كتاب طرق

אא

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אאאא

٢٠٨٢٠٨

٢٠٨א

،،אא،אW

אאאאאאאאאאא א א א א א א ،א

אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

א ، אא א אא אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

א א ،א אא،אאK

א א ?א ? ? ?א

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאאא

אאאאאK

، א אאאאK

אאאא

٢٠٨א

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא א א א א א

אאאאK א א א א א

א א א א אאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאא אאאKאאאאאאא

א א א Kא א אא א אאאאאאאאאאK

א א א א א א א אאאא א א א K א

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אא


אאאא א

א

א

١

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ١ -

אאW א א אא א א א ،

א א א א א א אK

אאW

אאאאאW• אאאאאאאאK • אאאאאאאאK • אאאאK • אאאאאK • אאאK

אאאWאאא٩٠٪

אאאאW

٤K

אאWאאK

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٢ -

١J١،אאאא

،אא אאא אאא Kא

אאאאאאאK

١J٢א אא א א

W• אאWאאאאK • אאWאאאאאK

אאאאאא א ، א א א

אאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאW١K אאאאאא

אK٢K א א א א א

א א א א אא א א ،אא K א א

א א א א א ،אאאK

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٣ -

١J٣אאאא١K א W א א א א א

אאאאK ٢K א Wאא אאא אא

אאאאאK ٣K א W א א א א אא א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א א א אא א א K

١J٤אאא

א א א א א א א א אאא Kאאא

אאאW• א؛ אאאא؛ • אאאא؛ • אאאא؛ •• אאאאK

אאאאאאאW • ؛אאא אאאא؛ • אא؛ • אא؛ •• אאK

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٤ -

١J٤J١אאאאא אא אאא א

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK א א א א א אF١W٥٠٠٠ KE

אאאאאאאF٤}٠EF٦}٠EאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאF١}١KE ١J٤J٢אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

א אא K א א א אאאא א א א א א Kא א

א א אא א א א א א א Kא א א אא

אא אא א אאאF١}١KEאאאאא

א א א א א א אא אא אא אאאאא

אאאאאאK אא א א א א א א א

אאאא،אאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٥ -

F١}١EאאאאKאאאא

אא

אאFE

אא

١W٢٥٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠

١W٥٠٠٠٠

٥–١٠

١٠–٢٥

אאא

א

١W١٥٠٠٠

١W٢٥٠٠٠

١W٥٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠

٢–٥

٥–١٠

אאא

א

١W٤٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠

١W٢٥٠٠٠

٥}٠–١

١–٥

F١}١EאאאK

אא

אא

●●

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٦ -

١J٤J٣אאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאא אא

א א אא א א א אKאאאאאא

אאאאאאK אאאאW

١K אאאאK ٢K א א א א א אא

אאאאאאאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאא

אK ٤K אאאאK ٥K אאאאK ٦K אאאאK

א אאאא א אאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאK ١J٤J٤אא

א א א א אא א אW

١K אאאאאאK ٢K אK ٣K א א א אאא א

K

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٧ -

٤K אאאK ٥K אא א א א א

אאK ٦K אאאאK

א א א א א א F١W٥٠٠٠ E F١W١٠٠٠ E א א א א

אאאKאאאאאאאאאK

١J٤J٥אא

א א א א א א א א אא א א K

F٣٠EאKאאאאא K

א א אאא א אאאאK

١J٥אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאW

١K אWאאאאאאאאK

٢K א א א W א א א א א F١W١٠٠٠٠EF١W٢٥٠٠KE

٣K א Wאא אאW

K אאאאאאKF١W٢٥٠٠EF١W١٠٠٠KE

٢٠٨אאאאאא

- ٨ -

K אאאאאאא F١W٢٥٠٠EF١W١٠٠٠KEאKאא

K אאF١W٢٥٠٠EF١W١٠٠٠KKE K א א א א א K א F١W٢٥٠٠EF١W١٠٠٠KE K אאאאF١W١٠٠KE K א א אא א א א א F١W٥٠٠٠KE

אאאא

אא


אאאא

א

א

٢

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٠ -

אאWאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

K

אאW

אאאאW

• אאK

• אאאאאאK

• אאאאאK

• אאאK

אאאW

אאא١٠٠٪

אאאאW

١٢

אאWאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١١ -

אאWאא

٢J١אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאKאאאאK

٢J٢אא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

W

• ؛

؛ •

אא؛ •

• אK

٢J٢J١אא

אאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאKא

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٢ -

אאאאאאאK

٢J٢J٢אא

אאאאאאאאאK

٢J٢J٣אא

אאאאאאK ٢J٢J٤א

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאK٢J٣א

אאאאKאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאK

אאא،א،אאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٣ -

٢J٣J١אאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאW

אאאZאא÷٣٦٥

،אאאאK،אא

אאאאאאKאאא،אאאKאאא

F٢}١EאאאאאW

F٢}١E אאאK

א אא אFLאE

٠٠}٧–١٥}٧

٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠

١٥}٧–٣٠}٧

٤٤٠٠ ١١٠٠

٣٠}٧–٤٥}٧

٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠

٤٥}٧–٠٠}٨

٣٦٠٠ ٩٠٠

א

٤٠٠٠

אאאאא

٤٤٠٠אאF١٥}٧٣٠}٧Eא٤٠٠٠אאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٤ -

אאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאK ٢J٣J٢אאא

אאאאאאאאא

אF٢}١Eאא٣٠K

F٢}١E٣٠K

٢J٣J٣אא

אאאאאאאאאאאאW

١K א؛אא

א

א

א

א

٠٫١

٠٫٢

٣ ٢٠ ٤٠ ٥٠ ٦٠

אא

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٥ -

٢K אאאאאאאאא אאאא؛

٣K אאאK

אאאKאאאאW

( )nnD eVV += 1

W VDWאאאVnWאאeWאאאnWאא

W

אאא١٥٠٠٠א،אאאאאאא٣K٪

אW

( )nnD eVV += 1

Vn Wאא=15000

אאאFeE = ٣٪

אא(n)=١٠א

( ) ( ) 2015903.01150001 10 =+×=+= nnD eVV

אאאFVDZE٢٠١٥٩

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٦ -

٢J٤ אאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאKאF٢}٢Eאאאא

א.(AASHTO)

