სემიოტიკა #3

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ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis fakulteti fakulteti fakulteti fakulteti fakulteti semiotikis kvlevis centri semiotikis kvlevis centri semiotikis kvlevis centri semiotikis kvlevis centri semiotikis kvlevis centri semiotika semiotika semiotika semiotika semiotika samecniero Jurnali samecniero Jurnali samecniero Jurnali samecniero Jurnali samecniero Jurnali III III III III III SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL Tbilisi Tbilisi 2008

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1ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis fakultetisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikasamecniero JurnaliIII SEMIOTICSSCIENTIFIC JOURNALTbilisi Tbilisi 20082 UDC 81´22saredaqcio kolegia mTavari redaqtori cira barbaqaZe nomris redaqtori Tamar lomiZe pasuxismgebeli mdivani Tamar berekaSvili nino abakelia izabela qobalava nomris recenzentebi zurab kiknaZe mixeil qurdiani merab RaRaniZeEditorial Board Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze Edi

Transcript of სემიოტიკა #3

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ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis

fakultetifakultetifakultetifakultetifakulteti

semiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centri

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k asamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnali

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

S E M I O T I C SSCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi

Tbilisi2008

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mTavari redaqtori

cira barbaqaZe

nomris redaqtori

Tamar lomiZe

pasuxismgebeli mdivani

Tamar berekaSvili

nino abakelia

izabela qobalava

nomris recenzentebi

zurab kiknaZe

mixeil qurdiani

merab RaRaniZe

UDC 81´22

misamarTi:

saqarTvelo 0179 Tbilisi

ColoyaSvilis q. #3

semiotikis kvlevis centri

ISSN 1512-2409

© ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti 2008

saredaqcio kolegia

garekanis dizaini: daviT maWavariani

Editor-in-ChiefTsira Barbakadze

EditorTamar LomidzeExecutive SecretaryTamar BerekashviliNino AbakeliaIzabela Kobalava

ReferencesZurab KiknadzeMikheil KurdianiMerab Ghaghanidze

Editorial Board

E-mail: [email protected]

Address:Georgia 0179 TbilisiCholokashvili st. #3

Researching Centure of Semiotics

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S i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s i

filosofia da semiotika

gigi TevzaZe

paradigma da urCxuli (filosofiuri gonebis saqmis gamoZieba) 7

enisa da literaturis semiotika

cira barbaqaZe

lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia

anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi 36

qeTevan bezaraSvili

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da

qarTuli saero literaturis warmoSobis problema 51

manana kvaWantiraZe

vin aris petre? (niSnisa da konceptis

urTierTmimarTebisaTvis ilias moTxrobaSi ‘sarCobelazed~) 97

Tamar lomiZe

feris mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi

nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi 115

nana lolaZe

emociebis gamoxatvis enobrivi suraTi 122

merab RaRaniZe

dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan:

“romis sakiTxi” ilia WavWavaZisa da fiodor tiutCevis

politikur publicistikaSi 127

kulturis semiotika

nino abakelia

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi 151

Tamar berekaSvili

postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura 167

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zurab kiknaZe

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi 176

lela patariZe

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi 203

marina qavTaraZe

miTo-poeturi simbolikis Sesaxeb musikaSi

(zaqaria faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeris” magaliTze) 227

rusudan canava

agresia da rituali 235

semiotikis Teoria da istoria

mamuka biWaSvili

rolan bartis semiologiuri koncefciisaTvis 248

levan cagareli

interteqstualoba rogorc fiqcionalobis signali 260

gia joxaZe

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi 270

semiotika da sxva...

naTela arvelaZe

Teatris ena 285

cira barbaqaZe

dialogSi (ga)darCenilebi

(gigi TevzaZis filosofiuri proza `aq da yvelgan~) 298

levan bregaZe

niSani da sistema 307

zaza SaTiriSvili

qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmis xanaSi: 1859-1916 ww 312

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Philosophy and Semiotics

Gigi TevzadzeParadigm and The Beast 35

Semiotics of Language and Literature

Tsira BarbakadzeThe Identification of a Lyrical Figure orthe Concept Blood in Mukhran Machavariani’s Poetry 50

Ketevan BezarashviliThe Thinking Models of Byzantine Culture, Hellenophilism andthe Problem of Development of Georgian Secular Literature 95

Manana KvachantiradzeWho is Peter? 114

Tamar Lomidze Originality of Colour Interpretationin Nikoloz Baratashvili’s Poetry 121

Nana LoladzeLinguistic picture of expressing emotions 125

Merab GhaghanidzeThe Western Christianity from the Point of View of the OrientThe Roman Question in the Political Articlesby Ilia Chavchavadze and by Fyodor Tyutchev 150

Semiotics of Culture

Nino Abakelia“Daemons” in Georgian mythico-ritual system 166

Tamara BerekashviliPostmodernism and popular culture 175

Zurab KiknadzeThe Rhythms in the Old Testament History 201

Lela PataridzeCitizenship in Kartli Kingdom in the Context of Christianization 226

C O N T E N T S

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Marina KavtaradzeOn mythico-poetic symbolism in music 234

Rusudan TsanavaAggression and Ritual 247

History and Theory of Semiotics

Mamuka BichashviliRolan Bart’s Semiological Conception 258

Levan TsagareliIntertextuality as a signal of the fictionality 269

Gia JokhadzeRolan Barth and the Georgian Historical Discourse 282

Semiotics and . . .

Natela ArveladzeThe Expressive Language of the Theatre 297

Tsira BarbakadzeEscaped Thoughout the Dialogue 306

Levan BregadzeSign and System 311

Zaza ShatirishviliGeorgian Verse in an Age of Nationalism: 1859 -1916 317

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f i l o s o f i a f i l o s o f i a f i l o s o f i a f i l o s o f i a f i l o s o f i a d a d a d a d a d a

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k a

gigi TevzaZe

paradigma da urCxuli*

(filosofiuri gonebis saqmis gamoZieba)

…”...SeiZleba vinmem SeniSnos, rom aq daskvna

win uswrebs “dasabuTebas”. magram gana

vinme daiwyebs imis mtkicebas, risic ar

jera da ris gavrcelebaSiac ar aris

dainteresebuli”

borxesi “iudas Ralatis sami versia”

gamoZieba istoriis kvleviT unda

daiwyos. istoria msoflmxedvelobebis

urTierTCanacvlebaa. iseve, rogorc SeuZle-

belia warmoidgino adamiani msoflmxedve-

lobis gareSe, aseve SeuZlebelia warmoidgino

“istoriuli” movlena, romelsac ara aqvs

msoflxedvelobrivi safuZveli.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “pirveli” msoflm-

xedveloba _ miTi _ mTlianad moicavda

samyaros da masSi paradigmuloba(1) srulad

iyo gamoxatuli; erTi mxriv, rogorc nimuSi,

da, meore mxriv, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis

gverdiT mdgari. amitom, miT ufro sakiTxavia,

Tu ratom xdeba am msoflmxedvelobis

totaluri arsebobis sxviT Canacvleba.

gamosakvlevia, Tu ra iwvevs msoflmxedve-

lobis cvlilebas, ra aiZulebs srul da

filosofiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori. ilia

WavWavaZis saxelmwifo

universitetis reqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: Cveni

dro, sfinqsi da Zenonis

isari (cnobierebis esTe-

tika)(1993); momavlis

niSnebi (yofierebis esTe-

tika)(1995); saqarTvelo:

Zalauflebis simulaciebi

(1999); instituciuri

cvlilebebis sociologia

(2002); saqarTvelo: Zala-

uflebis dabruneb a

(2003) ; ` a q da

yvelgan~(2006).

interesTa sfero: filo-

sofia, politologia,

sociologia.

* naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda 1998 wels Jurnal

`axal paradigmebSi~. ganmeorebiT ibeWdeba mkiTx-

velTa TxovniT.

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yovlismomcvel msoflmxedvelobas, ukan daixios da sxva formebs

dauTmos adgili.

aseTia paradigmulobis saqmis kvlevisas warmoSobili pirveli

rigis problemebi. miTebi srulad aRweren samyaros. yoveli miTi

aris garkveuli kanoni. am kanonebis erTianoba iZleva Cveni garemos

srul axsnas.

am ganmartebaSi organuladaa CarTuli miTebis ritualuri

Sesruleba, romlis saSualebiTac xorcieldeba samyaro. ritualis

gareSe miTSi aRwerili SemTxveva ar ganxorcieldeba. miTur samyaroSi,

ise, rogorc sxvagan arsad, adamiani da garemomcveli samyaro

organizmul erTobas warmoadgens. isini uerTmaneTod ver arseboben.

msoflmxedveloba am garemoSi gamoixateba tradiciulobiT; yoveli

movlena aris rogorc odesRac momxdaris anarekli-gameoreba.

am harmoniul, kosmosur samyaroSi, paradigmulobis am srul

da unaklo gamoxatvaSi, sadac scenari, nimuSi da sanaxaobis

ganmsazRvreli erT “fenomenSi” aris moqceuli, xdeba raRac, rac

paradigmulobas samyaros axleburad gadawyobas aiZulebs(2).

erT-erTi aseTi movlenaa tragedia.

tragediaSi saqmis viTareba sxvagvaradaa, vidre eposSi. tragedia

ar aris Tanasworuflebiani subieqtebis urTierTqmedebiT Sedgenili

siuJeturi qarga. tragediaSi siuJeti da misi ganviTareba

protagonistis garemosTan “araadekvatur” urTierTobas eyrdnoba;

tragediis garemo Cveulebrivi, lamis yoveldRiuri mimdinareobaa,

romelsac tragediis gmiri arRvevs Cveulebrivi mimarTulebis

sawinaamRdgo moZraobiT. SemTxveva, romelic xorcieldeba tragediaSi,

rogorc misi kulminacia, mTlianad protagonistis damsaxurebaa.

anu _ movlenis Semoqmedi aris erTi subieqti, romelic Tavisi

gansakuTrebulobis gamo, yvela Tanamonawileze maRla dgas da siuJetis

SigniT maTi bedis ganmapirobeblad da ganmsazRvrelad gvevlineba.

amave rangis movlena antikur saberZneTSi aris filosofia,

romelic Tavisi metafizikuri SinaarsiT miuTiTebs raRac erT

ganmsazRvrelze (magaliTad _ formis formaze. aristotele).

aseTi msoflgageba, mowesrigebis wesi, Cndeba mogvianebiT,

qristianuli religiis gatotalurebasTan erTad. Semodis

SemTxvevebis arsebobis axali wesi. Tuki “adre” xdomilebas ramdenime

subieqtis (elementis) Tanasworuflebiani moqmedeba ganapirobebda,

axla yvelaferi, rac xdeba, erTi, gansakuTrebuli subieqtis mieraa

gamowveuli da mTeli samyaro mis biografiaSia CarTuli(3).

aqac, am epoqaSic, SeimCneva Seusabamo movlenebi, romlebic iseve,

rogorc tragedia da antikuri filosofia, sxvis BSesaxeb

gvelaparakebian(4).

gigi TevzaZe

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am epoqaSi aseTi movlena aris, upirveles yovlisa, panTeizmi;

is gveubneba, rom yvelaferi aris RmerTi, anda, yvelaferi aris

RmerTSi (pan-en-Teizmi. koplstonis termini). samyaros aseTi gawyoba

subieqtis da movlenis igiveobaze migviTiTebs. anu, subieqti ki ar

gansazRvravs SemTxvevas, TviTon subieqtia SemTxveva, misi parametrebi.

amitom, subieqtica da SemTxvevac erTad xdeba. es gawyoba, struqtura

samyaros aRqmis “qronikuli” wesidan ar gamoiyvaneba. amitomac

SemTxveviTi ar aris aseTi moZRvrebebis eresad monaTvla.

amgvari movlenebi mravlad daiZebneba. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis

gamovyoT ori maTgani, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT, formiT,

mimarTulobiT, ar “jdebian” im dros arsebul totalur da eqs-

totalur msoflmxedvelobebSi. esenia X saukuneSi qarTveli beris

ioane-zosimes mier Seqmnili mcire teqsti “qebai da didebai

qarTulisa enisa” da kopernikis heliocentruli sistema.

ptolemeosis geocentrizmi absoluturad misaRebi iyo Sua

saukuneebis ideologiisaTvis, romelic subieqts (iqneboda es moqmedi

Tu damkvirebeli) ayenebda SemTxvevis centrSi, rogorc am SemTxvevis

Semoqmeds da mTavar moqmed pirs.

heliocentruli sistema, romelic mecnierulad daasabuTa

kopernikma, antikur saberZneTSic arsebobda (Zv. w.a. III s. aristarqe

samoseli). magram is ubralod daiviwyes. es Teoria winaswarmet-

yvelebs samyaros ganxilvis axal wess, romlis mixedviTac konkre-

tuli subieqti raRac zogadis da mTlianobis mxolod erT-erTi

rigiTi monawilea da TavisTavad arafers gansakuTrebuls ar

warmoadgens. aseTi msoflmxedveloba adgens mTlianobas, erTs, romlis

WanWikebic konkretulad arsebulebia. aseT aRweras renesansuli

epoqa da konkretuli adamianis xsnaze mimarTuli eklesia ver

miiRebda. amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom traqtati “ciur sxeulTa

brunvis Sesaxeb” mxolod avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg gamoqveynda.

“damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa misisa

sawameblad, raiTa yovel enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa...

...viTarmed yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars..

...da ese ena Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisaiTa, mdabali

da dawunebuli, moelis dResa mas meored mosvlisa uflisa...”

…Sua saukuneebis msoflxedvelobaSi, ideologiaSi, ver vipoviT

vercerT kuTxes, romelSic am frazebis umtkivneulo moTavseba

iqneba SesaZlebeli. ioane zosimes es teqsti qarTul enas acxadebs

piradigma da urCxuli

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istoriis subieqtad, adarebs lazares. mTeli istoria am erTgverdian

traqtatSi warmodgenilia, rogorc qarTuli enis biografia: istoria

aris qarTuli enis aRdgomis molodini. rac niSnavs, rom istoria

aq gvevlineba zogadi subieqtis Sinagan kanonad da, rom ara es

subieqti, istoriac ar iarsebebda.

aq, erTi SexedviT, SeumCnevlad uaria naTqvami konkretuli

adamianis unikalurobaze, konkretul subieqt-RmerTze. miuxedavad

imisa, rom formiT am teqstis Sinaarsi aris RmerTis molodini,

“pirvel” adgilze (Tundac saTauris mixedviT) qarTuli enaa

dayenebuli.

konkretuli adamiani, eTnosis miuxedavad, rac aris im dros

qristianuli eklesiis zrunvis sagani, ar Cans. qarTuli ena zogadi,

yovlismomcveli subieqtia da teqsti, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs am

zogadis upiratesobas sxva zogadobebis (enebis) mimarT, meore

mxriv ki, axal wesrigze saubrobs, romelSic subieqtebi aseTi

zogadobebi iqnebian da samyaroc maTi urTierTobis mixedviT

mowesrigdeba.

es myvirala Seusabamoba, romelic Sua saukuneebis paradigmasa

da msgavs movlenebs Soris arsebobs, maleve iWreba da ixsneba im

epoqis dadgomiT, romelsac axal dros, mecnierebis aRzevebis da

ganmanaTleblobis xanas uwodeben.

axali wesrigi, romelic ganmanaTleblobaSi iRebs saTaves da

romelSic bolo dromde vcxovrobdiT, gulisxmobs subieqtis,

SemTxvevis da dro-sivrcis erTianobas. am msoflxedvelobiT

yvelaferi rac ki xdeba, aris raRac saerTos, zogadis mcire nawili.

es saerTo ki aris erTaderTi avtonomiuri arseba(5).

yovelRiurobaSi aseTi paradigma nacionalizmis saxes iRebs;

nacionalizmi sxva araferia, Tu ara istoriis subieqtad eris

dasaxva, rac niSnavs rogorc konkretuli adamianis, aseve sxva erebis

daqvemdebarebul statusSi gadayvanas.

rogorc irkveva, istoriis garkveul adgilebSi warmoiqmnebian

movlenebi, romlebsac im momentSi uparadigmoebi SeiZleba vuwodoT.

magram, rogorc vnaxeT, paradigmuloba saswrafod qmnis am axali

SemTxvevis Sesabamis paradigmas, iTavsebs mas.

istoriaSi siarulisas aRmoCnda movlenebi, romlebic maTi

konkretuli garemosTvis arian sxva. es faqtebi paradigmis Zaladobas

adasturebs.

gigi TevzaZe

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* * *

M”...mTqmelebi, romlebmac gansazRvres,

rom damxmare cxoveli SeiZleba iyos

mxolod sami da daadgines sasjeli imaTTvis, vinc

gabedavda akrZalvis darRvevas”

antonia s. baieti “jini “bulbulisTvlis”

SuSidan damzadebuli boTlidan”

TiTqosda mivediT mizanTan, aRmovaCineT dazaralebuli, romlis

povnis imedic gamoZiebis specifikuri xerxis SemuSavebisas gvqonda.

magram sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad aris dazaraleba, Zaladoba, iSviaTis

sayovlTaod qceva; zaraldeba Tu ara aristotele ideologiis

avtoritetad qceviT, anda koperniki imiT, rom yvelam icis

heliocentruli sistemis Sesaxeb, an ra akldeba ioane-zosimes misi

teqstis lamis identur frazebs msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi rom

gahyvirian? ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zaraldeba unikaluroba,

auTenturoba, magram es debulebebi argumentebi ki ara, “keTili

survilebia”. amitom gamosakvlevia, xom ar aris paradigmulobis

aseTi moqmedeba Zaladoba, Tundac sakuTari Tavis, anda arsebuli

paradigmis mimarT.

irkveva, rom aq Zaladobis faqts adgili ar hqonia.

paradigmuloba Tavis gasamarTleblad kosmogoniur miTze migviTiTebs;

kosmogoniur miTSi paradigmis yvela SesaZlo mdgomareoba

winaswar mocemulia; nebismieri kosmogoniuri ambavi, iqneba es

hesiodes Teogonia Tu “popol-vuxi”, SeiZleba sam struqturul

momentad davyoT: yvela kosmogoniuri miTi iwyeba gaurkveveli da

ganurCeveli garemos aRweriT, romelSic yovelive (ukve) arsebuli

gaerTianebulia da erT organizmad warmogvidgeba. Semdeg, am

erTianobidan warmoiSoba erTi _ Semqmneli, RmerTi, romelic iwyebs

damxmare RmerTebis (elementebis) Seqmnas. Semdeg, am elementebis

(damxmare RmerTebis) urTierTganlagebiT (RmerTebis

urTierTqmedebiT) iqmneba samyaro(6).

es niSnavs, rom Zaladoba ar momxdara. miTis paradigmaSi ukve

mocemulia yvela “sxva” msoflmxedveloba. TviTon miTSi, romlis

empiriuli, grZnobadi gamoxatva aris tradiciuloba, arsebobs sxva

ambebis konstruirebis SesaZlebloba. mTlianad kosmogoniuri miTi

piradigma da urCxuli

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ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc miTisaTvis myari tradiciuli

safuZvlis dadgenis warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba.

amrigad, raki kosmogoniuri miTi arsebobs, yvela epoqaSi aris

samive msoflxedvelobis ganxorcielebis potencia. amitom, unda

iTqvas, rom ideologia aris ara absoluturad centraluri

msoflmxedveloba, aramed mxolod totalurad.

paradigmulobis yovel moduss aqvs Tavisi sisuste, romelic

amave dros mis Zalasac warmoadgens: es aris msoflmxedvelobis

yvelgangamWolobis unari; totaluri msoflmxedveloba (ideologia)

imdenadaa totaluri, anu epoqa imdenadaa raRac epoqa, ramdenadac

Sesabamisi paradigma yvelganmyofi da grZnobadad mocemuli xdeba.

anu is totalurad igulisxmeba, Tanmyofia da grZnobad-aqsiomaturi

xdeba.

swored am dros, rodesac mis Sesaxeb ukve aRar fiqroben,

imitom rom, is namdvili para-deigma _ mudam gverdiT myofi gaxda;

rodesac azrovnebaSi misi adgili “Tavisufldeba”, iwyeba axali

samyaros Zebna.

Zebnis safexurebi da mimdevroba paradigmulobis modusiT _

kosmogoniuri miTiTaa gansazRvruli.

ase rom, “uparadigmo” movlenebi, romlebic istoriaSi vipoveT,

arian ara sxva, “ucxoni”, romlebzec paradigma Zaladobs da romelTac

isrutavs, aramed scenariT gansazRvruli moqmedeba(ebi), romelic

uzrunvelyofs axali drois dawyebas.

