da waruvalisa, odnav rom gamokrTismaterialuri movlenebidan)da mis Semdegac aqtualuri rCebodamSvenierebis, rogorc harmoniisa da wesrigis gageba, roca raRacmTelis Semadgeneli nawilebi harmoniulad, SeTanxmebulad esadagebianerTmaneTs. mSvenierebis amgvari gageba arsebobda piTagorianelTamoZRvrebaSi. swored aq unda warmoSobiliyo idea maTematikuriwesrigis rogorc fundamenturi principis Sesaxeb, romlsac efuZnebamovlenaTa mTeli mravalferovneba. piTagoras aRmoCenili maTematikuristruqtura – ricxobrivi Tanafardoba, harmoniis pirvelsawyisad,wyarod iqca antikur samyaroSi(hazenbergi 2006:349350).

2. ,,kudismWameli” urCxulis arqaul miTologemas vxedavTdualuri gnosticizmis simboloSi - ,,uraborasSi” (uraborasi -berZnulidan ïõñÜ - ,,kudi” da berZnuli âïñÜ - ,,saWmeli”.sityvasityviT - ,,kudis(sakuTari)mWameli.”), romliTac gamoxatuliacikluri drois usasruloba. uraborasi maradisobisa da mTelialqimiuri procesebis simboloa. is aris TviTganayofierebadi daSesaqmeSi – TviTkmari. uraborasi zogjer gamoisaxeboda naxevradnaTel da naxevrad bnel arsebad, riTac gamoxatuli iyo samyarosdualuri dayofa, ori sawyisi, msgavsad Cinuri inisa da ianisa.

3. ganviTarebuli miTologiebis kosmogoniebSi, sadac kosmogeneziszoomorful models anTrofomorfuli modeli enacvleba,pirvelarsebuli germafrodituli urCxulis adgils aseveorsqesovani ,,pirvelkaci” iWers, rogorc es aris skandinaviur

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miTosSi, pirvelkaci titani – imiris saxiT, romlis sxeulisnawilebisgan iqmneba samyaro. germafrodituli pirvelarsebismiTologemas garkveulwilad unda asaxavdes bibliuri ,,evamdeliadami”, romelic Tavisi arsiT imTaviTve atarebs mdedrul(evas)sawyiss.

4. ,,sakraluri qorwinebis” Sesaxeb, ix. z.kiknaZe, SuamdinarulimiTologia, Tb. 1979.

5. Wamis aqti uZvelesi adamianis warmodgenebSi uerTdeba sxvawarmodgenaTa wres: seqsualur aqts da sikvdils (freidenbergi1997:52).

6. miTiur droSi adamianursa da cxovelurs Soris ar arsebobssadermakacio xazi, romelic mkveTrad gamijnavda am or, momavalSiurTierTdapirispirebul mxares. rogorc levi-briuli miuTiTebs,miTiur periodSi, adamianebsa da cxovelebs erTmaneTisgan erTinabiji aSorebT da miTebSi, TiTqmis yovelTvis es nabiji gadadgmulia.cxovelebi iyvnen an adamianebi, an adamianuri SesaZleblobebiT aRvsilni,rac maT xdida, ukidures SemTxvevaSi adamianebis msgavss(levi-briuli1937:339).

7. urCxulis paradigmis universalobis - rogorc yvela sxvaparadigmis momcvelis Sesaxeb saubrobs gigi TevzaZe, Tavis werilSi,,paradigma da urCxuli:” ,,urCxuli ar eqceva paradigmaSi. piriqiT,is iqcevs Tavis TavSi yvela paradigmas da gviCvenebs Tavis Tavs,rogorc paradigmaze da maSasadame, paradigmulobaze ufro mets.amitom zRapari, romlis funqciac urCxulis paradigmad yofnaa, veripyrobs mas bolomde”(TevzaZe 2008:23).

8. Cven aTvlis wertilad viRebT kosmoss, rogorc xilvad,empiriulad sawvdom fenomens da ara rogorc movlenaTa centrs damTavar mamoZravebel RerZs. CvenTvis xilvad kosmosze dakvirvebaemsaxureba swored mTavari RerZis – uxilavi, transcedenturiusasrulobis met-naklebad moxelTebas.

9. temporaluri fenomenebi samyaroseuli struqturebisgan(arara,qaosi, kosmosi) gaumijnavia.

10. es movlena uSualod ukavSirdeba miTisTvis niSneul samyarossayovelTao gasulierebis, bunebasTan partici pacis arqaulmsoflaRqmas - samyaros anTropomorfizms(//zoomorfizms), rac iwvevskosmosis arasulier gamovlinebebze sulier arsebaTa yvelabiologiuri Tvisebis gadatanas.

11. ,,intiCiumi” (intichium) - totemizmSi dadasturebuli sakuTaritotemis magiuri gamravlebis rituali, samyaros sayovelTao zoo-


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anTrofomorfizmis tendenciis ZaliT gavrceldeba kosmiurmovlenebzec. ,,kosmiuri intiCiumis” rituali xorcieldeba droSiTavad drois mier, maSin rodesac totemizmSi aRniSnul rituals,,gasamravlebeli” totemis qveS gaerTianebuli adamianTa jgufebiaxorcieleben. Tumc es garegnuli, zedapiruli Sefaseba Cans datotemizmis SemTxvevaSic igive viTarebasTan unda gvqondes saqme:,,gasamravlebeli obieqti” identificirebulia ,,gamamravlebelsubieqtTan,” radgan totemuri gaerTianebis wevrebi mniSvnelovan-wilad identificirebulni arian im totemur cxovelTan(/frinvelTan)romlis qveSac arian gaerTianebulni (isini saxelebad atarebentotemis saxelebs, simboloebs, niSnebs, atributebs). aqedan totemuriintiCiumi metaforulad(mxolod da mxolod metaforulad)SegviZlia gaviazroT, rogorc ,,parTenogenuri” TviTgamravlebisrituali.

12. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, #717, 1978w.

13. Tqmuleba paraskevis dakargvis Sesaxeb ori Canaweris(urTierTmsgavsi variantebi) saxiT aRmovaCineT aWaris saxelmwifomuzeumis xelnawerTa fondSi: a)#384, 1948w. gv.67. Wvanis xeoba;b)#372, 1948w. gv.62. xulos r-ni sof baraTaulisi.

14. plotini ,,maradisobas” aigivebs ,,marad arsTan, amitom is,,RmerTis identurad” miaCnia: ,,RmerTi maradisobaSi gvivlens dagvicxadebs Tavs, rogorc marad ucvleli, TviTigiveobrivi, waruvalida aseTive sicocxliT mosili arsi”(bregvaZe I 2006:77). maradisobisRvTaebriv sawyiss aRiarebs netari avgustine, romlis mtkicebiT,,,maradisoba ucvlelobisa da uZraobis, ufro zogadad ki RvTabrivisubstanciis da TviT RmerTis atributia”(bregvaZe I 2006:77).maradisobas ..RmerTis atributad” acxadebs holandieli moazrovnebenediqte spinoza: ,,maradisoba atributia, romliTac Cven vwvdebiTRmerTis usasrulo arsebobas”(bregvaZe I 2006:80).

15. msgavs movlenebSi J.bodriari xedavs ,,simulaciebishiperrealobas.” misi TqmiT, ,,erTi materiidan meoreSi gadayvanisasuCinardeba realoba, is xdeba sikvdilis alegoria, magram Tavad ammsxvreviT is myardeba, gardaisaxeba realobad realobisTvis, obieqtisreprezentaciis nacvlad – misi uaryofis eqstazi da ritualuriganadgureba: hi perrealoba.”(bodriari, simboluri... 2000:149).simulaciebisa da hi perrealobis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli xdebasikvdili da dasasruli, SeuZlebeli xdeba gaqroba,,,aRaraferi(RmerTic ki) ar qreba miRweuli Tavis dasasruls an

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sikvdils; gaqroba xdeba gamravlebiT, dainficirebiT, gadavsebiT dagamWvirvalobiT; ganadgureba – moCvenebiTobis epidemiiT, meorad,moCvenebiT arsebobaSi gadasvliT. amieridan aRar aris gaqrobisfataluri forma, aris mxolod nawilobrivi daSla, rogorcmimobnevis forma(bodriari, borotebis.... 2000: 9).