אאW

• אאאWאאאאאאאאK

• אWאאאאאאאאK

• אWאאאK

F٢}٢Eאאא(AASHTO)K

א אFLאE

٢٠٠٠FE

٣٠٠٠FאאE

א

٤٠٠٠FאאE

٢J٥א

אאאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٧ -

٢J٦אאאאאאאאא

אאאאKא،אאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאKאW

אא؛ •

אא؛ •

אא؛ •

א؛ •

א؛ •

• אאא؛א

אאאא؛ •

• אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאKאאאאאKאF٣}٢Eאא

אאאאF٢}٢EאאאK

F٣}٢Eאאא(AASHTO)K

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٨ -

א

FE

אאFE 5.8 12.1 16.7

אאFE 2.1 2.6 2.6

אFE 1.3 4.1 4.1

אאאאFE 3.4 7.6 6.1

אאאאFE 0.9 1.2 0.9

אאאאFE

1.5 1.8 0.6

F٢}٢EאאאאאK

٢J٧אא

אאאאאאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ١٩ -

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאW

אא؛ •

.א؛ •

א؛ •

• א.

אאא٣٠١٢٠Lאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאK

٢J٨אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאK

אא،אא،אאאא،אאאKאא

אאאאאאאK אF٣}٢EK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٠ -

F٣}٢EK

٢J٩א

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאא

אאאא٣אאאא٧٥}٣אאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKFאEא

אאאK٢J١٠א

אאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאא

آتفآتف

א

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢١ -

אאKאאאאאאאאאא،א

אKאאאאאאKאא

אא،אאאאאאK

٢J١٠J١אא

אאאאKאא،אאא٢٪אאא٣٪

אאאאאKאאאאא،א

אF٢}٤KE

F٢}٤EאאאK

א

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٢ -

٢J١٠J٢א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אKאאאאאאאאKא،אאאא

אאאאאK

،אאאאאKאאא٢٥}١

٦٠}٣Kאאאאא٢٪٥K٪

٢J١٠J٣אא

אאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאW

• ١W٦אאאא؛١

• ١W٤אאאא١؛٣

• ١W٣אאאא٦؛

• ١W٢אאאא؛٦

• ١W٢אא٣K

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٣ -

٢J١١אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK

٢J١١J١אא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאF٢}٥EאF٢}٦Eאאא،

FEאאFEאא،אK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٤ -

F٢}٥EאאK

F٢}٦EK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٥ -

אאW

אאאאאK

אWאאאK

אWאאאK

אאאW،אא،אא .אאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢J١١J٢אאאאF٢}٧EאאאאאW

F٢}٧EאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٦ -

Wאאאאא

אאא אאא

PI = Point of intersection PC = Point of curvature (Beginning of curvature) PT = Point tangency (End of curvature) ∆ = Central angle L = Length of curvature (PC to PT) l = length of arc (PC to P) θ = Central angle for arc length l T = Tangent length (PC to PI and PT to PI) φ = Deflection angle α = Deflection angle at PI between tangent and line from PI to P x = Tangent distance from PC to P y = Tangent offset P D = Degree of curvature R = Radius of curvature E = External distance M = Middle ordinate C = Chord length

RD 58.5729=

3602 ∆

=RL π

Dl θ100= 2

∆= RTanT

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

∆= 1

2secRE ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ∆−=

2cos1RM

2sin2 ∆

= RC 2002lD

==θφ

For any tangent distance x:

[ ] 2/122 xRRy −−= For any arc length:

θsinRx = ( )θcos1 −= Ry

٢J١١J٣אא

אאאאאKאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאא

F٢}٥KE

F٢}٨EאאK

e1

θ

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٧ -

אאאאW

θtan127

2

==−R

VfeW

eW؛אא

VWאאFLאE؛

RWאFE؛

fW؛אא

θWאאK

fאF٢}٤Eא(AASHTO)K

F٢}٤EfאאK

אאFLEf

٣٠١٧}٠٤٠١٧}٠٥٠١٦}٠٦٠١٥}٠٧٠١٤}٠٨٠١٤}٠٩٠١٣}٠١٠٠١٢}٠١١٠١١}٠١٢٠٠٩}٠

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٨ -

W

אא١٠٠אא٨٠L،אאK

אW

אאWVZ80Lא RZ١٠٠fZ0.14

fR

Ve −=127

2

364.014.0100127

80 2

=−×

=e

אאZ٣٦٤}٠١٤٧}٢٧

אאאא٧٥٪אא(1/15)אאKאאאאW

١K אא٧٥٪אאאאW

( )R

Ve127

75.0 2

=

٢K אe(1/15)אאאאK

٣K אe(1/15)(1/15)אאאfאאW

eR

Vf −=127

2

٤K אfF0.15EאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٢٩ -

٥K אfF١٥}٠Eאאא(Va) אW

RVfe a

12715.0

151 2

=+=+

٦K אאאאאe(1/15)K

٧K אאאאאאאK

W

א٥٠٠אא١٠٠L،אאאאK

אW

( )

( ) 0885.050012710075.0

12775.0

2

2

=××

=

=

e

RVe

א(1/15)eF1/15Eא

אאfW

09.0067.0500.127

100151

127

22

=−=−=R

Vf

f١٥}٠אאFZ1/15KE

W

אאאא٢٠٠אא١٠٠LאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٠ -

אW

RV

fe a

12715.0

151 2

=+=+

RV

RV

a

a

××=

=

127217.0

217.0127

2

2

9.2755)200()127()217.0(2 =××=aV

hkmV a /5.52=

٢J١١J٤אאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאW

RV

fe127

15.0151 2

=+=+

5.27

2VR =

אאאאאאאאאW

• אW

( )5.27

16 2+=

VRrolling• אW

( )5.278 2+

=VRrolling

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣١ -

אא،אאאאאאאא

אF٢}٥KE

F٢}٥EאאאאאאKR (m) v

(km/h)f

e = 0.04 e = 0.06 e = 0.08 e = 0.10300.1735303025400.1760505045500.16100908075600.15150135125115700.14215195175160800.14280250230210900.13375335305275

1000.124904353953601100.116355605004551200.09870755665595

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٢ -

F٢}٩EאאאK

W

Kאאאא١١٠אLאK

אW

mVR 4405.27

1105.27

22

===

( ) ( ) mVRrolling 5775.2716110

5.2716 22

=+

=+

=

٢J١١J٥אאאאאF٢}١٠E

אאאאאא

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٣ -

KאF٢}٦E،אאאאאאK

F٢}١٠Eאא

F٢}٦EאאאK א

FE

٦٠ ٦٠J١٥١ ١٥٠J٣٠١ ٣٠٠J٩٠٠ ٩٠٠

אFE

٣}٠ ٦}٠ ٩}٠ ٢}١ J

٢J١١J٦א

אאאא،אאKאW

١K אאWאאאאאFF٢}١١KEE

: Waالزيادة على المنحنيات

w + wa

w w

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٤ -

F٢}٧EK

٢K אאWאאאFF٢}١٢KEE

F٢}١٢EK

אאאW

אאא؛ •

א؛ •

אא؛ •

אא؛ •

• א.