Tumca, uparadigmo movlenebSi arsebobs mcire uzustobani _

“Zalian adre” warmoSobili formebi; SeiZleba scenaris mesame nawilis

winamorbedi pirvelis dasasrulSi gaCndes. magram es arafriT bRalavs

paradigmulobis moqmedebas. jer erTi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, paradigmis

yvela forma yovelTvis mocemulia potenciurad, anu, centraluri

msoflmxedvelobis gverdiT yovelTvis SeiZleba vivaraudoT

marginaluris arseboba, romelic miCqmaluli da dafarulia. meorec,

empiriulad, ideologiur doneze, aseTi “gaCenilis” aucilebeli

daviwyeba xdeba (mag. antikur saberZneTSi heliocentruli sistema).

da kidev _ aseTi gadaxvevebi paradigmulobis aramc Tu damnaSaveobaze,

aramed mis poetur sulze metyvelebs, romelic viTomda mkacri

scenaridan mcire gadaxras uSvebs (rac avtoris maRal xelovnebaze

metyvelebs). aucilebel mimdinareobaSi warmoSobili mcire disonansi

_ ra unda iyos amaze kargi moqmedebis gasacocxleblad da mayureblis

dasaintereseblad! (7).

gigi TevzaZe

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* * *

“istoria jer iwereba da Semdeg xdeba”

robert muzili

am winaswari gamoZiebis safuZvelze ukve SeiZleba vilaparakoT

paradigmulobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb uSualod Cvens garemoSi.

axali dro, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris mecnierebis epoqa,

romelsac istoriuli (ara-JamTaaRmwerluri) xana SeiZleba vuwodoT.

mecnierebis paradigmis empiriuli gamoxatva aris nacionalizmi.

nacionalizmi, iseve, rogorc sxva paradigmebis empiriuli modusebi,

odesRac, jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi gaxda empiriulad

grZnobadi, TavisTavad gasagebi da TavisTavadnagulisxmevi. amaze, Tundac

misi faSisturi piki miuTiTebs.

nacionalisturi struqturis gareSe XX saukunis dasawyisidan

moyolebuli, arc saxelmwifo da arc konkretuli adamiani ar

moiazreboda.

aseTive movlenebi axlda “wina” paradigmebis gagrZnobadebas

Sua saukuneebis bolos, rodesac yvelaferi religiur prizmaSi

Canda. aseve unda yofiliyo “sakuTriv-tradiciuli” epoqis

dasasrulic.

es imas unda niSnavdes, rom paradigma, romelsac paradigmuloba

gvaCvenebda, rogorc bolos, sakuTari modusebis mimdevrobaSi

damTavrda. kosmogoniurma miTma gangvisazRvra ara marto es mimdevroba,

aramed samyarosadmi istoriuli midgomac; yvela paradigmaSi

istoriuloba raRacnairi formiT mainc arsebobs, iqneba es tradiciis

dasawyisis (miTis) aRwera, qronikebi Tu istoriul-mecnieruli

Txzulebebi, romlebic Cvens garemoSi imyofebian.

istoriuli paradigmis ganxorcieleba kosmologiuri miTis

aqtualuri gadmocemis damTavrebas niSnavs (potenciurad is yvela

droSi arsebobda). logikurad rom mivyveT paradigmebis mimdevrobas

da Semdeg miRebuli sqema SevudaroT kosmologiur ambavs, aRmoCndeba,

rom Semdegi safexuri aris “araferi”, “is, rac iyo manam, sanam qaosi

warmoiSoboda”, anu, gaqroba, sicariele.

amasve gveubnebodnen Tanamedrove mecnieruli (fizikuri)

kosmogoniebi arc Tu ise didi xnis winaT.

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom paradigmulobas sakuTari Tavi

daRupvisaken mihyavs.

piradigma da urCxuli

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magram es ase ar aris. es saocari scenari kidev gvimzadebs

moulodnel SemTxvevas. amis gaTvalsaCinoebisaTvis sakmarisia Cvens

garemos movavloT Tvali.

dResdReobiT, rodesac paradigmulobis bolo, totaluri forma

gasrulebulia, ucnauri SemTxvevebis mowmeebi vxdebiT: Cvens garemoSi

SesaZlebelia samive paradigmis “cocxlad” Wvreta. erTmaneTis

gverdiT Tanaarseboben miTiuri (tradiciuli), religiuri

(JamTaaRmwerlobiTi) da mecnieruli (nacionalisturi) msoflmxed-

velobebi. totalurad arcerTi maTgani ar aris. maT yvelas “arsebobis

Tanabari uflebebi” aqvT. msoflios centri aRar gaaCnia. centri,

romelic paradigmis totalurobas ganapirobebs. teqnikis gamo

centri aris yvelgan, imdenad gaauqmes sivrce informaciul-

komunikaciurma saSualebebma. erTsa da imave dros xdeba sivrcis

ganTavisufleba CarCoebidan da misi gauqmeba.

es gauqmeba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara ganadgurebis, katastrofis

ritualuri Sesruleba, romliTac realuri procesia Canacvlebuli;

swored sivrcis parametrebis (centri-periferia) anulirebis gamo

aris SesaZlebeli sxvadasxva paradigmebis erTmaneTis gverdiT

Tanasworuflebiani arseboba; paradigmulobam “aRmoaCina”, rom

aqtualuri paradigmisaTvis srulebiT ar aris saWiro centris

(sivrcis) gageba. amiT is, marTalia, kargavs totalurobas, romelic

aqamde misi aucilebeli niSani iyo, magram es danakargi mTlianad

nazRaurdeba katastrofis acilebiT, anu, misi maradiuli Tan-yofniT

(es is mdgomareobaa, romelsac umberto eko maradiul gardamaval

periods uwodebs, da romlis gatotalurebasac cdilobs Jak

derida Tavis teqstebSi. Tu eko [tradiciul] gamomZieblad gvevlineba,

iseve, rogorc bekoni da haidegeri, “dekonstruqtivizms”,

filosofosobis am axal saxes, advokatobas anda lobirebas Tu

daarqmev).

swored sivrcis parametrebis anulirebis gamo SeuZlebeli

xdeba mxolod sivrcis moazreba da Cndeba axali aRwerebi, romlebic

geo-mentalurad warmoidgenen samyaros, radganac cal-calke arc

azrovneba da arc garemo, sivrce aRar arsebobs. azrovneba imitom,

rom azris sayovelTaoba, anu azris transcendenturoba saeWvodaa

miCneuli, sivrce ki imitom, rom arc ruka da arc am rukis originali,

sivrce-buneba komentarebis gareSe aRar arsebobs. maT dakarguli

aqvT TavisTavadi Sinaarsi. samyaros erTaderTi aRwera, romelic

SesaZlebelia, aris geo-mentaluri deskrifcia, rodesac sivrce

gigi TevzaZe

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15

sakuTari sazRvrebis moazrebaSi, xolo azri sakuTari gavrcelebis

sivrceSi poulobs gamarTlebas, dadasturebas da centrs.

katastrofulobis maradiuli Tan-yofna niSnavs katastro-

fisagan maradiul Tavis daRwevas. paradigmuloba, romelic Tavis

arsebaSi miTiuria, amas aRwevs saukeTeso tradiciebis Sesabamisad

_ ritualis saSualebiT.

Tan-yofna sxva araferia, Tu ara para-deigma. paradigmuloba,

romlis saqmesac vikvlevT, aris katastrofulobis maradiuli

[ritualuri] Tan-yofna. amiT xdeba realuri dasasrulis acileba.

katastrofis ritualuri Sesruleba xdeba katastrofuli

ritualebis modelirebiT, romlebic arasodes ar mTavrdeba

katastrofiT, globaluri katastrofulobis Sesaxeb yviriliT,

romlebic arasodes ar xdebian. “mcire” katastrofebi, romlebic

xorcieldeba, imwamsve anulirdeba, Rirebulebas kargavs saerTosa

da globaluris ganuxorcieleblobasTan SedarebiT(8).

paradigma sabolood yovlismomcveli xdeba. istoriaSi, anu

paradigmulobis ganxorcielebis procesSi, jer kidev iyo SesaZlebeli

sayovelTaodan [Tundac iluzoruli] Tavis daRweva uparadigmo

movlenis aRmoCeniT da masze orientaciiT (rogorc irkveva, esec

scenarSi yofila gaTamaSebuli). dRes aseTi mdgomareoba SeuZlebelia;

mojanyes SeuZlia mxolod erTi paradigmuli jgufidan (romelsac

Tanamedrove azrovneba neo-traibs uwodebs) meoreSi, Semdeg mesameSi

gadavides da ase usasrulod imogzauros Tavisuflebis wamis devnaSi.

paradigmuloba auqmebs Tavisuflebas, romelic yovelTvis iyo

realuri katastrofisken swrafva. amiT ixsneba da uqmdeba

katastrofis realuroba.

TandaTan yvelaferi, katastrofulobis kvalad, sruldeba

ritualurad. paradigmuloba sakuTari magaliTiT gviCvenebs, rom

daRupvis sawinaamRdego erTaderTi iaraRi aris ritualuri moqmedeba,

ritualuri Canacvleba (bodriaris mesame rigis simulirebuli) _

ritualis ritualuri Sesruleba. am mizans yvelaferi emsaxureba;

TamaSi, teqnika _ ai, ori mTavari iaraRi, riTac paradigmuloba

sakuTar Tavs maradiulad afuZnebs da amiT Cven gvSvelis, sicocxles

gvinarCunebs.

am bolo ganxilviT paradigmulobis kidev erTi niSani aRmoCnda:

sakuTari formis ritualuri Sesrulebisaken swrafva. es mimarTuleba

mTavrdeba saocar, vagneris operebis msgavs laitmotivebis simravleSi,

romelic dRes sruldeba da romelSic yvela paradigma saxezea;

piradigma da urCxuli

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yvelas aqvs SesaZlebloba, maT Temebs miadevnos Tvalyuri da CaerTos

maTSi (rac gardauvalia).

paradigmuloba saboloo katastrofulobas ritualiT

upirispirdeba(9).

paradigmuloba yovelmxriv gvicavs, gvifrTxildeba, gviqmnis karg,

myudro saxls, romelSic Tavi kargad unda vigrZnoT. is win gvilagebs,

gadmogviSlis sanaxaobebs (deigma); romel maTganSic ar unda

gadavwyvitoT Sesvla, yvelgan vigrZnobT mis damcav Tanyofnas. amitom

momavlis (katastrofis) ar unda gveSinodes. momavlis, romelic

Caiketa Sesabamisi SelocviT, ritualiT. amjerad _ yvelaferi ukve

gansazRvruli da winaswarnagulisxmevia awmyoSi.

araferi ar moxdeba iseTi, rac ar momxdara, yvelaferi axla

xdeba da es axla iqneba maradiuli _ ambobs paradigmuloba.

es sityvebi Selocvas waagavs. magram Cven am SelocvaSic ar

unda SevitanoT eWvi. esec mxolod ritualia, Cvens sasikeTod

momarTuli.

es suraTi, romelic Zalian hgavs hegelis mier Seqmnil

sworupovar alibis, gvawynarebs da garemos simyudroves

gvagrZnobinebs. rac ar unda moxdes _ globaluri, damRupveli

SemTxveva ar ganxorcieldeba, yvelaferi kargad iqneba, sazRvrebi,

CarCoebi waiSleba da yvelani erTad, mSvidobianad da Zmurad

vicxovrebT(10).

brZola, omi, siyvaruli, kompleqsebi, laparaki yvelaferi xdeba

ritualSi. iseve, rogorc daixvewa pirvelyofili ritualebi da

sisxlis Rvridan da msxverplTSewirvidan uwyinar moqmedebad iqca,

aseve moxdeba Cvens garemoSic _ mTavaria mivyveT paradigmulobas

da mis xmas yuri davugdoT.

* * *

“...gmirSi xdeba procesi, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT

paradigmuli dacema. ori elementi, gayofili gadaulaxavi

sazRvriT.. uecrad erwymis erTmaneTs erT saxeSi: xdeba ...

SeuZlebeli gaerTianeba.”

rolan barti S/Z

jerjerobiT veranairi msxverplis kvali ver aRmovaCineT. es

ki niSnavs, rom Zaladobas adgili ar hqonia. rogorc Cans,

gigi TevzaZe

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paradigmuloba aramc Tu Zaladobs, aramed mTel Tavis Zalauflebas

mimarTavs Zaladobis gauqmebisaken, misi ritualur sivrceSi

gadatanisaken, arsebuli mtkivneuli winaamRdegobebis moxsnisaken.

paradigmuloba cdilobs yvelanairi ritualis rituali

Seasrulos da am moqmedebiT maT mnSvneloba da aqtualoba daukargos.

meore donis rituali yvelaferSi xorcieldeba _ yvelaferi

miiswrafis am mdgomareobisaken:

adamianis aqtivobis yvala sfero SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

rituali, im intersubieqturi xasiaTis gamo, romelic, erTi mxriv,

dafiqsirebulia, meore mxriv ki _ gamocalkevebuli da detalurad

damuSavebuli. am fonze, rodesac arsebobs wigni megobrobis

damyarebis Sesaxeb, wigni seqsis Sesaxeb, sxvadasxva teqnikuri

gamaZliereblebi da gamaumjobeseblebi, romlebic ukeTesad da ufro

efeqturad asruleben “Tavdapirvel” aqtviobas, moqmedeba iqceva

ritualis ritualad, romelic ufro kargia, ufro sasiamovnoa,

uxinjod mimdinareobs. rac mTavaria, yovelTvis arsebobs saSualeba

meore rigis ritualurobas amoefaro; ganuxorcielebloba

daabralo ara sakuTar Tavs, aramed teqnikas, romelic srulyofili

ar aris, anda TamaSis formulaSi daimalo (TamaSi, romelic

mogvewodeba kompiuteruli TamaSebiT dawyebuli, Tanamedrove sportiT

damTavrebuli, sxva araferia, Tu ara meta-rituali, ritualis rituali,

romelic sruldeba “pirveli”, saerTo, intersubieqturi ritualidan

romeliRac momentis gamoyofiT da misi hi perbolizaciiT; ase _

kompiuteruli TamaSSi xdeba bavSvis yuradRebis, reaqciis,

destruqciulobis proeqcia, sportSi _ romelime fizikuri anda

gonebrivi aqtivobis damuSaveba da a.S.), Tqva, rom yvelaferi TamaSia

da avtoritetebad Seqspiri da heizinga daasaxelo.

magram samyaroSi am mogzaurobiT, romelSic araferi ar aRmoCnda

paradigmulobis garda, gasxlta raRac, romelic, erTi SexedviT,

paradigmulobis Cveulebrivi fenomenia da sxvaTagan arafriT

gamoirCeva.

ganxilvis da kvlevis ritualur doneze gadataniT,

paradigmulobis kuTxeSi migdebuli, rogorc Cveulebrivze ufro

Cveulebrivi Zvelmani, romlis gadagdeba genaneba bavSvobis mogonebebis

gamo, “aRmoCnda” zRapari.

zRapari ratomRac ar aris “dajildoebuli” meore rigis

ritualiT, Tumca, lamis “pirveli” paradigmis droidan arsebulad

iTvleba.

piradigma da urCxuli

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es eWvis safuZvelia. ratom ar xdeba Cvens garemoSi zRapris

kvlav ritualuri gaTamaSeba, nuTu misi araseriozulobis gamo?

paradigmulobam yvelaferi gaaTamaSa, mis yovlad mzrunvel

moqmedebas araferi gamorCenia, magram sakuTriv zRapris kvlav

gaTamaSeba ar xdeba, an _ xdeba da ver vamCnevT.

* * *

„......êòî ïîáåäèë íå ïîìíþ,

äîëæíî áûòü ãðåêè; ñòîëüêî ìåðòâåöîâ âíå äîìà ìîãóò

áðîñèòü òîëüêî ãðåêè”

iosif brodski, “odisevsi telemaqesadmi”

zRapari iqmneba paradigmebis zRvarze, rodesac miTis forma

amTavrebs arsebobas da horizontze religiuri anu JamTaaRmwerluri

epoqa Cans. paradigmulobis erTi formidan meoreze gadasvlisas

gansakuTrebuli viTareba iqmneba; jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli

erTi paradigmis totaluroba, Tanac aqtiurdebian Semdgomis niSnebi.

totaluri paradigma xdeba grZnobadi samyaros ekvivalenturi: misi

SegrZneba-danaxva yvelgan da yvelaferSi SeiZleba. am SegrZnebebs

“Tavze efareba” axali, momavali paradigmis inteleqtualuri bade:

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros inteleqtualuri da empiriuli ebrZvian

erTmaneTs: axal formebs axal grZnobadobaze aqvT pretenzia, xolo

arsebuli, gamjdari SegrZnebebi amas mTeli ZalebiT uSlian xels.

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, zRapari aseTi marginaluri mdgomareobis

anareklad CavTvaloT. gansxvavebiT paradigmuli fenomenebisagan, is

miuTiTebs sakuTar ararealurobas. personaJebi, romlebic aqamde

mxolod kanonSemoqmedebaSi (miTSi) iRebdnen monawileobas, aq

JamTaaRmwerluri ambis monawileni xdebian. miTis SemTxvevebi,

romlebic ar Tanaobdnen am samyaroSi da iyvnen rogorc arsebuli

xdomilebebis ukan, gverdiT, sadRac mdgomni, gadmovidnen da grZnobad

samyaroSi dasaxldnen.

magram zRapari mudam aRniSnavs, rom es axali mobinadreni,

mTlianad samyaro, romelsac is gviyveba, ararealuria.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zRapari marginaluri arsebaa. is iqmneba

zustad iq, sadac realobis parametrebi simyares kargaven da ori

samyaro erTmaneTs ejaxeba. zRapari aqamde atarebs am dajaxebis

mkveTr kvals: is erTsa da imave dros JamTaaRmwerlobaa (jadosnuri

gigi TevzaZe

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zRapris Sinaarsi gmiris biografiaa) da miTi (misi personaJebi

miTis mcxovreblebi arian).

zRapris struqturis da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb bevri dawerila.

CvenTvis mTavari isaa, rom yvela zRapars, msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi

erTi da igive ganzomilebebi gaaCnia.

zRapari arasodes kvdeba (mxolod mis Sesaxeb mecnieruli

naSromis furclebze); man myari adgili daikava bavSvebis aRzrdaSi

da misi gaCenis dRidan yvela bavSvi saukuneebis manZilze ismens

erTi da imave struqturis mqone ambebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT

erTnairad uxariaT, erTnairad swuxan da Semdeg, rodesac izrdebian,

erTnairad miiCneven zRapris Sinaarss ararealurad da

araseriozulad.

zRapris warmoSobis Semdeg masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba

marginalur, sazRvriT situaciaSi xdeba; religiis da mecnierebis

epoqebis sazRvarze amis magaliTia Zmebi grimebis Sroma. sazRvriTi

gawyoba “qvecnobierad” mimarTavs adamians zRaparze, rogorc Zvel

nacnobze, romelic axal situacias Seesabameba da amitom ufro

maxlobeli da Rirebuli xdeba.

zRapari arasodes kvdeba. “uyuradRebobis” miuxedavad, nebismier

qveyanaSi (garda miTis epoqaSi mcxovrebi tomebisa, romlebisTvisac

jer ar damdgara zRapris dro) nebismier bavSvs zRapars uyvebian.

aseTi daJinebuli gameoreba, jiutad erTi da imaves Sesruleba

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi niSnavs, rom zRapari mniSvnelovani da

sayuradReboa paradigmulobisaTvis da misi roli bevrad aRemateba

damamSvideblis da didaqtikosis rols.

es maradiuli gameoreba migviTiTebs, rom zRapari aris rituali,

romelsac paradigmuloba asrulebs. rituali, rogorc CvenTvis

cnobili gaxda paradigmulobis “mokle istoriidan”, sruldeba,

rogorc raRacis gameoreba (“warmarTuli” ritualebi imeoreben

miTiur SemTxvevebs, anu “gadmoaqvT” moqmedeba sivrceSi, romelic im

moqmedebam gamoiwvia). ritualis mizani iyo an raRacisaTvis xelis

Sewyoba, an raRacis destruqcia, dangreva. magiuri ritualebi,

romelTac Cven dromde moaRwies da romelTa dRes ganxorcielebas

win aRaraferi daudgeba, orive am funqcias atareben(11).

zRapari, Tu is ritualia, raRacisken unda iyos mimarTuli.

Tqma, rom is aris Selocva, mimarTuli axali paradigmis ganxorcie-

lebisaken, ar iqneba amomwuravi pasuxi: radganac maSin zRapris sul

mcire ori, erTmaneTis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli saxe unda iyos

cnobili, da isini erTmaneTs unda cvlidnen marginaluri situaciebis

piradigma da urCxuli

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Sesabamisad. e.i. jer jadosnuri zRapari unda arsebobdes da

Semdeg, mecnierul epoqaSi gardamaval sazRvarze mas sayofacxovrebo

zRapari unda Caenacvlos.

magram zRapris es orive forma erTad arsebobs da axal-

axali variaciebiT kvlav da kvlav iqmneba. SeiZleba es iyos zRapris,

rogorc ritualis, mizani, magram zRapris SenarCuneba da yofna

aramarginalur epoqebSi gvaiZulebs am Selocvis namdvili mizezi

sxvagan veZioT.