16. v.propis gamokvlevebidan viciT, rom gveleSaps mxolodgveleSapi amarcxebs. gvels mxolod gvelis Sobili klavs, radganmas aqvs gvelis Zala da gvelis buneba (propi 1946:255).o.freidenbergi Zveli berZnuli romanis personaJebze saubrisas,miuTiTebs im evoluciur-transfiguraciul miTologiur gzaze,romelic cxovelurma personaJma ganvlo gmir-personaJad qcevamde:,,cxovelebi Sedian e.w. berZnuli romanis cxovelTmebrZoleobisepozodebSi; berZnuli romanis gmiri ukve cxoveli aRar aris, aramed_ cxovelTan mebrZolia da Tavad cxovelSi Cven vxedavT gmirisoreuls, romelsac is ebrZvis”(freidenbergi 1997:204)

17. z.kiknaZis ,,zRapris esqatologiis” koncefciaSi, zRaprisfinali – qorwili – Tavisi sawyisiT esqatologiuria. ,,zRaprisdasasruli wuTisoflis dasasrulia”; ,,es ar aris erTi rigiTiwuTisofluri qorwili, romlis Semdegac axali Taobis dabadebasmoelian. . . . am qorwilis dRe uxvalioa, rogorc is merve dRe,romelsac ara aqvs dasasruli.”(kiknaZe 2001:265).


bodriari 1999: bodriari 1999: bodriari 1999: bodriari 1999: bodriari 1999: Æ. Áîäðèéÿð, Ñîâåðøå í í î å ïðåñòóïëåíèå, 1999.bodriari, simboluri... 2000: bodriari, simboluri... 2000: bodriari, simboluri... 2000: bodriari, simboluri... 2000: bodriari, simboluri... 2000: Æ. Áîäðèéÿð, Ñèìâîëè÷åñêèé î á ì å í

è ñìåðòü Ì . 2000.bodrbodrbodrbodrbodriariariariariari,i,i,i,i, boboboboborotebis... 2000:rotebis... 2000:rotebis... 2000:rotebis... 2000:rotebis... 2000: Æ. Áîäðèéÿð, Ïð îçðà÷ í îñòü çëà,

M2000.bregvaZe 2006: bregvaZe 2006: bregvaZe 2006: bregvaZe 2006: bregvaZe 2006: b.bregvaZe, dro da maradisoba, I, Tb. 2006.eliade 2002: eliade 2002: eliade 2002: eliade 2002: eliade 2002: Ýëèàäå Ì . Òàéíûå îáùåñòâà.Î á ð ÿ ä û èíèöèàöèè è

ï îñâÿùåíèÿ, Ì. 2002.zolotarevi 1964: zolotarevi 1964: zolotarevi 1964: zolotarevi 1964: zolotarevi 1964: Çîëîòàðåâ À.Ì ., Ðîä îâ îé ñòðîé è ïåðâîáûòíàÿ

ì èô î ë î ãèÿ, Ì ., 1964;TavdgiriZe 2008: TavdgiriZe 2008: TavdgiriZe 2008: TavdgiriZe 2008: TavdgiriZe 2008: x.TavdgiriZe, ,,sawyisTan dabrunebis” qarTuli

kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modelebi, kreb. ,,qarTulifolklori”, 4(XX), Tb.2008.

Tandilava 1996: Tandilava 1996: Tandilava 1996: Tandilava 1996: Tandilava 1996: z.Tandilava, wylis kulti da qarTuli folklori,baT. 1996.


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TevzaZe 2008: TevzaZe 2008: TevzaZe 2008: TevzaZe 2008: TevzaZe 2008: g.TevzaZe, paradigma da urCxuli, kreb. ,,semiotika”,III, Tb.2008.

ilini 1ilini 1ilini 1ilini 1ilini 1998:998:998:998:998: È . È Ë Ü È Í, Ï ÎÑÒÌ ÎÄÅÐÍÈÇÌ î ò èñòî êî â ä îêî í ö à ñòî ëåòèÿ:ýâî ëþöèÿ í àó÷í îãî ì è ô à.Ì . 1998.

kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe 2001: z.kiknaZe, zRapris esqatologia, wignSi: z.kiknaZe,avTandilis anderZi, Tb.2001.

kiknaZe 1979: kiknaZe 1979: kiknaZe 1979: kiknaZe 1979: kiknaZe 1979: z.kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia, Tb.1979.kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe 1985: z.kiknaZe, qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa sistema,

Tb.1985.levinasi 2004:levinasi 2004:levinasi 2004:levinasi 2004:levinasi 2004: Ëåâèíàñ Ý. Èçáðàííîå: Òðóäíàÿ ñâî á îäà, Ì., 2004.levi-brlevi-brlevi-brlevi-brlevi-briuli 1iuli 1iuli 1iuli 1iuli 1937:937:937:937:937: Ë . Ëåâè-á ð þëü, Ñâåðõúåñòåñòâå í í îå â

ï å ð â î á û ò í î ì ì û ø ë å í è è, Ì . 1937.levi-strosi 2001: levi-strosi 2001: levi-strosi 2001: levi-strosi 2001: levi-strosi 2001: Ê. Ëåâè-Ñòðîñ, Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ àíòðî ï îë îãèÿ,

Ì .2001levi-strosi 1994: levi-strosi 1994: levi-strosi 1994: levi-strosi 1994: levi-strosi 1994: Ê. Ëåâè-Ñòðîñ, Ï å ð â î á û ò í î å ì û ø ë å í è å, Ì .

1994.miTis fsiqoanalitikuri... 1998: miTis fsiqoanalitikuri... 1998: miTis fsiqoanalitikuri... 1998: miTis fsiqoanalitikuri... 1998: miTis fsiqoanalitikuri... 1998: Ì å æ ä ó Ý ä è ï î ì è Î ç è ð è ñ î ì,

ñòà í î âëåíèå ïñèõî à í àëèòè÷åñêî é êî í ö å ï ö è è ì è ô à, Ì .1998.meletinski 1976: meletinski 1976: meletinski 1976: meletinski 1976: meletinski 1976: Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì . Ï îýòèêà ì è ô à, Ì .1976.piatigorski 1996: piatigorski 1996: piatigorski 1996: piatigorski 1996: piatigorski 1996: À.Ïÿòèãîðñêèé, Ìèôîë îãè÷åñêèå ðàçìèøëåíèÿ.

Ëåêöèè ð î ô å í î ì å í î ë î ã è è ì è ô à, Ì .1996.propi 1propi 1propi 1propi 1propi 1946:946:946:946:946: Â.Ï ð î ï ï, Èñòîðè÷åñêèå êî ð í è âî ë ø å á í î é ñêàçêè,

Ì .1946.putilovi 1putilovi 1putilovi 1putilovi 1putilovi 1980:980:980:980:980: Ïóòèë îâ Â.Í ., Ì è ô, îáðÿä, ï åñíÿ Í î âî é Ãâèíåé,

Ì ., 1980;rexviaSvili 1963:rexviaSvili 1963:rexviaSvili 1963:rexviaSvili 1963:rexviaSvili 1963: n.rexviaSvili, salocavi ,,mziuri”(giune), kreb.

saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, XXIV-B, Tb.1963.robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe 1991: g.robaqiZe, saqarTvelos saTaveni, Jurn. “literatura

da xelovneba”, Tb., 1991,@# 2.sixaruliZe 2004: sixaruliZe 2004: sixaruliZe 2004: sixaruliZe 2004: sixaruliZe 2004: qeTevan sixaruliZe, miwis RvTaebebi kavkasiaSi,

kreb.: qarTuli folklori, 2(XVII), Tb.2004.freidenbergi 1997: freidenbergi 1997: freidenbergi 1997: freidenbergi 1997: freidenbergi 1997: Ôðåéäåíáåðã Î .Ì ., Ï îýòèêà ñþæåòà è æàíðà,

Ì .,1997.canava 2005: canava 2005: canava 2005: canava 2005: canava 2005: r.canava, miToritualuri modelebi. simboloebi antikur

mwerlobaSi da qarTuli literaturul-eTnologiuriparalelebi, Tb.2005.

haizenbergi 2006: haizenbergi 2006: haizenbergi 2006: haizenbergi 2006: haizenbergi 2006: v.haizenbergi, mecnierebis azri da mniSvnelobazust mecnierebebSi, wignSi: b.bregvaZe, axali Targmanebi, II, Tb.2006.