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٥ -

٢J١٢אאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאFF٢}١٣KEE

אאאאאאאא،אאKא

Kאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK

F٢}١٣EK

אאW

100

100100

tan

211

211

1

ggA

ggA

A

+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

= θ

+g1% -g2%

+g3%

A1

A2

A3

θ

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٦ -

( )100

100100

322

322

ggA

ggA

+−=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

AWאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא٨٪אאאKא

F٢}٧EאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאK

F٢}٧Eאאאאאא(AASHTO)KאאאE٪F

אא

FLאE ٩ ٦ ٤٨ ٨ ٥ ٦٤ ٧ ٤ ٨٠ ٦ ٣ ٩٦ ٥ ٣ ١١٢ ٤ ٣ ١١٨

אאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאא٢٥LאאאKאF٢}٧Eאאאאאאאא

א(AASHTO)K

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٧ -

F٢}٧Eאאאאא(AASHTO)K

אאE٪F٥}٢٣٤٥٦٧٨אFE٧٠٠٤٧٥٣٢٥٢٥٠٢٠٠١٧٥١٦٠

W

אאא٥K٪אW

אאZ٢٥٠، אאאאאא٥٪אאא٢٥٠٢٥

LאK

٢J١٢J١אא

אFאאE Kאאא

FEאאFEאF٢}١٤KE

אאאאFF٢}١٥EEאא،W

• אאאK

• אK

• אאאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٨ -

FEאא

FEאא

F٢}١٤Eאא

+g1% +g1% -g2%

+g2%

-g1%

-g2%

A A

A

g1 > g2

A= (g1 - g2) /100 A = (g1 + g2) /100

A= (-g1 + g2)/100

g1 < g2

A

-g1% +g2%

A= (-g1 – g2) / 100

+g1%

+g2%

A= (g1 – g2) /100

-g1%

-g2%

A= (-g1 + g2) / 100

A

A

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٣٩ -

F٢}١٥Eאאא

אאאאאW

אא אא VPI = Vertical point of intersection VPC = Vertical point of curvature VPT = Vertical point of tangency G1 = Grade of initial tangent G2 = Grade of final tangent g1 = Grade of initial tangent in percent g2 = Grade of initial tangent in percent A = Algebraic difference in grade between G1 and G2 K = Vertical curve length coefficient L = Length of vertical curve x = Horizontal distance to point on curve from VPC y = Offset of curve from initial grade line xm = Location of min/max point on curve from VPV e = External distance = Middle ordinate Ex = Elevation of point on curve located at distance x from VPC Em = Elevation of min/max point on curve at distance xm from VPC EPI = Elevation of VPI EPC = Elevation of VPC EPT = Elevation of VPT

12 ggA −=

ALK =

( )

8008008

221 KAALLGGe ==

−=

For high point on curve:

ALg

ggLg

xm1

12

1 =−

=

For any point p on curve:

( )K

xL

AxL

xGGy2002002

22212 ==

−=

( )L

xGGxGEE PCx 2

212

1−

++=

Kxxg

EE PCx 200100

21 ++=

L/2 L/2

L

+G2 -G2

VPI

VPT VPC

e

e

x

y

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٠ -

٢J١٢J٢א

אאאKאאאאאKא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאW٢J١٢J٣א(Stopping Sight Distance: SSD)

אאאא،אאאW

١K א(S)אאאאKאאאאאא٥}٢،W

VS 5.2= W

:SאFKE

:VאFLKE

٢K א (d)W

W

fgVd2

2

=

W :dאFKE

gWאאFLKE:VאFLKE

fWאאאF٤}٠KE

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤١ -

W

( )GfVd

±=

254

2

W

:Gאא١٠٠K

(SSD)אאאW

dSSSD +=

• W

fgVVSSD2

5.22

+=

• אW

( )GfVVSSD

++=

.2545.2

2

• אW

( )GfVVSSD

−+=

.2545.2

2

אאאאא

(2SSD)KאF٢}٨EF٢}٩Eאאא(AASHTO)אאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٢ -

F٢}٨EאאאKאאF/אE

א אFE

48 0.36 55 64 0.33 80 80 0.31 115 96 0.30 150

104 0.30 165 112 0.29 185 120 0.28 205 128 0.27 230

F٢}٩EאאאK

אאF/אE

א אFE

48 0.62 48 64 0.60 72 80 0.58 100 96 0.56 132 104 0.56 149 112 0.55 129 120 0.54 190 128 0.53 212

W

א،אאא٤K}٠אא٦٠Lא

אW

fgVVSSD2

5.22

+=

W

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٣ -

:VאZ٦٠LאZ٦٧}١٦LK

fWאאא=٤}٠K

W

mSSD 08.7781.94.02

)67.16(67.165.22

=××

+×=W

א٥٪אאא،א٨٠Lא٤}٠אK

אW

E אאW

( )GfVVSSD

−+=

2545.2

2

:VאZ٨٠Lא=٢٢}٢٢LK

fWאאא=٤}٠K

:Gאא١٠٠=٠٥}٠

mSSD 1.61)05.04.0(254

)22.22(22.225.22

=−×

+×=

E אאW

( )GfVVSSD

++=

2545.2

2

( ) mSSD 87.5905.04.0254

)22.22()22.22(5.22

=+×

+×=

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٤ -

٢J١٢J٤א(Passing Sight Distance: PSD)

אאאאאאאאאKאאא

F٢}١٦KE

F٢}١٦EאK

• אא(d1)W،אאאאא

אאW( )MVd −= 84.01

W

d1WאאFE

VWאאFLאE

MWאאאאאא،א١٦LאK

A A’B B’

C’ C

d1 d2 d3

S S

العربات في الوضع النهائي: ’A, B, C A’, B’, C في الوضع األوليعرباتال:

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٥ -

• אא(d2)Wא،אאאאאאW

( )( )

aSt

MVStMVSd

73.2

62.084.022

=

+−=−+=

:aWאאא٤LאLK• אא(d3)Wאאאאא

אאא،אW

td 28.03=

א(PSD)W

321 dddPSD ++=

אF٢}١٠Eאאאא.