* * *

“mojadoebuli sofeli, jadosnuri mTa,

zRvis samyaro: los anJelesi garSemortymulia

am “warmodgeniTi sadgurebiT”, romlebic

kvebaven realobas, im qalaqis realurobis

energias, romlis saidumlo mdgomareobs mxolod

imaSi, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara Seuwyveteli,

ararealuri cirkulaciis qseli: fabulis

proporciebis qalaqi, magram sivrcis,

anda ganzomilebis gareSe”.

Jan bodriari “simulirebulebi da simulaciebi”

zRapari ar aris raimes ganxorcieleba-arganxorcielebisken

mimarTuli rituali. is imTaviTve gvauwyebs, rom Cven, mis msmenelebs

da mkiTxvelebs aranamdvilTan, ararealurTan gvaqvs saqme.

samyaro, romelic zRaparSi aRiwereba, aris Seqmnili ara odesme

arsebobisaTvis, aramed raRac sxva, gansakuTrebuli miznisaTvis. am

samyaroSi erTsa da imave “dros” Tanaarseboben Cveni garemos

grZnobadi Sinaarsebis sxvadasxva gawyobebi, romlebic erTad zRapris

garemos qmnian. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zRapari Tavis TavSi

moicavs paradigmulobis yvela formas. maTi erTianoba qmnis ucnaur

garemos, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara Cveni saxlebisagan (romlebSic

gvicxovria da vcxovrobT) agebuli Senoba. zRapris saocroba da

jadosnuroba swored am saxlebis sxva-da-sxva agurebis, kedlebis

jadoqrul urTierTSesabamobaSi mdgomareobs. ase aSenebul saxlSi

xdeba ambavi, romelsac bavSvobaSi vismenT xolme.

ratom iqmneba aseTi garemo ritualis Sesasruleblad, jer-

jerobiT ucnobia. sxva ritualebs paradigmuloba “Cveulebriv”

sivrceSi atarebs xolme.

gigi TevzaZe

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raki am Selocvis mizezi, mizani ritualis gareT ver vipoveT,

is mis SinaarsSi ganxorcielebis wesSi unda veZioT;

jadosnuri zRapris siuJets rom gadavxedoT, masSi saintereso

kanonzomierebas davinaxavT: is yovelTvis gvevlineba keTili da boroti

Zalebis brZolad. keTili Zala personificirebulia Zlier da

keTilSobil gmirSi, boroti ki _ urCxulSi. urCxuli SeiZleba iyos

absoluturi, romelic wyaros TavSi zis, SeiZleba fardobiTi _

jadoqari, romelic gmirTan sabrZolvelad urCxulis formas iRebs.

urCxulTan brZola marto zRaparSi ar xdeba. zRapari

memkvideobiT iRebs am konfliqts miTidan, da aseve memkvidreobis

kanoniT gadascems am orTabrZolas saraindo romans. es Setakeba

Cvens droSic xorcieldeba paradigmul fenomenebSi, oRond aq is

metaforis CrdilSi imaleba (12).

urCxulTan brZola kulturis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Temaa,

kulturis, romelsac laitmotivad zRapari gasdevs. zRapari am

Temis maradiuli samyofelia. Temisa, romelic sxvadasxva adgilebSi

cocxldeba da viTardeba, izrdeba _ saWiroebis mixedviT.

paradigmuloba saocari daJinebiT atarebs am rituals

“dasabamidan”. ise, rom misi aranairi modifikacia, gadafarva, miviwyeba

ar xdeba; Cven yvela am rituals erT-erT pirvels vswavlobT.

dauZlevel da saSiS winaamRdegobasTan Sejaxebisas isev da isev es

metafora mogvdis TavSi. Cvens warmodgenebSi urCxuli yovelTvis

dgas gmiris gzaze da sikeTis, wesrigis gamarjvebisaTvis saWiroa

misi mokvla-gandevna.

unda gairkves, Tu ra aris es urCxuli, romlis mokvlis

ritualsac aTeulobiT saukunea atarebs paradigmuloba.

* * *

“mniSvneladi sxvebi individualur

cxovrebaSi subieqturi realobis

SenarCunebis mTavar agentebad gvevlinebian”

bergeri, lukmani “realobis socialuri

konstruireba”

“aviRoT mecxvare ZaRlis Tavi, SevuerToT mas katis Tvalebi,

bus yurebi, mwevari ZaRlis cxviri, lomis warbebi, beberi mamlis

safeTqlebi da wylis kus kiseri...”

piradigma da urCxuli

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leonardo da vinCis am aRweriT cxadi xdeba, rom urCxuli

Sedgeba sxvadasxva arsebebis nawilebisagan, romlebic erTmaneTTan

harmoniul kavSirSi arian ise, rom erT, gansakuTrebul mTlianobas

qmnian.

yvela arseba, romlis atributebsac “sesxulobs” urCxuli,

gansazRvruli da Cveulia. ZaRli, lomi, mamali, ku _ yvela es fenomeni

Cvens garemoSia ganlagebuli da aRiqmeba, rogorc miRebuli da

Sinauri. urCxulSi es Cveuli komponentebi uCveulo gawyobad

warmogvidgeba.

urCxuli Sedgeba paradigmuli fenomenebisagan. misi organizmis

yoveli niuansis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia nacnobi paradigmiT. magram

TviTon urCxuli aris sxva, vidre am paradigmebis meqanikuri jami.

is warmoadgens mTlianobas, romlis arc erTi paradigmuli nawili

TavisTavadobas ar kargavs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini erTad

garkveul arsebas qmnian(13).

urCxuli princi pulad sxva arsebobis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba;

Tavis TavSi sxvadasxva paradigmuli fenomenebis gaerTianebiT is

sxva arsebobaze migviTiTebs, arsebobaze, romelic am paradigmulobaSi

ar da ver xorcieldeba: aseTi gaerTianeba paradigmulobis

katastrofas niSnavs.

aq ukve SeiZleba paradigmulobis aucileblobasa da

sayovelTaobaSi eWvis Setana. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi is

mogvewodeboda, rogorc erTaderTi da gardauvali, Tanac rogorc

iseTi ram, rasac SeuZlia katastrofa agvacilos da daRupvas

gadagvarCinos.

urCxuli gveubneba, rom SesaZlebelia sxvagvarad yofna, romelic

albaT dagvaSorebs katastrofulobis maradiul rituals(14).

urCxuli aris is arseba, razec paradigmuloba Zaladobs

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. is aris sxva, romlis ganxorcielebasac

ebrZvis paradigmuloba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare urCxulis

mokvlis rituali migviTiTebs, rom urCxuli ar momkvdara.

paradigmulobas aqvs ritualuri brZolis gamocdileba, rac

warmatebiT xorcieldeba katastrofulobis mimarT; katastrofis

yoveldRiuri gaTamaSeba Tavidan gvacilebs da auqmebs katastrofas.

paradigmuloba cdilobs urCxulis, rogorc katastrofulobis

warmoCenas. magram Tuki urCxuli marTlac katastrofaa, anu wminda

negaciaa da sxva araferi, unda arsebobdes ara misi mokvlis, aramed

yoveldRiuri ganxorcielebis rituali. es ki migviTiTebs, rom

urCxuli da katastrofa erTi rigis movlenebi arian.

gigi TevzaZe

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urCxuli paradigmulobis dasasrulis maniSnebelia. is

migviTiTebs sxva arsebobaze, romlis SesaZleblobac, rogorc irkveva,

arsebobs, da metic, paradigmulobis mTeli istoriis manZilze

arsebula.

ukve gasagebi xdeba, ratom iqmneba zRapari paradigmebis sazRvarze;

urCxulis ganxorcielebis saSiSroeba swored marginalur

situaciaSi arsebobs. maSin, rodesac moSlilia totaluri paradigmis

ierarqiuli diqtati “gverdiTi” movlenebis mimarT, erTmaneTSi ireva

centri da periferia.

amitom swored sazRvarzea aucilebeli urCxulis mokvlis

ritualis Catareba; manamde es brZola miTSi mimdinareobs _ gmirebi

warmatebiT xocaven urCxulebs. magram rodesac centri yanyalebs

da totaluri ganwyoba ukve aRar gulisxmobs urCxulis mokvlas,

paradigmuloba qmnis specialur, universalur rituals _ zRapars.

paradigmuloba urCxuls uqmnis samyofels, am ukanasknelisaTvis

nacnob sivrces, romelic mis msgavsad Sedgeba grZnobadobis sxvadasxva

formebidan. amiT paradigmulobas ori kurdRlis daWera aqvs

gadawyvetili: erTi mxriv, is qmnis urCxulis garemos (e.i. paradigmas),

meore mxriv ki, klavs urCxuls am garemoSi.

magram, rogorc vTqviT, urCxulis mokvlis maradiuli rituali

am ritualis araqmedunarianobas migviTiTebs.

urCxuli ar eqceva paradigmaSi. piriqiT, is iqcevs Tavis TavSi

yvela paradigmas da gviCvenebs Tavis Tavs, rogorc paradigmaze, da

maSasadame, paradigmulobaze ufro mets. amitom zRapari, romlis

funqciac urCxulis paradigmad yofnaa, ver ipyrobs mas bolomde.

paradigmuloba iZulebuli gaxda zRapris bolod (urCxulis

mokvlis Semdeg) gmiris dabruneba SemoeRo: sxvadasxva samyaroebi,

rac ar unda gahyve maT, yovelTvis mTavrdeba aq, im yofaSi, saidanac

gmiri wavida urCxulis mosaklavad, da sadac is sabolood

dasaxldeba. aseTi gza ki garkveuli garemos, samyaros pirveladobas,

centralurobas gulisxmobs.

paradigmulobas zRapris sxvanairi struqtura rom SeemuSavebina,

anu, saerTod gamoericxa ierarqiulobis momenti (mag. gmiri ar

brundeba, zRapari ar mTavrdeba), maSin is warmatebiT moklavda

urCxuls, magram imav wams axali urCxuli gaCndeboda (aseTi viTareba

dafiqsirebulia Cinur zRaprebSi, Tumca, sabolood romelime gmiri

mainc brundeba saxlSi. gmiri, romelmac daamarcxa urCxuli, magram

ar darCa urCxulTan erTad), an TviTon paradigma gadaiqceoda

urCxulad(15).

piradigma da urCxuli

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urCxulis SiSiT paradigmuloba bolomde ver klavs urCxuls.

es ki iZleva urCxulis aRmoCenis imeds. Tu ar momkvdara, igi

raRacnairi, Tundac miCqmaluli da Secvlili saxiT unda cxovrobdes,

rogorc istoriaSi, aseve Cvens gverdiT. zRapris aqtualoba

migviTiTebs, rom urCxuli arsebobs, da rom mas paradigmuloba

dasdevs da mis sawinaamRdego Selocvas atarebs.

urCxuli SeiZleba iyos rogorc adamiani, aseve SemTxveva. maTi

aRmoCena ar iqneba Zneli, Tuki maTi ganadgurebis rituals

davakvirdebiT; amgvari rituali SeiZleba orgvari iyos: an saerTod

daviwyeba da urCxulis aseTi gaqroba, anda gasanadgureblis yovel

wuTs Tvalwin dayeneba, rac igive efeqts iwvevs.

pirveli TvalSisacemi urCxuli, romelic zRapris axlos

imyofeba, aris TamaSi, romelsac bavSvi TamaSobs manam, sanam es

TamaSi gansazRvruli wesebis da kanonebis erTianoba gaxdeba. bavSvi

TamaSobs “uwesod, uwesrigod”. yvelaferi, rasac is aRiqvams da

rac mis samyaros warmoadgens, TamaSSi harmoniulad erTiandeba da

erT arsebad gvevlineba. es TamaSi aris is, rac imTaviTve ikrZaleba

paradigmulobis mier, romlis aqtualuri gamoxatva mSoblebi da

aRmzrdelebi arian: “sjobia, bavSvma sasargeblo TamaSi iTamaSos,

anda zRapars mousminos”. es fraza, ra Tqma unda, mzrunvelobis da

STamomavlobaze fiqris Sedegia, da amave dros, paradigmulobis

dadebuli jadoa, romelic urCxulis mokvlis Seswavlisken

mouwodebs bavSvebs da mSoblebs.

es is jadoa, romelic sabolood TamaSs aqcevs teqnikad da

teqnikurad, ritualad, romelic raRacis daxvewas da dauflebas

emsaxureba. urCxulis ukvdavebas “Tavdapirveli” TamaSi miuTiTebs,

romlis Cakvlac maleve xdeba.

urCxuli SeiZleba iyos romelime filosofosi, magaliTad,

heraklite, romlis fragmentebis siWrele da daulagebloba swored

urCxulur bunebas unda miuTiTebdes. meore mxriv, ganadgurebis

rituali aris am fragmentebis ontologiur-dialeqtikuri

interpretacia, romelic heraklites mxolod istoriul safexurad

aqcevs, da romelsac mosyidul-motyuebuli filosofosebi hegelis

droidan warmatebiT axorcieleben.

urCxuli SeiZleba iyos Tundac romelime fraza, debuleba,

romelic miviwyebuli da miCqmalulia. dakvirvebuli kvleviT SeiZleba

aRmovaCinoT, rom urCxulebiT garSemortymulni varT(16).

gigi TevzaZe

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* * *

“aRmoCnda, rom TeTri qviT

mokirwyluli gza, romelsac

mivuyvebodiT, iyo urCxulis kudi”

g.k.Cestertoni

erTi SexedviT, urCxuli Cvens dRevandel garemos waagavs; Cvens

samyaroSi, iseve, rogorc urCxulSi, sxvadasxva saxis paradigmebi

Tanaarseboben ierarqiis gareSe. magram urCxulis “umTavresi”

maxasiaTebeli aris ara es mravalferovneba, aramed gansakuTrebuli

Sinagani kavSiri, romelic am mravalferovnebidan qmnis sxvas, sxva

arsebobas. Cvens garemoSi aseTi kavSiri SeuZlebelia; es gaTiSuloba,

qaosuri viTareba katasrofulobis ritualis aucilebeli nawilia,

romlis gareSec paradigmuloba arsebobas gaqrobiT daamTavrebs.

Cven WeSmaritad zRaprul garemoSi vimyofebiT. iseve, rogorc

zRapari, Cveni garemoc Sedgeba sxvadasxva paradigmuli grZnobadi

formebisagan, romelTa Soris CvenTvis (aseve sxvisTvisac) mTavroben

isini, romlebSic Cven (agreTve sxvebic) vcxovrobT.

aseTi garemo, Tavisi zRaprulobis gamo, aRniSnavs, xazs usvams

garSemo myofis ararealurobas da umniSvnelobas. garemos

zRapruloba, zRapari, ganxorcielebuli ritualebis kvlav

ritualuri SesrulebiT, aris garanti, rom aq dabadebuli urCxuli

araseriozulad iqnes aRqmuli da sabolood ganadgurdes(17).

am uyuradRebobiT urCxuli jadovdeba. urCxuli romlis

dabadebac aravis ukvirs, da rodesac ar arsebobs sarke, romelSic

urCxuli Tavis urCxulobas daakvirdeba, ijerebs Tavis Cveulebriobas,

da raki masSi yvela formaa, igi erT-erTi paradigmuli arseba

xdeba. rac ufro didxans rCeba urCxuli am erT, romelime formaSi,

miT ufro Zneli xdeba misi namdvili arsebis SemCneva-dabruneba:

sxva paradigmuli Sinaarsebi atrofirdeba da Cveulebrivze ufro

Cveulebriv movlenad iqceva.

es aris paradigmulobis bolo, kargad gaTvlili da amave

dros, ganwiruli nabiji. “Cvens garemomde” ar xdeboda urCxulTan

pirispir Sexvedra; paradigmulobas yovelTvis mzad hqonda

totaluri paradigma, romelic urCxuls periferiaze agdebda. dRes

totaluri paradigma, Tuki saerTod SeiZleba mis Sesaxeb vilaparakoT,

aris zRapari, romelSic urCxuli centraluri personaJia. arc is

ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom Cvens droSi parodiuli zRaprebis

piradigma da urCxuli

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Seqmna daiwyo (boroti boroti ar aris da aucileblad

gamoswordeba, anda, aseT “sabavSvo” zRaprebSi saerTod ar aris

borotebis Tan-yofnis aucilebloba).

paradigmulobis ormxrivi politika, yvelafris ritualad

qcevasa da urCxulis ritualuri mokvlisaken mimarTuli, gaerTianda:

urCxuli aRmoCnda im ritualSi, romelic erTaderTi realobaa.

Cven garSemortymuli varT maqciebiT, romlebic, erTi mxriv,

Cveulebrivi paradigmuli fenomenebi arian, meore mxriv ki _

urCxulebi. Tuki kargad davakvirdebiT, urCxuls davinaxavT. magram

sxva sakiTxia, moxerxdeba Tu ara ase _ urCxulebis ganjadoeba.

ar SeiZleba da fuWi Sromaa, urCxuli struqturebis, ideebis

da paradigmebis doneze eZebo. struqtura, forma, idea, paradigmulobis

movlenebi arian. urCxuli maT Soris sxlteba(18).

adamianis aqtivobis yvela sferoSi unda arsebobdnen maqciebi.

uazrobaa universaluri Selocvis damuSaveba, romlis wakiTxvisTanave

xidan, wignidan, saxlidan, cidan, Cvengan, urCxulebi daiwyeben gamosvlas.

aseTi kanonebisaTvis zrunva isev paradigmulobaSi Cagvagdebs, romelic

zogadobebis da wesebis saufloa.

yoveli urCxuli cal-calke unda ganjadovdes. es, ki upirveles

yovlisa, konkretuli adamianis saqmea, oRond ara im adamianisa,

romlis Sesaxebac eqsistencialuri filosofia, anda hermenevtika

laparakobs. es azrovneba (mag. a-sein-uri azrovneba) azrovnebskonkretulis Sesaxeb da amiT auqmebs mas.

* * *

“%^&^%798870^&^%^&%$$%&^)(*()&*&^*&^%&&*(*7878$%^%”

*&^789

paradigmuloba aRmoCnda moZalade. ZaladobaSi xelis SemwyobTa

Soris filosofiac moeqca. filosofiis saSualebiT mosyiduli

Tu motyuebuli gamomZieblebi da advokatebi amkvidrebdnen Zaladobas

yvelgan da yvelaferSi (am damkvidrebis kulminacia aris

dekonstruqtivizmi, romelic diskursebis [Zaladobebis] simravles

uwyobs xels. amis Sedegad yvela adgili ukve Zaladobis

[diskursuli] adgili xdeba)(19).

gigi TevzaZe

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paradigmulobam Tavisive Seqmnil kanons “daujera”, raki mis

alibis swored aseTi konkretuli adamianebi qmnidnen, sxvebze

Tavi aRar Seuwuxebia.

filosofiam danaSauli unda gamoisyidos da darCenili dro

urCxulebis ganjadoebas unda moaxmaros. oRond es ganjadoeba

unda moxdes ara konkretulis Sesaxeb azrovnebiT (aseTi mimarTuleba,

rogorc vnaxeT, aucileblobiT iwvevs paradigmulobis alibis Seqmnas),

aramed imis Sesaxeb laparakiT, rac paradigmulobas “gverdiT” rCeba,

rogorc yvelgangamWolobis da yovlisSemZleobis safasuri(20).