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zaza SaTiriSvili

rogor unda daiwerosZveli qarTuli

literaturis istoria?

(sakiTxis dasmisTvis)

dRemde qarTuli literaturis istoriaSemdegi sqemis mixedviT iwereboda: Zveliliteratura (V _ XVIII saukuneebi), axaliliteratura (XIX saukune) da _ uaxlesi(XX saukune). amgvaradve iswavlebodaqarTuli literatura ukanasknel dromdeskolasa (me-8/9 klasi _ Zveli literatura,me-9/10 _ axali da me-10/11 _ uaxlesi) dauniversitetSi.

mocemul sqemas aqvs rogorc Tavisi po-zitiuri, ise _ negatiuri mxareebi. pozitiuriisaa, rom aseTi klasifikacia kargadgamoxatavs im kardinalur gardatexas, racqarTul literaturaSi XIX saukunis da-sawyisSi moxda, xolo negatiuri isaa, romV _ XVIII saukuneebi erT mTlianobaSiamoqceuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am mTlianobasqveperiodizacia axasiaTebs, es mainc verasaxavs erT mniSvnelovan aspeqts. arada, esaspeqti korneli kekeliZes, garkveulwilad,moniSnuli aqvs: misi Zveli qarTuli li-teraturis istoriis ortomeuli gayofiliamniSvnelovani opoziciis mixedviT _ pirvelitomi sasuliero literaturas eZRvneba,xolo meore _ saeros.

amiT, TiTqos, aRiarebulia is faqti, romZveli qarTuli literaturis Seswavlisasistoriul dayofasTan erTad mniSvnelovania_ tipologiuric. magaliTad, daviT gura-

filosofiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, Cikagos univer-sitetis miwveuli mec-nieri.ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:ZiriTadi Sromebi:gakaltionis poetika daritorika (2004), na-rativis apologia (2005).interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:interesTa sfero:literaturis Teoria daliteraturis istoria,kritika.

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miSvili da anton I TiTqmis Tanamedroveni arian, magram erTisadgili I tomSia, xolo meorisa _ II-Si. arada, wminda poetikuriTvalsazrisiT, guramiSvili bevrad met siaxloves amJRavnebs “ZvelliteraturasTan”, vidre _ antoni, romelic me-18 saukunis rusul-evropuli saganmanaTleblo sqemebiT sargeblobda (sami stilisTeoriis CaTvliT, Tumca, es Teoria, Tavis mxriv, “meore sofistikidan”mainc iwyeba) da romelic ufro arqaisti-modernizatori iyo, vidreguramiSvilisnairi “spontanuri” himnografi.

kekeliZis sqemaSi kidev bevri problemuri momentia. kerZod,saqme exeba saero literaturis amgvar Janrobriv sqematizacias:eposi _ lirika _ drama. am dros, rogorc sxva adgilas Cven ukveaRvniSneT, TviTon XV _ XVIII saukuneebis literaturam amgvaridayofis Sesaxeb araferi icis da Tavisi sakuTari klasifikaciaaqvs, romelsac kekeliZe TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs.

arsebobs kidev erTi rTuli momenti: aleqsandre WavWavaZe, romlisramdenime mniSvnelovani teqsti, Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT, sworedZveli literaturis sferoSi Tavsdeba, mTlianad gatanilia kekeliZisortomeulis farglebs gareT, rogor tipuri romantikosi. arada,XVIII saukunis bolo da XIX saukunis 20/30-iani wlebi sworedimiT gamoirCeva, rom aq saocari aRreva da difuziaa rogorc “Zveli”sasuliero, ise “Zveli” saero da axali klasikur-romantikuliJanrebisa. magaliTad, igive guramiSvili, romelic erTi mxriv, TavisiTematuri toposebiT did siaxloves amJRavnebs “Zvel sasuliero”literaturasTan, garkveuli azriT, am poetis unikaluri Janruliintuiciidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro “modernuli” avtoria, vidre_ romantikosi baraTaSvili.

maSasadame, rodesac Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriisweras viwyebT, kargad unda gavisigrZeganoT, rom XIX saukunis pirveli30-wleulis gaazrebis gareSe SeiZleba bevri seriozuli Secdomamogvivides.

meorec, ar SeiZleba arc wminda istoriuli da arc wmindatipologiuri sqemebis gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven kekeliZiseulimidgoma unda gaviziaroT, oRond saWiroa misi meTodologiurirevizia da Semdgomi konceptualuri refleqsia, magaliTad, JanrissakiTxze.

mesame _ aucileblad unda daviwyoT refleqsia imis Sesaxeb, Turas niSnavs “literaturis” koncepti. ufro zustad, undaganvsazRvroT, Tu ras niSnavda “literatura” Cveni “ZvelebisTvis”_ “samRvdeloTaTvis” da “saeroTaTvis”. amitomac, sruliad aucileb-

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lad mimaCnia sulxan-saba orbelianis Janrobrivi klasifikaciisgaTvaliswineba da misi nawilobrivi gaziarebac ki, rac, cxadia, argamoricxavs (piriqiT), mTel rigs dazustebebsas.

“literaturis” konceptTan dakavSirebiT minda SegaxsenoT erTipolemikis Sesaxeb, romlic XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaimarTa,magram, romelic, samwuxarod, maleve Sewyda. maSin Temur doiaSvilmada levan bregaZem sakmaod Tamamad dasves amgvari SekiTxva: SeiZlebaTu ara, rom agiografias vuwodoT “literatura”’ sakuTrivi gagebiT?

Tuki aravin CaTvlis, rom am sakiTxis ganaxlebiT me aleqsndre-kaxa lomaias wisqvilze vasxam wyals, minda SevniSno Semdegi: doiaSvilida bregaZe erTdroulad marTlebic iyvnen da arc iyvnen marTlebi.me mesmis, rom Cemi pasuxi cnobil ebraul igavs waagavs, magram mindadavazusto.

saqme isaa, rom evropul tradiciaSi “literaturas” garkveulperiodamde gansazRvravs “mimezisis” cneba. mimezisi aristotelespoetikis centraluri kategoriaa. is qarTulad iTargmneba rogorc“mibaZva”, magram, sinamdvileSi, is “fiqciurobis” gagebas Seicavs. Tuasea, maSin agiografia, sakuTrivi gagebiT, araa literatura, radgan,erTi mxriv, is istoriul xdomilebaze mogviTxrobs, xolo meoremxriv, Tu aq mibaZva mainc xdeba, es qristes mibaZvaa, rasac zerealobisaspeqti Semoaqvs.

magram, meore mxriv, rogorc Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi udidesiliteraturaTmcodne Jerar Jeneti SeniSnavs, literatura mxolodfiqciurobas ar niSnavs, is stilis gagebasac moicavs. Tu asea, maSin“ninos cxovreba”, “grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” an “SuSanikis wameba”literaturis kuTvnilebaa brwyinvale enis (anu stilis) gamo, xolo“raJdenis wameba” _ ara.

magram swored es kolizia kargad gviCvenebs ramdenime mniSvnelovangansxvavebas, rac arsebobs qarTul literaturasa da evropulliteraturas (literaturebs) Soris.

pirveli gansxvaveba zedapirze devs: evropul kulturaSi,magaliTisaTvis, agiografiuli teqstebi laTinur enaze iqmneboda.aqedan gamomdinare, roca adgilobriv enebze literatura warmoiSvada Semdeg am literaturis (literaturaTa) skolaSi Seswavlagaxda saWiro (es ki gacilebiT gvian, XIX saukuneSi moxda), aqsakiTxic ki ar dasmula “franguli”, “germanuli”, Tu “italiuri”agiografiis Sesaxeb, radganac Sesabamisi teqstebi laTinurad iyodawerili.