F٢}١٠EאאK

אאF/אE

48 64 80 96 112 128

אאאF/אE

41 54 65 75 86 94

אאאF/אE

58 70 82 91 102 110

אFE

335 460 550 640 675 835

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٦ -

٢J١٢J٥אאא

אאאאFEאאFFEF٢}١٠EKEא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאW

• אאWאא(SSD < L) W

( )221

2

22 hh

ASL+

=

• אאWאא(SSD > L) W

( )A

hhSL

2

21 222

+−=

W

LWאאFE؛

SWאאאאFE؛

AWאאאאאאFE؛

h1Wאא؛1.07א

h2Wא0.15א K

٢J١٢J٦אאאא א א אא א א א

אאאא h11.07אאh2 1.03 KאW

١K אא(PSD < L) W

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٧ -

( )221

2

22 hh

ASL+

=

٢K אא(PSD > L) W

( )A

hhSL

2

21 222

+−=

W

LWאאFE؛

SWאאאאFE؛

AWאאאאאאFE؛

h1Wאא؛1.07א

h2Wא1.03א . ٢J١٢J٧אאא

א،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאW

• אא(SSD < L) W

SASL 5.344.152

2

+=

• אא(SSD > L) W

ASSL 5.344.1522 +

−=

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٨ -

W

LWאאאFE؛

SWאFE؛

AWאאאאאאFKE W

אא אא A = 0.09א Kא א אW

אZ١٠٠אK

אZ٥٠אK

אW

אאWאא (SSD < L) W

mhmh

mSA

15.007.1

10009.0

2

1

====

( )21

2

22 hhASL+

=

( )mL 223

)15.02)07.1(2(100)09.0(

2 =×+×

×=

אאאא(SSD > L) W

15.007.1

5009.0

2

1

====

hh

mSA

( )

Ahh

SL2

21 222

+−=

( ) mL 5509.0

15.0207.125022

=×+×

−×=

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٤٩ -

W

אא אא(1/30) אא(1/40) Kאא٤٤٠אאא

אאK

אW

• אאWPSD < L

( )221

2

22 hh

ASL+

=

mhmh

03.107.1

2

1

==

( ) ( ) 058.040/130/1

40/130/1

2

1

=−−+=−=+=

Agg

( ) mL 1352.)03.1(2)07.1(2

)440()058.0(2

2

=×+×

×=

• אאWPSD > L

( )

( ) mL

Ahh

SL

736058.0

03.1207.124402

222

2

21

=×+×

−×=

+−=

אא

אא

אאאgè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]ã¹]<

אאאא

א

٣

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥١ -

אאW אאאאאאאא

אאK

אאW אאאאW

• אאאאאK • אאאK • אאאK • א אאאK • אאאאאאK

אאאW

אאא٩٠٪

אאאאW٦

אאW אאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٢ -

٣J١אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אKאא

אאאאאאאK א א א א א K

א א א א א א א א אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאא

Kאאאאא א א א

אאאאאאKKאא אאאאאאK

٣J٢אא

אאאאאKאאאא

K

٣J٣אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאW• Wאאאאאא

אאאK • W אא אאא

אאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٣ -

• Wא א א א אאאאK

אW١K Wאאאא

אאאאK ٢K W א

א אאK

אא א WKאאאאא

א א א א א ، K אא א א א

אאאKאאאאאא א א Kא א

אאKאאאאאאאא

א א Kא א א א א א Kאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

٠٨}٠א٨٠אא،אאאאאאא ٠٨}٠ K א F٣}١ E א א א

אא(AASHTO) K

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٤ -

F٣}١EאאאK

אFEא٢٢}٧٦٠٧٥}٠٢

٠٠٢}٠٠٧٥}٠٠٠٢}٠

א א א א א א

אאאאKאאאאא Kאאא

א א א K א א א א אאאKאאא

Kא א א א א Kאאאא

אאאאK

٣J٤אא א א א א ٠٧٥}٠ Fא א E

אאFF٣}١KEEאאאW• אK • אאF٣}٢KE • אאK • אאאK • א א א א א

K

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٥ -

F٣}١EאאאK

אאFE٣٣٥}٦٤٧٦}٤٦٣٦}٣٨٣٨}٢١٠٠٠}٢١٦١٩}١٢٠٨٤}٠٣٠٥٩}٠٤٠٤٢}٠٥٠٢٩٧}٠٦٠٢٥}٠٧٠٢١}٠١٠٠١٤٩}٠١٤٠١٠٥}٠٢٠٠٠٧٤}٠٢٧٠٠٥٣}٠

אאאאאאאW

١K אאWD10 ٢K אFCuEאW

10

60

DD

C u =

٣K אF(CcW

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٦ -

1060

230

.)(

DDD

C c =

WD10Wאאא .10% D60Wאאא60%אKD30Wאאא30%אK

אאCcאF٣}٣KE א ٢٠٠ א א

אK،אאאאאאאא K א

אא(Stock’s law) אאKאאא

א א אF F٣}٢ KEEא א אאאא

אF٣}٣KEF٣}٣EאאCcK א

Cc

Poorly-Graded)E

٥

Non-Uniform)E

٥١٥

Well-Graded)E

١٥

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٧ -

F٣}١EK F٣}٢EאאK

F٣}٣EאאK

٣J٥אא

אאא אאאא Kאאאא،א،אא

אאW• אא(Solid State) • אאF(Semi Solid State • אא(Plastic State) • אא(Liquid State)

