(История, Теория, Практика) 4 (20) 2011, tomi...

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samecniero Jurnali ,,xelisufleba da sazogadoeba (istoria, Teoria, praqtika)”

Scientific magazine

“AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY (History, Theory, Practice)”

Научный журнал “ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО (История, Теория, Практика)”

№ 4 (20) 2011, tomi I

EISSN 1512-4029

ჟურნალი დაარსებულია 2005 წელს საქართველოს ტექნიკური

უნივერსიტეტის სახელმწიფო მართვის კათედრის მიერ

Ria diplomatiis asociaciis

samecniero Jurnali

Scientific magazine of

The Open Diplomacy Association

Научный журнал АССОЦИАЦИИ ОТКРЫТОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ

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UDC 378(479.22)(051.2) x. 402

saredaqcio kolegia:

SoTa doRonaZe

mTavari redaqtori

oTar qoCoraZe mTavari redaqtoris moadgile

oTar baRaTuria pasuxismgebeli mdivani

nana avaliani, rudiger andreseni, meufe abraami (garmelia), evgeni baraTaSvili, giorgi baRaTuria, oTar baRaTuria, rasa belokaite, anastasia ganiCi, iuri goricki, vaxtang guruli, SoTa doRonaZe, elun drake, harald vertci, genadi iaSvili, serjo kamizi, riCard maasi, roin metreveli, ioSika micui, badri nakaSiZe, lizaveta Jaxanina, budi nurani ruCjana, ramon pietro-suaresi, gert surmiuleni, qeTi qoqraSvili, oTar qoCoraZe, rusudan quTaTelaZe, maia CxeiZe, endriu lenuqs hardingsi

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis

principebiT. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze pasuxismgeblia avtori. gamoqveynebuli masalebi

gamoxatavs mxolod avtorTa pozicias da SesaZloa ar emTxveodes redaqciis Sexedulebebs.

redaqciis misamarTi: saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0175, kostavas q. 77, VI korpusi,

I sarTuli, tel. 236-45-14, 77 Kostava st., 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tel. [+995 32] 2364514 e-mail: [email protected]

garekanis gaformeba: daviT baRaTuria Jurnalis eleqtronuli versia gamoqveynebulia vebgverdebze:

http://www.odageorgia.ge/page=gamocemebi

http://www.gtu.edu.ge/katedrebi/kat124/

mailto:[email protected]://www.odageorgia.ge/page=gamocemebihttp://www.gtu.edu.ge/katedrebi/kat124/

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Jurnalis referirebuli masala ganTavsebulia saerTaSoriso

samecniero eleqtronul biblioTekaSi: http://www.eLIBRARY.ru s a r C e v i

Teoria

nunu ovsianikova saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis zogierTi aspeqti-----------------------------------------------------------------5

roza gafrindaSvili ganwyobis Teoria da `crurwmenebis~ fsiqologia----------14 oTar qoCoraZe adamianuri resursebis marTvis Cinuri strategia-----------20

istoria

daviT paiWaZe “damoukideblobis” oci weli (gasazogadoebis problema Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi)------------------------------------------------32 qeTevan muxiguli fixte istoriis Sesaxeb------------------------------------------------------63

irina kornilova marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis siuJetebi v.f. kudriavcevis naSromSi “kamispireTis siZveleebi, Zeglebi, gadmocemebi da legendebi” (rusulad)---------------73

Eekonomika

gari gunia, zizi svaniZe, arCil gersamia, lili svaniZe bunebrivi garemos kompleqsuri monitoringis sakiTxebis damuSaveba qveynis sainvesticio garemos maRali saimedobiT Sefasebis mizniT----------------------------------------------81 bela goderZiSvili biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi (inglisurad)------------------95

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sazogadoeba

nana gamyreliZe intersubieqturoba, subieqturoba da socialuri faqtori---------------------------------------------------------------99 mari banZelaZe PR teqnologiebi, efeqturi marketingis - sazogadoebaSi da bazarze swori orientaciis saSualeba-----------------------104

kaxaber CinCalaZe antonimuri wyvilebi--------------------------------------------------------------112

badri cxadaZe, eka cxadaZe indoeTi qarTul lingvokulturologiur arealSi----------119

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T e o r i a

nunu ovsianikova saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis zogierTi aspeqti

saxelmwifo samsaxuri ganixileba rogorc saxelmwifo

mosamsaxuris mimarT saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli ndobis gamoxatva da, bunebrivia, mis winaSe mniSvnelovan moTxovnebs wamoWris rogorc profesionaluri TvalsazrisiT, aseve zneobriv, eTikur da moralur aspeqtSi.

saxelmwifo mosamsaxure valdebulia imsaxuros patiosnad da miukerZoeblad saxelmwifo interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT; amisaTvis man Tavisi saqmianoba unda ganaxorcielos im wesebis Sesabamisad, romelic dadgenilia saxelmwifo samsaxuris erTiani samarTlebrivi institutis farglebSi da dafuZne-bulia konkretul iuridiul da moralur-eTikur moTxovnebze. saxelmwifo samsaxuri ganixileba rogorc saqmianobis iseTi sfero, sadac gamoricxul unda iqnes nebismieri saxis piradi an sxva finansuri interesis arseboba, romelic warmoSobs raime dabrkolebas, raTa saxelmwifo moxelem Rirseulad moixados vali saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis winaSe.

amdenad, imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier sajaro funqciebis saTanado doneze Sesruleba, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi wesdeba qcevis standa-rtebi, eTikuri normebi, romlebic gansazRvraven saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevisa da saqmianobis pirobebs.

saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mimarT eTikur da samarTlebriv valdebulebaTa erToblioba misi qcevis regulirebis mniSvnelovani berketia.

eTikuri valdebulebebi, romlebic moicaven adamianTa urTierTobis specifikur pirobebSi gansazRvruli profesiis farglebSi moqmed moralur normebsa da principebs, zogadad ganixileba rogorc profesionaluri eTikis sfero, xolo saxelmwifo samsaxuris SemTxvevaSi es valdebulebebi saxelmwifo-samsaxurebriv eTikas Seadgenen.

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niSandoblivia, rom saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mimarT zogadsocialuri da zogadsakacobrio moralur principebTan erTad moqmedebs profesionaluri sferos specifikidan gamomdinare moraluri principebi da normebi. cnobilia, rom profesiuli eTikis normebi warmoiqmneba mocemul profesionalur jgufSi da SinaarsiT analitikur-rekomendaciuli xasiaTisaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi eTikuri normebi iZens savaldebulo xasiaTs da deontologiuri xdeba. am mizniT dgindeba moralur normaTa erToblioba, romelsac konkretul-imperatiuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. maTi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis mkacri da unificirebuli reglamentacia. saerTo eTikuri normebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi aisaxeba administraciul-samarTlebriv dokumentebSi da uzrunvelyofilia Sesabamisi administraciuli sanqciebiT, saxelmwifo iZulebiT.

damkvidrebuli praqtika cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis standartebi iuridiul formas samarTle-brivi normebis saxiT iZens da yalibdeba saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. upiratesad qcevis zogad standartebze dayrdnobiT xelisu-flebis calkeul ganStoebebsa Tu dawesebulebebSi iqmneba qcevis gansxvavebuli normebi, romelic iTvaliswinebs sajaro samsaxuris konkretuli saxeobebis specifikas magaliTad, qcevis specifikuri normebi iqmneba aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebSi. SemdgomSi xdeba qcevis normebis diferencireba calkeuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis mosamsaxureTa mimarT. profesio-naluri sferos specifikidan gamomdinare, iqmneba aseve specialuri normebi. am normebis moqmedeba vrceldeba mxolod da mxolod gansazRvruli samsaxuris sferoSi, romelSic zogadi normebis Semdgomi detaluri reglamentacia xdeba.

amrigad, saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis wesebis erToblioba `piramiduli~ formiT warmogvidgeba da mimarTulia zogadidan erTeulisaken. praqtikaSi igi gvxvdeba `horizontaluri~ formiTac, roca saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis wesebi zogadi normebis saxiT ki ar yalibdeba, aramed iqmneba xelisuflebis calkeuli Stos moxeleebisaTvis.

mravali qveynis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis standartebi, romelic

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Camoyalibebulia qcevis wesebis, qcevis kodeqsis, eTikis kodeqsis, eTikuri qcevis standartebis, qcevis ZiriTadi principebisa da sxva saxiT. mocemuli standartebi da kodeqsebi ZiriTadad moicavs eTikisa da profesiuli qcevis msgavs normebs.

saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa qcevis standartebis SemuSavebisas didi yuradReba eqceva rogorc saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa qcevis zogadi standartebis SemuSavebas, aseve saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis standartebis Camoyalibebas.

1995 wels nolanis komisiam (didi britaneTi) gamoaqveyna moxseneba `sajaro moRvaweobis sferoSi standartebis Sesaxeb~. masSi Camoyalibebulia sajaro saqmianobis yvela sferosaTvis misaRebi 7 principi. es principebia:

umwikvloba – sajaro Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia miiRos gadawyvetileba mxolod da mxolod sajaro interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, mas ara aqvs ufleba imoqmedos finansuri Tu sxva materialuri sargebelis miRebis mizniT;

mousyidveloba – sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs ara aqvs ufleba sxva organizaciis an gareSe piris mimarT ikisros nebismieri finansuri an sxva saxis valdebuleba, romelmac SesaZloa zegavlena iqonios mis mier samsaxurebrivi valdebulebis ganxorcielebaze;

obieqturoba – sajaro Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia sajaro Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas, xelSekrulebis gaformebisas, jildoze wardgenisas da sxva msgavsi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas arCevani gaakeTos kandidatTa Rirsebebisa da damsaxurebebis gaTvaliswinebiT;

angariSvaldebuleba – sajaro Tanamdebobis piri samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas angariSvaldebulia sazogadoebis winaSe da misi samsaxurebrivi saqmianoba unda eqvemdebarebodes yvelanairi saxis Semowmebas;

sajarooba – sajaro Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, informaciis sajaroobis SezRudva dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amas moiTxovs sazogadoebris interesebi;

patiosneba – sajaro Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia ganacxados nebismieri piradi interesebis Sesaxeb, miiRos

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zomebi interesTa konfliqtis aRkveTisaTvis sazogadoebis interesis gaTvaliswinebiT;

xelmZRvaneloba – sajaro Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia piradi magaliTiTa da uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT xeli Seuwyos zemoT aRniSnuli principebis ganxorcielebas.