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magram aq Tavs Segvaxsenebs meore, ufro fundamenturi, aspeqtic.rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs laTinuri saSualo saukuneebisliteratura, romelsac XX saukunis udidesma filologma ernstrobert kurciusma Tavisi cnobili opus magnum miuZRvnasaxelwodebiT _ “laTinuri saSualo saukuneebi da evropuliliteratura” (1948 w.). am gansacvifrebel gamokvlevaSi kurciusiZalian naTlad gviCvenebs, rom evropuli adgilobrivi literaturebiswarmoSobaSi laTinur literaturas udidesi wvlili miuZRvis.ufro metic, naCvenebia, rom evropuli literaturis uwyvetobasantikurobidan axal dromde swored laTinuri saSualo saukuneebiganapirobebs. es niSnavs Semdegs: miuxedavad imisa, rom agiografiuliTu himnografuli teqstebi, erTi mxriv, da leqsebi Tu poemebi,meore mxriv, erTsa da imave enaze _ kerZod, laTinurad iqmneba, _mkiTxvel auditorias Zalian kargad aqvs gaazrebuli, ra gansxvavebaaliteraturasa da, magaliTad, agiografias Soris. saqme isaa, romlaTinuri saSualo saukuneebisaTvis literaturis klasikuri _berZnul-romauli _ gaazreba gadamwyvetia _ saSualo saukuneebislaTini avtorebi mTlianad eyrdnobian aristotelur-horaciusiseulpoetikasa da Janrul klasifikacias.

swored es tradicia ar dgas saSualo saukuneebis qarTulenovanisityvierebis ukan. amitomac, roca rusTvelis poemas XVI _ XVIIIsaukuneebis qarTveli avtorebi tradiciis dasawyisad miiCnven(“meleqseT-dasabami SoTa”), isini sruliad marTlebi arian. saqmeisaa, rom “literaturis” koncepti qarTul enobriv sivcreSi iranuliliteraturidan Semodis, radganac iranuli literaturidan Semodissaliteraturo Janrebisa da poetikis gageba.

aq, ra Tqma unda, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom iranul literaturaSiliteraturuli refleqsia da praqtika arabuli literaturisgavleniT iwyeba, xolo Tavad arabulSi literaturis konceptuali-zacia berZnuli kulturis, kerZod, aristoteles poetikis zegavleniTmoxda.

swored esaa qarTuli literaturis mTavari “paradoqsi”: Zveli Zveli Zveli Zveli ZveliqarTuli religiuri kanoni da Zveli qarTuli saliteraturoqarTuli religiuri kanoni da Zveli qarTuli saliteraturoqarTuli religiuri kanoni da Zveli qarTuli saliteraturoqarTuli religiuri kanoni da Zveli qarTuli saliteraturoqarTuli religiuri kanoni da Zveli qarTuli saliteraturokanoni heterogenuli warmoSobisaa. kanoni heterogenuli warmoSobisaa. kanoni heterogenuli warmoSobisaa. kanoni heterogenuli warmoSobisaa. kanoni heterogenuli warmoSobisaa. swored es umTavresigaremoeba unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rodesac qarTuli literaturisistoriisa da, kerZod, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriisweras viwyebT. amitomacaa dRemde dawerili qarTuli literaturisnebismieri istoria, romelic saSualo saukuneebis qarTulisityvierebasac mimoixilavs, sazogado meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

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an araadekvaturi (magaliTad, donald reifildis naSromi), an _nawilobriv adekvaturi (magaliTad, aleqsandre xaxanaSvilisfuZemdebluri gamokvleva). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, XVI-XVIIIXVI-XVIIIXVI-XVIIIXVI-XVIIIXVI-XVIIIsaukuneebis qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi religiuri kanonisaukuneebis qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi religiuri kanonisaukuneebis qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi religiuri kanonisaukuneebis qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi religiuri kanonisaukuneebis qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi religiuri kanoni_ qristianulia, xolo saliteraturo _ islamuri (arabul-_ qristianulia, xolo saliteraturo _ islamuri (arabul-_ qristianulia, xolo saliteraturo _ islamuri (arabul-_ qristianulia, xolo saliteraturo _ islamuri (arabul-_ qristianulia, xolo saliteraturo _ islamuri (arabul-iranuli)iranuli)iranuli)iranuli)iranuli). enobrivi TvlsazrisiTac, aseve sayuradRebo situaciaa:religiuri sityvierebis ena berZnulsa da Semdeg slavur/rusulzeaorientirebuli, xolo saliteraturo _ iranulsa da, nawilobriv,Turqulze.

am garemoebas erT sayuradRebo literaturul faqtTan mivyavarT:roca Teimuraz I _ Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, ra Tqma unda, rusTavelisSemdeg am periodis meore avtori _ iranuli poeziis adaptaciasasrulebs qarTul enaze, is nizamidan momdinare alegoriul poemebs_ “leilmejnunians”, “Samifarvanians” da sxv. _ kvecavs, agdebsalegoriul eqsegezasa da mistikur konteqsts am siuJetebs mTlianadaclis. aseve iqcevaa nodar ciciSvilic “baramgurianis” SemTxvevaSi.arada, nizami Tavisi poemis prologSi pirdapir acxadebs, rom misinawarmoebi esaa “zardaxSa, romelsac ori Ziri aqvs” – es meoreZiri sufisturi alegoriaa _ anu qal-vaJis siyvarulis miRmasufistisa da alahis mistikuri urTierTmimarTeba imaleba.

saintereso isaa, rom XVI_XVIII saukunis qarTveli avtorebidaaxloebiT iseve iqcevian, rogorc XX saukuneSi _ sabWoTa cenzura,romelic jal-edin rumis igavebs misi “mesnevidan” da laTinurisaSualo saukuneebis teqsts _ “gesta romanorums” _ Sesabamisialegoriuli eqsegezis (ganmartebebis) gareSe aqveynebda. ra Tqmaunda, es iyo, Cveni Zveli avtorebis SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli“TviTcenzura” _ iTargmneboda poemis siuJeti am siuJetis mistikurirecepciis gareSe, misi qristianuli gadaazreba ver xdeboda, radganacTeimurazis Tanamedrove berZnulenovan qristianul literaturaSiar moipoveboda alegoriuli eqsegezis misabaZi magaliTi _ modeli,xolo grigol noselisa Tu sxva adreuli avtorebis teqstebze,sadac qristianuli alegoriuli eqsegezis Cinebuli magaliTebia,samwuxarod, sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gamo Cvens avtorebs xeli ukveaRar miuwvdebodaT.

aq, ra Tqma unda, arc droa da arc adgili, raTa alegoriulieqsegezis warmoSobisa da funqciis Sesaxeb visaubroT, magram sruliadaucilebelia, aRvniSnoT Semdegi: literaturis funqciisa dadaniSnulebis Sesaxeb kamaTi ukve antikurobaSi wamoiSva. miaCndaT,rom hesiode gvaswavlis, xolo homerosi, am gadasaxedidan,


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problemuri avtori iyo. platonma radikalurad daayena sakiTxi,roca aRniSna, rom homerosi “umarTebulo ambebs” gviyveba RmerTebisSesaxeb. gviandelma platonikosebma (romelTac neoplatonikosebsacuwodeben) problema Semdegnairad gadawyites _ maT Tqves, romhomerosis poemebi alegoriulia, homerosis narativis ukanfilosofiuri alegoria amoikiTxes da amiT platoni da homerosiSeaTanxmes.