،אFE ١٠ ٠٫١ ١ ٠٫٠٠١ ٠٫٠١ ٠

٢٠

٤٠

٦٠

٨٠

١٠٠

،

א

E٪F

D60

D30 D10

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٨ -

אאאאאKאאא

אאאאאKאאא??،אאא

W• אShrinkage Limit: SL)EWאאאא

אאאאKK

• א Plastic Limit: PL) WE א א א א אאK

• א Liquid Limit: LL)E W א אK

אF٣}٤ Eאא א ، א א א אא אW

• אPlastic Index: PI)EWאאאאW PLLLPI −=

• אLiquid Index: LI)EW ( )

PIPLwPI −

=

F٣}٤EאאאאאK

W=0 حالة سيولة حالة لدونةحالة شبه صلبة حالة صلبة

LL PL SL زيادة في المحتوى

المائي

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٥٩ -

אאאאא אאאKא١

א٠KאאאאK

٣J٦א

א א אא א אא א ، א

Kא א א אאאאK

אW• אא(USC) • (AASHTO)

אאאאאאK

٣J٦J١אא(USC)אאאאF٣}٣EF٣}٤E

אF٣}٥WE١K Wאא٢٠٠

٥٠K٪אאW (G)(Gravel) W٥٠٪א٤K (S)(Sand) W٥٠٪א٤K

(W)א(Well Graded) K

(P)א.(Poorly Graded)

٢K Wאא٢٠٠٥٠K٪ אאW

(M)(Silt)K

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٠ -

(C)(Clay)K (O)אא(Organic Silt and Clay)K (L)אאא(Fine of low plasticity)K (H)אאאא(Fine of high plasticity)K

٣K WאאאK (PT)א(Peat)K

F٣}٣Eאא (USC).

Classification on

Basis of percentage of fine

Classification Criteria

1060 / DDCM = Greater than 4

6010

230

*)(DD

DCc = Between 2 and 3

Not meeting both criteria for GW Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index less than 4 Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index greater than 7

Atterberg limits plotting in hatched area are borderline classifications requiring use of dual symbols


6010

230

*)(DD


Not meeting both criteria for GW Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index less than 4

Less than 50% Pass No. 200 sieve GW, GP, SW, SP More than 12% pass No. 200 sieve GW, GC, SM, SC 5% to 12% pass No. 200 sieve Borderline classification requiring use of dual symbols

Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index greater than 7


٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦١ -

F٣}٤Eאא(USC)K

Classification on Basis of percentage

of fine

Classification Criteria


6010

230

*)(DD


Not meeting both criteria for GW Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index less than 4 Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index greater than 7



6010

230

*)(DD


Not meeting both criteria for GW Atterberg limits plot below “A” line and plasticity index less than 4

Less than 50% Pass No. 200 sieve GW, GP, SW, SP More than 12% pass No. 200 sieve GW, GC, SM, SC 5% to 12% pass No. 200 sieve Borderline classification requiring use of dual symbols Atterberg limits plot below

“A” line and plasticity index greater than 7


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Liquid Limit (LL)

Plas

ticity

Inde

x (P

I)

"A" line

ML or OL

MH or OHCL or OL

CH or OH

CL - ML

For classification of fine-grained soils and fine-grained fraction of coarse-grained

F٣}٥Eאא،א(USC)K

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٢ -

٣J٦J٢(AASHTO)אאאA-1) (A-7

אF٣}٥WE F٣}٥Eא(ASSHTO) K

General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)

A-1 A-2 Group Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-3 A-2-4 A-2-5 A -2-6 A-2-7 Sieve analysis, percent passing No.10 (2.0 mm) 50 max - - - - - - No.40( 0.425mm) 30max. 50max. 51max. - - - - No. 200(0.075) 15max. 25max. 10max. 35max. 35max. 35max. 35max. Characteristics of fraction passing No.40 Liquid limit - - 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min. Plasticity index 6max. N.P. 10max. 10max. 11min. 11min. Usual types of significant Stone fragments, fine sand, Silty or clayey gravel and sand Constituent materials gravel and sand General rating as subgrade Excellent to good

General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200) A-7 Group Classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5, A-7-6 Sieve analysis, percent passing No.10 (2.0 mm) No.40( 0.425mm) No. 200(0.075) 36min. 36min. 36min. 36min. Characteristics of fraction passing No.40 Liquid limit 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min. Plasticity index 10max 10max. 11min. 11min. Usual types of significant Silty soils Clayey soils Constituent materials General rating as subgrade Fair to poor

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٣ -

• אA-1 ،A-2 ،A-3 W א ٢٠٠א٣٥K٪

• אA-4،A-5،A-6، A-7Wאא٢٠٠٣٥K٪

(AASHTO)אאאאאK

٣J٧אאאאאאאאא

א K א א א א Kא אאאאאאאא

א אאא Kאאא אW

١K אאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאCBR)EK

אא א אאאאK

٣J٧J١אאא

אאאאאF٣}٦Eאא Kאא٦٠x

٦٠x٢٠א٣٠٠x٣٠٠x١٠٠KאאאאאאאW

• אאאK

• אK

• אאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٤ -

• אאאאאאאאK

• אאאאאאK

• אאאאאF٣}٧KE

F٣}٦EאאK

א"C"אאאא"φ"א(Column)

אWϕστ tan+= C

W

τW؛א

:C؛א

σW؛אא

φWאאאאK

المتحركالجزء العلوي

تربةعينة ال

قوة شد

ضغط رأسي

الجزء السفلي الثابت

العينة بعد القص

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٥ -

F٣}٧EאאאאFאאאKE

٣J٧J٢אאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

א אא אא F٣}٨KKEאאW

• אאאK

• אאאK

• אאאאאאאאא،אK

• אאאאאאאאאK

• אא(Mohr circles) אF٣}٩KE

א"C"אאאא"φ"אWϕστ tan+= C

قوة القص

الضغط الرأسي

عينة طينية

عينة رملية

عينة طينية رملية

φ

φ

قوة تماسك C

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٦ -

F٣}٨EאאאK

F٣}٩EאאאאFאאאKE

ضغط رأسي

العينة بعد القصالعينة ضغط جانب

نبياجالالضغط العمودي والضغط

C

φ

قوة القص

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٧ -

٣J٧J٣אאאCBR)E א א CBR: California Bearing Ratio)E

אאאKאאאאאא K אא Kאא

FEאאאKאאאאאW

• א F ٢}١٥ א ٨}١٧ E ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥FF٣}١٠KEE