Tanamdebobis piris qcevis wesebis specifikas ganapirobebs is faqtori, rom Tanamdebobis pirs rigiT moxelesTan SedarebiT, Tavisi movaleobis Sesasruleblad garkveuli damatebiTi uflebebi ekisreba, romelic abstraqtul aspeqtSi ki ar aris warmodgenili da romelsac ar gaaCnia praqtikuli gamoyeneba, aramed igi warmogvidgeba rogorc kanonis ZaliT miniWebuli specifikuri uflebamosilebebi, romlis ganxorci-elebisas Tanamdebobis piri SeiZleba xSirad aRmoCndes situaciaSi, sadac realuria an SesaZloa interesTa konfliqti pirad da saxelmwifo interesebs Soris. Sesabami-sad didia cduneba, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes piradi da ara saxelmwifo interesi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis wesebis reglamentaciisas maT SedarebiT mkacri moTxovnebi waeyenebaT, vidre saxelmwifo mosamsaxures zogadad.

amrigad, saxelmwifo moxele warmoadgens saxelmwifo administraciis mTavar rgols, mas gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli movaleobebi da valdebulebebi, rac uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi garemos arsebobiT. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo moxelis mier masze dakisrebuli movaleobebis srulfasovani Sesruleba mniSvnelovani safu-Zvelia sazogadoebis ndobis damsaxurebisaTvis da, saboloo jamSi, gvevlineba demokratiuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis, xelisuflebis legitimurobisa da sazogadoebis erTianobis umTavres winapirobad.

garda imisa, rom saxelmwifo moxelis qcevis standartebis arseboba saxelmwifo administraciis saqmianobis regulirebis saSualebas iZleva, mas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saxelmwifo samsaxurSi korufciis prevenciis RonisZiebaTa sistemaSi. msoflio Tanamegobrobis saerTaSoriso organi-zaciebis mier mravaljer iyo ganxiluli aRniSnuli sakiTxi, SemuSavebul iqna Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi, romelic iTvali-swinebs saxelmwifo moxelis qcevis standartebis ganmsa-

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zRvrel ZiriTad principebTan erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas.

am mxriv aRsaniSnavia gaeros mier SemuSavebuli `saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis saerTaSoriso kodeqsi~ da evrosabWos mier miRebuli `saxelmwifo mosamsa-xureTa qcevis kodeqsi~. dasaxelebul dokumentebSi Camoyalibebulia Tanamdebobis pirTa da saxelmwifo mosamsa-xureTa qcevis zogadi principebi. maTi ZiriTadi debulebebi moicavs normebs, romelic moralur da praqtikul aspeqtSi gansaxorcielebel valdebulebaTa erTobliobaa. am dokumentis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebma unda imoqmedon keTilsindisierad, gulisxmierad, samarTlianad da miukerZoeblad, eTikis umaRlesi standartebis dacviT; maTi saqmianoba unda iyos gamWvirvale da xelmisawvdomi, raTa sazogadoebis mxridan SesaZlebeli iyos zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis ganxorcieleba. Tavisi funqciebis Sesrulebisas saxelmwifo moxele unda xelmZRvanelobdes kanonis uzenaesobisa da politikuri neitralitetis principebiT, gadawyvetilebebs unda iRebdes saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, ar unda gaaCndes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis garda finansuri an sxva kerZo interesebi, xolo misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi igi ise unda warmarTos, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli interesTa faqtobrivi, potenciuri an aSkara konfliqtis warmoSoba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konfliqti saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris kerZo interesebsa da Tanamdebobriv movaleobebs Soris mainc warmoiSva, igi unda gadawydes sazogadoebriv interesTa sasargeblod. amavdroulad mas ekisreba pasuxismgebloba interesTa konfliqtis Tavidan acilebisa da interesTa koliziis aRmofxvrisaTvis. amasTan, igi valdebulia uzrunvelyos samewarmeo da finansuri interesebis mizniT gaweuli im saqmianobis deklarireba, romelmac SesaZloa gamoiwvios interesTa konfliqti. saxelmwifo mosamsaxurem ar unda miiRos sargebeli raime saxiT, maT Soris saCuqari, romelmac SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinos masze dakisrebuli funqciebisa da valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. garda amisa, samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT, piradi dainteresebis safuZvelze, mTavrobasTan urTierTobisas igi ar unda uqmnides SeRavaTian pirobebs kerZo gaerTianebebs an pirebs. saxelmwifo

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mosamsaxures aseve ara aqvs ufleba miiRos upiratesoba an sargebeli im informaciis gamoyenebiT, romelic misTvis samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas gaxda cnobili; gamoiyenos saxelmwifo qoneba im miznebisaTvis, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli mis samsaxurebriv saqmianobasTan. sayuradReboa, rom mkacrad reglamentirebulia saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris saxelmwifo samsaxuris Semdgomi _ `postsamsa-xurebrivi~ saqmianoba, raTa saxelmwifo samsaxuridan wasvlis Semdeg, miRebuli informacia, samsaxurebrivi kavSirebi ar iqces misTvis arakanonieri Semosavlis wyarod.

aseve, sayuradReboa, rom saxelmwifo mosamsaxure valdebulia, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT mimarTos xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobis pirs an kompetentur organos, warudginos maT mtkicebulebani, xolo safuZvliani eWvis SemTxvevaSi, gaacnos mosazrebebi mosamsaxuris mier ukanono, aramarTalzomieri, araeTikuri qmedebebis Cadenis an mosamsaxureTa mier samoxeleo danaSaulis an kodeqsis moTxovnaTa darRvevis Taobaze. amasTan, savaldebuloa ganxorcieldes ganmcxadebeli piris uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacva.

aRniSnuli zogadi principebis garda, msoflio Tanamego-brobis organizaciebi rekomendaciebs iZleva saxelmwifo samsaxuris konkretul sferoSi dasaqmebuli mosamsaxureebis saqmianobis reglamentirebisaTvis. magaliTad, gaeros mier miRebulia `samarTaldamcvel Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis kodeqsi~, romelic aregulirebs policiuri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil yvela daniSnuli an arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris qcevas. kodeqsSi gamokveTilia is moTxovnebi da valdebulebebi, romelic saqmianobis specifikidan gamomdi-nare, ekisreba Tanamdebobis pirebs, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes adamianis Rirsebis, uflebebisa da valdebulebebis dacva. kerZod, Zalis gamoyeneba dasaSvebad miCneulia mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Tanac im farglebSi, romelsac moiTxovs movaleobis Sesruleba; dauSvebelia waqezeba an Semrigebloba nebismieri qmedebisadmi, romelic dakavSi-rebulia wamebasTan an sxva saxis araadamianur, damamcirebel mopyrobasTan. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca arsebobs zemdgomi organos gankarguleba an Seqmnilia sagangebo situacia (mag., arsebobs omis saSiSroeba, Sidapolitikuri arastabiluroba,

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da a.S.). Tanamdebobis piri valdebulia uzrunvelyos dakavebulisa da aseve Zaladobis msxverplis janmrTelobis dacva; ar Caidinos korufciuli qmedeba; daicvas saidumloeba da kodeqsis romelime muxlis darRvevis dafiqsirebis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos zemdgom organos an pirs.

aRniSnuli naTlad miuTiTebs, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeba profesiuli eTikis zogadi da specialuri normebis Camoyalibebis aucileblobas. igi arsebuli normebis farglebSi ufro akonkretebs im moTxovnebs, romelic saxelmwifo moxeles avaldebulebs imoqmedos gansakuTrebuli pirobebis dacviT da saqmianobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

amrigad, msoflio Tanamegobrobis organizaciebis mier gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis standartebi, romlebic rekomendebulia msoflio demokratiuli Tanamegobrobis qveynebisaTvis saxelmwifo moxeleTa saqmianobis institucionaluri da procesualuri meqanizmis gansaxorcieleblad.

niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnul rekomendaciebis mixedviT, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba interesTa konfliqtis gamoricxvis prevenciaze, sajaroobasa da angariSvaldebulebebze. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis gansazRvris zogadi principebi erTian kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba da upiratesad urTierTgansxvavebulia misi realizaciis organizaciul-administraciuli meqanizmebi.

literatura References: 1. Standarts in Public Life. Committe on Standarts in Public Life Annual Reports., Chairman Lord Nolan 1, London: HMSD., 1998., p1. 2. United Nations General Assembly, Distr. General, A/RES/51/59, 28 January, 1997; Fifty-first session, agenda item 101; Resolution Adopted by the General

Assembly [on the report of the Third Commettee (A/51/610; Annex - International

Code of Conduct for Public Officials

3. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers; Recommendation No.R(2000)10 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on codes of conducts for public

officials (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers at its 106th session on 11 May

2000 )

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4. Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Service, OSCD (Organization for Security and Co-opoeration in Europe) Recommendation; Puma Policy Brief No.

4, Public Management Service, May 1998 5. Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, Adopted by United Nations General Assembly, resolution 34/169 of 17 December, 1979

6. The Good Governance Standard For Public Services; The Independent Commission on Good Governance in Public Services, OPM (Office for Public

Management Ltd) and CIPFA (The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and

Accountancy), London 2004

7. Implementing Effective Ethics Standards in Government and the Civil Service, Howard Whitton, Transparency International, February 2001

8. Getting the Balance Right Implementing Standards of Conduct in Public Life, Sir Alistair Graham, Report, Presented to parliament by the Prime Minister to

Command of Her Majesty, January 2005

Nunu Ovsyannikova

Some aspects on the rules of behavior in the public service

Summary

Public servant must serve honestly and impartially, considering state interests.

For this purpose he/she must fulfill his/her job according to the rules which are

established within a scope of united law institute of public service and are based on a specific judicial and moral-ethical demands.

In this work recommendations are discussed, including “International code of

state officials’ conduct” and “Model code of public servants’ conduct” drawn up

by international organizations, in which general regulations of public servants’

conduct are defined.

According to recommendations, rules of conduct in public service are

represented as complexity of obligations to be fulfilled in moral-practical aspects

in public services. In the rules of public servants’ conduct the main emphasis is

made on prevention of conflict of interest, and on publicity and accountability.

It is worth to mention that in democratic society formation of the rules of

conduct in public service is made considering international demand, and national legislation is in accordance with the main principles, which define standards of

public servants’ conduct. Therefore, the main principles of the rules of conduct in

public service are subject to joint regularity and organizational-administrative

mechanisms of its realization are mainly different.

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Keywords: public service, public servant, rules of behavior, organizational-

administrative mechanisms, international demand, national legislation.

Reviewer: Professor Shota Dogonadze, Georgian Technical University

Нуну Овсянникова

Некоторые аспекты правил поведения на государственной службе

Резюме

Государственный служащий обязан служить честно и непредвзято с

учетом государственных интересов; вместе с тем он должен осуществлять

свою деятельность в соответствии с теми правилами, которые определены

рамками института единого права государственной службы и основываться

на конкретных юридических и морально-этических требованиях.

В труде рассмотрены рекомендации, в том числе разработанные

международными организациями мирового содружества "Международный

Кодекс поведения государственных должностных лиц" и "Кодекс поведения

государственных служащих", в которых определены общие положения

поведения государственных должностных лиц и государственных служащих. Согласно рекомендациям, правила поведения на государственной

службе предстают как совокупность осуществляемых обязательств на

государственной службе в моральном и практическом аспектах. В правилах

поведения государственных служащих основной акцент делается на

превенцию исключения конфликта интересов, гласности и подотчетности.

Показательно, что формирование правил в демократическом обществе

происходит с учетом международных требований поведения на

государственной службе и национальное законодательство соответствует

основным принципам стандарта поведения государственных служащих.

Соответственно, определение общих принципов правил поведения на

государственной службе подчиняется единой закономерности и

14

преимущественно отличаются друг от друга организационно-

администртивные механизмы их реализации.

Ключевые слова: государственная служба, Государственный служащий,

правил поведения, организационно-администртивные механизмы,

международные требования, национальное законодательство.

Рецензент: профессор Шота Догонадзе. Грузинский технический

университет.

roza gafrindaSvili

ganwyobis Teoria da `crurwmenebis~ fsiqologia

ganwyobis Teoria, dimitri uznaZem qcevis

mizanSewonilobis asaxsnelad SeimuSava. ganwyoba qcevisadmi Sinagan mzaobas, mowesrigebulobas

gamoxatavs da qcevis gansazRvrulobis safuZvelia. ganwyobis cneba, eqsperimentul fsiqologiaSi,

individis mizanmimarTuli aqtivobis asaxsnelad, sxvadasxva avtorTan sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, romlebic problemis damajerebel axsnas, miTumetes eqsperimentul dasabuTebas ver iZlevian.

dimitri uznaZis mier SemuSavebuli ganwyobis cneba qcevisadmi Sinagan mzaobas, mowesrigebulobas gamoxatavs. qarTveli fsiqologebi, dimitri uznaZis mier Seqmnili originaluri eqsperimentebis gamoyenebiT, sxvadasxva zomis burTebiT cdis pirebs qcevis mimarT ganwyobas ramdenime wuTSi uqmnidnen:

cdis erT-erT variantSi, Tvalaxveul cdis pirebs,

orive xelSi sxvadasxva zomis burTebi ramdenjerme

miewodeboda; rva-aTiode seansis Semdeg, imave cdis pirebs,

orive xelSi tol burTebs aZlevdnen; isini burTebs

sxvadasxva zomisad aRiqvamdnen; im xelSi, romelSic patara

burTi eWiraT, rogorc wesi, didi zomis burTis SegrZneba

hqindaT, raki is ase SeigrZneboda, uwindeli ganwyobis fonze

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da piriqiT, did burTs patarad aRiqvamdnen, raki ufro didis

aRsaqmelad iyvnen ganwyobilni.