SeniSvnebi:

1. paradigma _ para _ gverdiT, deigma _ magaliTi, nimuSi, Cveneba

_ aris is, rac movlenis, SemTxvevis gverdiT dgas da aCvenebs, amtkicebs

mas, rogorc magaliTs da nimuSs. is aZlevs fenomens magaliTad,

yofnis Zalas. Zalauflebis aseTi miniWeba ki nimuSs, magaliTs

amravlebs da SemTxvevebis ganmsazRvrelad, xdomilebis aucilebel

wesad aqcevs.

paradigma gvevlineba rogorc wesi, kanoni, romlis mixdviTac

ewyoba garemo, romlis mixedviTac Cvens garemoSi raRaca xdeba.

aseTi ganmartebiT _ paradigmebi arian samyaros kanonebi, miTebi,

yvelaferi is, rac SemTxvevis ganxorcielebis wess gansazRvravs.

paradigma -para _ gverdiT, deigma _ sanaxaoba, bazroba, aris is,

rac sanaxaobis, xilulis gverdiT dgas da gvixsnis mas. anu, apirobebs

mis aseTad da ara sxvagvarad aRqmas. am SemTxvevaSi paradigma

msoflmxedvelobrivi fenomenia, is, rac aris msoflmxedvelobis, anu,

samyaroSi Semomxvedrebis garkveuli interpretaciis safuZveli.

paradigmis am modusis magaliTebia istoriuli epoqebi. yvelaze

zerele ganxilviTac ki istoria kacobriobis cxovrebis gzas sam

periodad warmogvidgens: antikuri xana, Sua saukuneebi, axali dro.

droSi gaSlili adamianebis moqmedebebis etapebad dayofis safuZveli

aris sxvadasxva msoflmxedveloba. am msoflmxedvelobebze

dayrdnobiT yoveli epoqis adamiani sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvams samyaros.

paradigmebis am ori mniSvnelobis SejerebiT miviRebT, rom

paradigma aris arsebulis gverdiT mdgari. is, rac aiZulebs arsebuls

iyos aseTi, da ara sxvanairi. es iZuleba movlenis da sanaxaobis

gerdiT dgomiT, mudmivi kontroliT xorcieldeba. erTi mxriv,

piradigma da urCxuli

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paradigma aris scenari, meore mxriv ki, is, vinc am scenaris zust

ganxorcielebas Tvalyurs adevnebs, is, vinc mudam imyofeba movlenebis

gverdiT.

raki paradigma yvelganmyofi da yvelgangamWolia, is raRac

zogad da saerTo fenomens unda warmoadgendes. magram, amave dros,

arseboben konkretuli paradigmebi, iqneba es kanonebi Tu

msoflmxedvelobebi. amitom “cnebaTa aRreva” rom aviciloT Tavidan,

im zogads da saerTos SeiZleba paradigmuloba vuwodoT.

paradigmuloba, es makontrolebeli da sakuTari

ganxorcielebisaTvis mzrunveli arseba, rogorc Cans, sami “formiT”

gamoixateba: 1. paradigmuloba gveubneba, rom samyaro xdeba kanonebis

(paradigmebis) mixedviT; 2. paradigmuloba gveubneba, rom istoria

aris paradigmebis monacvleoba; 3. paradigmuloba gveubneba, rom

paradigma aris aucilebeli da gardauvali.

gavyveT TiToeuli am debulebis kvals da vnaxoT, rogor xdeba

maTi ganxorcieleba, rogor xdeba am sami ZiriTadi “wesis” CvenSi

Semosvla.

pirveli “formis” ganxorcieleba iwyeba miTebis qmnadobasTan

erTad. (manamde “ra xdeboda”, SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT, momxdaris kvali

vnaxoT da gavyveT). Cveni gamocdilebis pirveli mocemuloba

aris miTi.

miTi aris SemTxveva, romelic xorcieldeba gansazRvrul sivrceSi

sul, drois mdinarebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ramdenime

Tanasworuflebiani subieqtis mier. magaliTad, “persefonas miTi”

aris SemTxveva, romelSic monawile personaJebi weliwadis droTa

monacvleobas gansazRvraven. es ambavi xorcieldeba yovel weliwads.

miTi gevlineba rogorc magaliTi, nimuSi, romlis mixedviTac

Sesabamisi movlena xdeba.

aseTive struqtura gaaCnia imasac, rasac Cvens garemoSi kanoni

ewodeba; yoveli kanoni SemosazRvravs Tavisi moqmedebis sivrces

da xdeba masSi drois miuxdavad. anu kanoni gevlineba magaliTad,

romlis mixedviTac xorcieldebian, an unda ganxorcieldnen Sesabamisi

movlenebi.

kanonebi (albaT miTebic) “aRmoCndebian” xolme. magram is, rac

aseTi gawyobis saSualebas iZleva, rac gvaiZulebs samyaros, rogorc

asxmuls, wesrigs, kosmoss, anda rogorc naqsovs, teqsts vuyuroT

da masSi “bolomde” kanonebis arseboba vigulisxmoT, aris

paradigmuloba.

gigi TevzaZe

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paradigmuloba migviTiTebs, rom yvelaferi raRac wesis mixedviT

xorcieldeba, is, rac yoveli movlenis gverdiT dgas da amtkicebs

mas, rogorc magaliTis, nimuSis erT-erT kerZo SemTxvevas.

paradigmulobis meore “forma” sxva doneze moqmedebs. misi

sfero adamianebis urTierTobis da urTierTmoqmedebis ganzomilebaa.

anu, sanaxaobis, bazrobis aRqmis sivrce. bazroba aris adgili, sadac

yvelaferi warmodgenilia, manufaqturuli nawarmidan Teatralur

sanaxaobamde. aseTi siWrele da mravalferovneba kargad gadmoscems

garemos xasiaTs, Sinaarss, garemosas, romelic mosawesrigebeli da

dasalagebelia, Tundac imitom, rom bazrobis stumars Tavgza ar

aebnes da yayanSi gza gaikvlios.

samyaros bazrobaSi gzamkvlevis, gidis rols msoflmxedveloba

asrulebs. am “cnobariT” SeiaraRebuli mogzauri daculia

moulodnelobebisagan da icis, sanaxaobis romel nawilSi ra daxvdeba.

msoflmxedveloba miuTiTebs sakuTar matarebels, ra gaakeTos, ra

iyidos, ras miaqcios yuradReba da ra CaTvalos umniSvnelod.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, msoflmxedvelobebi istoriaSi arsebuli

epoqebis mixedviT SeiZleba sam “tipSi” gavaerTianoT; am sam sanaxaobas

sami sxvadasxva istoriuli periodi _ antikuroba, Sua saukuneebi

da axali dro Seesabameba. am sam “cnobars”, “gzamkvlevs” SeiZleba

“miTi”, “religia” da “mecniereba” vuwodoT.

yovel maTgans sanaxaobis aRweris da maSasadame, gagebis sakuTari,

sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli wesi gaaCnia. magram srulebiT ar aris

aucilebeli, romelime erT bazobaze yvelas erTi da igive gzamkvlevi

ekavos xelSi. savsebiT SesaZlebelia vinmem sadRac, ori an sami

gzamkvleviTac ki iaros. am SemTxvevaSi is mogvagonebs turist-

bibliofils, romelsac axali bukletebis gamosvlis Semdegac Zvelis

gadagdeba enaneba. misi gamocdili Tvali amCnevs im niSnebs, romlebic

axal gzamkvlevSi ar meordeba _ iqneba es gauqmebuli marSruti Tu

dangreuli sastumro.

jerjerobiT paradigmulobis am mxriv moqmedebac gairkva; is

mdgomareobs ara imdenad romeliRaca konkretuli msoflmxedvelobis

aucilebel arsebobaSi , aramed saerTod, sanaxaobis

msoflmxedvelobrivi “interpretaciis” aucileblobaSi. “Sen winaSe

sami wignia, airCie, romelic ginda!”

ase _ cxadi xdeba paradigmulobis aqtivobis ori sfero,

romlebic erTad samyaros qmnian. aseTi ganxilviT paradigmas

moqmedebisaTvis sxva adgili aRar rCeba. mesame forma, romelic

dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, aris paradigmulobis ara fenomenuri daxasiaTeba,

piradigma da urCxuli

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aramed paradigmulobis arsebobis wesi, romelic gvauwyebs, rom is

aris scenari.

paradigma _ para _ gverdiT, deigma _ magaliTi, nimuSi, sanaxaoba,

bazroba _ aseTi ganxilviT warmogvidgeba, rogorc movlenaTa da

SemTxvevaTa gverdiT mdgomi, mudam Tanmyofi, ganmsazRvreli.

scenari winaswar awesebs moqmedebis gegmas, iTvaliswinebs

yvela SesaZleblobas, niuanss, gvaZlevs mosaxdenis detalur aRweras.

scenari ar aris gegma _ zogadi monaxazi, romelSic momavali SemTxveva

unda moeqces. arc _ reziume _ informacia ZiriTadi azris Sesaxeb.

scenari aris zusti da Seuvali ganmsazRvreli, romelic awesebs

movlenaTa urTierTganlagebas, rogorc erTmaneTis gverdiT, aseve _

erTmaneTis Semdeg.

paradigma rogorc scenari, moiTxovs piruTvnel morCilebas.

erTi SexedviT, es moTxovna zedmeti unda iyos; Tuki paradigma

,erTi mxriv, gvevlineba rogorc kanonebi da miTebi, xolo, meore

mxriv, rogorc msoflmxedvelobebi, Cvens garemoSi sxva araferi

arsebobs. aseTi ganxilviT paradigmuloba aris gardauvali

aucilebloba, romlis gareSec araferi ar arsebobs da romlis ar

miyolac ubralod SeuZlebelia.

magram kvlevis da kvalze siarulis farTo gamocdileba gveubneba,

rom zedmetad damtkicebuli alibi, daJinebuli miTiTeba

udanaSaulobaze yovelTvis iwvevs eWvs da yovelTvis qmnis ganwyobas,

eZebo raRac am daungreveli alibis ukan, is, erTi SexedviT, SeuZlebeli

danaSauli, romelic alibis mflobelma Caidina da romelic

ostaturad imaleba “sxva variantis SeuZleblobis” ukan.

scenari, rogorc ukve aRvwereT, aris Zaladoba movlenebze, maTi

mxolod erTi, garkveuli gziT wayvana da sxva mimarTulebis

gamoricxva. SesaZlebelia, raki paradigma ZiriTadi parametrebiT

emTxveva scenars da scenurobas, Zaladobis momentis Semcvelic

iyos.

Tavisuflebis filosofiuri kvlevis istoriidan CvenTvis

cnobilia misi, rogorc Segnebuli aucileblobis gansazRvreba.

SeiZleba esec paradigmulobisaTvis alibis Seqmnaa, romelic hegelis

did avtoritets efareba. SeiZleba aseTive rigis movlenebad

aRmoCndes is msjeloba, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavisufleba yovelTvis

aris Tavisufleba raRacidan (hartmani), anda man-idan (haidegeri).

aseve, Tanamedrove filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba,

romelic centraluri diskursis gauqmebisaTvis iRvwis da am

gigi TevzaZe

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mimarTulebiT moZraobas erTaderT SesaZlebel gamosavlad acxadebs

(derida).

SesaZlebelia, gaCenili eWvis fonze, yvela es debuleba

paradigmulobisaTvis alibis Seqmnis nebiTi Tu uneblie surviliT

iyos gamowveuli.

isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom “realurad” paradigmuloba

aravis gamouZaxebia sasamarTloze. “sasamarTlomde” yvirilis atexva,

avtoritetebis moxmoba, mtkiceba, rom Zaladoba ar momxdara da

arc SeiZleboda momxdariyo, imitom rom Zaladobis obieqti ar

arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes, damafiqrebelia.

amitom es kvleva-Zieba unda daiwyos. savsebiT SesaZlebelia

paradigmuloba udanaSaulo aRmoCndes. aseTi deteqtiuri qronika

CvenTvis cnobilia martin haidegeris Sromebis saxiT, romelmac

tradiciuli skrupulozurobiT gamoikvlia yofierebis gagebis saqme,

Ziramde Cawvda mas. daskvna, romelic am Rrma da safuZvliani gamoZiebis

gvirgvinia, gveubneba, rom sxva yofierebis gageba ar arsebobs da ar

SeiZleba arsebobdes. rac niSnavs, da es ukve informaciaa Cveni

gamoZiebisaTvis, rom Zaladobis faqts adgili ar hqonia.

TiTqosda, yvelaferi naTelia magram gamoZieba mainc Casatarebelia.

magram ara im kvalze siaruliT, romelic ukve gamoikvlia germanelma

filosofosma. am ukve Catarebul gamoZiebaSi eWvis Setana, mis

logikaSi, anda miukerZoeblobaSi, sasaciloa. me unda gamoviZio ara

paradigmulobis gza, aramed sxvisi kvali, romelic, Tuki arsebobs,

aucileblad aRmoCndeba Zaladobis msxverpli. anu, misakvlevia is

sxva, romelic ar jdeba~ paradigmis arcerT modelSi, mis arcerT

diskursSi, arcerT mis procesSi. pirdapir da yovelgvari gadaxvevebis

gareSe, unda moiZebnos dazaralebuli. Tuki sxva ar arsebobs, faqti

Cvens gverdiT mdgomis udanaSaulobas kidev erTxel daadasturebs.

2. miTi aris Tanasworuflebiani subieqtebis moqmedebis samyaro.

oRond es subieqti aris ara “yoveli”, aramed swored is, romelic

sxvebis gverdiT am ambavSi monawileobs.

CvenTvis am epoqidan yvelaze ufro axlobeli antikuri xanis

berZnuli kulturaa. am kulturis SigniT rom mimovixedoT, aRmovaCenT,

rom am viTomda absolutur miTiurobaSi uecrad Cndebian movlenebi,

romlebic aranairad ar “jdebian” arsebul scenarSi da sxva

wesrigis Sesaxeb gvesaubrebian.

3. aseTia samyaros religiuri suraTi. samyaro aRiwereba, rogorc

RmerTis moqmedebis gamovlena arsebobis sxvadasxva doneze. ra

Tqma unda, “individualur”, yoveldRiur msoflmxedvelobaSic Zireuli

piradigma da urCxuli

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cvlileba xdeba; cxovrebis wesi aRar aris dialogi an polilogi,

aramed monologia. yuradReba gadadis konkretul subieqtze (amis

sailustraciod ix. qronikebi da saraindo romanebi, agreTve wmindanTa

cxovrebebi).

4. (SeiZleba am pirvel, anda, ufro sworad, pirvel-wvdomad

sxvaoba-siaxleSi Zevs antikuri filosofiis saidumloebis da xiblis

lomis wili, romelic dResac sagrZnobia da maradiuli dabrunebisaken

gvibiZgebs).

5. aseTi msoflmxedvelobis Sedegi aris mecniereba (an piriqiT

_ empiriulad rogor xdeboda am struqturebis warmoqmna, am

teqstisaTvis ara aqvs mniSvneloba). mecniereba moiTxovs erTxel

da samudamod dadgenil subieqts, romlis sakvlevadac, mimarTavs

Tavis Zalebs. aseTi subieqti, axali msoflaRqmis mixedviT, aris

samyaro. sxvadasxva mecnierebebi swored am sagnis sxvadasxva

nawilebis istorias swavloben (istorias imitom, rom sxvanairi

mecnieruli kvleva, anu kvleva, romelic am msoflmxedvelobis wiaRSi

daibada, warmoudgenelia. mxolod sagnis warmoSobis, ganviTarebis

da dasasrulis codniT gveZleva sakvlevis mecnieruli arseba).

6. struqturebis am monacvleobaSi paradigmulobis yvela

formis aRmoCena SeiZleba; pirveli gawyoba emTxveva mecnierul, anu

istoriul msoflmxedvelobas, romelic samyaros erT mTlian

organizmad warmogvidgens da romelic mxolod am erTianobas miiCnevs

istoriis subieqtobis Rirsad. meore “siuJeti” religiuri, anu

JamTaaRmwerluri ideologiis igiveobrivia, romelSic konkretuli

subieqtia aRiarebuli samyaros Semqmnelad da istoriaSi moqmedad.

mesame ambavSi miTis aRnagobas vxedavT, romlis mixedviTac samyaro

ramdenime Tanasworuflebiani subieqtis moqmedebis Sedegia.

7. aseTi droebiT uparadigm movlenebi yvela istoriaSi unda

arsebobdnen. amas, ra Tqma unda, kosmogoniuri miTi ganapirobebs. iq,

sadac aseTi ambavi ar aris mocemuli, uparadigmo movlenebsac ver

SevamCnevT. aseTi kultura, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba gaxistebul, gaqvavebul

formad, meore mxriv ki, paradigmulobis srul formalur gamovlenad

CavTvaloT, romelSic paradigma erTsa da imave dros, erTi da igive

formiT, erTi da imave fenomenebiT, aris kanonic da msoflmxedvelobac.

8. Cvens garemoSi realuradaa mocemuli paradigmulobis yvela

niSani, forma da modusi. anu is sabolood xorcieldeba _ xelSesaxebi

da gverdiT mdgomi xdeba. ar arsebobs mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba

Cvens garemoSi da romelsac ver movunaxavT paradigmas.

gigi TevzaZe

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9. paradigmulobis paradigmuli gamocdileba ritualis saSua-

lebiT am ritualis sivrcis gareT myofis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb

gvesaubreba. es aris uebari wamali-saSualeba, Tavi aSkara safrTxeSi

ar Caigdo da Tanac mazans miaRwio.

10. es mxolod sityvebi ar aris; evropis saxelmwifoebs

Soris sazRvrebis gaqarwyleba da intermecnieruli disciplinebis

gamoCena horizontze am procesis dasawyisis utyuari niSania.

11. rituali aris moqmedeba aqtivaciisaTvis, warmatebiT dasru-

lebisaTvis maSin, rodesac uSualod ver erevi da realuri ambis

realuri Tanamonawile ver xdebi. anu, rituali, erTi mxriv, niSnavs

uZlurebas, meore mxriv, mZafr dainteresebas (rogorc es ukve vnaxeT,

paradigmulobis da katastrofulobis SemTxvevaSi; paradigmuloba

verafers uxerxebs katastrofulobas, radgan is paradigmulobis

nawili da “logikuri” Sedegia. amisaTvis paradigmuloba asrulebs

katastrof[is]ul ritualebs, raTa saxelis mudmivi gameorebiT

Seqmnas katastrofis iluzia da amiT realuri katastrofa aicilos,

umniSvnelo da ganuxorcielebeli gaxados).

12. urCxulTan brZola politikaSi mimdinare procesebis

aRmniSvneli gaxda; SeiZleba ebrZolo faSizmis urCxuls, sibnelis

urCxuls, bolos da bolos _ leviaTans.

13. paradigmebis aseTi erToba princi pulad gansxvavdeba

paradigmulobis bolo gawyobidan, romelsac Cvens garemoSi

vakvirdebiT: rogorc ukve vnaxeT, Cvens garemoSi yvela paradigma

gveZleva, magram maTi gaerTianeba erT organizmSi ar xdeba. piriqiT,

aseTi mocemuloba maqsimaluri daSlilobisaken da ucentrobisakenaa

mimarTuli. es mimarTuloba aris swored is rituali, romelic

katastrofis winaamRdeg tardeba. katastrofa xom sxva araferia,

Tu ara centris gauqmeba-dakargva da nawilebis TavisTavadi tivtivi

cariel sivrceSi.

14. es miTiTeba “guSin” Seqmnili ar aris: urCxuli Cveni

yofnis iseTive Zveli personaJia, rogorc _ miTi. kulturis erT-

erTi uZvelesi Temaa urCxulis mokvla-Caketvac (romelic aucileblad

unda ganxorcieldes, sanam miTiuri RmerTebis ierarqia Camoyalibdeba),

romlis rituali Cvens droSic xorcieldeba. paradigmulobas ar

ezareba am ritualis Catareba.

15. am xinjiani cixis gamo, romelic paradigmulobam urCxuls

Seuqmna, urCxulis mokvla ar xerxdeba. ase rom ar iyos, ra saWiroa

am ritualis aseTi daJinebiT “zepiroba”.

piradigma da urCxuli

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16. magram es istoriuli interesia, romelic axals verafers

SegvZens. saWiroa vnaxoT, Tu ra xdeba dRes, Cvens garemoSi. rogoria

paradigmulobis, urCxulis da Selocvis saqme.

17. Cveni arseboba, romelic Semwynareblobisaken da “kulturaTa

dialogisaken” mogviwodebs, aris bolo maxe, romelic paradigmulobam

urCxuls daugo, da bolo xerxi, romliTac mas urCxulis sabolood

damarcxebis imedi aqvs. Cvens garemoSi, romelic principulad

ritualuria, realurad zRapari xorcieldeba. es is sivrcea,

romelSic urCxuli sabolood unda mokvdes. urCxuli, gveubneba

paradigmuloba, aris omebi, nacionalizmi, mafia, romelsac axali

azrovnebiT, SemwynareblobiT, axali wesrigisaken mimarTulebiT unda

moverioT. zRapris aseTi gaTamaSebiT, am fsevdo-urCxulebTan

(romlebsac aSkara paradigmuli xasiaTi aqvT) dapirispirebiT,

xerxdeba mTeli samyaros CarTva am fsevdo-brZolaSi, am N xarisxis

ritualSi. amis Sedegad namdvili urCxuli, romelic ibadeba da

aris, uyuradRebod rCeba.

18. aseTi maqcia aris rojer jeliaznis “amberis qronikebi”,

romelmac moaxerxa Fantasy-dan (Tanamedrove zRapris totaluri

formidan) Tavis daRweva: gaauqma dasasruli, dabruneba da Tavisi

Txroba principulad usasrulo gaxada.

aseTive maqcia aris inflaciuri kosmologia, romelic Tavs

aRwevs tradiciuli Teoriuli fizikis aucilebeli dasasrulis

mtkicebas da mTel samyaros dausruleblobas da usawyisobas uwesebs.

aseT samyaroSi maradiulad iqmneba axal-axali mikro-samyaroebi,

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da sxvadasxva kanonebiT.

19. is filosofia, romelic laparakobda transcendentalur

apercepciaze, Da-sein-ze, am gamoZiebis Sedegad diskreditebuli

aRmoCnda. paradigmulobam filosofiis daxmarebiT yvelaferi SeWama~,

rac zogadis da sayovelTaobis saxeliT iyo cnobili. magram, misi

yovlisSemZleoba amave dros misi sisustec aRmoCnda. mas daaviwyda,

xeli aRar miuwvda konkretul adamianze, ara Da-sein-ze, aramed vinme“X”-ze, “Y”-ze, konkretuli saxelisa da gvaris mqone pirovnebaze,

romelic, raki is zemoT naxsenebi zogadobis kerZo SemTxvevadaa

gamocxadebuli, daculi iyo paradigmulobis dartymebisagan.