• אאאאאאאאK

• אא א א א א אאK

• אא٢٥}١LאאW٥}٢،٥،٥}٧،١٠،٥}١٢FF٣}١٠KEE

• א–אFF٣}١١KEE

• א א CBR)E אא א ٥}٢א א א٥אW

CBR)EF Z E٪Fא א א ٥}٢ E÷Fא אא٥}٢אאEx١٠٠

F٣}١٠EאאאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٨ -

F٣}١١EאK

٣J٨אאאא

אאאאאאאKאאא

אאK

אאאאאאאא Kא אאאא

א א א Kא א א K א א א א א

אאאאאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٦٩ -

٣J٨Jא١א(Standard Proctor Test) אאאאF٣}١٢KE

F٣}١٢EK

אאW אא٢}١٠א٦}١١אאא٦K אא٤٩}٢א٥}٣٠K

אאאאאW• אאאK • אאאאFwKE • אא٢٥אאK • אאאFγhEK

• אאFγdEאW)1( +=

wh

dγ

γ

• אאאאאK • אאאאאאF٣}١٣KE

אFwJγdEאאאאאאK

المطرقة

القالب

امتداد علوي

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧٠ -

F٣}١٣EאK

٣J٨J٢אא(Modified Proctor Test)

אאאאאאאא א אא Kאא א

א א (AASHTO) א א א א Kאאא א א א

אW• אZ٥٤}٤K • אאZ٧}٤٥K • א٥K

אאאאאאא א א א א א ، א א

אאאא א א K אF٣}١٤ E א אK

،אאE٪F

،

א

א

(kg/

cm3 )

0 5 10 15 20 1.60

1.70

25

1.80

1.90 אאא

אאא

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧١ -

F٣}١٤EאאאK

٣J٩אא Wאאאאא

١KאאWאאאאאW• אאאאאFF٣}١٥WEEאאא

א F٨١٢EאאאאאאאאאאK

אאK • אא אא אF F٣}١٦ WEE א

אא٢٠٠אאאK

• אא F F٣}١٧ WEE אא א א אאא K

אאKאאאאאאאאאאK

،אאE٪F

אא

אא

،

א

א

(kg/

cm3 )

0 5 10 15 20 1.60

1.70

25

1.80

1.90

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧٢ -

٢ Kאאאא W אא א אאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

F٣}١٥EאאאאאK

F٣}١٦EאאאאאK

F٣}١٧EאאK

٣J٩J١אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאW

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧٣ -

100.)(

(%)maxd

dcomp

situinI

γγ −

=

WIcompWא(%)K

γd (in-situ)Wאאא(g/cm3)KγdmaxWאאאא(g/cm3)K

א א א א א א א א אא90%100% K א א א

אאW

٣J٩J٢אאא אא אאא

א KאאאFאEאF٣}١٨KEאא

אאW• אאאאאאK • אאאFheEFwKE • אאאF٣}١٨KE • אאאאאאK

• אאFγdEW)1( +=

wh

dγ

γ

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧٤ -

F٣}١٨EאאK

٣J٩J٣אאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאK

٣J١٠אא א א

א א K א א א F٣}١٩ E א א א

אאאאאאאKאאאK

٣J١٠J١אא א א אא K

א א א א א א א אאK

حفرة مملوءة بالرمل

رمل جاف

مخروط معدني

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧٥ -

F٣}١٩Eאאא

٣J١٠J٢אאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאW• ؛• אאאאאאאאא؛• א٢٥٪א؛٪٦• אא٢٠٠؛٪١٠• א؛٪٥٠• אK

٣J١٠J٣אא א א א א א א א

א א אא א Kא אאאאאאK

אאאאW• אאאאאאK• K

طبقة األساس

طبقة ما قبل األساس

طبقة التربة األصلية

طبقة السطح

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٧٦ -

• א٢٥٪א٦K٪• א٥٠K٪

٣J١١אא א א א א א

א א אא א ،א אאF٣}٢٠KE

F٣}٢٠EK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אKאאאאא

אאאאK٢W٣אאאאאאאא

FWEאא٦KאאאאאKא٥٠

٦٠K

جسر

قطع

אא

אא


אאאא

א

٤

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٧٧ -

אאWאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאK

אאWאאאאאW

• אאאאאאK• אאאאK • אאאאאאאאK • אאאאאאK

אאאWאאא١٠٠٪

אאאאW٨

אאWאא אאא

אK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٧٨ -

٤J١אאאאאאא

אאאאאK א א אא א K

א א א אא א אאאא Kא

אאאאאאK

٤Jא٢אאאW

١K אא(Flexible Pavement) ٢K אא (Rigid Pavement)

אאK

٤J٢J١אאאא אא אא א אא

א א א ،א אאאאF٤}١Eאאא

אKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאא

אאאFF٤}٢KEE

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٧٩ -

F٤}١Eאא

F٤}٢EאאK

٤J٢J٢אא

אאא ١٥٣٠אאKא

א٥א٣٠א٣٠٠אאאKאאא

אאאאאאא Kאאאא

אא א א א א א K א א אאאK

א

األصليةאطبقة

א

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٠ -

،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאא،אK

٤J٣אאאאW

١K אאK ٢K אאאאאאK

٤J٣J١אא

אאאאאאW• אW

אF٤}٣EאאאK (Boussinesq) א א א א

אW

( ) ⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡

+−= 2/322

3

1za

zpzσ

WσzWאאzKpWאאאאאKzWאאσzK

:aאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨١ -

F٤}٣EאאאK

• אאא

אF٤}٤E(d/2)א א ،א K (2S)

אאאאאKאא (2S) א א

(2p)K

F٤}٤EאאאK

العجلةالحمل الموقع على محور

قع على السطحواإلجهاد الم

اإلجهاد الموقع على طبقات الرصف

S

d

2S

d/2

مساحة التداخل

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٢ -

אאאF٥}٤WE KאאאA(p, d)B(2p, 2S)א •• אABK

אאאK

F٥}٤EאאאK

٤J٣J٢אא א אא א א K

אאאאW

sEpa5.1

=∆

W∆WאK:pאאאאK:aאK

:EsאK

A

B

Z=d/2 Z1 Z=2S

p

p1

2p

א

א

(Log Scale)