ganwyobis eqsperimentulad Seqmnis sxva variantSi

cdis pirebs, ekranze 3_5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi TeTr-ruxi

ganaTebis cimcims aCvenebdnen (profesori barnab xaWapuriZe);

amis Semdeg magidaze dawyobil sxvadasxva zomis, formis da

feris geometriuli figurebidan erT-erTis amorCevas

sTxovdnen; aRmoCnda, rom isini swored im figurebs irCevdnen,

rasac ekranze ise `xedavdnen~, rom ar icodnen, rom

`xedavdnen~ anu qvezRurblovani gamRizianeblis saxiT _ es

figurebi ise iyo proeqcirebuli, rom cdis pirebi mas

mxolod sinaTlis cimcimad aRiqvamdnen (`25_e kadris efeqtis~

msgavsad).

am eqsperimentebiT dadginda, rom moqmedi subieqtis mTlianobiTi mdgomareobis _ ganwyobis sfero, cnobierebis miRmac, aracnobieradac iqmneba da eqsperimentators SeuZlia cdis pirebs sasurveli qcevis, Tundac mcdaris, ganwyoba xelovnurad Seuqmnas.

rogorc Cans, fsiqikis es marTvadi buneba Cvenma winaprebma, mecnierebamdel periodSic icodnen da sasurveli qceva-moqmedebebis mimarT axalgazrda Taobas, garTobiTi, miTologiuri da saintereso formiT iseTi ritualebi da dResaswaulebi dauweses, rac saWirod da sargeblod miaCndaT; droTa ganmavlobaSi am ritualebisa da dResaswaulebis mimarT iseTi fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobebi Seiqmna, rom folkloris saxiT Cvenamdec moaRwia; sabWoTa ideologias ki aranairi aracnobieris aRiareba ar surda; amis dasturia im sibrZneebis ugulvebelyofa, rac kacobriobas uxsovari, mecnierebamdeli periodidan daugrovebia, maT did nawils `crurwmenebi~ uwoda da adamianTa mexsierebidan maT amoZirkvas Seecada.

meoce saukuneSi, fsiqoanalizma (mis Semqmnelad zigmund froidi iTvleba), fsiqikuri `saidumloebebis~ asaxsnelad berZnuli miTologia gamoiyena; ufro adre ki, sulxan-saba orbalianma folklorul sibrZneebs cnobili Sedevri _ `sibrZne sicruisa~ uZRvna.

16

folkloruli `cru sibrZneebis~ nimuSia dRemde xalxis mexsierebaSi SemorCenili zogierTi monoTeistur religiamdeli ritualiebi _ natvris xis, msxverplSewirvis, alternatiuli mkurnalobis, sulieri Tu usulo, ciuri Tu miwieri sagnebisa da arsebebis Tayvaniscema da TviT yvelaze `uazro~ sayofacxovrebo, yoveldRiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli `crurwmenebi~.

yvela amaTganis saSualebiT adamianis fsiqikaSi Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba da misi Sesatyvisi qceva-moqmedebisTvis mzaoba _ ganwyoba iqmneba, rac dadebiTi Sedegebis miRwevis didi albaTobaa.

`natvris xeze~ Sebmuli Wreli naWris `Sewirvisas~, am mSvenier `msxverpls~ morwmune adamiani, Tavisi cxovrebis uaxloesi miznis asrulebas Txovda; ritualis Sedegad adamianis cnobierebaSi Tavisi am miznis miRwevis ganwyoba fiqsirdeba, `gabatondeba~ (dominanti xdeba), rac am adamianis mTeli fsiqikuri energiis mobilizebas miznis miRwevisken mimarTavs da misi miRwevis did albaTobas qmnis.

`Wiakokonobis~ `crurwmenis~ namdvili daniSnuleba _ gazafxulze ezo-Semogarenis gasufTavebiT Segrovili, nazamTrali ekal-bardebiT (da ara Tanamedrove, rezinis saburavebiT) koconis gaCareba iyo; maSindeli xalxis rwmeniT, `romel ezoSic aRdgomis wina kviraSi Wiakokona ar dainTTeba, im ezo-garemos eSmakebi daepatronebian~; es rwmena, Cveni gagebiT, cru sulac araa, ramdenadac miTiuri `eSmakebi~ realuri ekal-bardebia, Tavisi mavne SedegebiT.

aseve, adamianis cnobierebaSi gabatonebuli, dominanturi mdgomareobis aracnobierad miRwevis meqanizmia msxverplSewirvac; risTvisac adamiani msxverpls wiravs, isaa am adamianis umTavresi Rirebuleba drois romeliRac garkveul monakveTSi; msxverplSewirvis Semdeg mis cnobierebaSi es Rirebuleba gabatondeba anu dominanti xdeba, rac `natvris xis crurwmenis~ msgavsad, mTel fsiqikuri energiis mobilizebas iwvevs da rac miznis miRwevis did Sanss qmnis.

amave rangis `crurwmenad~ anu `Ruza xumrobad~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos bavSvis `SeSineba~ _ Tu Wamis dros TefSze kerZs datoveb (bolomde ar SeWam), ulamazo coli (an qmari) Segxvdebao; am xumrobis xSir-xSirad Sexseneba bavSvs

17

`lamazi meuRlis~ SerCevis survils da adamianis erT-erTi mTavari Rirebulebis _ silamazis ganwyobas ufiqsirebs.

dRemdea SemorCenili wveulebisas magidis kuTxeSi moxvedriT dauqorwinebeli axalgazrdebis saxumaro `SeSineba~ _ Svid weliwads ver daqorwindebio! marTalia dRes am `saSiSroebis~ aravis eSinia, magram es `crurwmenac~ droulad daqorwinebis xumrobiT Sexsenebis meTodi iyo da misi mizani aseve gaucnobiereblad, daqorwinebis ganwyobis Seqmna iyo.

`crurwmenebSi~ moiazreba agreTve, mozardi TaobisTvis warmatebisa da Tavis tolebSi pirvelobis mopovebis mastimulirebeli, aseve `SeSinebis~ meTodi _ Tu fexis dabanisas xelebis magier meore fexs iyenebdnen, ufrosebi SeniSvnas aZlevdnen _ ase nu gaakeTeb, Torem toli gajobebso.

aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT socialisturi ideologiis mier `crud~ Seracxuli da dagmobili, saaRdgomod wiTlad kvercxis SeRebvisa da erTmaneTisTvis qristes aRdgomis milocvis lamazi tradiciac; albaT maSin veravin gabeda misi aSkarad dacva, miuxedavad imisa, rom am `sicruem~, dResaswaulis xiblTan erTad, didi samsaxuri gauwia.

asevea yvela sakulto dResaswauli Tu `uazro~ sayofacxovrebo `crurwmena~; isini adamianis fsiqikaSi raime Rirebulebis myarad Canergvas da mizanSewonili qcevis ganwyobas afiqsireben; miTiuri formiT gadmocema ki maT upiratesobaze ufro metyvelebs, vidre cruobaze, ramdenadac, mecnierebamdeli adamianebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebisTvis, ase ufro saxaliso, dasamkvidrebeli da Sesasrulebelia, vidre gonebis karnaxiT an avtoritetismieri iZulebiT.

vfiqrob, rom `cru sibrZneebidan~ Cven dResac bevris swavla SegviZlia; maTi gacnobiereba da Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi meTodebiT Sesruleba ki aravis avnebs.

rac Seexeba zogierTi imaTganis mavneobas, ver uarvyofT, ganwyobis Seqmnis meqanizmebi asocialuri mizniTac rom SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli, magram amgvari saSiSroebisgan arc mecnieruli aRmoCenebia dazRveuli, ris gamoc maTze uaris Tqma, dRes azrad aravis mouva. literatura References:

18

1. uznaZe d., ganwyobis fsiqologia, t. IV, `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~,

1986.

2. froidi z., fsiqoanalizi, `ilia WavWavaZis universitetis gamomcemloba~ Sesavali azrovnebaSi~, 2000.

3. gafrindaSvili r., fsiqologiamdeli `fsiqologia~ qarTul folklorSi, Jurn. saistorio

vertikalebi # 22, `tu~, 2011.

Roza Gaprindashvili

The theory of attitude and psychology of “superstition”

Summary

Dimitri Uznadze, in order to explain behavior expediency, worked out the

theory of attitude that became the subject of research for Georgian school of

psychology.

Attitude expresses inherent availability to behavior, and it is the basis of

behavior’s determinacy; according to the concept of Georgian psychologists the

sphere of attitude – intact state of a subject creates beyond the cognition, non-

consciously, too; but Soviet ideology didn’t want to recognize it. It is confirmed by

the neglect of such whole wisdom that has been collected by mankind before the

scientific period in the form of superstition.

Despite “falsehood”, the most part of it nevertheless came down to us and

this wisdom has been “rediscovered” by psychology in the XX century. Ancient, hieratic (cult) holidays or domestic “superstitions” serve to firm

implementation of some values in humans’ mentality and creation of expedient

behavior’s attitude that sets up a high probability of positive results achievement.

Their exposition in the mythical form better testifies their advantages, then

falsehood, since it is rather funny and easily to perform in such manner then at

sense’s dictation or under authoritative compulsion.

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Keywords: The theory of attitude, Dimitri Uznadze,

Psychology of “superstition”.

Reviewer: Professor Vano Chiaureli, Georgian Technical University

Роза Гаприндашвили

Теория установки и психология «суеверия»

Резюме

Дмитрий Узнадзе для разъяснения целесообразности поведения

разработал теорию установки, которая стала предметом исследования

грузинской школы психологов.

Установка выражает внутреннюю готовность к поведению и

является основой определенности поведения; согласно концепции

грузинских психологов, сфера установки – целостного состояния субъекта,

создается и за пределами сознания, неосознанно; однако советская идеология

не желала признавать это. Свидетельством этому отрицание той мудрости,

которая была накоплена человечеством до научного периода, в виде

«суеверия». Несмотря на «лживость», большая их часть дошла все же до нас и

эта мудрость была «открыта заново» психологией в 20-м веке.

Древние, культовые праздники или бытовые «суеверия» служат

прочному внедрению каких-либо ценностей в психику человека и созданию

установки к целесообразному поведению, что дает большую вероятность

достижения позитивных результатов. Их изложение в мифической форме

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говорит скорее об их преимуществах, нежели о лживости, поскольку

осуществить это веселее и легче, чем под диктовку разума и авторитетным

принуждением.

Ключевые слова: Теория установки, Дмитрий Узнадзе, психология

«суеверия».

Рецензент: профессор Вано Чиаурели. Грузинский технический


oTar qoCoraZe

adamianuri resursebis marTvis Cinuri strategia

Zveli Cinuri kultura mdidaria mmarTvelobiTi urTierT-qmedebis tradiciebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad dafuZnebuli aris daosizmis (religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic Seicavs filosofiis, religiis, mistikis, sameditacio praqti-kisa da mecnierebis elementebs) msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenebze.

Zveli Cinuri mmarTvelobiTi Teoriis erT-erT saintereso

nimuSs warmoadgens sun Zi-s (Cin., 孫子) traqtati “omis

xelovneba” (Cin., 孫子兵法,). es aris Zveli CineTis yvelaze cnobili traqtati, romelic

eZRvneba politikasa da samxedro strategias. igi warmoadgens “samxedro filosofiis skolis” (bin-Zia-s) ZiriTad teqsts.