20. filosofiam unda imetyvelos konkretuli adamianis Sesaxeb,

konkretuli adamianidan. unda aRiweros ara Da-sein-i, an “raRacnairi”subieqti, anda iseTi pirovneba, romelSic raimes (mag. filosofiis)

obieqtivacia xdeba. aramed, Tundac, rojer jeliazni, an iuda

iskarioteli.

gigi TevzaZe

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Gigi Tevzadze

Paradigm and The Beast(Philosophical Reason Case)

This text says that“...The Paradigm guards and cares us from every side. It creates for us a

comfortable and nice home where we must feel ourselves well. It unfolds pictures(deigmas) before us; we can stand under any of these pictures and feel its [para-digms] guardian existence. Thus we must not fear the future (catastrophe). TheFuture which has been closed by the corresponding ritual of incantation. Now –everything and everyone has define and mean in Present.

Nothing new will happen; everything happening now and this now is eter-nal – says the paradigm.

This words looks like an incantation. But we must spread our suspicion overthis incantation too. This too is only ritual relating to and working for our welfare”.

and that“...A Beast can be a philosopher i.e. Heraclitus; His multiform and disorder

fragments may indicate the nature of the beast. In this case the ritual of destruc-tion (deconstruction) appears to us as an ontological-dialectical interpretation ofthis fragments which transforms Heraclitus in historical (historic) step and which[interpretation] was descending by mistaken and grafted philosophers from thetime of Hegel (Aristotle?).

A Beast can be any phrase or proposition which is forgotten and hidden. Byobservant investigation we can discover that we are surrounded by beasts.”.

In the end of this text author announces, that“...Philosophy must redress its wrongs and must reincantate beasts for the

rest of time. And this reincantation must be developed not through speculationsabout concrete and concretness (this direction as we have already seen necessar-ily constructs an alibi of Paradigm) but through the discourse about “something”which stands beside the Paradigmatic as the price for omnipotence and perva-siveness”.

piradigma da urCxuli

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e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k a

cira barbaqaZe

lirikuli subieqtis

identifikacia anu

koncepti s i s x l i muxran

maWavarianis poeziaSi

koncepti* `sisxli~

«Ïîíèìàíèå ïðîñòîãî ñòèõîòâîðåíèÿ

ïðåäïîëàãàåò íå òîëüêî ïîíèìàíèå

êàæäîãî èç ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ åãî ñëîâ â åãî

îáû÷íîì çíà÷åíèè: íåîáõîäèìî ïîíèìàíèå

âñåãî îáðàçà æèçíè äàííîãî îáùåñòâà,

îòðàæàþùåãîñÿ â ñëîâàõ è ðàñêðûâà-

þùåãîñÿ â îòòíêàõ èõ çíà÷åíèÿ»

Ýäâàðä Ñåïèð

` _ ici, ram mogiyvana, babua?

_ ara! _ upasuxa SviliSvilma.

_ me getyvi, aba: sisxlma mogiyvana, babua,

saswaulia sisxli. . . . . . . . . . . .

mxolod sisxli laparakobda da fiqrobda,

xolo ras laparakobda da fiqrobda sisxli,

_ RmerTma uwyis! ~

nodar dumbaZe `sisxli~

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis

s axelmwifo uni -

versitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa da kultu-

ris kvlevebis fakulte-

tis asocirebuli profe-

sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

qarTuli mWevrmetyve-

lebis lingvopragmatika,

folkloruli ritorika,

Tanamedrove politikuri

diskursis ritorikuli

Taviseburebani, qarTuli

sakanonmdeblo stili...

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, ritorika, sti-

listika, kritika.

* termin koncepts ganvixilavT kognitiuri lingvis-

tikis farglebSi, romlis mixedviTac, koncepti sam-

yaros enobrivi suraTis safuZveli, mravalganzom-

ilebiani~ warmonaqmnia, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs

ara mxolod denotaciur, aramed konotaciur mniS-

vnelobaTa mTel speqtrs.

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`sisxli~ arqetipuli simboloa, romelTanac erTdroulad

aris dakavSirebuli rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi konotacie-

bi. mniSvnelobaTa abmivalenturoba aris konceptis erT_erTi dam-

axasiaTebeli niSani (gansxvavebiT sityvisagan).

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli enis frazeologiaSi sisxlTan

dakavSirebiT uaryofiTi Sinaarsis konotaciebi sWarbobs. aseTebia:

sisxli aemRvra (brazi moeria), sisxli moawva (boRma axrCobs),

sisxli gaeyina (elda eca, SeeSinda), sisxli gauSra (gaitanja), sisx-

li TavSi auvarda (metismetad gabrazda), sisxli marTebs (vinme

hyavs mokluli), sisxls eZebs (vinmes mosaklavad dasdevs) da ase

Semdeg.

«Àðõåòèïè÷åñêèé ñèìâîë «êðîâ» èìååò ïàðàäîêñàëüíóþ ïðèðîäó

è ñîçäà¸ò áîëåå çíà÷èòåëüíîå, ÷åì îáû÷íî, íàïðÿæåíèå. Åãî ïîëíûé

ñåìàíòè÷åñêèé ñïåêòð âêëþ÷àåò ýëåìåíòû, ñâÿçàííûå êàê ñ äîáðîì,

òàê è ñî çëîì, ïðè÷¸ì ïåðâûé _ äîñòàòî÷íî ÿñíûé, à

âòîðîé_îòíîñèòåëüíî ò¸ìíûé, íî èç-çà ýòîãî åù¸ áîëåå çëîâåùèé...»

(uilraiti 1990:99). sisxli aris simbolo sicocxlis, sikvdilis da siyvarulis;

dakavSirebulia dabadebasan, qorwinebasTan, omTan... koncepti `daa-

tarebs~ bibliur codvasac, rac ase gamoxata ana kalandaZem leqsSi:

`da Tqva ufalman...~

da Tqva ufalman kaenis mimarT:

sad aris abel, Zmai Seni...

kaen, sad aris, abel?

sisxlis ikvreba rkali... (xazgasma Cemia_c.b.)

sxvisas... ar iRebs zeca,

sakuTars iTxovs, kaen!

sisxli qristianuli simbolocaa: iesom `aiRo sasmisi, mad-

li Seswira, misca maT da uTxra: yvelam SesviT aqedan, vinaidan es

aris Cemi sisxli axali aRTqmisa, mravalTaTvis daRvrili codvaTa

misateveblad~ (maTe, 26, 27-28).

sisxlis yivili~ _ es metafora dakavSirebulia yovelive mSob-

liurTan, romelic ganuyofelia adamianis `me~_sgan. Aamitom, Tu

adamiani tovebs samSoblos, is tovebs sakuTar Tavsac, garkveuli

azriT, radganac adamiani koleqtiur_istoriuli sxeulis, samSob-

los nawilia.

vaJa_fSavela `aluda qeTelaurSi~ sisxlis aRebis wess ase

aprotestebs:

visac mteroba maswyurdes,

gaaRos saxlis karia,

lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

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38 cira barbaqaZe

sisxl daigubos keraSi,

TviTonac Sigve mdgaria.

Rvinodac imas dahlevdes,

puradac mosaxmaria.

pirjvari daiwerodis,

miTam saydarSi aria.

sisxlSia hqondes qorwili,

iq daiweros jvaria,

daipatiJos stumrebi,

daamwkriodes jaria.

sisxlSi daigos logini,

gverds daiwvinos calia,

bevri iyolos Svilebi,

bevri vaJi da qalia;

iqve saflavi gaTxaros,

iq daimarxos mkvdaria.

Sen ro sxva mahkla,

Senc mogkvlen,

mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria.

warmodgenil nawyvetSi mterobis mosurne da SurismaZiebeli

adamianis mTeli cxovreba sisxlis foniT aris warmodgenili da

naCvenebia cxovrebis am wesis Seuqcevadi xasiaTi. Kkonceptis amg-

vari gaazreba, ra Tqma unda, uaryofiT konotaciebs qmnis.

sisxli iTxovs sisxls, sisxli wyvets... zogjer is adamianze

metia... aleqsandre yazbegis `xevisberi goCa~ SeiZleba davimow-

moT am konteqstiT: `moZmeT sisxli caSi RmerTs SesCuxCuxebs da

samarTals iTxovs, gadaswyvite, Temo!~

qarTul poeziaSi sisxlis sxva mniSvnelobebic gvxvdeba. sain-

teresoa, ilia WavWavaZis mier poeziis ganmarteba: `poezia niWia,

madlia, romelic eZleva kacTa, mxolod RvTiv rCeulTa, madlia,

magram, amasTanave, tvirTic aris, radganac igi movlenilia, raTa Wri-

lobidan sisxlis Seuwyveteli dena kacTa sicocxles Seuyenos!~

poeziis sisxlTan dakavSireba saintereso saxes badebs. erTi mxriv,

sisxldena mtkivneuli procesia da, meore mxriv, leqsis dabadeba _

didi sixaruli. amgvar ambivalentur konotacias qmnis sisxli

tician tabiZis eseninisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi:

gdioda leqsi, Sen rogorc sisxli,

mourCeneli gulis iara,

Page 39: სემიოტიკა #3

39lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

Tavis sikvdiliT Tavs ver daixsni

da sisxli mxolod sisxls eziara.

`sisxlis sisxlTan ziareba~ _ es aris poeziis, rogorc sisx-

lis, da fizikuri sisxlis urTierTSerevis mistikuri aqti.

garkveuli azriT, yoveli civilizaciis kulturuli stereoti-

pebis sistema wesrigdeba im enis meSveobiT, romliTac mocemuli

civilizacia gamoixateba... ena _ sepiris mixedviT _ es aris `so-

cialuri sinamdvilis~ gzamkvlevi. Aadamianebi cxovroben ara mx-

olod materialur da socialur samyaroSi, rogorc es miRebulia

vifiqroT, mniSvnelovani xarisxiT yvela isini imyofebian konkret-

uli enis gavlenaSi.... SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom enaTmecnierebas aqvs

xelmZRvanelis roli kulturis `fsiqologiuri geografiis~ Se-

qmnaSi (sepiri 2003:130).

A`adamiani samyaros Seicnobs umTavresad Tavisi fizikuri

gamocdilebis safuZvelze. Ees gamocdileba Cvens xuT grZnobas

emyareba.Bbunebrivi enis semantikaze sinamdvilis proecirebis Sed-

egad warmoiqmneba `proecirebuli samyaro~, romlis realurisagan

gansxvaveba ganpirobebulia adamianis TaviseburebebiTa da konkre-

tul kulturaTa specifikiT~ (gamyreliZe 2003:465).

vfiqrobT, rom calkeul poetTa SemoqmedebaSi konceptebis

gamovlena_analizi dagvexmareba agreTve poeziis `fsiqologiuri

geografiis~ SeqmnaSi.

koncepti s i s x l i muxran maWavarianis

poeziaSi

poeziiT yofierebis dafuZneba `RmerTis miniSnebebs~

ukavSideba da, amave dros, poeturi sityva gadmocemaa

`eris xmisa~

martin haidegeri

holderlini da poeziis arsi

`o, ra Tqma unda, cxedrebi mudam

sdumano, magram sisxli mwardeba,

sisxli iZaxis: mkvleli, iuda!

sisxli arasdros ar dawynardeba!

Ggalaktioni

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40 cira barbaqaZe

teqstTan dakavSirebiT identifikaciis gansxvavebuli formebi

arsebobs, ramdenadac teqsti dinamiur damokidebulebaSia avtor-

Tan da mkiTxvelTan. baxtini ori tipis avtors ganasxvavebs. erTi,

romelic teqsts qmnis da meore, romelsac teqsti aRadgens, anu

warmosaxviTi (lirikuli subieqti). mkiTxveli Zalian xSirad nam-

dvil avtorTan aigivebs lirikul subieqts. Bbaxtinis mixedviT ki,

lirikuli me ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT avtoris me_sTan, radgan av-

tori yovelTvis TamaSobs~ da xSirad emijneba kidec warmosaxviT

avtors, zog SemTxvevaSi, amisTvis is irCevs fsevdonimebs da axdens

mistifikacias...

SesaZloa, rom baxtinis es Sexeduleba sxvagvaradac gaviazroT.

xSirad poeziiT Seqmnili dro_sivrce arsebiTad gansxvavebulia

realuri dro_sivrcisagan, amitom SeiZleba gaCndes iluzia, rom

warmosaxviTi avtori realurs ar SeiZleba emTxveodes, magram amg-

vari damTxveva_daumTxvevlobac mxolod pirobiTia. Tu poezia sxva

droa~ an, ufro zustad, sxva ganzomileba, romelSic dros sxva

siCqare aqvs, an saerTod ara aqvs siCqare, maSin realuri avtori,

romelic realur drosa da sivrceSi cxovrobs, SeiZleba warmo-

vidginoT im Semoqmedad, romelic axal_axal samyaroebs qmnis da

amravlebs (anawevrebs) sakuTar Tavs... aris Tu ara, warmosaxviTi

avtori simulakri~, romelsac dedani~ ara aqvs, es sxva msjelo-

bis sagania.

rogorc barti ityoda edgar pos erTi teqstis analizisas,

Cveni kvlevis mizania ara nawarmoebis mTeli stuqturis aRwera,

aramed moZravi struqturebis aRmoCena, romlebic icvleba mkiTx-

velidan mkiTxvelamde istoriis manZilze; mTavaria, nawarmoebis

azrobriv sivrceSi SeRweva, semiozisSi wvdoma. `Cveni amocanaa _

wers barti, movixelToT ara yovelgvari azri teqstisa (es Seu-

Zlebelic iqneboda, ramdenadac teqsti usazRvrod gaxsnilia us-

azRvroebaSi: aranair mkiTxvels, aranair subieqts, arcerT mecniere-

bas ar Seswevs Zala, gaaCeros teqstis moZraoba), aramed is formebi,

is kodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac warmoiSoba teqstis azri~ (barti

1989:425).

am miznisa da amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganvixilavT liriku-

li subieqtis identifikacias poetis SemoqmedebaSi individualuri

konceptebis gamokvlevis gziT. albaT, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis

ar iqneba moulodneli, Tu vityviT, rom muxran maWavarianis poeziis

erT_erTi mTavari koncepti sisxlia. (am tipis kvlevis Sedegad, ana

kalandaZe varskvlavebis poetia, terenti graneli_qaris da a.S...).

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41lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

ganvixiloT muxran maWavarianis leqsi: `Sen, sisxlo Cemo…~,

romelSic:

sisxli _ saqarTveloa / saqarTvelo _ poeti / sisxli = poeti

Sen _

sisxlo Cemo _ sad ar daRvrilo...

Sen _

sad ar gxvrepda Savi yorani...

vin gagakvirvos,

ram gagakvirvos,_

nadidgorali,

naSamqorali.

Sen _

sisxlo Cemo _

Seni Rvawlia,

ramac aqamdec ki moaRwia:

sveticxoveli,

xanZTa,

varZia

da isic, _

rac mters warutacnia.

Sen _

sisxlo Cemo _

Seni dineba

vefxistyaosniT xSirad migrZvnia...

sityva,

romelic geCoTireba _

vcdilob _ gaSoro, _

rac SemoZlia,

Sen _

sisxlo Cemo _

sisxlo xniero,

daucxromelo da ucnauro...

sabednierod,

sabednierod, _

hai, hai, rom

kidev xmaurob.

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leqsSi identifikaciis saintereso formaa: poeti identificir-

ebulia saqarTvelosTan, xolo, Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelo sisxlia,

romelic poetis sisxlZarRvebSi Cqefs. Llirikuli gmiri II piris

nacvalsaxeliT mimarTavs sakuTar (saqarTvelos) sisxls: `Sen,

sisxlo Cemo!~

sisxlis metaforizaciis maRali xarisxi mravali faqtoriT

SeiZleba aixsnas: is aris mTavari mkvebavi gulisTvis da adamianis

(qveynis) sicocxlis wyaro (sisxlis gaSroba adamianis sikvdil-

ia), Txevadia, denadi, wiTeli feris, genetikuri kodis (informaciis)

matarebeli...

yvelaferi sisxlis damsaxurebaa, ramac aqamde moaRwia... xolo

poetisTvis `vefxistyaosniT~ misi dineba kidev ufro sagrZnobi

xdeba.

saqarTvelo erTi mTliani, cocxali organizmia, romelSic

qarTvelebis `daRvrili~ da `dasaRvreli~ sisxlia...

daRvrili sisxli _ `Sen, sisxlo Cemo, sad ar daRvrilo…~.

`xmiTa uxmoTi SebRavis zecas

sisxli, _ ZeTaTvis daRvrili ZeTa.~

`mamuli sisxliT gaajeres imdenad mtrebma, _

wvimas ver itans...

drodadro cremli ise wveTavs

sabas wveridan...~

`unda daRvaro ramdeni sisxli...

kaci rom gaxde kuTvnilis Rirsi~.

`Txeva sisxlisa maTisa _

Rvari wvimisa viTa...~

dasaRvreli sisxli _ `magram, jer kidev,

RvTiT, SemogvrCa sisxli imdeni, _

kvlav rom davRvaroT,

dasWirdeba samSoblos Tuki!~

`sisxlze godeben sxvebi daRvrilze,

me dasaRvreli medardvis sisxli~.

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43lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianTan ZiriTadad, daRvril da

dasaRvrel sisxlTan, raimes sisxliT mopovebasTan aris asocire-

buli, riTac SeiZleba aixsnas qarTvelTa eTnokulturuli Tavise-

burebani.

sisxli informaciis matarebelia, sisxlis fasic icis

poetma:

namyo me ar meeWveba,

sisxlis vici Cemis fasi;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ris beWedi! ra beWedi! _

mTavaria, sisxli! sisxli!..

namyo me ar meeWveba,

sxvaTaSoris, arc mermisi.

cnobilia, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi yvela socialuri fenis war-

momadgenels Tavisi `sisxlis fasi~ hqonda (aqedan _ cisferi

sisxli _ yvelaze maRali fasis mqone). magaliTad, vaxtangis `sa-

marTalSi~ TavadTa sami xarisxis sisxli arsebobda. `didebuli

Tavadis~ sisxli 1536 Tumans udrida, `Sua Tavadisa~ _ orjer

naklebs, mesame xarisxis Tavadisa~ ki _ oTxjer naklebs. Aaznaure-

bic sam xarisxad iyofodnen, vaWrebis, msaxurTa da glexTa sisxlis

fasic gansazRvruli iyo.

roca poeti ambobs, rom: `sisxlis vici, Cemis fasi!~ _ misi

sisxli yvelaze ufro Zvir fasTan identificirdeba, radgan metafo-

rulad igi mxolod gmirebis da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli

adamianebis sisxls daatarebs, romelTa sisxli fasdaudebelia. vin

arian isini, romelTa sisxlic poetis sisxlSi `bolTas scems?~

davimowmoT isev muxranis leqsi:

SenSi uTuod scems bolTas sisxli,

SoTa rom iyo,

rusTveli,

misi.

SenSi uTuod scems bolTas sisxli,

saba rom iyo,

sulxani,

misi.

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44 cira barbaqaZe

sxvaTani SenSi sisxli Cqefs visi, _

arca msurs codna

da arca vici.

Kkidev vin `mimodis~ poetis sisxlSi? Aam kiTxvaze pasuxi isev

leqsSi unda amovikiTxoT:

yvelaze uwin vinc gasxla vazi,

qva sxvaze uwin vinc dasva qvaze,

vinc sxvaze uwin gasWeda rkina,

vinc sxvaze uwin ixmara ina,

qristes Sobamde vinc Seqmna wigni, _

sisxlad mimodis

dRes

CemSi

igi.

moipoveba ra! _Qqveyanaze!

moipoveba ra! _ Tugind caSi!

rom CemTan igi ar iyos bavSvi

da sisxlis Cemis rom iyos fasi?!