swored ase gadawyvites mualakebis poeziis sakiTxi arabebmada alegoriuli eqsegezis meSveobiT adreuli arabuli poeziaislamur konteqstSi moaTavses. es gza fundamenturi aRmoCnda _poezia islamur religiur kanonSi moTavsda swored imis gamo, rommas aRmoaCnda alegoriul-moralisturi datvirTva.

kamaTi vefxistyaosnis Sesaxeb, romelic kargad ikiTxeba vaxtangVI-is TargmanebaSiTargmanebaSiTargmanebaSiTargmanebaSiTargmanebaSi, swored am Temas eZRvneboda: amitomac, rogorcsxva adgilas ukve aRvniSneT, vaxtangma vefxistyaosani waikiTxa ararogorc alegoriuli narativi (ambavi), aramed rogorc moralisturi_ sacolqmro narativi, sadac drodadro ismis avtoris _ gandgomiliberis _ SoTa rusTvelis alegoriuli diskursi _ alegoriulixma.

vaxtangis am wakiTxvis ukan realuri hermenevtikuli problemaidga, romelic poemis prologSive Cans: Sairoba “saRvTocaa” da“saeroc”. namdvili “Sairoba” pirvel (“zena”) mijnurobas undaeZRvnebodes. arada, rusTveli ambobs, rom misi poema “meore” (“dabal”)mijnurobas eZRvneba (“vTqvi xelobani qvenani..”). maSin gamodis, romrusTveli ar aris “pirveli” _ WeSmariti _ moSaire. swored amproblemis gadaWras Seecada vaxtangi. amdenad, vaxtangiseuli eqsegezasavsebiT adekvaturia. is bevrad ufro adekvaturia, vidre XIX-XXsaukuneebis rusTvelologiis didi nawili.

Tuki nizamis poemebi, nizamisave ganmartebiT, esaa _ “zardaxSa,romelsac ori Ziri aqvs”, vefxistyaosani esaa zardaxSa, romlisgasaRebi dakargulia. rogorc korneli kekeliZem araCveulebrivadaRniSna, Cven sami ram ar viciT am poemis Sesaxeb _ ar viciT, vindawera, rodis daiwera da sad daiwera vefxistyaosani. anu Cven arviciT am poemis uaxloesi konteqsti. aqedan erTaderTi daskvnagamomdinareobs: poemis “uaxloesi” konteqsti esaa XVI _ XVIIIsaukuneebis poezia (da literatura).

SevajamoT: XVI _ XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura,romlis centri vefxistyaosania, regionuli literaturaa, romeliciranuli zonuri literaturis gavlenis qveS imyofeba. xolo Tavad

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iranuli literatura arabuli _ “Tauri” _ literaturis zonurigadamtania. me am SemTxvevaSi viyeneb malauri literaturis aRiarebulispecialistis londonis universitetis profesoris v. braginskisistoriul-poetikur models. qarTuli literaturis specifikaqarTuli literaturis specifikaqarTuli literaturis specifikaqarTuli literaturis specifikaqarTuli literaturis specifikaisaa, rom mas XIX saukunemde qristianuli religiuri kanonisaisaa, rom mas XIX saukunemde qristianuli religiuri kanonisaisaa, rom mas XIX saukunemde qristianuli religiuri kanonisaisaa, rom mas XIX saukunemde qristianuli religiuri kanonisaisaa, rom mas XIX saukunemde qristianuli religiuri kanonisada islamuri (arabul-iranuli) literaturuli kanonisda islamuri (arabul-iranuli) literaturuli kanonisda islamuri (arabul-iranuli) literaturuli kanonisda islamuri (arabul-iranuli) literaturuli kanonisda islamuri (arabul-iranuli) literaturuli kanonisSexameba gansazRvravsSexameba gansazRvravsSexameba gansazRvravsSexameba gansazRvravsSexameba gansazRvravs. vaxtangi swored imitom aRniSnavs, rom“es ambavi sparseTSi ar ariso”, rom surs poemis qristianuliinterpretacia, risTvisac eqsegezis sakmaod daxvewil da, garkveuliazriT, moulodnel xerxs mimarTavs.

is, rac XVIII saukuneSi qristianul-isalmuri kolizia iyo(amgvaradve unda wavikiTxoT timoTe gabaSvilis risxviani inveqtivavefxistyaosnis winaaRmdeg _ rogorc yofiTi “islamizaciis”winaaRmdeg galaSqreba), XIX saukunis meore nexevarSi gadaazrebuliqna qarTuli nacionalizmisa da qarTul-sparsuli literaturulimimarTebis konteqstSi, rac sxva saubris Temaa.

magram sanamde es moxdeba, kidev erTi avtori unda ganvixiloT,romlsac sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili unda mivakuTvnoT qarTuliliteraturis istoriaSi. mas isedac aqvs es gansakuTrebuli adgili,magram, istoriul-literaturuli poziciidan, es figura sruliadunikalurad gamoiyureba. cxadia, me daviT guramiSvils vgulisxmob.

daviT guramiSvili XVI _ XVIII saukuneebis erTaderTi poetia,romelic sakuTari wignisa da sakuTari Tavis genealogiis uzusteskoordinatebs iZleva _ is Tanmimdevrulad iazrebs qarTlis ambebsbibliur konteqstSi, bagrationebis genealogias _ aseve, bibliurdaviT mefesTan dakavSirebuli gadmocemis fonze; amave dros, isiZleva sakuTari aristokratiuli warmoSobis koordinatebs dasakuTari Tavis, rogor poetis, genealogias.

magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom guramiSvili mTelimagram yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom guramiSvili mTelimagram yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom guramiSvili mTelimagram yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom guramiSvili mTelimagram yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom guramiSvili mTeliqarTuli literaturis sistemur eqsegezasa da klasifikaciasqarTuli literaturis sistemur eqsegezasa da klasifikaciasqarTuli literaturis sistemur eqsegezasa da klasifikaciasqarTuli literaturis sistemur eqsegezasa da klasifikaciasqarTuli literaturis sistemur eqsegezasa da klasifikaciasiZlevaiZlevaiZlevaiZlevaiZleva. man mogvca saliteraturo kanonis xati, romelic samefodarbazis analogiuria da sadac mefis taxtze rusTveli zis (aqveSevniSnavT, rom swored aqedan iwyeba “mefe-poetis” is xati, romelsacase farTod gamoiyenebs gansxvavebul konteqstSi galaktioni); manveTanmimdevruli alegoriuli eqsegezis meSveobiT waikiTxa rusTaveli_ vinc “dargo igvaT-xe” da sakuTari Tavi gaiazra rogorcSTamomavali _ anu sakuTari Semoqmedeba, aseve, alegoriulad waikiTxa.

da, rac mTavaria, guramiSvilma mTlianad “gadazila” erTmaneTSisaero da sasuliero Janruli sistemebi _ saero prosodiaSi


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Teologiuri Sinaarsi CaRvara, xolo “Sairis” metriT dawerilleqsebs “iambiko” uwoda. am Tanmimdevruli da totaluri sis-tematizaciiT guramiSvili absoluturi novatori da “modernisti”aRmoCnda. Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom mas sruliad hermetulkonteqstSi _ mkiTxveli auditoriis gareSe _ uwevda muSaoba,ramac ganapiroba is, rom guramiSvilma Tavis poetur strategiadTanmimdevruli alegoriuli eqsegeza airCia da “kievuri” barokos“haerSi” moxelTeba moaxerxa (man xom, garkveuli azriT, sabednierodacki, bolomde ver iswavla verc rusuli ena da verc _ “adgilobrividialeqti”). genialuri “zubovkis” ukan, ra Tqma unda, bibliuri“qeba qebaTa” imaleba, rogorc modeli, oRond adgilobrivi _ “kievuri”_ kaTolikuri barokos konteqstSi gamovlili.