Sedgeba 13 Tavisagan: 1. winaswari gaTvlebi (始計，始计); 2. omis

warmoeba (作戰，作战); 3. strategiuli Tavdasxma (謀攻，谋攻);

4.Fforma (軍行，军行); 5. Zlevamosileba (兵勢，兵势); 6. sisavse

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da sicariele (虛實，虚实); 7. brZola omSi (軍爭，军争); 8. cxra

saxecvaleba (九變，九变); 9. laSqroba (行軍，行军); 10. adgilis

formebi (地形); 11. cxra adgili (九地); 12. sacecxle Tavdasxma

(火攻); 13. jaSuSebis gamoyeneba (用間，用间).

sun Zi-s zogadi meTodologia aerTianebs Tavis TavSi socialuri homeostazis SenarCunebis konfucianur safu-Zvlebsa da samyaroseuli dao-s daosistur dialeqtikas, in-ian-is skolis kosmiur ciklizms, legistur politikur mecnierebasa da mo-istebis marTvelobiT pragma-tizms.Mmocemuli sinTezi, romelic warmoadgens oms (bin-s), erTis mxriv, rogorc “saxelmwifos diad saqmes”, “sikvdilisa da sicocxlis niadags, arsebobisa da daRupvis gzas (dao-s)”, da meores mxriv “motyuebis gza”-s, ganzogadebulia 5 principSi: “gza” (xalxisa da mmarTvelis erTsulovneba); “ca” (drois Sesatyvisoba); “miwa” (adgilis Sesatyvisoba); “sardali” (swori xelmZRvaneloba, es ki aris goni, Wkua), miukerZoebloba (samarTlianoba), humanuroba, vaJkacoba, simkacre); “kanoni” (organizebuloba da disciplina). sun Zi-s mixedviT mocemul cnebebs gaiazreben da maT realizebas axdenen Semdegi 7 gaTvliT: flobs Tu ara mmarTveli “dao”-s (gzas); gaaCnia Tu ara mxedarTmTavars unari; “cisa” da “miwis” Taviseburebebis gacnobiereba; kanonebisa da brZanebebis Sesrulebadoba; jaris siZliere; meTaurebisa da jariskacebis gawvrTnis (ganswavlulobis) xarisxi; dajildoebisa da dasjis samarTlianoba.

traqtatSi ganxiluli aris oponentebTan da xelqveiTebTan efeqtiani urTierTqmedebis organizaciis ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa codnac friad sasargeblo aris mmarTvelobiTi urTierTqmedebis procesSi.

mmarTvelobiTi principebidan, metaforuli saxiT warmodgenili traqtatSi, SeiZleba gamoiyos ramodenime ZiriTadi principi:

brZolis gareSe gamarjveba – es aris Zveli Cinuri mmarTvelobiTi tradiciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi. misi arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: moigo omi, misi warmoebis gareSe. mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoa-dgens, misi megobrad gadaqceva. Tu ar xerxdeba misi megobrad gadaqceva, unda mospo mowinaaRmdegis Canafiqri. ise Secvalo

22

misi wamodgena konfliqtis SesaZlo Sedegebze, rom masze arc ifiqros. Tu ar xerxdeba misi Canafiqris mospoba, unda mospoT misi kavSirebi. rodesac dainaxavs, rom rCeba mokavSireebis gareSe, igi an uars ityvis Tavis ganzraxvaze, an kidev gadadebs mas situaciis garkvevamde. xolo, rodesac omi gardauvali xdeba, Tqveni yuradRebis obieqti unda gaxdes misi armia.

sun Zi wers: “1. ...: omis wesebis mixedviT yvelaze ukeTesia mowinaaRmdegis saxelmwifo SeinarCuno mTelad (mTlianad), meore adgilzea, daamxo es saxelmwifo. saukeTesoa SeinarCuno mowinaaRmdegis armia mTlianad, meore adgilzea – gaanadguro igi. saukeTesoa – SeinarCuno mowinaaRmdegis brigada, meore agdilzea gaanadguro igi. saukeTesoa SeinarCuno mowinaaRmdegis batalioni mTlianad, meore adgilzea – mospo is. saukeTesoa SeinarCuno mowinaaRmdegis aseuli mTlianad, meore adgilzea – gaanadguro igi. saukeTesoa SeinarCuno mowinaaRmdegis oceuli mTlianad, meore adgilzea gaandguro igi. amitom, asjer SeebrZolo da asjer gaimarjvo – es ar aris ukeTesis ukeTesi. yvelaze ukeTesia daamarcxo sxvisi armia ubrZolvelad.

2. amitom, yvelaze ukeTesi omi aris mospo mowinaaRmdegis Canafiqri; meore adgilzea, mospo misi mokavSireebi, Semdegia, mospo misi jarebi. yvelaze ukeTesia cixesimagris alyaSi moqceva. simagreebis alyis wesebis mixedviT. aseTi alya maSin unda xdebodes, roca igi gardauvalia. didi farebis, saalyo etlebis momzadebas, miwayrilebis mowyobas, aRWurvilobis momzadebas sami Tve dasWirdeba; magram sardali, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavisi mouTmenloba daZlios, Tavis jars, rogorc WianWvelebs, agzavnis ieriSze; am dros jariskacebisa da oficrebis erTi mesamedi iRupeba, simagre ki auRebeli rCeba; aseTi aris alyis damRupveli Sedegebi.

3. amitom is, vinc icis omis warmoeba, ubrZolvelad inarCunebs sxvis armias; alyis gareSe iRebs sxvis simagreebs; anadgurebs sxvis saxelmwifos ise, rom Tavis jarebs didi xniT ar akavebs. igi usaTuod inarCunebs yvelafers mTelad da ibrZvis, raTa sruli uflebebi moipovos cisqveSeTSi. amitom, iaraRis daClungebis gareSe SeiZleba naxo sargebeli: swored es aris strategiuli Tavdasxmis wesi.

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4. omis warmoebis wesi gveubneba: Tu Seni Zalebi aTjer aRemateba mowinaaRmdegisas, Semoewyve mas yoveli mxridan: Tu Seni Zalebi xuTjer aRemateba mowinaaRmdegisas - Tavs daesxi mas; Tu Zalebi Tanabaria, SesZeli SebrZoleba; Tu Zalebi naklebi gaqvs – SesZeli misgan Tavis dacva; Tu Sen Tundac raime mcire gaqvs uaresi – SesZeli Tavi aarido mas; amitom, is vinc mcire ZalebiT ibrZvis jiutad, Zlieri mowinaaRmdegis tyve xdeba.

5. sardali saxelmwifosaTvis igivea, rac samagri oTxTvalaze; Tu samagri mWidrod da kargad aris morgebuli, saxelmwifo usaTuod Zlieria. Tu samagri moiSala – saxelmwifo usaTuod dasustdeba...

6. amitom armia Tavis saxelmwifosagan iCagreba sam SemTxvevaSi:

- roca man ar icis, rom armia ar unda amoqmeddes da mainc ubZanebs mas gailaSqros; roca man ar icis, rom armiam ukan unda daixios da ubrZanebs ukuiqces – niSnavs, rom igi armias boWavs.

- roca man ar icis ras warmoadgens armia, igi mas imave wesebiT marTavs, romliTac marTavs saxelmwifos; maSin meTaurebi armiaSi ibnevian.

- maSin, roca man ar icis, Tu ra aris taqtika armiaSi, is dasaniSnavad iyenebs imave meTodebs, romelsac saxelmwifoSi iyeneben; am dros armiaSi meTaurTa aRelveba iwyeba.

7. roca armiaSi aRelveba da dabneuloba iwyeba, ubedureba modis Tavadebidan, es ki niSnavs: sakuTari armiis rRvevas da mowinaaRmdegisaTvis gamarjvebis gadacemas.

8. amitom cnobilia, rom gamarjveba modis 5 SemTxvevaSi: imarjveben, roca SeuZliaT gamoiyenon, rogorc didi, aseve mcire Zalebi; imarjveben iq, sadac ufrosebsa da umcrosebs erTi da igive survilebi aqvT; imarjveben maSin, roca TviTon frTxilni arian da moTminebiT elodebian gaufrTxileblobas mowina-aRmdegis mxridan; imarjvebs is, visac niWieri mxedarTmTavari hyavs da xelmwife ar xelmZRvanelobs mas.

9. amitom amboben: Tu icnob mowinaaRmdeges da icnob sakuTar Tavsac, ibrZole Tundac asjer, - safrTxe ar mogelis; Tu icnob sakuTar Tavs da mowinaaRmdeges ar icnob, gaimarjveb erTxel, meored damarcxdebi; Tu arc Tavs icnob

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da arc mas, - roca ki ibrZoleb yovelTvis damarcxdebi.” [1, 40-42]

brZolis gareSe gamarjvebis principis originaluri ilustracia mocemuli aqvs mark makneilis, naSromSi “sun Zi da biznesis xelovneba: menejerebis eqvsi strategiuli principi”. igi erTmaneTs adarebs Wadraks da uZveles

tradiciul Cinur magidis TamaSs go-s (Cin., 围棋). Wadrakisagan

gansxvavebiT igi iwyeba sruliad cariel dafaze. moTamaSeebi rigrigobiT deben dafaze TavianT qvebs, raTa xelSi Caigdon teritoria. saTamaSo qvis dadeba SeiZleba dafis nebismier monakveTze, unda gaafarTovo Seni samflobeloebi, da amavdroulad Tavi aarido sakuTari Zalebis uzomo gawelvas da maT datyvevebas metoqis mier. am TamaSis saukeTeso strategias warmoadgens – Tavisufali sivrcis dakaveba, xolo rodesac igi aRar darCeba, mowinaaRmdegis sust wertilebze ieriSi. TamaSis mogeba SeuZlebelia sakuTari teritoriis mcire nawilis pasiuri dacviT. yovelTvis igebs aqtiuri mxare, romelic aiZulebs metoqes mimarTos Tavdacvas. sabolood imarjvebs is, vinc SeZlebs xelSi Caigdos da SeinarCunos rac SeiZleba ufro didi teritoria saTamaSo qvebis minimaluri danaxarjiT. Serkinebis dasasrulisaTvis dafaze rCeba Zalebi, romelTac SeuZliaT gaakontrolon teritoriis udidesi nawili. aRsaniSnavia erTi saintereso garemoeba, rodesac TamaSoben didostatebi isini xelSi igdeben erTmaneTis sul ramodenime saTamaSo qvas. go-s filosofiis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebis gareSe gamarjvebis unari, Ria konfrontaciisagan ostaturad Tavis arideba da upiratesobis miRweva strategiuli saSualebebiT. [2] Cveni azriT go-s warmodgenili filosofia sasargeblo iqneba mmarTvelobiTi urTierTqmedebis procesSi.

sun Zi-s kidev erT sakvanZo filosofiur ideas warmoadgens “eride sisavses da daikave sicariele”. ar iswrafo raTa yvelgan da yovelTvis iyo mowinaaRmdegeze Zlieri. ukeTeseia moZebno adgili, sadac, mocemul momentSi, metoqe Tqvenze sustia. xelovneba mdgomareobs myariT sicarieleze dartymis xelovnebaSi.

sun Zi aRniSnavda: “1.…... : vinc pirveli midis brZolaSi da mowinaaRmdeges elodeba, igi savsea ZalebiT; vinc Semdeg, dagvianebiT midis brZolis velze da ekveTeba mters, igi ukve

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daRlilia. amitom, vinc kargad ibrZvis, is marTavs mowinaaRmdeges da saSualebas ar aZlevs, rom marTos Tavisi Tavi.

2. SegeZlos, rom mowinaaRmdege TviTon movides – es niSnavs, Semoityuo igi sargeblisaTvis; SegeZlos, rom mowinaaRmdege Semovides – niSnavs, rom dapirde mas raime boroti zraxviT. amitom, mowinaaRmdege SeiZleba maSinac daqanco, roca igi savsea ZalebiT; SeiZleba maZRaric ki aSimSilo.

3. gailaSqro iqiT, saiTac is usaTuod gaemarTeba, TviTon gaemarTo iqiT, sadac is ar gelodeba. is, vinc aTasobiT mils gadis da ar iRleba, ukacur adgilebs gadis.

4. Tavs daesxa da amave dros usaTuod daipyro, niSnavs, rom Tavdasxma moxda im adgilze, sadac is Tavs ar icavda; Tavi daicva da amave dros poziciebi usaTuod SeinarCuno – niSnavs daicva adgili, romelsac is Tavs ver daesxmeba. amitom, visac Tavdasxma SeuZlia (misi upiratesobac amaSia), mowinaaRmdegem ar icis misgan Tavis dacva sad unda moxdes. vinc Tavis dacva icis, icis Tavs sad daesxmeba mowinaaRmdege, mowinaaRmdegem ki es ar icis. zedmiwevniT daxvewili xelovneba! mis gamosaxatavad formac ki ar arsebobs. RvTaebrivi xelovneba! mis gamosaTqmelad sityvebic ki ar arsebobs. amitom swored es SeiZleba gaxdes mowinaaRmdegis bedis mWedeli.

5. rodesac win midian da mters winaaRmdegobis gaweva aRar SeuZlia, - niSnavs, rom urtyaven mowinaaRmdegis sicarieles; roca ukan ixeven da mowinaaRmdeges aRar SeuZlia ukan mogdios, niSnavs, rom siswrafea iseTi, rom is veRar geweva.