(xazgasma leqsebSi yvelgan Cemia_c.b.)

sisxli yvelafers imaxsovrebs, sisxlma yvelaferi icis... poe-

ti qmnis sakuTar asls (Tu dedans) poeziis saxiT, romelSic iseve

xmaurobs sisxli, rogorc fizikur sxeulSi:

samagierod, _

odes xorci mieca miwas,

odes leqsSiRa xmaurobda poetis sisxli, _

qveyana SeZra sikvdilma misma...

raki, leqsebSi sisxli moZraobs da xmaurobs, qarTul lirikaSi

Cndeba imgvari metaforuli saxe, rogoricaa `sulis kardio-

grama~.

sisxlia Semoqmedi, zRvasaviT boboqari:

Zal_Rone

sisxlsac zRvasaviT erCis,

zRvasaviT

brdRvinavs xandaxan isic:

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45lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

viT zRva qviSidan akeTebs kenWebs,

sityvebs

akeTebs fiqridan sisxli.

sabolood, sisxli wyvets:

rom ara xorci iyo,

aramed

iyo uxorco sicocxlis Rirsi! _

veravin getyvis,

aravin icis, _

Tvinier sisxlis, _

Senive sisxlis!

sisxli uwyvet cikls qmnis _…warsulidan modis awmyoSi da

gadaedineba momavalSi. Esisxlis uwyvetoba (qarTuli genis ukvdav-

ebis metafora) kargad gamoixata muxran maWavarianis leqsSi:

`viTarca mtkvari...~

viTarca Rvino _ qvevridan xapSi _

xapidan doqSi _ doqidan jamSi _

qarTuli sisxli, qarTuli suli,

qarTuli sityva, qarTuli guli

gadadioda kacidan kacSi...

gzadagza svamdnen, amRvrevdnen, Rvridnen,

uRmerTod hryvnidnen, ugulod hyiddnen.

da . . . miuxedavad amisa,

mainc, _

gamoiara rusTvelis guli,

gamoiara vaxtangis guli,

gamoiara Tamaris guli,

gamoiara sulxanis guli...

da dRes _

SoTais naqoni sisxliT,

da dRes _

vaxtangis naqoni sisxliT,

da dRes sulxanis naqoni sisxliT _

Tbilisis farTo quCebSi dadis:

leila, londa, naTia, nani,

eliso, vaJa, giorgi, givi

da...

iaron! iaron! iaron!

amin!

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46 cira barbaqaZe

warmodgenili leqsi erTgvari locva da sagalobelia qarTu-

li genisa. Aam simZafres avtori swored sisxlis poetikiT aRw-

evs. `kacidan kacSi~ sisxlis gadasvla `Tasidan TasSi~ gadasv-

lasTan asocirebuli, erTgvarad mistikur rituals emsgavseba da

`graalis Tasis~ simbolikasac gvaxsenebs. M

muxran maWavarianis am ganwyobas enaTesaveba osip mandelStamis

leqsi batiuSkovisadmi miZRvnili:

×òî æ! Ïîäíèìàé óäèâë¸ííûå áðîâè,

Òû, ãîðîæàíèí è äðóã ãîðîæàí,

Âå÷íûå ñíû, êàê îáðàç÷èêè êðîâè,

Ïåðåëèâàé èç ñòàêàíà â ñòàêàí.

Mmaradiuli sizmrebi asocirebulia isev sisxlTan. Wiqidan WiqaSi~

gadasxma ki im tipis metaforaa, rogoric `kacidan kacSi~ da

`Tasidan TasSi~ (Wiqa, Tasi, adamiani, _ WurWelia samive). Aam SemTx-

vevaSi mTavaria gadasxma~, rogorc uwyvetobis, ciklurobis simbo-

lo. Tavad batiuSkovis poeziisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia `gadasx-

mis~ da `Tasidan Sesmis~ poetika. magaliTad:

Àõ! Ïî÷òî æå ìíå çàðàíå,

Äðóã ëþáåçíûé, óíûâàòü?

Âñÿ ñóäüáà ìîÿ â ñòàêàíå,

Ñòàíåì ïèòü è âîñïåâàòü. . . («Ê Ïåòèíó»)

Mmirza gelovani erT leqsSi wers:

Tqven Rvinos nu svamT sxva Tasidan, uari Tasebs!

uari yvelas... siyvaruli erTs aTasidan.

vinc ukvdavebas, rogorc xviTos, qveynad afasebs,

dalieT Rvino Cemi Tasidan.

vulkanis tkivils siyvaruli vinc Seavedros,

visac surs, Ramis naoWebSi cam gauRimos,

dalieT sisxli am Tasidan ualaverdod,

Cemi Tasidan dalieT Rvino.

mirza gelovanis damowmebul leqsSi sisxli da Rvino sinonime-

bia. `dalieT sisxli am Tasidan~ bibliuri aluziaa. kidev erTxel

davimowmebT zemomotanil citatas: iesom aiRo sasmisi, madli Seswira,

misca maT da uTxra: `yvelam SesviT aqedan, vinaidan es aris Cemi

sisxli axali aRTqmisa, mravalTaTvis daRvrili codvaTa misateve-

blad~ (maTe, 26, 27_28).

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47lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

ratom maincdamainc sisxlis metaforizaciiT gadmoicema sulis

ukvdavebis idea? am movlenis asaxsnelad SeiZleba mivmarToT isev

sisxlis bibliur gagebas. magaliTad, bibliaSi vkiTxulobT: `rad-

gan sisxlSia xorcielis suli...~ (levianni, 17:11) anda: `radgan

suli yoveli xorcielisa misi sisxlia, mis sulSia igi...~ (levianni,

17:14). am gagebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ukeT aixsnas ilia Wav-

WavaZis gamonaTqvami: poezia movlenilia, `raTa Wrilobidan sisx-

lis Seuwyveteli dena kacTa sicocxles Seuyenos!~. maSasadame, poe-

zia `sisxlis gadasxmaa~, Tan gamudmebuli gadasxma... ratom sisx-

lis? radgan sisxlSia suli! (bibliuri gageba).

sisxlis gansakuTrebulobasa da Zalaze metyvelebs Zvel

saqarTveloSi Zmadnaficobis sisxlis SereviT ganmtkicebis tradi-

ciac.

zemomoyvanili asociaciebi gamoiwvia swored muxran maWavari-

anis leqsma: `viTarca mtkvari~.

Tanamedrove poezia winamorbedebisagan estafetasaviT iRebs da

svams RvTaebriv siTxes poeziis Tasidan im faqtis aRsaniSnavad,

rom axla masSi moedineba rusTavelis, Tamaris, vaxtangis... galak-

tionis, anas, muxranis... sisxli. Aam mxriv, sainteresod gveCveneba

axalgazrda poetis, rezo geTiaSvilis leqsi _ mkvdrebis manifes-

ti~, romelic poeturi (da ara mxolod) sisxlis erTgvari rein-

terpretaciaa da romelSic ismis muxranis: `me dasaRvreli medar-

dvis sisxli~_s gacilebiT mZafri paToisi. ai, fragmenti am leqsidan:

modiT, davxocoT erTmaneTi, Tavisufleba,

sisxlis duRili, sisxlis madlma,

Tvalebs dasicxuls,

sisxlis aRebis, sisxlis wesiT, sisxlis sufrebad,

Sen, sisxlo Cemo, sisxlo sxviso, zogadad, sisxlo.

vinc gadarCeba, Caibarebs sul yvelas codvas,

Cveni sulebis saukunod gansasveneblad,

Cven ukve mzad varT vemsaxuroT samSoblos, hoda,

vaSa, am axal saqarTvelos, vaSa, Senebas!

istoriis manZilze zogjer qarTvelebs sisxlisRvris sabe-

diswero moTxovna uCndebodaT da xSirad ubralo sisxlic~ iRvreba...

amitom ambobs poeti: `modi, davxocoT erTmaneTi...~, rac, ra Tqma

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48

unda, ukvalod ar Caivlis da vinc gadarCeba, Caibarebs sul yvelas

codvas~*

Tumca, Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi gvxvdeba iliaseuli sisx-

lis ZRveni~ da poetis Tavgameteba _ sakuTari sisxliT morwyas

samyaro:

mTebze xasxasebs dila sisxami,

axla sikvdili Znelia erTob...

da mainc, sisxlis erTi misxaliT

momarwyvevine samyaro, RmerTo!

(laSa nadareiSvili)

muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi sisxli RmerTis sinonimadac ki

gamoiyeneba. roca cxovrebisgan daRlil poets uneburad aRmoxdeba:

aRarc sisxli mwams,

aRarc grZnoba

da aRarc alRo...

RmerTmani, vera gavige ra

me am cxovrebis:

me Senze ufro aravisTan

vyofilvar axlo,

yvelaze ufro

me mainc Sen meucxovebi.

`aRarc sisxli mwams~ gamonaTqvamiT Canacvlebulia `aRarc Rm-

erTi mwams~ gamonaTqvami. warmodgenili konteqstic gansazRvravs

sisxlis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas poetisaTvis.

PP. S. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom arsebobs qarTuli sisxli da poet-

uri sisxli, maSin muxran maWavariani, metaforulad rom vTqvaT,

`cisfersisxliani~ poetia!~ Dda kidev erTxel davimowmebT

martin haidegers: `poeziiT yofierebis dafuZneba `RmerTis miniS-

nebebs~ ukavSideba da, amave dros, poeturi sityva gadmocemaa eris

xmisa~. holderlinis poeziis gamo naTqvami ase morgebuli aRmoCn-

da muxran maWavarianis poeziisTvisac!

cira barbaqaZe

* amitom iyo, rom ilia QWavWavaZe `aCrdilSi~ ase avedrebda ufals qvyanas: `Zliero

RmerTo, SenTvis brZodnen qarTvlisa Zeni, dasabamiTve ar ician, _ ra ars mSvidoba, ikmare

saRmrTod maT patiJni da sisxlis ZRveni, Tu ram Segcodes, _ Seisyides tanjviT Sendoba.~

Page 49: სემიოტიკა #3

49lirikuli subieqtis identifikacia anu koncepti sisxli muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi

daskvnisTvis:

samyaros qarTuli enobrivi suraTis `dasaxatad~ mniSvnelova-

nia qarTuli poeziis enobrivi suraTi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gulisx-

mobs calkeul poetTa enobrivi suraTebis Seqmnas. individualuri

konceptebis gamovlena_analizi Cveni kvlevis erT_erTi amocanaa.

aRmoCnda, rom Tu ana kalandaZe `varskvlavebis~ poetia, terenti

graneli_`qaris~... muxran maWavarianis poeziis mTavari koncepti

sisxlia. Kkoncepti sisxli poetis SemoqmedebaSi avlens ara

mxolod ZiriTad saleqsikono da metaforul mniSvnelobebs, aramed

individualuri poetikis mTel speqtrs, rac, sabolood, nasazrdoe-

bia am sityvis arqetipuli, bibliuri Tu miTologiuri Sinaarse-

biT.

unda aRiniSnos agreTve erTi detali, romelic kvlevisas gam-

oikveTa: Tu sisxli qarTul frazeologiaSi umetesad uaryofiT

konotaciebs aCens, muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi piriqiT, dadebiTi

konotaciebis siWarbea.

amdenad, koncepti sisxli gvevlineba im metaforul baded, rom-

lis qsova ar damTavrebula da arc arasodes damTavrdeba, sanam ena

cocxalia da agrZelebs qmnadobas. ZiriTadi azri ki muxran maWa-

varianis sisxlisa, es aris poetis saqarTvelosTan da saqarTve-

los sisxlTan identifikacia, romlidanac logikurad gamomdinar-

eobs _ poetis sisxlTan identifikacia. Ees is sisxlicaa, romel-

ic, rogorc ilia ityoda, `kacTa sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad~

aris movlenili.

literatura

barti 1989: Ðîëàí Áàðò, Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû, Ñåìèîòèêà,

Ïîýòèêà, Ìîñêâà;

gamyreliZe... 2003: Tamaz gamyreliZe, zaza kiknaZe, inga Saduri, nana

Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tbilisi.

sepiri 2003: Ýäâàðä Ñåïèð, Ñòàòóñ ëèíãâèñòèêè, êàê íàóêè. Â

êí: ßçûêè, êàê îáðàçìèðà, ìîñêâà-Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã.

uilraiti 1990: Ô. Óèëðàéò, Ìåòàôîðà è ðåàëíîñòü, Â êí:

Òåîðèÿ ìåòàôîðû, Ìîñêâà.

maWavariani 1989: muxran maWavariani, leqsebi, Tbilisi, merani.

Page 50: სემიოტიკა #3

50 cira barbaqaZe

qarTul_rusuli frazeologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1966.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, VI, Tbilisi, 1960.

ilia abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tbilisi,

1973.

biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1989.

axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1993.

Tsira Barbakadze

The Identification of a Lyrical Figure orthe Concept Blood in Mukhran Machavariani’s Poetry

In order to draw the Georgian linguistic picture of the world, the linguistic pic-ture of Georgian poetry is essential, which, in its turn, implies the construction oflinguistic pictures of individual poets. The identification and analyses of individualconcepts have been one of the objectives of my investigation. It has becomesalient that, while Ana Kalandadze is a poet of Stars, and Terenti Graneli is ofWind, the central concept of Mukhran Machavariani’s poetry is Blood. In thepoet’s writings, the concept Blood reveals not only principal lexical and metaphor-ical meanings, but the whole spectrum of individual poetics, being ultimately gen-erated by archetypic, biblical and/or mythological implications of the word. The study has uncovered another detail: while, in Georgian phraseology, Bloodreveals mostly negative connotations, Mukhran Machavariani’s poetry, on the con-trary, demonstrates the abundance of positive connotations. Thus, the concept Blood acts as a metaphoric grid, the knitting of which has notbeen completed and will never be unless a language is alive and procedes cre-ation. The subject matter of Mukhran Machavariani’s Blood is the identificationof the poet with Georgia and and her blood, logically intailing the poets iden-tification wioth blood. This is the blood which, as Ilia Chavchavadze has put it,comes 'in order to prolong humans’ lives.’

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51

qeTevan bezaraSvili

saazrovno modelebibizantiur kulturaSi,

elinofiloba da qarTuli saeroliteraturis warmoSobis

problema

kacobriobis kulturul memkvidreobaSi

qarTuli kulturis adgilisa da ganviTa-

rebis perspeqtivebis warmosaCenad sayurad-

Reboa misi Seswavla im kulturul-tipo-

logiur modelebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebsac

unda ganesazRvraT misi Camoyalibeba. analizis

marTebulobisaTvis, raTa gamoiricxos

kulturuli tradiciis individualuri aRqma

anda erTi tipis kulturis Sefaseba sxva

kulturis poziciidan, aucilebelia kvlevis

imgvari kriteriumebis moZebna, rasac

safuZvlad udevs, rogorc semiotikur

mecnierebaSia aRniSnuli, normebis Sesaxeb

adekvaturi da erTiani Sexedulebebi da

mwyobri struqtura. kodifikatori da

aRmqmeli identuri kodebiT unda sarge-

blobdnen. mxolod aseTi analizis SemTxvevaSi

kvlav iZens semiotikur sicocxles

kulturuli mexsierebis Semnaxveli teqsti,

romelSiac enis makodirebeli meqanizmiT

Sesabamisi informaciuli Sinaarsia gad-

mocemuli.1

bizantiuri literaturis istoriulma

Seswavlam gamoavlina is kategoriebi, rom-

lebic gavrcelebuli iyo masSi, ramac sa-

fuZveli Seqmna misi semiotikuri Seswav-

lisaTvis. samyaros aRqmis modelebs Soris

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis

saxelmwifo universitetis

pumanitarul mecnierebaTa da

kulturis k vlev e b is

fakultetis asocirebuli

profesori . x elnawerTa

erovnuli centris ufrosi

m ecni eri Ta n a mSromeli .

grigol nazi a nzelis

TxzulebaTaASemswavleli

saerTaSoriso proeqtis wevri

(www. nazianzos.fltr.ucl.ac.be).ZiriTadi naSromebi: grigol

RvTismetyvelis poeziis

qarTuli versia, 1990. miqael

fselosis ritorikuli

traqtatebis Targmanebi, 1996.

ritorikisa da Targmanis

Teoria da praqtika grigol

RvTismetyvelis Txzule-

baTaYqarTuli Targmanebis

mixedviT, Tbilisi, “mecniereba”,

2004. (TanaavtorebTan) S.Gregorii Nazianzeni opera.Versio Iberica, I-V, in CorpusChristianorum, Turnhout,Leuven, Brepols publishers,1998-2007.interesTa sfero:

kodikologia, wyaroTmcod-

neoba, bizantiuri da qarTuli

literatura , q arTuli

samonastro da kulturis

kerebi (aToni, antioqia ,

gelaTi), antikuri da Sua

saukuneebis ritorikis Teoria,

Targmanis Teoria.

1 lotmani 2004: 6, 155-157; 162, 436, 447.

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52

samecniero literaturaSi gamoyofilia e.w. semantikur-simboluri

tipi, rac Sua saukuneebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnisa da

aRmniSvnelis imgvari erTianoba, sadac aRmniSvnels ierarqiulad

daqvemdebarebuli funqcia aqvs, Sua saukuneebis kulturis kodia.2

qvemoT ganxiluli bizantiuri kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

saazrovno modelebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelic es aris.

adreqristianul da bizantiur saazrovno modelebs da maT

kategoriebs udidesi mniSvneloba hqondaT aRmosavluri qristianuli

kulturisaTvis, romelic mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli bizantiur

kulturasTan. am modelebs Rrma kvali daumCneviaT qarTul Teologiur

da mxatvrul literaturaze da gansazRvres kidec misi ganviTarebis

procesebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.

am sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli paradigmebis gaazrebis gareSe

warmoudgenelia qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis, erTi mxriv, mis

mier aTvisebuli ideologiuri da msoflmxedevelobrivi

maxasiaTeblebis, xolo meore mxriv, originalobisa da siaxlis

gansazRvra.

1. bizantiuri kulturis saazrovno modelebi da elinurobis

axali gaazreba

Sua saukuneebis kulturis modelebis sayovelTaod cnobili

kategoriebis garda, rac Seswavlilia samecniero literaturaSi3

(mag., droisa da zedroulobisa/Tu antidroisa, igive maradiulobisa;

soflisa da zesTasoflisa, anu transcendenturisa; vertikaluri

da horizontaluri, fizikuri da metafizikuri ganzomilebebisa,

zeda da qve kategoriebis antiTezisa da misT.) qristianuli

literaturis umTavresi saazrovno maxasiaTebeli, adreuli

periodidanve moyolebuli, iyo rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis

da saero codnis miReba-armiRebis sakiTxi. pavle mociqulis

damokidebulebisa da Semdgom tertulianedan momdinare

formulirebis mixedviT, ierusalimisa da aTenis, anu qristianuli

litoni rwmenisa da saero maRali codnis, SeerTeba warmoudgeneli

iyo. miuxedavad amisa, qristianuli azrovneba swored am urTi-

erTkavSiriT ganviTarda. am kavSiris ganmtkicebaSi gansakuTrebuli

roli miuZRviT aleqsandriuli saRvTismetyvelo skolis warmo-

madgenlebs (klimenti aleqsandrielsa da origenes) da kapadokiel

2 semiotikuri da istoriuli meTodebis nayofieri Tanaarsebobis Sesaxeb ix.

lotmani 2004: 392, 395-397. niSanTa sistemis klasifikaciisaTvis ix. lotmani

2004: 402-407.

3 gureviCi 1972 da sxv.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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53

mamebs (basili kesariels, grigol RvTismetyvels, grigol nosels),

aseve ioane oqropirs, isidore pelusiels da sxvebs.

cnobilia, rom aleqsandrieli da kapadokieli mamebi iyvnen

erT-erTi pirveli qristiani avtorebi, vinc miiRo klasikuri

ganaTleba, gaiTavisa klasikuri literaturuli formebi,

filosofiuri terminologia da gamoiyena isini qristianobis

samsaxurisaTvis. am mniSvnelobiT aleqsandrieli da kapadokieli

mamebi SeiZleba TavianTi drois erT-erT pirvel elinofilebad

miviCnioT.4 maTi moRvaweobis Sedegad antikuri ritorikuli da

filosofiuri formebi da Teoriebi TandaTanobiT norma gaxda

qristianuli mwerlobisaTvis.

rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis es sakiTxi ramdenime

aspeqts moicavs, romlebic SeiZleba bizantiur saazrovno modelebad

davaxasiaToT.

a) es aris patristikis warmomadgenelTa klasikuri

tradiciisadmi mimarTebis orgvaroba. erTi mxriv, isini aRiarebdnen,

rom bibliur winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTa sityva iyo umaRlesi

WeSmariteba da ganaqiqebdnen ritorikis mSvenieri ornamentebissiyalbes da filosofiis daxvewil xelovnebas. meore mxriv, qristiani

avtorebi (gansakuTrebiT, kapadokielebi) Teoriuli poziciidan

uaryofdnen antikur ritorikul-filosofiur formebs, rogorc

saSualebas, rogorc cru mWevrmetyvelebas (eloquentia) da mecniere-bas, magram iyenebdnen maT TavianTi klasikuri ganswavlulobis

Sesabamisad da qristianuli ideebis samsaxurisaTvis. zogjer isini

ritorikuladve gamodiodnen ritorikis winaaRmdeg.5

aRniSnuli orgvari damokidebuleba (dapirispireba ritorika-

filosofiis miRebasa da uaryofas Soris, erTi mxriv, da warmarTuli

formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTeba, meore mxriv)

mTeli bizantiuri literaturis safuZvelTa safuZvelia.6 zemoT

ganxiluli mimarTebebis dualizmi, rogorc modeli, cxadad Camoyalibda

IX-XI saukuneebis bizantiur literaturul-Teoriul azrovnebaSi

(fotiosi, basili minimusi, miqael fselosi da sxv.).7

4 rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis wm. mamaTa nawerebSi ix. volfsoni

1956: 9-11; 12-15; 16-140. nordeni 1918 b: 498, 529, 534, 562-563 da sxv.5 am dualizmis Sesaxeb ix. hungeri 1978 a: 65-233. hungeri 1969. beki 1969:

93. brauningi 1995. freibergi 1975. SevCenko 1982. muleti... 1982. lemerli

1986. gine 1911. demoeni 1996 da sxv. kapadokielTa gamonaTqvamebis wyaroebisaTvis

ix. bezaraSvili 2005 a: 276-277.6 semiotikaSi miRebulia, rom erTi da igive niSani sxvadasxva doneze SeiZleba

sxvadasxvagvarad iqnes wakiTxuli (lotmani 2004: 407).