(Log

Sca

le)

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٣ -

٤J٤אא٤J٤J١אא(CBR)

אא K(CBR)אאKאF٦}٤Eא(CBR)

אKאאאאאאאW2/1

175.1⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=

pCBRPt

π

W : tאFE،:PאאFKE: pאF /٢KE:AאF٢KE

F٦}٤E א(CBR)א

WאאW

- CBRאZ٥٪- PZ٤٠٨٢ - = p ٧ /٢

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٤ -

אWE אאW

CBRZ٥٪אZ٤٠٨٢אZ٣٨E אאW

cmt

pCBRPt

5.35)7).(14.3(

1575.14082

175.12/1

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=π

٤J٤J٢א

אאאאאW

5/11 )90)((C

RTkT

−=

W:TאאFKEkWZ0.166

:T1אKCWאאאF /٢E:Rא (Stabilometer)אK

אT1אאאאW( ) 11.0

1 35.1 EWLT =W

:EWLאאZא×אאאF٤}١EאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٥ -

F٤}١EאאאKאאאא

FE٢٣٣٠٣١٠٧٠٤٢٤٦٠٥٤٦٢٠٦٣٠٤٠

٤J٥אא

אאא،אאאאK

א (Westergard)א א אאאאאאW

∆=

pKW

∆Wאא 0.125 KK:KאF /٣KE:pאאאאF /٢KE א א

א א א Kא א א א א אאא אאאW

( )4/1

2

3

112 ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

=Ku

Ehl

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٦ -

W:lאאFE(Radius of Relative Stiffness)K

:EאאF /٢KEuWא(Poisson’s Ratio) Z0.15

:h אFKE:KאF /٣KE

Wאאא٢٠W

- EאZ٢١٠٠٠٠ /٢K- uZ0.15 - KZ٢ /٣

אW

( ) cmKu

Ehl 922).15.01(12)20()210000(

112

4/1

2

34/1

2

3

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

×=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

=

٤J٥J١אא

א (Westergard)א א א אאW

١K אאאW

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= 069.1log4316.0

102 bl

hPSi

٢K אאW

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= 359.0log4316.0

102 bl

hPSe

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٧ -

٣K אאW

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

6.0

2213

la

hPSc

WSs, Se, ScWאאאא،אאאאF /٢KE

:h אFKE:PאאFKE:aאאFKE :lאאFKEbWאאFKE

אאאאאW

hhab 675.06.1 22 −+= א א א א (Pikett)