6. amitom, Tu me minda gamoviwvio brZola, mowinaaRmdegem, rom aaSenos kidevac maRali sangrebi, amoTxaros Rrma Txrilebi, sul erTia, igi ver SeZlebs ar Caebas CemTan brZolaSi. es imitom, rom me Tavs vesxmi im adgils, romelic man usaTuod unda gadaarCinos. me Tu ar minda vibrZolo, - rom davikavo kidevac adgili da daviwyo misi dacva, sulerTia, mowinaaRmdege ver SeZlebs CemTan brZolaSi Cabmas. es imitom, rom me avacden mas im gzidan, saiTac modioda.

7. amitom, Tu me mowinaaRmdeges vuCveneb raime formas, xolo es forma me ar meqneba, maSin me mTlianobas SevinarCuneb, mowinaaRmdege ki nawilebad daiyofa. mTlianobis

26

SenarCunebiT me viqnebi erTi, nawilebad daSlisas mowinaaRmdege iqneba aTi. maSin me Cemi aTiT Tavs davesxmi mis erTs. Cven bevrni viqnebiT, mowinaaRmdege ki cota. is, visac SeuZlia bevriT Tavs daesxas cotas, iseTebi, vinc maT ebrZvian, cotaa da maTi damarcxeba advilia.

8. mowinaaRmdegem ar icis sad ibrZolebs da radgan man es ar icis, mas bevri adgili aqvs, sadac mzad unda iyos. Tu aseTi adgili, sadac igi mzadyofnaSi unda iyos bevria, isini, vinc me mebrZvian, - cotani arian. amitom, Tu is mzadyofnaSi iqneba winidan, maSin mas cota Zalebi eyoleba ukan; Tu is mzad iqneba ukan, - maSin mas cota Zalebi eyoleba win; Tu is mzadyofnaSi iqneba marjvniv. maSin cota Zalebi eyoleba marcxniv; Tu is mzad iqneba marcxnidan, - cota Zalebi eyoleba marjvniv. bevri Zala hyavs mas, vinc sxvas aiZulebs, yvelgan iyos mzadyofnaSi.

9. amitom, Tu ici brZolis adgili, brZolis dRes SegiZlia aTasi milis iqiTac gadaxvide ieriSze. Tu ar ici brZolis adgili, ar ici brZolis dRe, - ver SeZleb marajvena flangiT daicva marcxena flangebi; ver SeZleb marcxena flangiT daicva marjvena flangebi; ver SeZleb ukanidan daicva wina mxare; ver SeZleb winidan daicva ukana mxare. es aris ase, Sors, ramdenime milis manZilze da axlosac, ramdenime milis siSoreze.

10. Tu CemsaviT imsjeleben, maSin iuselebs didi jaric rom hyavdeT, ras miscems es maT gamarjvebisaTvis. amitomac aris naTqvami: “gamarjvebas SeiZleba miaRwio”, mowinaaRmdeges romc hyavdes mravalricxovani jari, SeiZleba mas brZolaSi Cabmis saSualeba ar misce.

11. amitom, mowinaaRmdegis SefasebiT, mis gegmas yvela misi Rirseuli TvisebebiT da SecdomebiT aRiqvamen; mowinaaRmdegeze zemoqmedebiT ecnobian kanonebs, ris daxmarebiTac moZraobiTa da simSvidiT marTaven maT; Tu vaCvenebT maT ama Tu im formas, - gavigebT misi sikvdilisa da sicocxlis adgils; roca Seejaxebi maT gaigeb, sad aris siWarbe da sad aris nakleboba.

12. amitom, sakuTari jarebisaTvis formis micemis zRvari – es aris miaRwio imas, rom forma ar iyos. rodesac forma ar aris, maSin TviT Rrmad Sesuli mzveravic ki raimes gansjas ver SeZlebs. sargeblobs ra am formiT, igi gamarjvebis saqmes

27

masas akisrebs, magram masas amis codna ar SeuZlia. xalxma is forma icis, romlis saSualebiTac me gavimarjve, da ar icis is forma, romliTac me movaxdine gamarjveba. amitom, brZolaSi gamarjveba ar meordeba erTi da imave saxiT. igi TviT formis saxeobaTa dauSretelobas Seesabameba.

14. jarebis forma wyals waagavs; wylis formaa – gaeqces simarTles da miedinebodes qveviT; jarebis formaa – aeridos sisavses da daartyas sicarieles. wyali Tavis dinebas adgilis mixedviT axdens; jari Tavis gamarjvebas mowinaaRmdegis mixedviT adgens.

15. amitom jarebs ara aqvT ucvleli Zala. wyals ara aqvs ucvleli forma. visac SeuZlia mowinaaRmdegis mixedviT flobdes saxecvlilebebsa da gardaqmnebs, imarjvebs kidevac. mas RvTaebas eZaxian.

16. amitom, bunebis xuT elements Soris, ar aris ucvlelad gamarjvebuli; weliwadis oTx dros Soris, arc erTi araa, romelic Tavis mdgomareobas inarCunebs. mzesac ki aqvs xanmokleoba da xangrZlivoba, mTvaresac aqvs sicocxle da sikvdili. [3, 47-49]

rusi fsiqologi o. evtixovi monografiaSi “liderobis treningi” aRniSnavs, rom am principis gamoyenebaSi araferi ar aris uweso an arasportuli. nadirobisas lomic ki irCevs ara yvelaze swraf antilopas, aramed yvelaze xelmisawvdoms. es principi sakmaod efeqtiania mmarTvelobiTi uerTierTqme-debebis dros. magaliTad, rodesac Tqven wamogiyeneben ramodenime braldebas, yvelaze kargi iqneba jer daamasxvrioT yvelaze susti argumenti. misi uaryofiT, Tqven SegeZlebaT eWvqveS daayenoT danarCenebi, gaaZlieroT Tqveni poziciebi da amiT moamzadoT momavali gamarjveba. msgavsi strategia efeqtiania biznesSic. xSir SemTxvevaSi menejerebi cdiloben sakuTari strategiuli problemebis gadawyvetas konkurentebis Zlier poziciebze ieriSiT (anu isini iswrafvian mibaZon konkurentebs imaSi, raSic maT warmatebas miaRwies, da surT miaRwion msgavs Sedegs imave saSualebebeiT). mibaZva – strategiis yvelaze uxeSi saxeobaa. warmatebis misaRwevad saWiroa ara konkurentis mier gamoyenebuli strategiuli sqemis kalkireba, aramed sakuTari unikaluri strategiis SemuSaveba. strategiuli xelovneba mTeli sisavsiT maSin vlindeba, Tuki adamiani SesZlebs mimarTos Tavisi Zala

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konkurentis sisustis winaaRmdeg. mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba maqsimaluri warmatebis miRweva, resursebis dazogva, srul gamofitvamde warmoebuli xangrZlivi da ZviradRirebuli brZolis Tavidan arideba. [4]

Zveli Cinuri mmarTvelobiTi urTierTqmedebis tradiciis kidev erTi margaliti aris egreT wodebuli 36 stratagema

(Cin., 三十六計). traqtati warmoadgens 36 idiomisagan (sul 138 ieroglifi)

Semdgar sias da maT mokle ganmartebebs. staratagemebis komentarebi Sedgenilia Cinuri klasikuri literaturis

nimuSis ’’gardasaxvaTa kanonis’’-a (Cin., 易經,ing., Book of Changes) da legistebis filosofiis magaliTebze. aTaswlovani dakvirvebis, analizisa da sinTezis saSualebiT Cinelebma Seqmnes rTuli situaciidan gonivrulad gamosvlis meTodika.

mis avtorobas svxadasxva dros miawerdnen xan sun Zi-s, xanac juge lian-s. igi istoriaSi pirvelad 1500 wlis win samxreT cin-Si gamoCnda. daaxloebiT 300 wlis win, min-is dinastiis dasasruls da cin-is dinastiis dasawyiss ucnobma swavlulma gadawyvita patara wignSi Tavi moeyara e.w. “36 stratagemisaTvis”, romelsac pirobiTad – “omis saidumlo xelovneba” ewoda. 36 stratagema vrceldeboda mxolod xelnaweris saxiT. stratagemebis gagebis gasaRebi pirvelsave ieroglifebSia Cadebuli:

六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽變理，機在其中。機不可設，設則

不中。

’’eqvsjer eqvsi tolia ocdaTeqvsmetis. gaTvlaSi _ daxelovnebaa, daxelovnebaSi _ gaTvla. in-i da ian-i erTmaneTs cvlian, maszea dafuZnebuli

(samxedro) xriki. saWiro fandis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia,

tlanq dagegmvaSi ar aris gamarjveba”. ganmarteba: gaTvaleT da kidev gaTvaleT da Zalianac nu geqnebaT

principebis imedi. es principebi TviTon gaixsnebian Tqvens gaTvlebSi, xolo gaTvlebis arsis gandoba (gaziareba) ar SeiZleba.

29

xedavde omis xelovnebaSi mxolod xelovnebas da ar icode, rom es xelovneba dafuZnebulia zust gaTvlebze, - niSnavs, rom ar ici rogor isargeblo xelovnebiT.

fandebi da intrigebi omis xelovnebaSi yovelTvis gamomdinareoben movlenaTa bunebrivi dinebidan da adamianuri grZnobebidan.

TviT umciresi ugergiloba (mouxerxebloba) maT gamoyenebaSi warmoSobs eWvebs da gamoiwvevs ukmayofilebasa da mRelvarebas. maSin veRar gamoiyeneb vercerT magaliTs. tradiciulad 36 stratagema iyofa eqvs qvejgufad, eqvsi stratagema TiToeulSi. pirveli sami gamoiyeneba, roca erT mxares aqvs upiratesoba, xolo danarCeni sami, roca upiratesoba sxvis xelSia. Tumca msgavsi dayofa pirobiTia. 36 stratagemis aTaswleulebis manZilze gamoyenebam, Cinel strategebs erTi ram aswavla – 36 stratagemis mTavari upiratesoba mis moqnilobasa da efeqtianobaSi aris. 36 stratagemis originaluri teqsti Seicavs ramodenime azrobriv Sres: - oTxi, an, Zalian iSviaTad, sami ieroglifisagan Semdgari 36 gamonaTqvami, romlebic warmoadgenen staratagemebis saTaurebs; - mocemuli stratagebis principis mokle ganmarteba; - amonaridi Zveli Cinuri kanonidan ’’cvlilebaTa kanoni’’-

dan (Cin., 易經,ing., Book of Changes), romelSic axsnilia stratagemis azri ’’cvlilebaTa kanoni’’-s terminebiT; - stratagemis vrceli komentari, sadac xSirad aris miTiTebebi misi gamoyenebis istoriul precedentebze. msgavsi kompozicia asaxavs kanonis tradiciul stuqturas, romelic sayovelTaod miRebuli teqstisagan gansxvavebiT imarTeba ara gadmocemis Tanmimdevruli logikiT, aramed swored rom formis TviTSezRudviT, azris gawyvetiT, mniSvnelobebis ukiduresobiT, anu Cinuri tradiciis eniT rom vTqvaT, swored gamocdilebaSi arsebuli im “sicarieliT”, romelic Seicavs qmedebis amouwurav potencials da Tavis TavSi moicavs yovelive arsobrivs, warmoadgens “aTi aTasi sagnis fesvs”. Cinuri kulturuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, saidumlo aris WeSmaritebis yvelaze utyuari niSani. amiT aixsneba, albaT, maTi didi daintereseba samxedro strategiiT _ motyuebis

30

xelovnebiT par excellence-T, magram motyuebis ara dasavluri, evropuli, gagebiT, sadac igi gaigivebuli aris gamorCenasTan, mzakvrobasTan. gavixsenoT laroSfukos sayovelTaod cnobili 124-e maqsima: «Les plus habiles affectent toute leur vie de blâmer les finesses* pour s'en servir en quelque grande occasion et pour quelque grand intérêt». ‘’WeSmaritad gaqnili adamianebi mTeli cxovreba ise iqcevian, TiTqosda ezizRebaT eSmakoba, sinamdvileSi ki TadarigSi aqvT gadanaxuli gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisaTvis, romlebic gansakuTrebul sargebels uqadian’’. [5] Cinuri kulturuli tradiciis Tanaxmad motyueba dafuZnebuli aris realobis siRrmiseuli kanonebis codnaze, an ufro swored rom vTqvaT, xiluli samyaros orazrovani statusis gagebaze, romelic erTdroulad warmoadgens da ar warmoadgens realobas. rameTu motyueba SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac bolomde SenarCunebuli aris mimdinare movlenebis sinamdvilis (utyuarobis) SegrZneba. garkveulwilad, xom swored rom iluzia aris simarTlis yvelaze utyuari sabuTi. [6, 7, 8]