7 kustasi 1962. vaisi 1955. Smidti 2001. oTxmezuri 1989. maieri 1911. boisonade

1838. bezaraSvili 1996 a. bezaraSvili 1996 b. bizantiuri literaturul-

Teoriuli azrovnebis analizisaTvis da samecniero literaturisaTvis mis

Sesaxeb ix. bezaraSvili 2004.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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54

amave periodSi sagulisxmoa “filosofiis” ojaxis cnebisa da

terminTa orgvari gaazrebis dakanoneba. warmarTuli filosofiisa

da zogadad “gareSe” sibrZnis paralelurad, romelsac patristikaSi

yalbi da amao filosofia uwodes, filosofiis cneba aRniSnavda

agreTve qristianul RvTismetyvelebas, romelsac “Cveni”, anu saeklesio

sibrZne an WeSmariti filosofia ewodeboda. iustine, klimenti

aleqsandrieli, evsevi kesarieli, kapadokielebi, ioane oqropiri

amkvidreben filosofiis ojaxis terminebs am axali gaazrebiTa da

SinaarsiT.8

b) rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis erT-erTi aspeqtiae.w. orgvari sibrZne: “gareSes”, anu arasasuliero (qristianuli

gagebiT), saero, warmarTuli sibrZnisa da meore mxriv, “Cvenis”, anu

qristianulis, urTierTmimarTeba.9 platonidan momdinare,

filosofiisa da ritorikis SeuTanxmebloba patristikasa da

sqolastizmSi Secvala RvTismetyvelebisa da filosofiis

SeuTanxmeblobam. filosofia da zogadad gareSe sibrZne iaraRis

funqciiT damkvidrda da RvTismetyvelebis, viTarca dedoflis,

msaxurad iqca.10 sayovelTaod miRebuli SexedulebiT, ganviTarebul

sqolastizmSi codnis funqciebi ufro mtkicdeba, rac gamovlinda

bizantiur da qarTul azrovnebaSic. codnis, anu antikuri filosofiis,

mecnierebisa da xelovnebis relatiuri mniSvnelobis, daqvemdebarebuli

funqciis moSla da damoukidebeli RirebulebiT aRdgena ki renesansis

winapirobas warmoadgenda.11

8 filosofiis mniSvnelobaTa Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebSi ix. hungeri 1978 a: 4-11,

42-54. nordeni 1918 b: 18-21, 670-685. kustasi 1973: 27-28, 119. volfsoni 1956:

17. lemerli 1986: 89, 186, 190, 199; 48-50, 112, 139, 341. diu kanJi 1958: 1678 (s.v.filosofiva). leimpi 1968: s.v. filosofiva, filovsofo~.9 e[xw(qen), xevno~, ajllovtrio~, rac niSnavs “gareSes”, “ucxos”, patristikulliteraturaSi aRniSnavda araqristianuls, araeklesiurs, warmarTul, saero an

eretikul moZRvrebas (Sdr. ebr. 13, 9; II petr. 1, 16; II kor. 1, 12; I kor. 2, 6; 3, 19;mark. 7, 7; maT. 15, 9; 16, 23 da sxv.); hJmevtero~ - “Cveni”, meore mxriv, aRniSnavdaqristianul, eklesiur moZRvrebas, saRvTo sibrZnes (Sdr. I kor. 2, 7). ix. leimpi

1968: s.v. hJmevtero~, e[xw.10 iaraRis da msaxuris saxeebisaTvis da formulirebebisaTvis patristikidan,

ioane damaskelis epistoledan kozma ierusalimelisadmi (“dialeqtikis”

meTodologiasTan dakavSirebiT), areopagitul korpusze da “dialeqtikaze” darTuli

efrem mciris kolofonebidan berZnul modelebTan mimarTebaSi ix. bezaraSvili

2001 a.

11 ix. Sen. 8; spec. nordeni 1918 b: 680-685. bizantiuri kulturis humanistur-

renesansuli niSnebi Sefasebulia antikurobisadmi damokidebulebisa da axali

saazrovno procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalisturobis mixedviT (dogmisagan

damoukidebeli logikuri argumentaciisa da filosofiis Teologiisagan gamoyofis

tendenciis Sesabamisad). ix. mWedliZe 2006: 3-20, 136-153.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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55

“gareSesa” da qristianulis urTierTmimarTeba gamoxatulia

agreTve ZiriTadad “gareSe” filosofiur-literaturuli formisa

da qristianuli Sinaarsis tradiciulad Camoyalibebuli kavSiriT,

romlis ganmtkicebas da ganviTarebas saukuneebi dasWirda. es aris

warmarTuli filosofiuri cnebiT-terminologiuri aparatisa da

ritorikul-mxatvruli saxeebis, Janrebis, sazomis, siuJetisa da

sxva saliteraturo formebis gamoyeneba axali funqciiT. es

ukanaskneli (siuJeti) SeiZleba saliteraturo formadac moviazroT

(da ara tradiciul Sinaarsad), roca misi saSualebiT axali

msoflmxedveloba da ideologia aris gamoxatuli, anu Zvel modelSi

axali Sinaarsia Cadebuli.12 saxeobrivad es urTierTmimarTeba

gamoxatuli iyo, rogorc vTqviT, aTenisa da ierusalimis, aseve

atikurisa da patristikulis dapirispirebiTa da erTianobiT da

sxva msgavsi paradigmebiT.

marTalia, antikuri literaturisadmi interesi, antikuri

literaturul-filosofiuri formebi yovelTvis arsebobda

bizantiur literaturaSi, rogorc qristianuli berZnulis uSualo

winamorbedi kulturuli tradicia da baZvis saukeTeso sagani,

magram IX-X saukuneebidan iwyeba gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba

antikurobisadmi, rac gansazRvravs makedonuri da komnenuri renesansis

periodebSi (IX-XII ss.) erTgvari dadebiTi damokidebulebis

gamomuSavebas “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi RvTismetyvelebis samsaxurisaTvis.

Seiqmna filosofiuri, ritorikuli, samecniero da gramatikuli

literatura (Camoyalibda qristianuli da klasikuri teqstebis

samecniero-kritikuli kvlevisa da komentirebis meTodologia,

gamovlinda literaturul-Teoriuli azrovnebisaken swrafva), moxda

antikuri esTetikis Serwyma qristianulTan. X-XII saukuneebidan

“elinuroba” xdeba maRali ganaTlebis da mxatvruli kulturis

gamomxatveli, Rrmavdeba antikuri ganaTlebis disciplinebis

(gramatikis, ritorikis, filosofiis, istoriis da sxv.) mecnieruli

Seswavla da swavleba, klasikuri saxeebisa da reminiscenciebis

gavrceleba. bizantieli ganmanaTleblebi _ fotiosi da miqael

fselosi amkvidreben interess mxatvruli sityvis teqnikisadmi,

safuZvels uyrian elinisturisagan gansxvavebul axal, bizantiur

literaturul kritikas.13

c) bizantiuri kulturis modelebis Semdgomi msofl-

mxedvelobrivi gavlenisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi iyo sityvisa da

cnebis eJllhnivzein (“elinuroba”) axleburi gaazreba da gageba. es

gulisxmobs am cnebis enobriv-kulturuli aspeqtis dacilebas

12 bezaraSvili 1998 a: 151-154.

13 reinoldsi, vilsoni 1991: 44-79. vilsoni 1967. hungeri 1978 b: 55-77, 231.lemerli 1986. brauningi 1989 a: 19. brauningi 1963: 106. brauningi 1962: hasi1963. samodurova 1989. freibergi... 1978. minisi... 2005: 670-690.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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14 hardi 1968. lemerli 1986: 63-66.15 hetCi, redfasi 1954. multoni... 1950: s.v. e{llhn da sxv. diu kanJi 1958: s.v.{Ellhne~ - Pagani, Gentiles; eJllhnismov~ - paganismus, paganitas; eJllhnivzein -paganismum, profiteri. xaranisi 1953: 619-620.16 vaisi 1983: 818-819. bernari 1976. dostalova 1985. brauningi 1989 b: 124.

religiurisagan da qristianobasTan misi mimarTebis axal paradigmas,

anu elinuri formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsis antiTeturi kavSiris

models. meore mxriv ki, elinurobis cneba xdeba klasikuri ganaTlebis,

maRali ritorikul-filosofiuri codnis modeli.

sagulisxmoa, rom sityvas da cnebas “elinuri” aqvs ramdenimemniSvneloba bizantiur literaturaSi (ix. qvemoT, Sen. 15, 16). cnobilia,

rom bizantiuri kulturis adreul periodSi ideologiuri brZolac

ki mimdinareobda klasikuri ganaTlebisaTvis. imperator iuliane

gandgomilis 362 wlis ediqtiT qristianebs ekrZalebodaT

klasikuri ganaTlebis miReba. aman TandaTanobiT gamoiwvia

kontraprogramis Seqmna, romlis mizani iyo antikurisagan

gansxvavebuli qristianuli literaturis ganviTareba, romelic Tavisi

daxvewili formiT (klasikuri normebi, Janri, metri, poetur-

ritorikuli xerxebi da sxv.) klasikur literaturas

gautoldeboda, xolo qristianuli SinaarsiT ki aRemateboda mas.

Tavis IV homiliaSi “iuliane gandgomilis winaaRmdeg” (ContraIulianum) grigol RvTismetyveli ganasxvavebs enobriv da kulturul

elinurobas religiuri elinurobisagan da msjelobs imaze, rom

elinuri ganaTleba (eJllhnivzein) qristiani berZnebis kuTvnilebacaa14

(Or. 4, c. 4-5. PG 35, 536 A 1 - B 13. Sdr. Vita Gregorii Nazianzeni. PG 35,304 A 5 - B 5. Sdr. In suos versus. PG 37, carm. II, 1, 39, vv. 48-49: oujd ejnlovgoi~ plevon divdwmi tou;~ xevnou~ hJmwn).

brZola enobrivi da kulturuli elenurobisaTvis, romelic

bizantiuri kuluturis dasawyisidanve mimdinareobda, imiT damTavrda,

rom elinuri, anu klasikuri literaturuli da filosofiuri

forma, qristianuli ideologiis samsaxurSi moeqca. termini {Ellhn,Tavisi axali aRTqmiseuli mniSvnelobisagan gansxvavebiT (rac aseve

adreuli bizantiuri periodidan moyolebuli “warmarTs” niSnavda),15

XI-XII saukuneebSi iRebs “berZenis” da e.w. “bizantiuris”

mniSvnelobas, rac manamde gamoxatuli iyo terminebiT graiko~,JRwmaio~ (rasac qarTulad “berZeni”, `berZuli~ Seesatyviseboda).

JEllhnismov~ ukve identificirebulia “qristianulTan” da gagebulia

rogorc sazogado da Cveulebrivi qristianuli ganaTleba, romelic

ukve bizantiur kulturaSia CarTuli.16 klasikuri ritorikuli da

filosofiuri formebi da klasikuri ganaTleba misaRebi gaxda

qristiani avtorebisaTvis. faseuli informacia klasikuri ganaTlebis

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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didi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qristianTaTvis mocemulia basili didis

epitafiaSi, romelic grigol RvTismetyvels ekuTvnis (Or. 43, c. 12-13. PG 36, 509 BC. Sdr. Or. 43, c. 14. PG 36, 512C-513A; Or. 43, c. 23.PG 36, 528 A3-12. ix. agreTve am pasaJis basili minimusiseuli

komentarebi da maTi efrem mciriseuli Targmanebi: cod. Vat. Gr. 437,s. XI, f. 18 v; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, s. XII-XIII, f. 22r; amave pasaJis nikitaheraklielis komentarebisaTvis ix. qvemoT Sen. 60, 61).

amave periodis literaturaSi elada, aTeni, rogorc saero

sibrZnis simboloebi da kargi filosofiuri ganaTlebis wyaro,

moxseniebulia dadebiT konteqstSi. amgvar neitralur

damokidebulebas ganaTlebis warmarTuli kerebisadmi vxvdebiT im

patristikul teqstebSi, im mamaTa nawerebSi (gansakuTrebiT

kapadokielebis SromebSi), visac Tavad hqonda aseTi ganaTleba

miRebuli. mag., grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebebSi da maT

komentarebSi aTeni gamocxadebulia filosofiis da saero ganaTlebis

centrad, sadac basili didi da Tavad grigol RvTismetyveli

swavlobdnen (ix. Or. 43-is zemoT dasaxelebuli pasaJebi) .d) rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis imave Zirebs efuZneba

Semdegi cnobili paradigma, romelic aseve funqcionirebda

qristianuli literaturis arsebobis manZilze. es aris e.w.

meTevzurTa saliteraturo forma (Sermo piscatorius; aJlieutikov~) daaristoteluri ( jAristotelikov~) ritorikul-filosofiuri forma.

17

pirveli gamoxatuli iyo agreTve cnebebiTa da terminebiT: pirvel

mamaTa sisadave, litonoba, evangeluri sisadave, pavles sisadave da

sxva, meore ki _ terminebiT: atikuri, ritorikuli, filosofiuri,

gramatikuli da misT. am modelis saxeldeba momdinareobs grigol

RvTismetyvelis formulirebidan _ dogmatikw~, ajll j oujkajntilogikw~, aJlieutikw~, oujk ajristotelikw~18 (efrem mciris

17 "meTevzurni” mociqulTa simboluri saxelia (maT. 4, 18-19; mark. 1, 17. ix.

leimpi 1968: s.v. aJlieuv~, aJlieuthv~), rac gulisxmobda, erTi mxriv, maT ideologiur

daniSnulebas _ mTeli samyaro gaexviaT saRvTo sityvis badeSi, xolo meore

mxriv _ gamomsaxvelobiT formas, radgan maTi sityvebi stilisturi sisadaviTaa

gamorCeuli (Gr. Naz. Or. 41, c. 14. PG 36, 448 C 5; Or. 5, c. 25. PG 35, 693 B 9; Or. 5, c. 30. PG35, 701 C 8-10 etc.). rogorc aRniSnaven, formulireba “ara aristotelebr, aramed

meTevzurebr” (oujk ajristotelikw~, ajll j aJlieutikw~. Greg. Naz. PG 35, 1164C) igivea,rac ouj rJhtorikw~, ajll j aJlieutikw~ (= ara ritorikulad, aramed meTevzurebr) da

forma-Sinaarsis zemoT ganxilul problemas exeba bizantiur Teologiur

literaturaSi (beki 1963: 93). ase rom, termini “meTevzurebri” aRniSnavs mociqulTa

stilis sisadaves (mag., th/ aJlieutikh/ aJplovthti. meTevzurTa sisadaviT -Theod.Cyrrh. Is. 2, 6.ix. leimpi 1968: s.v. aJlieutikov~). ix. nordeni 1978 b: 512-516, 522-523.18 am formulirebis wyarod patristikul leqsikonSi mxolod grigol

RvTismetyvelia dasaxelebuli (leimpi 1968: s.v. aJlieutikw~); Sdr. jAristotelikw~- Iamb. Comm. Math. 27 (lidel/skoti 1961: s.v. jAristotelikov~).

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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19 terminis jAristotelikov~ gagebisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi ix. hungeri 1978 a: 43;

runia 1989.20 ix. kustasi 1973: 124-125.

21 aRniSnuli magaliTebis analizisaTvis patristikidan (tkbili - mware, vardi -

ekali) ix. bezaraSvili, 2001 b. bezaraSvili 2002.

22 martini 1974: 169-170, 259, 274, 338-339, 342-345. ernesti 1962: s.v. a[nqo~, crwma.

leimpi 1968: s.v. a[kanqa, bavto~, glukuvth~, rJodwniva.

TargmaniT “sjulisdebiT, ara winaaRmdgomebiT, meTevzurebr, ara

aristotelebr” _ Or. 23, c. 12. PG 35, 1164 C; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 292,1800 w., f. 254r), romelic Sua saukuneebSi xSirad citirebul sazogado

gamonaTqvamadac iqca. es formulireba gulisxmobda cnobil

gansxvavebas samonastro sulierebasa da dogmatur Teologias Soris,

meTevzurTa sisadavesa da filosofiur silogizms Soris. igi

niSnavda asketuri, aradiskursiuli, gamocdilebiTi Teologiis

dapirispirebas filosofiur, diskursiul, logikur azrovnebasTan,

sqolastikuri Teologiis inteleqtualur meTodTan.19 es aris

isev xsenebuli gansxvaveba codnasa da rwmenas Soris, filosofiur

gansjasa da gamocxadebis sibrZnes Soris, romelic aris sulieri

ganWvreta “gonierTa”, anu zeciur arsebaTa.

e) imave funqciisaa orgvari logosis, anu adamianurisa da

saRvTos, ritorikulisa da zebunebrivis, urTierTmimarTeba (lovgo~- Lovgo~) da a.S. es modeli asaxavs ritorikisa da filosofiis,

xolo meore mxriv, ritorika-filosofiisa da RvTismetyvelebis

kavSirs, sxvadasxvanairad dawinaurebuls sxvadasxva epoqaSi. Lovgo~-lovgo~-is, anu saRvTo sityvisa da ritorikuli/”gareSe” sityvis

antiTeza metad aqtualuri iyo adrebizantiuri patristikidan, mag.,

kapadokielebidan, moyolebuli sqolastikosTa, mag., miqael fselosis,

CaTvliT.20 amave paradigmaSi imave mniSvnelobiT Semodis tkbilisa

da mwaris, eklisa da venaxis/vardis antiTeza patristikaSi, rac

mravalgzis aris gamoxatuli bizantiuri literaturis sxvadasxva

konteqstSi da qarTul mwerlobaSic.21 Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo

tkbili esTetikuri formisa da saRvTo Sinaarsis simwaris, anu

transcendenturi samyaros miuwvdomlobis paradigma, rac mSvenierebis

cnebis (kavllo~, cavri~, hJduv~) esTetikuri aspeqtis ganmsazRvrelia,

ramdenadac glukuv~ (saamurobisa da sitkboebis aRmniSvneli) da

rJodwniva (feradovnebisa da yvavilovnebis gamomxatveli) am cnebaSi

Semavali kategoriebia klasikuri ritorikis Teoriebis mixedviT.

sxvagvar konteqstSi ki piriqiT, “tkbili” da “vardi” patristikaSi

gamoyenebuli saxeebia trancendenturis gamosaxatavad.22

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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warmarTuli literaturuli formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsis

Tanaarsebobis problema uarsebiTesi iyo patristikaSi. grigol

RvTismetyveli amas uwodebs ritorikuli xelovanebis saSualebiT

mcnebaTa simwaris datkbobas (tevcnh/ glukavzwn to; pivkron twnejntolwn - PG 37, carm. II, 1, 39, v. 41), raTa axalgazrda Taobas uCvenos

siwmindisaken mimavali gza (vv. 37-43). sityva “yrma” (nevo~) grigolis

TxzulebebSi gamoyenebulia pavle mociquliseuli sulieri

mniSvnelobiT (I kor. 3, 1-2; ebr. 5, 13-14). grigolis frazis wyaro

warmarTulia: lukreciusic apirebda filosofiis simwaris datkbobas

yrmaTaTvis (De rerum natura, I, 936-943). rogorc vTqviT, Teologias

iseTive upiratesoba hqonda Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc antikur

periodSi _ filosofias. mizezi is iyo, rom qristianTaTvis

mSvenierebis cnebam garegnuli formebidan, ritorikuli xelovnebidan

WvretaSi, saRvTo azrSi gadainacvla. “CvenTvis”, anu qristianTaTvis

mSveniereba WvretaSiao, _ ambobda grigol RvTismetyveli (to; kavllo~hJmin ejn qewriva/ - Gr. Naz. PG 37, carm. II, 1, 39, v. 51). miqael fselosi

amas uwodebda saxarebiseuli Zvirfasi margalitis (maT. 13, 45-46)

movarayebas oqros CarCoTi. igi gulisxmobda mistikuri Wvretisa

da sibrZnis mSvenierebis gamoxatvas ritorikuli ornamentebiT

(Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 585-90

), anu mSvenierebis orive aspeqtis

Tanaarsebobas23.. grigol RvTismetyveli da miqael fselosi

warmarTuli formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsis SeeerTebis am

gzas uwodebdnen ritorikis (lovgo~) “gansxvavebul” (a[llh) an“axal”, “uCveulo” (kainhv) gzas: a[llhn twn lovgwn oJdovn (Gr. Naz.PG 37, carm. II, 1, 39, v. 22; 64); kaino;n tout j a]n ei[h to; novhma (Psellos,Ad Pothum, c. 2

32).

klasikuri literaturuli formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsis

Tanaarseboba eTanxmeba stilis axal cnebas, romelic miqael fselosis

mier “Teologiurad” (qeologiko;~ carakthvr) aris saxeldebuli

da romelsac samecniero literaturaSi saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikul

stils uwodeben.24 miqael fselosi gulisxmobda qristianuli sada

stilis Serwymas ritorikul da Teologiur maRalfardovnebasTan

grigol RvTismetyvelis SromebSi (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 227,30-31

; c.12

214-216; 227-228; c. 13

243-245; 340; c. 20

377-383).