yovelive amis gamo guramiSvili, miuxedavad sruliadSuasaukuneobrivi toposebisa, cdeba Zveli qarTuli literaturisJanrul sistemasa da poetikas da axali poetikis zRvarze imyofebarogorc novatori-arqaisti (Tuki genialuri tinianovis cnobilklasifikacias gavixsenebT). misi oreuli nikoloz baraTaSvilia,romelic fsalmunebis enaSi ukve sruliad romantikul melanqoliasaTavsebda, rogorc _ arqaisti-novatori.

da bolos, guramiSvilTan, garkveuli azriT, xdebaguramiSvilTan, garkveuli azriT, xdebaguramiSvilTan, garkveuli azriT, xdebaguramiSvilTan, garkveuli azriT, xdebaguramiSvilTan, garkveuli azriT, xdeba“islamuri” konteqstis neitralizeba, ris gamoc pirvelad“islamuri” konteqstis neitralizeba, ris gamoc pirvelad“islamuri” konteqstis neitralizeba, ris gamoc pirvelad“islamuri” konteqstis neitralizeba, ris gamoc pirvelad“islamuri” konteqstis neitralizeba, ris gamoc pirveladda ukanasknelad Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriaSida ukanasknelad Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriaSida ukanasknelad Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriaSida ukanasknelad Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriaSida ukanasknelad Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriaSisaliteraturo kanoni religiur kanons alegoriuli eqsegezissaliteraturo kanoni religiur kanons alegoriuli eqsegezissaliteraturo kanoni religiur kanons alegoriuli eqsegezissaliteraturo kanoni religiur kanons alegoriuli eqsegezissaliteraturo kanoni religiur kanons alegoriuli eqsegeziswyalobiT “bunebrivad” examebawyalobiT “bunebrivad” examebawyalobiT “bunebrivad” examebawyalobiT “bunebrivad” examebawyalobiT “bunebrivad” exameba. amiT guramiSvilma, faqtobrivad,igive ram moimoqmeda, rac gviandelma platonikosebma homerosismimarT Caidines, xolo saSualo saukuneebis qristianma sqolastebma_ vergiliusis mimarT, romelic qristes winaswarmetyvelad aqcies.am yvelaferSi, cxadia, iyo logika da literaturuli tradiciisflobis unari. sagulisxmoa, rom guramiSvilma es Sexameba sworedmaSin SeZlo, roca qarTuli literaturis saSualo saukuneobriviperiodi (“Zveli qarTuli literatura”) ukve TiTqmis dasrulebuliiyo.

amitomac, vinc momavalSi dawers Zveli qarTuli literaturisistorias, man aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos guramiSvilisgamocdileba, misi unikaluri Janruli intuicia da jerovnad daafasosam genialuri poetis hermenevtikuli alRo.

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Rusudan Asatiani, Tinatin Janelidze

Functional Analysis of Conjunctions Showing an Informational Contrastin Georgian

Linguistic structuring of reality based on the notions ‘same-different’ proceedsthrough ‘oppositions’. An opposition means that there are at least two items oneof which is ‘marked’ and another is ‘unmarked’. Structuring of information, itspackaging, also proceeds through the foregrounding of such contrastiveconstituents: one part of information stands out against a background of the otherpart of information. As a result different formal models of various types of topicsand focuses arise.

The paper examines the role of conjunctions in the process of structuring ofcontrastive topics and/or focuses. On the basis of functional-semantic analysis ofconjunctions seven binary differential semantic features are suggested: +/-[Contrast], +/-[Opposition], +/-[Correction], +/- [Expectation], +/-[Wish], +/-[At least one], +/-[Strong underlining]. The various combinations of the featuresexpress main functions of the conjunctions, which are relevant for the formalrepresentations of contrastive topics and/or focuses.

Tsira Barbakadze

Fascinating Function of Language and Fog Semiotics

The metaphore tends to be the most important event in the world cognitiveprocess. Due to paradigm of new knowledge the methapore is considered as ahuman’s essential mental mechanism determining the person’s relation with reality.According to this point of view we are concerned about metaphoricalcomprehension representative items of natural concepts dealing with languageconscious stuctures in the Georgian poetry discourse.

Fog appears to be one of the most activated semantems among naturalconcepts representing certain high grade of metaphorisation in the poetry discourse.

Fog forms very special poetics considering the emotional meanings as wellas metaphorical and symbolical systems in Georgian poetry. While demonstrating

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negative and dominant positive emotions, fog is a concern to be a symbol of“The world sadness” suffering poets with “illness”.

Fog, challenging the illegibility, is associated as the mystery, that is supposedto be a divine sign.

Ketevan Bezarashvili

The Concept of Beauty in Byzantine, Old Georgian Aesthetics andRustaveli’s Poem

In Byzantine rhetorical theory many concepts were inherited from theirClassical counterpart. Their interrelation was well studied in scholarly literature.However, it has been always difficult to identify the new peculiarities of Byzantinetheory of rhetoric for a simple reason: Byzantine theory inherited the concepts ofHellenistic theories, but expressed the new understanding of these concepts intraditional terms of the Classical theories of rhetoric (as well as Patristic theologyintroduced the new, theological meaning of philosophical terminology adoptedby them from Classical Greek authors).

The study of the problem makes it obvious that the Byzantine rhetoricaltheory is not a mere imitation of Classical theories, but develops the new aspectsof the traditional concepts. That is to say, these are the two aspects of the conceptof mimesis (a new, Christian perception along with Classical), also the aspects ofstyle (new notion of ecclesiastical style), beauty, etc.

Michael Psellos also issued a new concept of theological beauty. This idea isexpressed in Patristic literature, too, and means transcendental beauty. This newaspect of the concept of beauty was different from the outward, sensible (i.e.aesthetical) meaning of it used in Classical theories mainly as the beauty of literaryform and art.

In the treatises of Michael Psellos as well as in the colophons of EphremMtsire the two aspects of the concepts of mimesis, style and beauty differ fromeach other and at the same time they co-exist. It is exactly the co-existence ofopposite notions that is called by Michael Psellos combining incompatible things;this is the main peculiarity of Byzantine aesthetics that makes it different from itsClassical counterpart.

The two aspects of the concept of beauty are also interesting in Rustaveli’spoem. The term “beauty” expresses two types here - natural/material and spiritual/of heavenly origin. The notions mentioned in introduction of the poem have dualqualities; for example, the “visual beauty” of beloved person is material, while the

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“beauty of love as difficult conceptual notion” is divine and spiritual. Studying thedivine, theological meaning of Rustaveli’s some phrases, e.g., “contemplation ofbeauty/beauty of vision” (mentioned in Avtandil’s testament) makes clear that theaesthetical thought of Rustaveli has two aspects as well as it is in Byzantine andOld Georgian counterparts. The concept of beauty (along with other concepts,which is not possible now to analyze widely and only shortly is mentioned here),receives new, divine Christian aspect along with traditional, physical understanding.Regarding these data Rustaveli’s work is also good expression of Byzantinethought and based on patristic authors. The attitude of Rustaveli’s poem with thepeculiarities of Oriental Islamic aesthetics that was so active in the researches ofpast period must be studied once again comparing with Byzantine theoreticalideas. The latter is presented here separately, while comparison of both methodsand studying them together is precious for main conclusions in future.

Mamuka Bichashvili

Author and His Work. Problem of Identity

An article deals with problem of relationship between author and his work.Semiotics of Roland Barthes interprets this problem as became actual only afterNew Time, when in European philosophy conception of subjectivity waselaborated in detail. Literary criticism of New Time broadly accepted a point ofview under which the understanding of work of art was possible only after highknowledge of its author, his life and emotions. Barthes’ conception gives differentapproach and insists on full identity of author and his work. The article tries toshow, that something like Barthes just mentioned idea, 17 century Georgian poetDavid Guramishvili had in mind in his “Davitiany”.