Cveni azriT, Cinur stratagemebis filosofiuri arsi yvelaze kargad gamoixateba sun Zi-s Semdegi debulebiT: ‘’... Tavidan ise iyavi, rogorc ubiwo qalwuli, - maSin mowinaaRmdege gagiRebs karebs. Semdeg iyavi rogorc gamovardnili kurdReli. mowinaaRmdege TavdacvisaTvis zomebis miRebas ver moaswrebs’’. [9, 64]

daskvnis saxiT gvinda avRniSnoT, rom Zveli Cinuri mmarTvelobiTi urTierTqmedebis tradicia yvelaze kargad miesadageba saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas, diplomatias, biznessa da omis xelovnebas. mas iyenebdnen ara marto mxedarTmTavrebi, aramed saxelmwifo samsaxuris yvela rangis moxeleebi. isini daxelovnebuli iyvnen samoqalaqo sazogadoebis marTvaSi. Zvel CineTSi umaRlesi rangis moxeleebisaTvis swavlebis aucilebel Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda mocemuli traqtatebis Seswavla.

marTvis principebis msoflio gamocdilebis gacnobierebuli Seswavla warmoadgens mmarTvelobiTi procesis gaazrebisa da xelmZRvanelis profesionaluri mmarTvelobiTi msoflmxedvelobis formirebis instruments. am

31

ukanasknelSi ki Cadebuli aris misi profesionaluri warmatebisa da efeqtianobis gasaRebi.

gacnobierebuli mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis dvritas xom marTvis principebi warmoadgens. marTvis principebi ki aris xelmZRvanelis piradi gamocdilebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli is sabazo debulebebi, romlebic gansazRvravs marTvis miseul individualur stils, mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Taviseburebebs, mis damokidebu-lebas mmarTvelobiTi moRvaweobisadmi, adamianebisadmi, zneobrivi normebisa da moralisadmi. literatura References:

1. n. konradi. sun Zi. traqtati samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2000,

Tavi III, strategiuli Tavdasxma. - 432 gv. 2. Mark R. McNeilly. Sun Tzu and the Art of Business: Six Strategic

Principles for Managers. Oxford University Press, 13 April 2000. - 261 pages

3. n. konradi. sun Zi. traqtati samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2000, Tavi VI, sisavse da sicariele. - 432 gv.

4. Евтихов О. В. Тренинг лидерства: Монография. — СПб.: Речь, 2007. - 256 с.

5. http://www.fp.ulaval.ca/GBoss/aap/Duc_de_La_rochefoucauld.html 6. Тридцать шесть стратагем. Китайские секреты успеха (Перевод с

китайского В. В. Малявина) — М.: Белые альвы, 2000.

7. Зенгер Х. фон. Стратагемы. О китайском искусстве жить и выживать — М.: Эксмо, 2004. — Т. 1-2.

8. Жюльен, Франсуа, Трактат об эффективности. М.; СПб.: Московский философский фонд; Университетская книга, 1999.

9. n. konradi. sun Zi. traqtati samxedro xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2000, Tavi XI, cxra adgili. - 432 gv.

Otar Kochoradze

China's strategy of Human Resources

Summary

Considered “secrets" of the Chinese art of living and to survive in difficult conditions. They are based on a philosophical understanding of the process

32

management of Human Resources. Their effectiveness is confirmed in time and

space.

Keywords: management, Human Resources, art of living and to survive, time and

space.

Reviewer: Professor Shota Dogonadze, Georgian Technical University

Отар Кочорадзе

Китайская стратегия управления человеческими рессурсами

Резюме

Рассмотрены «секреты» китайского искусства жить и выживать в

сложнейших условиях. Они основываются на философском осмыслении

процесса управления человеческими рессурсами. Их эффективность

подтверждено во времени и пространстве.

Ключевые слова: управление, человеческие рессурсы, искусство жить и

выживать, время и пространство.

Рецензент: профессор Шота Догонадзе. Грузинский технический


i s t o r i a daviT paiWaZe

“damoukideblobis” oci weli

(gasazogadoebis problema Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi)

33

ama wlis 8 dekembers beloveJis xelSekrulebidan da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan 20 weli Sesruldeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios geopolitikuri konfiguraciis es Secvla dapirispirebul social-politikur sistemaTagan erTis marcxisa da meoris gamarjvebis Sedegia, rac Sesabamisad gamarjvebuli sistemis sicocxlisunarianobaze metyvelebs. saqarTveloc Sesabamisad 20 welia, rac gaTavisuflda sabWoTa okupaciisagan, rac logikurad saqarTveloSi sistemuri cvlilebebis momaswavebeli unda yofiliyo. Sesabamisad, rodesac sabWoTa imperiis daSlaze vsaubrobT Zalauneburad vgulisxmobT bevrad mets, vidre es sinamdvileSi moxda. realoba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daiSala mxolod erTiani sakavSiro partiuli aparati, erTiani sakavSiro sabWoTa armia, xolo socialur-politikuri sistema ki imperiis sivrceSi isev ucvleli darCa. am realobas Tanamedrove politologiurma mecnierebam Sesabamisi termini - „postsabWoTa sivrce“ SeurCia.

es yovelive ki imis xarjze, rom sabWoTa kavSiris periferiaze aRmocenebulma saxelmwifoebma TavianTi ganviTarebis ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze, mravali erovnuli Taviseburebebis miuxedavad, jer kidev bevri ram saerTo SeinarCunes. ZiriTadad es ybadaRebuli „Homo Soveticus”- is mentaluri memkvidreoba gaxlavT. araviTar davas ar iwvevs is mosazrebac, rom ruseTi, rogorc sabWoTa imperiis gamgrZelebeli da memkvidre, romlis sagareo da saSinao politikis ZiriTad mizansa da sakralur amocanas 1991 wels Semdgari secesiis daZleva warmoadgens, sxva mravalTan erTad, swored am garemoebas iyenebs axal saxelmwifoebze zewolisa da praqtikulad maTi marTva-gamgeblobis saSualebad... ufro metic, swored es garemoeba unda miviCnioT politikuri sistemis SenarCunebis safuZvlad sabWoTa imperiis sazRvrebSi. aRniSnulma mentalurma memkvidreobam yovel xalxSi baltiis zRvidan CineTis sazRvramde istoriuli TviTmyofadobis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvadasxva gamovlineba hpova. da Tuki baltiis saxelmwifoebma es memkvidreoba SedarebiT advilad daZlies da postsabWoTa politikuri sivrcisa da sistemisaTvis Tavis daRweva SesZles, Sua aziis qveynebSi es sakiTxi jerac ar gamxdara gansjis sagani. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo postsabWoTa sivrceSi

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gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas warmoadgens. am erTi SexedviT progresul kavkasiur respublikaSi, arsebuli formaluri da faqtiuri garemoebebis Seusabamoba mkafiod miuTiTebs mentalur „cvlilebebze“ da ruseTis strategiis Zliersa da sust poziciebze secesiis Sedegebis daZlevis TvalsazrisiT.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinere saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis analizi uaRresad droul da saWiro saqmed gvesaxeba. ZiriTadi kiTxva ki rasac pasuxi unda gaeces imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo deklarirebuli sagareo kursis miuxedavad jer kidev e.w. „postsabWoTa sivrcis“ nawilad da ram ganapiroba baltiispireTis qveynebis warmatebuli gamijvna da Sesabamisad damoukideblobac? amitomac Segnebulad varidebT Tavs bolo ocwleulis naratiul gadmocemas da gvinda ZiriTadi yuradReba qarTul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis gaazrebas davuTmoT. imisaTvis ki, rom mimdinare procesis adekvaturi Sefaseba SevZloT, sociologiuri da istoriuli eqskursi mogviwevs. sociologiuri imdenad, ramdenadac, sociologia, rogorc istoriuli mecnierebis wiaRidan aRmocenebuli, dRes ukve damoukidebeli disciplina, dakavebulia awmyos SeswavliT, istoria ki warsulis. miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, orive disciplina adamiansa da mis qmedebebs swavlobs. adamianis qmedeba ki warmoudgenelia drois kategoriis gareSe, amdenad drois kategoria aris is, rac am or disciplinas aerTianebs. sazogadod cnobilia, rom kiTxvebi warsulis mimarT awmyodan gamomdinareobs, awmyos Secnoba ki warsulis gareSe SeuZlebelia. sxva sityvebiT, istoria sociologiis gareSe brmaa, xolo sociologia istoriis gareSe carieli.

amitomac, Tanamedroveobis analizisaTvis Sesabamisad e.w. kvlevis Sereul meTodologias mivmarTeT. es empiriul dakvirvebaTa Sedegebis xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi Sefasebis kriteriumebi gaxlavT. postsabWoTa sivrceSi mimdinare procesebis analizisas logikuri, SedarebiTi, induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodologiis meSveobiT vecdebiT maTi formisa da Sinaarsis urTierT zegavlenis ara marto gagebas, aramed kauzaluri axsnis moZebnasac.

saqarTvelos istoriis ukanaskneli ocwleulis umTavres Sedegad is garemoeba unda iqnas miCneuli, rom saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributikisa da garegani

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formebis miuxedevad, saqarTvelo dRes mxolod formalurad aris damoukidebeli da aseve formalurad warmoadgens saxelmwifos Tanamedrove gagebiT. igi arafriT pasuxobs saxelmwifoebrivad Sekruli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs. ufro marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom leninizmis saukeTeso tradiciebSi igi permanentuli reformizmis mqadagebel „zedamxedvel saxelmwifod“ Camoyalibda.

amasTan, saqarTvelos istoriis ukanaskneli ocwleuli erTmniSvnelovnad dezintegraciis procesis istoriad unda iqnas Sefasebuli. dezintegraciis procesisa, romelic or ZiriTad mimarTulebaSi gamovlinda: politikuri, anu regionaluri dezintegracia - samoqalaqo

omisa da konfliqtebis Sedegad Semdgari secesia. socialuri dezintegracia - gasazogadoebis problema.

am SemTxvevaSi ufro marTebuli iqneboda gvesaubra sazogadoebrivi, anu socialuri integraciis ararsebobaze, romlis Sedegebi jer regionalur konfliqtebSi, xolo mogvianebiT ki socialur anomiaSi gamovlinda. sociologiuri mecniereba integracias or safexurad ganixilavs. pirveli safexuri e.w. socialuri integraciaa, romlis ZiriTad produqtad socialuri sistema - sazogadoeba, xolo Semadgenel elementad da aseve procesis Semoqmedad pirovneba anu individi iTvleba. gasazogadoebis Teoriis fuZemdeblad „burJuaziul marqsad“ wodebuli, sociologiuri mecnierebis klasikosi maqs veberi (1864-1920)[1] aris miCneuli. individualizmisa ki aseve klasikosi sociologi norbert eliasi (1897-1990).[2]

meore safexuri e.w. sistemuri integracia anu struqturuli funqcionalizmi gaxlavT, romelic swavlobs urTierTobebs sazogadoebriv struqturebsa da sistemebs Soris. am Teoriis fuZemdeblebad modernistuli socio-logiuri skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli - amerikeli talkot parsonsi (1902-1979)[3] da misi mowafe germaneli sociologi niklas luhmani (1927-1998)[4] iTvlebian.

amrigad Tanamedrove sociologiuri mecniereba integraciis cnebaSi gulisxmobs dialeqtikur urTierT-damokidebulebas socialursa da sistemur integracias Soris. „Tuki socialuri integraciis dros saqme gvaqvs erTi socialuri sistemis moqmedTa (anu individTa) mowesrigebulsa

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Tu konfliqtur urTierTobebTan, sistemuri integraciis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mowesrigebulsa Tu konfliqtur urTierTobebTan erTi socialuri sistemis nawilebs (anu struqturebs) Soris“.[5]

saqme exeba urTierTmimarTebas nawilsa da mTels Soris. es mTeli, anu Tavad sistema aris sazogadoeba, romelic Sedgeba garkveuli raodenobis elementebisagan (pirovnebebisagan, individebisagan) da garkveuli raodenobis relaciebisagan (kontaqtebisagan, urTierTobebisagan).[6] amave dros sazogadoeba ganixileba mravlismomcvel sistemad, romelic Tavis mxriv funqcionalur sistemebSi diferencirdeba.