אאאW

⎥⎥⎥⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎢⎢

⎣

⎡

+−=

la

la

hPSc

22.0925.012.4

2

WאאאאאאW

- אאPZ٤٠٨٠- אאEZ٢١٠٠٠٠ /٢ - אhZ٢٠ - אuZ0.15 - אKZ٢ /٣ - אaZ١٥

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٨ -

אW- אאW

( ) cmKu

Ehl 922)15.01(12)20()210000(

112

4/1

2

34/1

2

3

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡×−

×=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

=

- אאW

cm

hhab

35.7120675.0)20()15(6.1

675.06.122

22

=×−××=

−+=

- אאאאW

2

102

102

/94.1

069.135.71

92log420

4080316.0

069.1log4316.0

cmkg

bl

hPSi

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛×

×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

- אאאW

2

102

102

/67.4

359.035.71

92log420

4080572.0

359.0log4572.0

cmkg

bl

hPSe

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛×

×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٨٩ -

- אאאW

2

6.0

2

6.0

2

/54.23

922151

2040803

213

cmkg

la

hPSc

=

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

×=

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

٤J٦אאאא

א אא א א א K אא א א א K

אא א א א אא אKא

אKאאאאאאאאK

٤J٦J١אא

אאא K אא אא

א א א א K א א אK

٤J٦J٢אא א א א א א א

אא١٥٠٢٠٠Kאאא١٢٠١٤٠Kאאאאאאא

F Eא W .MC-70, RC-300, SC-200אאW

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٩٠ -

- RCWאJ:MCאJ:SCא RC-300א٣٠٠Kאא

א אאאאאאK

٤J٦J٣אאFאEאא

אא١٠٠١٣٠KאאאאאאאאאאK

٤J٦J٥אא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK

٤J٦J٥א

אאאאאאW• א Wאאא

אK• אWאא

אאK• אאWאאאא

אאאאK،אאאאאאא

אאאK

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٩١ -

٤J٧אאאאאאW• א؛• אא؛• אא؛• אא؛• א؛• אא؛• אא؛• א؛• אK

٤J٨אאאאאאאאא

א א א א א א א א אKאאאאאאא

אW• אאW٩٣٩٦٪• אאאW٤٧٪

א א אא א א א א Kאאאאא

אאאK

٤J٩אא ٤J٩J١אאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא٥}٢

א ،א ،א ،، K

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٩٢ -

٤J٩J٢אאא،אאאאאאאא

א א א K א אאאK

٤J٩J٣א אאאאאK

٤J١٠אא א א א א א

KאWא،אאאאKאאא

• אW٥}٢٥K• אW٢٥}١٧٥}١K

א א א א אאאK

٤J١٠J١אאא א א א א

אאאא،אK אאאאאW

3

3

2

2

1

1

100

Gw

Gw

Gw

G a

++=

WGaWאאאאK

:w1, w2, w3אאאאאאFKE:G1, G2, G3אאאאאאאK

אאאFאHאEאאW

b

b

a

bt

Gw

Gw

G+

−=

100100

٢٠٨אאאאא

- ٩٣ -

WGtWאאאאK

:wbאFKEGbWאאK

٤J١٠J٢אא

אאאאאאאאאW

tt G

G100=γ

WγtWאאKGWאאאאK

٤J١٠J٣אא

אאאאאW

awGVMA −= 100

WVMAWאאאK

:waאFKEאאאאאW

( )VMA

VVMAVFB a−= .100

WVFBWאאאKVMAWאאאK

:VaאאאK

אא

אא


אאאא

א

٥

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٩٥ -

אאWאאאאאאא

אא،אאK

אאWאאאאאW

• אאאK • אאאK • אאאאאK • אאאאK

אאאWאאא٩٥٪

אאאאW

٤

אאWאאאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٩٦ -

٥J١ א א א

א Kאאא אאאאאאאא

א א א Kא א א א אאאאאK

٥J٢אאאW

١K ؛אא ٢K אאאK

א W١K אאאאאK ٢K אאאאאאאאאK

٥J٣אאאאא

א אאאא א אאאאKאא

א א אא Kא אאאא

אאFF١}٥KEE٥J٤אא

א א א אא א א K א א א K א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאW

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٩٧ -

٥J٤J١אאאאאאאא

א א א K א אאאאK

٥J٤J٢אאאאא

א א א א K אאאאK

FE

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٩٨ -

FEא

FEאא

F٥}١EאאאאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ٩٩ -

٥J٤J٣אאאאאאK

٥J٤J٥אאאאאאא

א א א א א א א א Kאאאאאאאאא

KאאW• אאאאK• אאאאאאא

אאאF٥}٢KE• אFF٥}٢KE

FEאאאאKFEK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ١٠٠ -

FEאFKEאא

FEאאKFEאK

FEFKEK

F٥}٢EאאK

٥J٤J٥אאאאאאאאאK

٥J٥אאא אאאאא

אFF٥}٣KEEא א א א אא א

אא א אאא K א א א אא א

אא א K א א א

٢٠٨אאאא

- ١٠١ -

אאאאאא،אאK

F٥}٣EK

٥J٦אאא אאאW

• ؛אא א؛ •אא؛ •א؛ •א؛ •• אאK

٢٠٨אאאא

- ١٠٢ -

א א א אאא א א א א אא אא א

K

٥J٧אאאאאאW

• אK• אאK• אאK• אאאאאאאK• אאאK

٥J٨אא אאאאKא

אא א א א א א Kא אאW

• אאאK• אאK • K • אאאאאK • אK • אאK

٢٠٨אאא

- ١٠٣ -

• KאאאKאF١٩٩٩KE

• KאאFאא– KEא אF١٩٩٨KE

• א א א א ، KKאFK١٩٩٩KE

• KאKאאKאאאאF١٩٨٥KE

• KאאאKאאKאאאאF١٩٨٥KE

• אKאאKאאKF١٩٨٢KE

• אKאאKאאKF١٩٨١KE

• אאאKאאאאKאאFK٢٠٠١KE

• Colm A. O’Flaherty. Highway: The Location, Design, Construction and

Maintenance of Road Pavements. Butterworth-Heinmann, 4th Edition, (2002).

• Roderick D. Johnston. Road Repair Handbook. Trans Mountain Publishing, (2002).

• Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel. Traffic and Highway Engineering. Brooks/cole Pub Co., 3rd Edition, (2001).

• Thomas R. Currin. Introduction to Traffic Engineering: A Manual for Data Collection and Analysis. Brooks/cole Pub Co., (2001).

• Ruediger Lamm, Basil Psarianos and Theodor Lailaender. Highway Design and Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, (1999).

• Kenneth N. Derucher, George P. Korfiattis and Samer A. Ezeldin. Materials for Civil & Highway Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1998).

• Waheed Uddin. Pavement Engineering for Roads and Highways. Chapman & Hall, (1998).

• David Croney and Paul Croney. Performance of Road Pavements. McGraw-Hill Professional (1997).

• Fred L. Mannering and Walter P. Kilareski. Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, (1997).

٢٠٨אאא

- ١٠٤ -

• Williams R. McShane, Roger P. Rioess, Elena S. Prassas and Roger P. Roess. Traffic Engineering. Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, (1997).

• Paul H. Wright. Highway Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-00315-8. (1996).

• Merritt D. R. Geometric Design Features of Single-Point Interchanges. Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (1993).

• ASSHTO Materials, Part I, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1993).

• Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and Design. Pearson Education POD, Book & Disk Edition, (1992).

• Robert D. Holtz and Williams D. Kovacs. An Introduction of Geotechnical Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1981).

• Oglesby, C. H. and Hicks, R. G. Highway Engineering. John Willey & Sons, Inc. (1982).

٢٠٨אא

א

אאW אאא

١J١٢

١J٢א٢

١J٣אאאא٣

١J٤אאא ٣

١J٤J١אאא ٤

١J٤J٢אאאא٤

١J٤J٣אא٦

١J٤J٤אא٦

١J٤J٥אא٧

١J٥אאאאא٧

אאWאא

٢J١ ١١

٢J٢אא ١١

٢J٢J١אא ١١

٢J٢J٢אא ١٢

٢J٢J٣אא ١٢

٢J٢J٤א ١٢

٢J٣א ١٢

٢J٣J١אאא ١٣

٢J٣J٢אאא ١٤

٢J٣J٣אא ١٥

٢J٤ א ١٧

٢J٥א ١٧

٢J٦א ١٨

٢٠٨אא

٢J٧אא ١٩

٢J٨א ٢٠

٢J٩א ٢١

٢J١٠א ٢١

٢J١٠J١אא ٢٢

٢J١٠J٢א ٢٣

٢J١٠J٣אא ٢٣

٢J١١אא ٢٤

٢J١١J١אא ٢٤

٢J١١J2אאא ٢٦

٢J١١J٣אא ٢٧

٢J١١J٤אאא ٣١

٢J١١J٥א ٣٣

٢J١١J٦א ٣٤

٢J١٢אא ٣٦

٢J١٢J١אא ٣٨

٢J١٢J٢א ٤١

٢J١٢J٣א ٤١

٢J١٢J٤א ٤٥

٢J١٢J٥אאא ٤٧

٢J١٢J٦אאאא ٤٧

٢J١٢J٧אאא ٤٨

אאWא

٣J١٥٢

٣J٢אא ٥٢

٣J٣א ٥٢

٣J٤אא ٥٤

٢٠٨אא

٣J٥אא ٥٧

٣J٦א ٥٩

٣J٦J١אא(USC) ٥٩

٣J٦J٢(AASHTO) ٦٢

٣J٧א ٦٣

٣J٧J١אאא ٦٣

٣J٧J٢אאא ٦٥

٣J٧J٣אאאCBR)E ٦٧

٣J٨אאא٦٨ א

٣J٨Jא١א ٦٩

٣J٨J٢אא ٧٠

٣J٩אא ٧١

٣J٩J١אאא ٧٢

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كتاب طرق

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