Konstantine Bregadze

Philosophy of History in Romanticism in Novalis’ ‘Hymns to the Night’for the Hermeneutics of Hymn 5

In his poetic cycle ‘Hymns to the Night’ (‘Hymnen an die Nacht’),and more precisely in Hymn 5, the German Romantic poet and philosopher Novalis(Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772-1801) presented his own version of the

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philosophy of history. According to Novalis, the history of human kind includesthree stages:

1. Existential monism: the childhood age of the humankind, i.e. mythical-paradisal existence (the age of sensitivity). In Hymn 5, this infantile-paradisal ageis symbolically represented by ancient mythological Greece. This is fictional,poetic-imaginary, symbolic Hellas. The ancient Greece pictured in the Hymn isnot a historical country but a mental concept fostered by spiritual perception.

2. Existential dualism: The non-historical, mythic phase of humankind isfollowed by the age of adulthood, i.e. the historical age (the age of mind). Followingthe period of infantile-naïve existence, when a man was close to God and reckonedhimself among the constituting elements of the Creation, when he was inherentwith the nature, the historical age starts the process of individualization ofhumankind, the period when man is guided by his mind, which marks hisemancipation – he distances himself from God, from nature and establishes himselfwithin empirical reality. Consequently, he becomes mortal. In this case, freedomand individualization are achieved through the abolishment of non-free immortality.At this stage, humankind faces a certain dilemma, dualism – on the one hand,there is immortal, everlasting but non-free existence with God, while on the otherhand there is free but transient and terminable being. In Hymn 5, transition ofhumankind from the mythic age to the historical one, man’s departure from Godand his individualization is conveyed through the symbolic image of death. Humantransition to a new ontological stage is also implied in the phrase ‘Dry Numberand rhigid Measure’ (“dürre Zahl und strenge Mass”), which stands for ratio,and the attributes of analythical mind.

3. Existential synthesis: The Golden Age of humankind, the age ofHeavenly Jerusalem, which is established in the empirical, terminable reality throughthe Birth of Logos, Son of God, through the mystery of Resurrection (the spiritualage). The third stage of the spiritual history of humankind is the age of abolishingthe existential dualism which humans face. This is fulfilled by Jesus Christ, and thewhole humankind with Him, through defeating ‘old Death’ (“der alte Tod”),which in the Hymns appears as the symbol of transience, the existential confinementof humankind: through overpowering transience and terminability humankindretrieves the paradisal existence.

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Nino Daraselia

The Interjection from the Standpoint of Frame Semantics

The paper examines English, Georgian and Russian interjections from thestandpoint of frame semantics. The study has proved that because of its cognitiveand discoursal features the interjection can be considered a linguistic unit whichserves as an ostensive stimulus during a communicative act. It stimulates theaddressee’s long-term memory activating a certain frame or a set of frames. Thelatter form the inferential basis for discourse interpretation and consequently limitthe number of possible interpretations and ease the comprehension process.

Manana Kvachantaridze

The Concept of “Two Brothers”. Psycho-social Aspects ofIntertextuality

The concept of “two brothers” traditionally takes the special place in thecommon text of culture and is distinguished with the plenty of echoes among theliterary texts. “On a Gibbet” by Ilia Chavchavadze and “A Vindictiveness” byGuram Gegeshidze offer the different solution of human’s psycho-social problem.Ilia emphasizes the social aspect of confrontation between a person and a society,and Guram Gegeshidze emphasizes the psychological aspect.

Guram Gegeshizde answers the question stated in the final of Ilia’s story andindicates that the right solution is in the person’s moral choice.

Ada Nemsadze

Symbol of Lemon in Otar Chiladze’s Novels

Otar Chiladze’s symbolic world is distinguished in the Georgian literature ofXX century. Many things used in his novels can be interpreted symbolically. Forexample, deer, coke, snow, lemon, sea, theatre, donkey, forest, etc. And nowlet’s focus upon the symbol of lemon.

The Novel “Everyone Who Finds Me” provides for a lemon planted in thebox brought by Babutsa to the Makabels which dies in two weeks. Here thelemon implies only a positive origin . And its death indicates on incompatibility oftwo mutually exclusive origins - the Good and the Evil.

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His Novel “The Iron Theatre” provides for a wider symbolic path. Here theauthor depicts one of the main characters, Nato, symbolically as a lemon.

This encryption is doubled in “March Cock” where a lemon is representedby the Teacher Vano’s daughter and as absolute goodness. It does not die in anegative space, it grows more and more and becomes strong and that is OtarChiladze’s interpretation of eternity and immortality of the Good.

One of the key problems in Otar Chiladze’s artistic system is to find personal,social and psycho-social identity. The essence of the lemon symbol is in directrelation therewith. When the lemon dies, there is a crisis of psycho-social identity,and where the lemon blossoms there we meet identification.

Nana Trapaidze

Poetics of Laughter in Modert Fictional Concept

Considering recent cultural and historical circumstances, classical paradigmsof Georgian literary thinking undergo changes. We face the necessity to readclassical fiction again.. Parody, irony, grotesque, carnival laughter serve as culturalchain together with being classic, therefore deconstruct it at the same time on thebasis of reading and considering traditions again and again.

Shota Bostanashvili, Davit Bostanashvili

Presentation of nash/eni

By presenting the neologism nash/eni (naSnaSnaSnaSnaS/enienienienieni pronounced: [nŒƒ/[ni]- hybrid of two Georgian words: 1. naSeni [nŒƒ[ni] - something built; 2. ena[[nŒ] - language) we hint at the specific nature of semiotics of architecture.

[nŒƒ/[ni] represents something, that is material - the Built - and at thesame time is a language, a sign; being both and none at the same time, somethingother; a signifier with two intangible signifieds.

[nŒƒ/[ni] confirms it’s being between presence and absence, inter esse;that it is interesting; it’s simultaneous polysemantics/dissemination. With thisregard we could mention Plato’s concept of “Chora”, with Jacques Derrida’scomment, that “Chora belongs neither to Eidos, nor Mimesis” [Derrida, “On theName”: p. 145]. Also, J. Derrida’s and P. Eisenman’s book titled “Chora LWorks” is a linguistic play between Chora and choral, choir (quire).

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In the presented essay it is the language itself that works; language about thelanguage that already took hold of the Built (history, theory and poetics ofarchitecture).

The thesis introduces metapoetics of architecture - rewriting the historyof architecture where the stylistically and historically difference come close togetherthematically (Mass, Wall, Coloumn, Stair, Frame, Blob / surface / veil). Thetext includes the manifest (1995) of Poetics of Architecture.

While discussing semiotics of [nŒƒ/[ni] two fields theorized by MikheilEpstein are introduced: 1. semionics - science about the formation of new signsand 2. semiergon (from Greek: semeion - sign and ergon - work) the practiceof sign production.

The architectural discourse overwhelmed by new signs of advertising andmarketing would be an example of semiergon.

During the recent decades architectural language is transforming radically.At the same time we can observe the confounding of languages in architecture.

“To think - means to re-create the language” [Epstein: p. 655].The presented essay is not only about the creation of language, but also an

example of such practice.

Izabella Petriashvili

Global and Local Codes in Advertising

As is known, advertising forms an essential part of modern culture; it is notonly an important business tool, but a relevant means of communication, adistinctive type of discourse in the globalized world. However, sometimesadvertisements for products that are used worldwide fail to be efficient; someadvertisement slogans do not travel well. Hence creating a global code forsuccessful advertisement writing is essential.

How to write an effective advertisement – this is one of the main issues theadvertisement writing technique faces in the post-soviet Georgia. The paperpresents a comparative study of Georgian and English advertisements. The datahas been analyzed structurally, semantically and pragmatically. The article dealswith the study of Georgian advertisement catchphrases and slogans, mainly forpharmaceutical products and bank services, to compare them with existing studiesof English advertisements by different linguists in order to state some commonlinguo-pragmatic features which will make it possible to identify global and localcodes in advertising.

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The article focuses on the analysis of the grammatical structure as a verbalrepresentation of the advertising language, and the role of some non-verbalfeatures, such as colours, image and symbol in the interpretation of the messageof advertisements. It argues that the experience accumulated by the Englishlanguage (which serves as a lingua franca) should be shared, and the Englishadvertising technique should be taken as a model for the global advertising code,though some culture specific peculiarities should also be considered.