Tanamedrove sociologiuri mecniereba swavlobs sazogadoebrivi sistemebis funqcionalur diferenciacias da maT urTierTdamokidebulebas, urTierT wesrigs. saubaria integraciaze diferenciaciis gziT. rodesac TiToeuli subsistema mniSvnelobas iZens mxolod mTelis arsebobis pirobebSi, magram diferencirdeba sxvebisagan. amis winapirobaa pluralizmi yvela sistemur doneze. Suamavlad ki interprenetraciis principi gvevlineba.[7]

Tuki sistemuri integraciisaTvis amosaval wertils sazogadoebrivi sistemebis diferencireba warmoadgens, maSin individualizacia SeiZleba socialuri integraciis winapirobad warmovidginoT (diferenciaciis gagebiT pirovnul doneze),[8] romlis mTavar elements adamiani - pirovneba warmoadgens. amgvari Sexeduleba efuZneba individualuri da sazogadoebrivi struqturebis ganviTarebas, romelnic ar arian erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebulni, aramed erTmaneTTan inderdependentul urTierTobaSi imyofebian da amdenad mudmivi cvlilebis process eqvemdebarebian.

amrigad sistemuri da funqcionaluri diferenciacia Tanamedroveobis anu modernizmis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel niSnad unda iqnas miCneuli. individualizacia ki socialuri integraciis anu gasazogadoebis procesad. aqsiomaturad SeiZleba JRerdes, rom gasazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs moderni, rom sazogadoebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, verc misi struqturebi da sistemebi iarsebeben. amrigad pirovneba, rogorc mTelis mikroelementi, mTeli konstruqciis safuZvlad unda iqnas Sefasebuli.

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sxva sityvebiT, rodesac gasazogadoebaze vsaubrobT, saqme exeba pirovnebis integracias sistemaSi. dasavluri „individualisturi“ tradiciis Sesabamisad, pirovneba garkveuli mniSvnelobiT „TviTRirebulebaa“, es aris statusi, igi ara mxolod samarTlis subieqtia, aramed gadawyvetilebis mimRebi, moqmedi... ese igi saqme exeba qmedebis wess, moqmedis ekonomikursa da socialur racionalurobas. damoukidebeli da racionaluri qmedebis wesi ki mxolod ekonomikurad damoukidebeli pirovnebis Tvisebaa. mokled rom vTqvaT, saqme exeba individualuri da koleqtiuri identobis Tanxvedras. vinaidan individi iseve iZens mniSvnelobas mxolod koleqtivSi, socialuri integraciis dros, rogorc TiToeuli subsistema mTelis, anu sazogadoebis arsebobis pirobebSi sistemuri integraciis dros.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba TanamedroveobaSi moqalaqis ormagi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba, rogorc Bourgeois Tu Citoyen.[9] qarTuli SesatyvisiT qalaqelisa Tu moqalaqis... rogorc ekonomikuri zrdis mauwyeblisa Tu rogorc saxelmwifos moqalaqisa, romelic monawileobis Tanabar Sansebs iTxovs.

am terminebis Tanamedrove gageba iseve, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa „...orive mniSvnelobas erTmaneTSi urevs da amiT gaugebrobas iwevs, TumcaRa es Tavdapirvelad mxolod Zveli romauli „societas civilis“ Targmani iyo, rac dRevandel anglo-saqsonur civil Society-Si agrZelebs arsebobas“.[10]

am cnebebis aRreva da gaugebroba postsabWoTa sivrceSi gansakuTrebulad sagrZnobia. vinaidan uiniciativo moqalaqeebic saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian, romelTac ucilobeli moqalaqeobrivi ufleba gaaCniaT xeli miuwvdebodeT materialur dovlaTze zogadad, maT Soris: samuSao, sacxovrebelsa da samomxmareblo bazrebze, magram moklebulni arian SemoqmedebiT iniciativas. ar arsebobs sistema, romelic amas daaregulirebs, moawesrigebs - ar arsebobs sazogadoeba. ekonomikurad damokidebuli adamiani moklebulia Tavisufali qmedebis saSualebas, igi iZulebulia imoqmedos koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi qmedeba emociuri da iracionaluria. amgvari qmedebis wesi ki gasazogadoebis process verafers Sematebs.

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maSinac ki, rodesac saqme fizikur gadarCenas exeba, adamianebi ar arRveven socialur normebs, aramed TavianT mdgomareobas bediswerad aRiqvamen. aseT SemTxvevaSi erTad-erTi xsna socialuri yofis Zireul da erTbaSad cvlilebaSi mdgomareobs, revoluciebis permanentul molodinSi... revoluciebis molodini ki aseve iracionaluria. „raRaca iqneba“, „vinme gamoCndeba“ „viRac gaakeTebs“. es vinme - moqalaqe-mesakuTre socialuri integraciis mTavari elementi da Semoqmedi ki postsabWoTa sivrceSi jer kidev idevneba.. vinaidan misi damoukidebeli da racionaluri qmedebis wesi nebismieri diqtaturisaTvis umTavres safrTxes warmoadgens. amdenad postsabWoTa sivrcis ZiriTadi socialuri konfliqti aris konfliqti pirovnebasa da reJims Soris, moqmed subieqtsa da Camoyalibebul sistemas Soris.

modernizaciis Teoretikosebica da praqtikosebic ZiriTadad demokratizaciis sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesualuri normebis uzrunvelyofiT, materialuri dovlaTis samarTliani ganawilebis problemiT. am saqmeSi ki isini postsabWoTa sivrceSi fsons arsebuli mTavrobebis progresulobaze deben. sistemis uSualo Semoqmedi ki moqalaqe-mesakuTre maT TvalTaxedvidan rCebad.

“Homo Soveticus”-is mentaliteti ki, swored xelisufalTa Soris aris saZiebeli. ubralo moqalaqes ar esaWiroeba rTuli sociologiuri konstruqciebisa da Teoriebis codna. mas mxolod Tavisufali qmedebis SesaZlebloba esaWiroeba. evropaSi aRmocenebuli „mesame wodeba“ ar icnobda rTul sociologiur Teoriebs, piriqiT, sociologiuri konstruqciebi mecnierebma burJuaziis qmedebis logikis Seswavlis Sedegad SeimuSaves.

postsabWoTa sivrceSi mesakuTris arsebobis SesaZlebloba jer-jerobiT gamoricxulia. swored es garemoeba migvaCnia modernizaciis mcdelobebis warumateblobis ZiriTad mizezad am sivrceSi.

amitomac aris, rom yoveli axali saxelisuflo wesrigi garkveuli drois Semdeg mosaxleobis mier aralegitimurad aRiqmeba. pirovneba emijneba sistemas, yoveli axali xelisufleba Sesabamisad aralegitimurad moqmedebs da

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ZiriTadad mosaxleobis yvlefiT aris dakavebuli. ase brunavs mojadoebuli wre.

Tanamedrove sociologiuri skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli ralf darendorfi, (1929-2009) Tavis 1992 w. gamocemul naSromSi „Tanamedrove socialuri konfliqti“, aRmosavlursa da afrikul diqtatorul reJimebze dakvirvebis Sedegad Seqmnil viTarebas CvenTvis erTob niSandoblivad axasiaTebs: „... lamazi sityvebi ukeTesi momavlis Sesaxeb umalve axali teroristuli reJimis gamarTlebad gardaiqmneba. es SeiZleba xangrZliv diqtaturas moaswavebdes. gaWirvebas gareSe saSiSroebis fonze, an ubralod qarizmas anomiis SuagulSi“. [11]

termini „anomia“ sociologiaSi franguli sociologiuri skolis klasikosis, emil durqhaimis (1853-1917) Semotanilia. igi „anomias“ adamianis umTavres socialur problemad miiCnevs.[12] anomia subieqturi da relatiuri deprivaciis Sedegia. subieqturi deprivacia individualur doneze TviTmkvlelobis mizezic ki xdeba xolme. koleqtiur doneze „anomia“ relatiuri deprivaciis Sedegad dgeba. anomia sazogadoebis mTavari problemaa da sazogadoebis erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia da amocana adamianis anomiisagan dacvaSi mdgomareobs. anomia durqhaimis mixedviT socialuri normebis rRvevasa da socialuri wesrigis ararsebobaSi mdgomareobs. socialuri normebis daweseba da socialuri wesrigis uzrunvelyofa ki swored sazogadoebis mTavari funqciaa. koleqtiur cnobierebas, rasac igi koleqtiur sindiss „conscience collective“ uwodebs durqhaimis TeoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba. koleqtiuri grZnobebis gaTelva misi azriT sazogadoebis dezintegraciisa da aqedan gamomdinare anomiis sawindaria. Tu sazogadoebam ver moaxerxa socialuri uTanasworobis daZleva, misi arseboba aseve kiTxvis qveS dgeba. socialuri Tanasworobis radikalurad damyarebis mcdeloba misi SexedulebiT mkacr zomebs moiTxovs da integraciisaTvis ver gamodgeba. es gzac durqhaimis azriT anomiisaken midis. anomiis ZiriTadi niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arsebuli saxelmwifo wesrigi mosaxleobisagan aralegitimurad aRiqmeba, xolo TiToeulis qmedeba ara racionaluri aramed egocentruli xdeba.

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socialuri wesrigi da normebi ki mxolod sayovelTaod aRiarebul moralur disciplinas unda eqvemdebarebodes.

anomia - durqhaimis mixedviT - yalibdeba maSin, rodesac Sromis ganawileba rutinaSi gadaizrdeba da TiToeulma Tavisi samuSaos mizani aRar icis; (sabWoTa imperiis bolo wlebis erT-erT damaxasiaTeblad unda miviCnioT); anomia Cndeba iqac, sadac Sromis ganawileba Zalismierad xdeba da poziciebis miniWeba reglamentirebulia; anomiaa iseTi garemoeba, rodesac mzardi saqonlis pirobebSi TiToeuli ver Rebulobs samarTlian wils saerTo jamidan.[13] vfiqrobT, bolo ori gansazRvreba upirobod esadageba socialur mdgomareobas Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi...

mokled rom vTqvaT anomia durqhaimis ganmartebiT sazogadoebis koleqtiuri Zalis deficitis pirobebSi Cndeba. sxva sityvebiT, anomia sufevs iq sadac ar arsebobs sazogadoeba.

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTarebis mizezebi dualistur xasiaTs atarebs. imdenadve egzogenuria, ramdenadac endogenuri. rusuli okupaciis ganmavlobaSi es orive faqtori imdenad gadajaWvulia da erTmaneTze mibmuli, rom dRes maTi gancalkeveba sakmaod rTuli saqmea...

CvenSi integrirebuli sazogadoebis ararsebobis mizezebis dasadgenad ki amjerad mcire istoriuli da tipologiuri eqskursi mogviwevs...

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo Tanamedrove gagebiT wmindad evropuli movlenaa,[14] romelic saTaveebs evropuli feodalizmidan iRebs. dasavluri mecnierebis Tanaxmad evropeizmi sam ZiriTad movlenas efuZneba, es aris qristianoba, feodalizmi da berZnul-romauli samarTali. es ZiriTadad sakuTrebis sakralurad da xelSeuxeblad cnobas gulisxmobs. evropuli feodalizmis ganxilvisas bevrad ufro mravlis momcveli movlena unda warmovidginoT vidre „lenuri urTierTobebi“ anda „lenuri samarTali“. feodalizmis, rogorc wmindad evropuli movlenis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad „lenuri sistemisa“ da „alodialuri sistemis“[15] urTierT Tanaarseboba da maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba gaxlavT. qarTuli SesatyvisiT Sesabamisad sakargavisa (igive feodi,

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beneficiumi) da mamulis (igive alodi, anu absoluturi sakuTreba).

„alodialuri Tavisufleba“, evropaSi imTaviTve centraluri xelisuflebisa da lenuri sistemis qmediT SezRudvad da pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, anu individualizmis safuZvlad aRiqmeboda. evropeli mecnierebis umravlesoba mesame wodebis aRmocenebis winapirobad swored „alodialur Tavisuflebebs“ miiCnevs.[16]

niSandoblivia, rom evropuli saxelmwifo mowyoba dasabamidan icnobs centraluri xelisuflisa da pirovnebis Tanaarsebobas. rac SesaniSnavad gamoixateba formulaSi primus inter pares. amgvar urTierTdamokidebulebas lenur samflobelo institutsa da Tavisufal anu absolutur sakuTrebas Soris, mniSvnelovani gavlena unda moexdina im dauwerel feodalur urTierTobebze, rac mecnierebaSi, „dasavluri lenuri (anu feodaluri) konstituciis“[17] saxeliT aris cnobili.

amrigad, swored dinamiuri balansi am institutebs Soris aris Sida integraciis mamoZravebeli Zala, ramac dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi ganapiroba: erTobidan sazogadoebisaken, sazogadoebidan „sazogadoebrivi xelSekru-lebisaken“, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan Tanamedrove saxelmwifomde. disbalansi ki radikalizacias iwvevs, erTis mxriv alodialuri Tavisuflebebis mZlavrobam SeiZleba anarqiaSi iCinos Tavi, xolo meores mxriv ki, alodialuri Tavisuflebebis nivelirebas calsaxad avtokratiul diqtaturamde mivyavarT. orive SemTxvevaSi integraciis procesi zaraldeba.

jer kidev antikuri xanis filosofosebi: platoni, aristotele, sokrate, ciceroni da seneka sakuTrebis sakiTxs saxelmwifos mowyobis TvalsazrisiT gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. isini imTaviTve asxvavebdnen kerZo sakuTrebisa (proprietas) da mflobelobis (prossessio) cnebebs. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored am cnebebis gansazRvrebisa da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis axsnis mcdelobebi daedo safuZvlad ZiriTad filosofiursa da iuridiul moZRvrebebs, mogvianebiT ki socialur-politikur Teoriebs saxelmwifos raobisa da misi mowyobis Sesaxeb. antikuri xanis sazogadoebis damokidebuleba sakuTrebis mimarT aisaxa Zv. w. aR. 450 w. romis samarTlis krebulSi, e.w. „TormetTavSi“ Leges

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duodecim tabularum, sadac kerZo sakuTreba sakralurad da xelSeuxeblad aris gamocxadebuli.

„axali drois“ moazrovneni, rogorc mag: Tomas hobsi (1588-1679), jon loki (1632-1704), Jan-Jak ruso (1712-1778) kerZo sakuTrebas individisa da misi qmedebis Tavisuflebis xarisxTan uSualo kavSirSi ganixilavdnen. antikuri formula ut suum cuique salvum sit (TiToeuls Tavisi) maTTvis sazogadoebis arsebobisa da daniSnulebis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda. sxva sityvebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli samyaros mier ganvlili gza erTobidan sazogadoebamde adamianis rTul socialur urTierTobebs gulisxmobs, dafuZnebuls sakuTrebis Tavisufal flobasa da mis aseve Tavisufal gankargvaze. am garemoebas efuZneba kantis cnobili gamonaTqvami - sakuTrebis warmoqmnas ucilobeli logikiT respublikur saxelmwifomde mivyavarT-o. sazogadoebis wevrebis ZiriTadi uflebebi aseve romauli formulidan vita, membra, libertas iqna gamoyvanili da maTi dacvis institutad saxelmwifo iqna miCneuli. amrigad saxelmwifos funqcia „axali drois“ dasavluri filosofiuri moZRvrebebis mixedviT, sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris samarTliani urTie-rTobebis menejerobaSi gamoixateboda.Aamitomac, saxelmwifo „sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis“ Sedegia. niSando-blivia, rom „sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis“ orive klasikuri magaliTi - inglisuri Charter of Liberties (1100 w). da Bill of Rights (1689 w). - saTaurSive Tavisuflebebsa da uflebebs gulisxmobdnen. da Tuki pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda didgvarovanTa Tavisuflebebs, meore SemTxvevaSi axlad aRmocenebuli „mesame wodebis“ politikur uflebebis dakanonebazea saubari.

erTi sityviT Tanamedrove filosofiuri da sociolo-giuri moZRvrebebi adamianis socialur ganviTarebaSi or ZiriTad safexurs gamoyofs: 1. erTobisa[18] da 2. sazogadoebis.

amaTgan pirvelis ganmsazRvreli is garemoeba gaxlavT, rom misi wevrebis socialuri qmedeba tradiciulad motivirebul emociebs emyareba, xolo maTi urTierTqmedeba ki meqanikuri solidarobis niSniT xasiaTdeba.

maSin rodesac meoris SemTxvevaSi socialuri qmedeba racionalurad aris motivirebuli, xolo sazogadoebis

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wevrebis urTierTqmedeba ki organuli solidarobis xasiaTs atarebs.

amdenad sazogadoeba ganixileba, rogorc socialuri urTierTobebis sistema.

alodiumi dasavleT evropaSi sakuTrebis beneficiumze ufro adrindeli formaa da beneficiumis Seqmnis Semdegac ganagrZobs arsebobas. alodiumis mflobelebi iyvnen Zveli gvaris STamomavali feodalebi, eklesia da qalaqebi. amitomaa, rom dasavleT evropaSi aRmocenebuli e.w. „mesame wodeba“ swored, rom „qalaqelebi“ (les bourgeois) iyvnen, romelnic soflad mcxovreb feodalebs daupirispirdnen politikuri uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisaTvis brZolaSi, rogorc ekonomikurad SedarebiT gvian momZlavrebuli sazogadoebrivi fena. niSandoblivia, rom evropis axalsa da uaxles istoriaSi erovnuli moZraobebi, „qalaqelTa“, anu burJuaziuli moZraobebis sinonimia.

aRmosavleTSi sruliad sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. alodialuri sakuTrebis forma faqtobrivad qreba. Sesabamisad ikveTeba centraluri xelisufalis avtorita-rizmic. individis roli ki sazogadoebis kulturulsa da politikur cxovrebaSi sul ufro nivelirdeba.

Tuki am garemoebas gaviTvaliswinebT, gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu ratom ver hpoves burJuaziuli ganviTarebis gza Tavis droze maRalganviTarebulma da feodaluri (anu calsaxad lenuri) urTierTobebiT gamorCeulma aziurma regionebma.[19]

qarTveli xalxis istoria gansakuTrebulia im TvalsazrisiT, rom geografiuli faqtoris gamo sagareo garemoebebi saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis saqmeSi ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebdnen da asruleben kidec. dasavleTSi ki sapirispirod - sagareo politika sazogadoebis Sida ganviTarebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. Sida konsolida-ciisa da erovnuli integraciis procesi saqarTveloSi gamudmebulad ferxdeboda dampyroblebis mier.

am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvlos istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli roli bizantiasTan da mogvianebiT ruseTTan mezoblobas unda mieniWos.

novalisis [20] sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yoveli eri, rogorc idea, rogorc koleqtiuri individuumi eswrafvis ipovos Tavisi adgili gansazRvrul kulturul sivrceSi. saqarTve-

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loSi amgvar kulturad bizantiuri kultura iyo miCneuli, romelic antikuri memkvidreobisa da qristianobis sinTezad aRiqmeboda. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom Suasaukuneebis qarTveli moazrovneni da Teologebi bizantiidan ganurCevlad yvelafers ki ar iRebdnen, aramed iziarebdnen ioane damaskoelis princips filosofiis sargeblobis Sesaxeb TeologiisaTvis da seleqciis meTodis meSveobiT cdilobdnen ganesazRvraT Tu ra iqneboda msoflio filosofiidan sasargeblo qarTuli TeologiisaTvis.[21] inteleqtualebi asxvavebdnen fsevdo da originalur Txzulebebs, eklesia aRwevs avtokefalias, qarTuli feoda-luri sistema araTu gansxvavdeba bizantiurisagan,[22] romlisTvis absoluturad ucxoa sakuTrebis alodialuri sistema, aramed tipiurad dasavluri feodaluri sistemis nawils warmoadgens. sakuTrebis alodialuri[23] da benefici-uri formebis Tanaarseboba bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos dasavluri tipis feodaluri sistemis kunZulad warmoaCens axlo aRmosavleTSi. X saukune saqarTveloSi mZlavri integraciuli procese-biT xasiaTdeba. ramac logikuri dasasruli feodaluri erTeulebis erTi mmarTvelis - mefis mier gaerTianebaSi hpova, vinc aseve evropuli feodaluri samarTlis principiT iqna SerCeuli. integraciul procesebs saTaveSi qarTveli inteleqtualebi edgnen. giorgi merCules gansazRvreba „qarTlad friadi queyanai aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis, xolo kvirieleeison berZnulad iTqumis...“ - evropeizmis safuZvlebiT moazrovne adamianis naazrevia da Tamamad SeiZleba gviandeli evropuli ganmanaTleblebis winamorbedad CaiTvalos. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegebia: humanizmis ideebis qadageba qarTvel inteleqtualTa mier; politikuri TvalsazrisiT absoluturi monarqiis Camoyalibeba Tavisi wmindad evropuli maxasiaTebliT - episkoposiT, pirveli ministris rangSi; waru-matebeli da susti magram mainc parlamentis moTxovna, aSkarad miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi „mesame wodebis“ - uflebebis aRiarebis mcdelobaze. erTi sityviT saqarTvelos TavisTavadi ganviTareba tipiurad dasavluri scenariT mimdinareobda. rig sferoebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebi ki qronologi-

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urad win uswrebdnen evropaSi mogvianebiT momxdar movlenebs. integraciuli procesebis aRmavloba monRolTa gamoCenam daamuxruWa da metic, biZgi misca dezintegraciul procesebs. rodesac qarTul feodalizmze vsaubrobT, rogorc gamonaklisze aRmosavlur sivrceSi da mas evropul fenomenad miviCnevT, upirveles yovlisa „alodialuri“ miwis mflobelobis sistemis arseboba gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, romlis niSnebic jer kidev antikur xanaSi dasturdeba.[24] niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli „mamulic“ aseve tipologiur Tanxvedras amJRavnebs evropul „alodTan“.[25] aranakleb mniSvnelovania agreTve qveyanaSi absolutizmis ganviTareba da mesame wodebis - „qalaqelTa“ arsebobis pirveli niSnebic. amdenad sakuTrebis romauli samarTlebrivi gageba saqarTveloSi imTaviTve aRiarebulad unda miviCnioT. antikuri filosofiis gavlena ki saxezea saqarTveloSi ruseTTan SeerTebamde.[26] miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantiis agresiuli imperiis mezobloba saqarTvelosaTvis damoukideblobisaTvis gamudme-bul brZolas niSnavda, bizantia Tavisi antikuri filoso-fiuri skoliT kulturuli sivrcis orientiri iyo da amdenad pozitiuri gavlena iqonia integraciul procesebze saqarTveloSi. xolo bizantiis dacemam da ori Zlieri muslimanuri saxelmwifos mezoblobam ki, dezintegraciuli procesebs gauxsnes gza. sakuTrebis alodialuri forma gaxldaT is, ramac mezobeli saxelmwifoebis ormagi wnexis miuxedavad, erTis mxriv qarTuli cxovrebis wesis SenarCunebas Seuwyo xeli xolo meores mxriv, dasabami daudo xelaxal feodalizacias anu feodalur daSlas. marTalia samefo saxli legitimurad iyo miCneuli, magram TiToeulis qmedeba ara racionaluri aramed egocentruli gaxda.

feodalizmis ganviTareba ruseTSi aseve Sors aris evropeizmis tradiciisagan, alodialuri sakuTrebis forma ruseTSi ar dasturdeba. marTalia dRevandel internet sivrceSi mravlad moipoveba naSromebi, sadac avtorebi „votCinis“ institutSi „alodialuri“ sakuTrebis niSnebis povnas cdiloben, magram es koniunqturiT aris nakarnaxevi da maTTan paeqrobas aq ver SevudgebiT. gardatexa rusul feodalur sistemaSi ivane mrisxanes politikis Sedegad daiwyo. „opriCnina“ swored boiarTa alodialuri

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miswrafebebis winaaRmdeg Catarebuli RonisZiebaa, swored opriCninis Sedegia ruseTSi mi

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