Gia Jokhadze

The History of the Body: Georgian Version

The history of medicine, perhaps more than that of any other discipline orskilled occupation, illuminates broad social and cultural patterns of the period.

To a medieval mind, the distinction between natural and supernatural wasnot always very clear. This shows in the perception of the causes of ailments, andthe obscure treatments thought to help sick patients. The Catholic Church playeda large role in development as well as management of medieval medicine. Itcontained it within bounds of one religion, disallowing most pagan healing practices.

On the basis of the text of the Georgian anonymous historian of 14th centurywe try to prove that the situation in Georgia completely corresponds with a situationof Europe of the same period with medical and the ideological points of view.

Tamar Berekashvili

Essay on Marginality and Ennui

Modern art and peculiarities of its evolution show the relevance of someconcepts, which historically were taken into account insufficiently or were notconsidered at all while analysing creative process.

Up-to-date marginality as well as ennui have been considered negativephenomena, but probably just these items are often the main conditions for creationof new paradigms in art and philosophy.

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Mirian Ebanoidze

“Exploring Classics in the Age of the Dominance of the Non-Classical”

Fucault globally rejects the language of reason, which itself is the languageof order( rationality) and he wrote the archaeology of silence_ ,,words withoutlanguage’’, but Derrira remarks, nothing within this language, and no one, amongthose who speak it, can escape the historical quilt . it is historical in a classicalsense_Fucaults verdict unceasingly repeats the crime. Order is denounced withinorder. Placing Foucault in Cartesian and Huserli’s tradition by Derrida can onlybe regarded as an ironical gesture. This kind of placing requires an effort, thoughthe non-Cartesian one. Considering Foucault’s work as classic might be morefirmly grounded. According to Eliot, to be a classic means to create ‘objectivecorrelative’’. Visualization, realized alongside with discourse, enables us to referto Foucault’s classicism in terms of visibility.

When we talk about postmodernism, all books are appropriated to onemodel, any text can be reduced to one page and Baudrillard is boring. Foucaultis more labyrinth-like, i. e. classic.

He deviates from classical venues and that’s why he is labyrinth-like, on thecontrary, this is classical, but ,, Virgil was not aware of the fact that he wascreating a classic work.’’

Maturity is a mark of classic, what is reached in Fucaults works.

Tamar Lomidze

Metaphor and Metonymy

The aim of the paper is to determine specific peculiarities of tropes –metaphor and metonymy and, on the other hand, of metaphorical and metonymicalmodes of thinking. On the basis of Saussurian dichotomy – speech/language –the experience of a new classification of tropes and rethorical figures is realized.

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Salome Omiadze

The Notion of Concept in Linguoculturology

The understanding of a linguocultural concept (hereafter – concept) doesnot coincide with the classic definition of a notion, which implies the unity of theessential features of an object. According to the modern culturological andlinguoculturological approach to the concept, it is primarily regarded as a notionof spiritual value, which once again proves the regular change of the paradigm ofhumanities, when the systemic-structural paradigm is replaced by theanthropocentric paradigm. The axiological colouring accompanying the conceptleads to experiencing it as well. It is not only interpreted but experienced too –the emotional attitude of sympathy and antipathy is manifested towards it.

A concept may be represented by a number of linguistic synonyms, thematicfields, proverbs, folkloric and literary plots, etc. In all cases it refers to more thanone lexical unit, the entire lexical-semantic paradigm and not one of the membersof the paradigm.

N.Arutinova offers the linguistic feature of the definition of a concept,according to which, concepts “are notions of the philosophy of life”, “everydayanalogies of weltanschauung terms”, which are consolidated in the vocabulary ofthe natural language and provide the stability and continuity of the spiritual cultureof an ethnos.

Of the definitional features of a concept one can mention inner fragmentation,“semiotic compactness”, “communicational relevance”, “the quality of beingexperienced”, “etymological memory”, abstractiveness, as well as the multileveland multilayer character. Some of these features may be facultative. The essentialpoint is that, conceptual, figurative and value components are identifiable in thesemantics of a concept, which together cover the entire, communicationallysignificant intrasystem, pragmatic or etymological information.

Concepts form the conceptosphere - the unity of linguocultural knowledgeand notions, on the basis of which the world outlook of a native speaker of thelanguage is built. For example, in the conceptosphere of the Georgian Orthodoxconsciousness, where the mentality and spiritual experience of our people arereflected, the following concepts are found: amaoeba amaoeba amaoeba amaoeba amaoeba (vanity), borotebaborotebaborotebaborotebaboroteba(evil), damdablebadamdablebadamdablebadamdablebadamdableba (humiliation), ziarebaziarebaziarebaziarebaziareba (communion),TanalmobaTanalmobaTanalmobaTanalmobaTanalmoba (compassion), sasoebasasoebasasoebasasoebasasoeba (hope), mitevebamitevebamitevebamitevebamiteveba (forgiveness),cxonebacxonebacxonebacxonebacxoneba (salvation), jvarcmajvarcmajvarcmajvarcmajvarcma (the Crucifixion), etc. each of whichcontains a sacral idea.

The richness of concepts shows the richness of the language.

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Mirian Ebanoidze

,,Modern’’ Literature

Literature is a paradoxical phenomenon. The rule of its existence differsfrom other things; however, this difference is constantly being rejected by thehistory of literature because this difference threatens its very existence. Discourseis a universal conditions of ordered speech(some argues, that condition of thingsand existence). Literature establishes connections with time in a different way;unlike other objects, it acquires the possibility to exist by means of reading andinterpretation; the status of the object is either too much or too little for it.

According to the historians, it must comply with more demands in the 20thcentury: It must become modern. to take care on language and discourse, literaturein 20 th century avoids from phenomena of articulation and expression. Languagerefers only to itself. Therefore we have ,,the death of author’’. Enstead ofrepresentation, mimesis, articulation and symbolization, which makes literaturedependent to the extra circumstances, the literature tries to speak withoutinterpretations. It is malarmean idealistic literature, to stay on surface, withoutseeking of depths, truth and hidden side, but writing is always connected topower. It seems as isomorphism, which makes writing to take his place amongother social practices. Power is created by writing too.By the point of somecritics, literature makes free from power.

Historians of literature understand modernity/contemporeinity as an escapefrom history and transition to eternal now, but this makes the very existence ofliterature doubtful as it is written and dead.

Mamuka Bichashvili

History on the Light of Archeology of ScienceDavid Bagrationi. His Language, History and Science

In the article author considers 18-19 century Georgian Prince DavidBagrationi’s life under his writings, “Short Physics” and “Letters”. David Bagrationilived long time in st. Petersburg and was known as a follower of Voltair andatheist. Author does not examine such opinions, as well as questions ofphilosophical and religious orientations according to David Bagrationi. He usesFoucault’s Archaeological Method for deeper understanding of Batrationi literary

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heritage. Author takes his writings as the facts of art, that are very importantsources for the view of new epoch profile of Georgia.

Khatuna Tavdgiridze

Mythical SimulationsBeautiful Dragon

Thing which is beautiful in philosophy and aesthetics is the space in myth,butmyth is the space,that is a beautiful dragon a’taileater’ Dragon.

It went through three different roads ,but it remained the same;1. It carried out the universe origin in the cosmology myth and it made the

precedent of Eschatology as well.this is the way from “taileater” to “womaneater”.2. In social totem myth it married “a strange totem “-a woman by which it

founded exogamous marriage relationships and the very first society. Finally,exogamous marriage turned out to be “together grazers”mythical simulation.

3. Settled down in magic fairy tale it abducted a picture of beauty andwater; afterwards Either he was killed in the fight against the hero or it took offits snake skin and it showed its beautiful face. At the end of these roads thedragon made its body circular, put its tail into the mouth and fell asleep. “Sleeping”is dragon`s particular position. “Sleeping dragon “ is the face of eternity. Thedragon is a temporary phenomenon of a myth and a fairy tale.

სემიოტიკა #5

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