23 mSvenierebis cnebis (kavllo~, cavri~, hJduv~, glukuv~) esTetikuri da transcendenturiinterpretaciebisa da neoplatonuri wanamZRvrebis Sesaxeb, aseve magaliTebisaTvis

patristikidan da literaturis bizantieli Teoretikosebis Sromebidan ix.

tatarkieviCi 1972. biCkovi 1981: 231-232. bezaraSvili 2004: 536-580.

24 bezaraSvili 2004: 547-551. Sdr. SevCenko 1981: 296-300. ix. maieri 1911.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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f) zemoT warmodgenil paradigmebTan dakavSirebulia stilTa

doneebis axali, qristianuli Teoriuli modeli, gansxvavebuli

antikurisagan. masSi moazrebul evangelur sisadaves, romlis

literaturuli Rirebuleba gamoxatuli iyo terminiT aJplovth~(litonoba), stilTa doneebis miRma arsebuli funqcia uWiravs da

tradiciul CarCoSi ver Tavsdeba. igi stilis saeklesio saxeobad

iwodeba fotiosis mier (aJplou~ ... kata; th;n fravsin, ... kata; to;nejkklhsiastiko;n th~ eJrmhneiva~ tuvpon. Phot. Bibl. 95a22, 95a41,154a25).25 sagulisxmoa agreTve baZvis cnebis ori aspeqtis

Tanaarsebobis axali modeli da gaazreba. erTia pavles stilisturi

sisadavisa da dafaruli miRmuri Sinaarsis baZva, xolo meore _

klasikuri, saero da warmarTuli saliteraturo formis baZva. e.w.

saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikuli stili gulisxmobda Sinaarsobrivi

da formobrivi mifarulebisa da lakoniurobis Sesabamisi xerxebiT

gadmocemas.26

bizantiuri literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zemoT

ganxiluli dualizmidan gamomdinare, saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikulma

stilma ganapiroba baZvis cnebis am ori aspeqtis Tanaarseboba.

ritorikis klasikuri Teoriebis normebis mixedviT, romelic

ritorikis bizantiurma Teoriamac imemkvidra, baZvis cnebis erT-

erTi gviandeli (elinisturi) gageba (demetriosi, dionise

halikarnaseli, hermogene da sxv.) gulisxmobda klasikuri avtorebis

saukeTeso ritorikuli xelovnebis baZvas (kata; zhlon ajrcaivwn.Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 2

39; ejmimeito xuvmpanta. Psellos, Characteres, c. 2.

PG 122, 905 A9).27 bizantiuri literaturis ZeglebSi SeimCneva agreTve

baZvis cnebis axali, qristianuli gageba. igi gulisxmobda RvTaebrivi

azris, zeciuri sibrZnis baZvas pavle mociqulis analogiiT (Sdr.

I kor. 4, 16; 11, 1; 14, 1). Tavisi literaturul-Teoriuli mniSvnelobiT

es termini gulisxmobda agreTve mociqulTa sityvis Sinaarsobrivi

mifarulebis baZvas. wyaroebSi, erTi mxriv, es naCvenebia grigol

RvTismetyvelis magaliTiT, romelic baZavs Tavis pavles (Sdr. to;nejkeinou Paulon mimouvmeno~ - Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 15

291-292), meore

mxriv, mociqulTa stilisturi sisadavis baZvis mniSvnelobiT.

25 kustasi 1962: 138-145, 156-157 (ix. Sen. 7). Sdr. II kor. 1, 12; toi~ aJploi~rJhvmasin. Greg. Naz. Or. 32, c. 26. PG 36, 204 A 13-B7. ix. amstuci 1968: 16-116, 118-119.leimpi 1968: s.v. aJplou~, aJplovth~. SevCenko 1981: 296-299.26 bezaraSvili 2004: 260-318.

27 hungeri 1969. martini 1974: 7, 291. kenedi 1980: 25-40. kustasi 1973: 18, 30,

42, 57, 170. bezaraSvili 2004: 159-197.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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magaliTebisaTvis kvlav grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebania

dasaxelebuli: ouj kata; tuvpon twn e[xwqen sofwn, ajlla; kata; mivmhsinajtecnw~ th;n ajpostolikhvn..., anu naTqvamia, rom grigoli werda aragareSe filosofosTa mixedviT, aramed mociqulTa moukazmveli

stilis baZviTo (Nicet.Paphl. Encomium Gr. Naz-ni).28

qristianul literaturaSi TandaTan normad iqca klasikuri

ritorikuli stilis Tanaarseboba wm. werilis sisadaveTan (xSirad

ritorikuli xelovaneba - tevcnh da apostoluri sisadave - aJplovth~

dapirispirebuli cnebebia dasaxelebuli wyaroebis mixedviT). miqaelfselosis formulirebiT, wm. grigolma (rogorc qristianuli

literaturis saukeTeso warmomadgenelma) moaxerxa SeuTavseblis

SeTavseba _ qristianuli sisadavis SeTavseba klasikur ritorikul

stilTan da berZnuli filosofiis cnebiT-terminologiur aparatTan

(Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 20382-383

). am gziT man gamoimuSava specialuri

stili, romelsac, rogorc vTqviT, saRvTismetyvelo an ritorikul-

filosofiuri ewodeba.g) ganxiluli modelebidan gamomdinareobs kidev erTi paradigma:

saeklesiosa da inteleqtualuris dapirispireba da urTierTkavSiri,

romelic iTvaliswinebs mkiTxvelTa da msmenelTa sxvadasxva dones:

gankuTvnils martivad moazrovne mrevlisaTvis Tu inteleqtualTa

viwro wrisaTvis an orives erTad. mag., wyaroebSi saubaria qristiani

avtoris orgvari ganswavlulobis Sesaxeb _ saero da saeklesio

sibrZneSi (“sÂmeon loRoTeti, kaci yovliTa sawarmarToÁTa da

gareSiTa sibrZniTa sruliad ganswavluli da egreve SinaganTa amaT

da CuenTa saeklesioTa wignTa Zuelisa da axlisa sjulisaTa

moswrafebiT wurTili”.29 basili didis epitafiaSi, grigol

RvTismetyvelis mixedviT, sagangebodaa saubari basilisa da misi

mamis saero ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (Or. 43, c. 12-14, c. 23. ix. zemoT: C).wyaroebSi saubaria agreTve, rom saero sibrZneSi gawafuli avtoris

Txzulebebi gamiznulia orive ti pis mkiTxvelisaTvis:

ganswavlulTaTvis da litonTaTvis, vis ramdenis aTviseba SeuZlia

da rogor. miqael fselosis mixedviT, svimeon loRoTeti ritmiTa

da sityvis simSvenieriT (tw/ me;n ga;r rJuqmw/ kai; to; kavllei) rCeulmsmenels (to;n ejllovgimon ajkroathvn) izidavs, sicxadiTa (safei)da sisadaviT (potivmw/) _ gaunaTlebelT (ta;~ ijdiwvtida~ ajkoav~),lakoniurobiTa da damajereblobiT ki (suntwvmw/ kai; piqanw/), orive

28 Sdr. rico 1976: 19-20. interpretaciisaTvis ix. bezaraSvili 2004: 198-212.

29 efrem mcire, “mosaÃsenebeli mcire sÂmeonisaTÂs loRoTetisa”. ix. kekeliZe

1957: 223.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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saxis msmenels (ajmfwtevroi~) xiblavs (PG 114, 193 D10-15). wm. mamaTastilis es ambivalenturi Sefaseba damaxasiaTebelia miqael

fselosisaTvis grigol RvTismetyvelis stilis Sesaxeb daweril

traqtatSic (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 15294-295

; grigoli msmenels aZlevs

imdenis aTvisebis saSualebas, ramdensac saWirod miiCnevs, danarCens

ki zeSTa saganZurSi itovebs).

h) yovelive zemoTqmuls Sesabamisad ukavSirdeba ritorika-

filosofiis sakralurobis idea; poeziis sakralur xelovnebad

gaazreba, erTi mxriv, misi esTetikuri daniSnuleba, meore mxriv, da

orive am mimarTebis (sakralurobisa da esTetikurobis) igavurobiTa

da alegoriulobiT SekavSireba, mesame mxriv (es ukanaskneli damatebiT

moiTxovs kvlevas da gamovlenas).30

poeziis sakraluroba ritorikis sakralurobaze iyo

damokidebuli, radgan poezia ritorikis nawilad miiCneoda (Plat.Gorg. 502d2; Hermog. De ideis).31 grigol RvTismetyvelis leqsi

“sakuTari poeziis Sesaxeb” (In suos versus. PG 37, Carm. II,1,39),romelsac Ars Poetica-sac uwodeben, qristianuli poeziis am axali,

sakraluri daniSnulebis mauwyebeli iyo.32 Sua saukuneebis evropul

sqolastikaSi miRebuli SexedulebiT, romelic aristoteles

“poetikis” arabuli komentarebidan gavrcelda, poezia da ritorika

filosofiisa da logikis nawilebia.33

ritorika-filosofiis sakralurobis ideis umniSvnelovanesi

gamoxatuleba iyo XI saukunis bizantiaSi eklesiis sami ierarqis:

grigol RvTismetyvelis, basili didisa da ioane oqropiris

dResaswaulis damkvidreba. isini WeSmariti ritorikis warmomad-

genlebad iyvnen aRiarebulni, rasac ganapirobebda ara mxolod maTi

stili, aramed agreTve maTi Txzulebebis saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarsi.34

es brZeni mamebi gaxdnen ara mxolod filosofiuri da Teologiuri,

aramed agreTve ritorikuli idealebi bizantiisaTvis. maT saxeSi

swored es ori done gaerTianda: maTi sityvebis momxibvleloba,

maTi adamianuri “logosi” da saRvTo “logosis” madli. rogorc

aRniSnaven, am wm. mamaTa saSualebiT aRdga sityvisa da sulis,

30 poeziis dakavSireba filosofiasTan alegoriis gziT Sua saukuneebis

literaturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (kurciusi 1953: 207).31 kenedi 1980: 114. milovanoviCi 1997: 499.32 bezaraSvili 2007.

33 minisi... 1988: 276-289.

34 rogorc cnobilia, kapadokielma mamebma da ioane oqropirma umaRles doneze

ganaviTares filosofiuri safuZveli qristianuli doqtrinebisaTvis. maT gamoiyenes

atikuri stili ganaTlebuli sazogadoebisaTvis. ix. kenedi 1983: 50, 185 da sxv.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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ritorikisa da RvTismetyvelebis, bunebrivisa da zebunebrivis

WeSmariti harmonia.35 aRsaniSnavia, rom miqael fselosma daaxasiaTa

grigol nazianzelisa da svimeon metafrastis stili, rogorc

ritorikisa da filosofiis Tanaarseboba (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c.13

243-245,340; c. 17

317-318; Psellos, Encomium in Metaphr. Symeonem. PG 114,

188 A 11). ritorika da filosofia, zogjer erT mTlianobad miCneuli

klasikur literaturaSi (Sdr. platonis WeSmariti ritorika,

rogorc filosofiuri ritorika - Plat. Gorg. 517a; Phaedr. 261a etc.),qristianobaSi warmodgenilia Teologiisa da ritorikis kavSiriT

farTo gagebiT _ rogorc WeSmariti Teologiuri ritorika.36

zemoTqmuls SemdgomSi SeiZleba kidev daematos amave tipis

modelebi da maTi saxeobebi, ufro gafarTovdebs kvlevis are, magram

amjerad warmodgenilic sakmarisia aRmosavluri qristianuli

azrovnebis erTgvari mimarTulebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad

da misi gavlenis arealis dasazusteblad. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

Tu antikuri kulturis mTavari modeli iyo elinurisa da

barbarosulis, kulturisa da antikulturis dapirispireba da

elinuri civilizaciis gavrceleba mis sapirispiro dabali

civilizaciis samyaroSi, Sua saukuneebis bizantiuri kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo sxvagvari antiTeturi modeli: qristianuli

sibrZne da araqristianuli cnobiereba, saRvTo sibrZne da e.w.

“gareSe” gamomsaxvelobiTi (literaturul-filosofiuri) formebi.

Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kodis _ ierarqiulobis zemoT

ganxiluli principis mixedviT, “gareSe” forma, romelic TavisTavad

miuReblad aris Sefasebuli, Rirebulia mxolod qristianul

SinaarsTan mimarTebaSi da mis gamosaxatavad. aqedan gamomdinare,

gasagebi unda iyos araqristianuli, umetesad antikuri kulturis

sxvadasxvagvari Sefaseba (uaryofiTi Tu neitraluri) sxvadasxva

konteqstSi erTi da imave bizantieli avtoris TxzulebebSic ki.

35 igulisxmeba ioane mavropusis xilva 1084 wels. ix. lagardi... 1882: 115. Sdr.

Syceliotes, Prol. Syll., 395, 10ff. beki 1963: 95-96. kustasi 1973: 124-125.36 Sdr. kenedi 1983: 126-131. kenedi 1980: 41-82. kustasi 1973: 124.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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2. qarTuli literaturis elinofiluri maxasiaTeblebis

ganviTareba da bizantiuri saazrovno paradigmis aTviseba

qarTul Teologiur da literaturul azrovnebaSi

elinofiloba farTo mniSvnelobiT gulisxmobs zogadad

zemoaRniSnuli bizantiuri saazrovno tendenciebis aTvisebas

aRmosavlur qristianul kulturaTa mier, rac met-naklebad

yovelTvis xdeboda am kulturaTa istoriis manZilze (mag., qarTuli

mwerlobis adreul periodSi umetesad mTeli yuradReba ZiriTadi

Teologiuri da liturgikuli literaturis Targmnaze iyo

gadatanili). magram sakuTriv elinofiluri mimarTuleba, romelic

yvela aRmosavluri qristianuli literaturis istoriis garkveul

periodSi arsebobda, gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul process, kerZod,

kulturuli “elinurobis” gacnobierebas, Teoriul gaazrebas da

orientacias masze (rac siriul da somxur literaturaSi adreuli

periodidanve iwyeba, xolo qarTul mwerlobaSi _ mogvianebiT).

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom aTonis saRvTismetyvelo skolam

da efTvime aTonelis moRvaweobam gansazRvres qarTuli kulturis

momavali mimarTuleba.37 efTvimes literaturuli moRvaweobis mizani

iyo qarTuli literaturis gaTanasworeba bizantiur normebTan.

rogorc cnobilia, berZnuli kulturis aTvisebis efTvimeseulma

gzam, bizantiur kulturaze misma mizandasaxulma orientaciam

(bizantiur literaturaSi mimdinare saazrovno procesebis

Taviseburma gamoxmaurebam) Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia

elinofilebad wodebul gviandel qarTvel moRvaweebTan (Savi mTisa

da gelaTis skolebSi).38 magram bizantiur normebTan gaTanasworebis

aTonelebis mier dawyebuli procesi rodi iyo elinofiloba Tavisi

specifikuri maxasiaTeblebiT. am maxasiaTeblebs ufro gvian Sav mTaze

(antioqiaSi) eyreba safuZveli da misi saTavis damdebi efrem mcirea.

bizantiuri kulturis zemoT warmodgenili rogorc adreuli

modelebis, ise makedonuri da komnenuri renesansis periodis

modelebis Teoriuli gaazreba saqarTveloSi iwyeba SedarebiT

gvian _ XI saukuneSi. amisi umTavresi mizezi iyo qarTvelTa

37 qarTvel mecnierTa mixedviT, rom ara ivironis monasteri, qarTuli kulturis

istoria sxva xasiaTs da mimarTulebas miiRebda. ix. kekeliZe 1980: 101.TarxniSvili 1955: 70-72. metreveli 1983. boederi 1983.38 aq igulisxmeba bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriis problemebis efTvimeseuli

codna da Taviseburi gadamuSaveba misi ganmanaTlebluri miznebis Sesabamisad,romelic elinofilebTan ukve specialuri interesisa da adekvaturi mibaZvis

sagani xdeba (ix. bezaraSvili 2004: 18-97, spec. 43-44).

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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65

kulturuli orientacia ganxilul bizantiur saazrovno procesebze:

saRvTo Sinaarssa da daxvewil warmarTul, klasikur ritorikul-

filosofiur formas Soris mimarTebaze qristianul TxzulebebSi;

klasikur saleqsTwyobo formaze; hermenevtikul gramatikasa da

prosodiaze; saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikuli stilis axal Teoriasa

da baZvis cnebis axal, qristianul aspeqtze stilis tradiciuli

klasikuri Teoriebisa da baZvis tradiciuli klasikuri gagebis

paralelurad; mSvenierebis cnebis ori aspeqtis urTierTmimarTebaze

da sxv. es gamoixata agreTve axali, elinofiluri mTargmnelobiTi

koncefciis CamoyalibebiT; saRvTismetyvelo terminologiis

sistematizaciiT; saleqsikono muSaobisa da teqstobrivi kritikis

ganviTarebiT; samecniero-kritikuli aparatis, kolofonebisa da

sqolioebis maRal doneze damuSavebiT; bizantiuri prooimionebis

(Sesavali-epistoleebis) sakiTxebis Teoriuli gaSuqebiT:

literaturul-istoriuli da ritorikul-Teoriuli sakiTxebis

gaazrebiT, stilisturi, poetikuri, gramatikuli, leqsikologiur-

etimologiuri SeniSvnebis saxiT; elinizebuli qarTuli xelnaweri

wignis SeqmniT. efrem mcirem Teoriulad gaaanaliza es problemebi

da gamoiyena bizantiuri YTeoriebis analogiuri paradigmebi.39

bizantiuri literaturul-Teoriuli da gramatikuli azrovnebis

am problemebma (anu ritorikis Teoriam, rogorc mas uwodebdnen

Sua saukuneebSi) gavlena moaxdina qarTul literaturazec.

qarTuli literaturis elinofiluri maxasiaTeblebis

ganviTarebis meore mizezi qarTuli azrovnebis sulieri

moTxovnilebebis zrda iyo, rac daxasiaTebulia Tavad Zvel qarTvel

swavlulTa mier. giorgi aTonelis, efrem mciris, arsen iyalToelis

msjelobani cxadyofen, rom qarTvelTa rwmena da, Sesabamisad, maTi

literatura homogenuri da pirdapiri gziT warmarTuli iyo

yovelgvari eretikuli gadaxvevebis gareSe dasawyisidan XI-XII

saukuneebamde, anu xsenebulTa moRvaweobamde. am periodSi, maTi

ganmartebiT, araferi yofila Targmnili warmarTuli, saero Tu

eretikuli (e[xwqen - “gareSe”) literaturidan qarTveli mkiTxvelis

sulieri siCvilis gamo, am sityvis pavle mociquliseuli mniSvnelobiT

(I kor. 3, 1-2; ebr. 5, 12-13).40 efrem mciris mixedviT, qarTuli

literatura adioda axal simaRleebamde sisadavidan sirTulisaken,

39 ix. bezaraSvili 2004: 98-158.

40 Sdr. giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa

Cuenisa giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ (abulaZe 1967: 12319-26

; 1549-15

da a.S.); efrem mcire,uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisa (bregaZe 1959: 12

1-5). arsen iyalToeli,

cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ didida da Rirsisa dedisa Cuenisa ninoÁsi

(lolaSvili 1978: 39510-20

).

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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sulieri simartividan inteleqtualuri srulyofilebisaken.41 amitom

aris, rom yvelaze rTuli Teologiur-filosofiuri Sromebi,

gansakuTrebiT, elinuri literaturul-filosofiuri formebis

Semcveli naSromebi, iTargmna qarTuli literaturis ara adreul

periodSi, aramed mogvianebiT. elinur literaturaze da filosofiaze

orientacia gaxda ufro mniSvnelovani XI saukunidan mkiTxvelTa

ufro maRali inteleqtualuri donis gamo wina periodebTan

SedarebiT. es mkiTxvelebi momzadebulni aRmoCndenen ritorikuli

da filosofiuri siRrmis gasagebad, romliskenac TandaTanobiT

moxda gadasvla. aseT mkiTxvels SeeZlo Seefasebina saero sibrZnis

swori gamoyenebis problema qristianobis samsaxurisaTvis (rogorc

sqolastikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebisa Sua saukuneebSi).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom aRniSnuli paradigmebi

upirvelesad SeiniSneba XI saukunis qarTveli mecnierisa da

RvTismetyvelis _ efrem mciris naTargmn da originalur SromebSi,

radgan efremma, rogorc vTqviT, saTave daudo e.w. elinofilur

mimarTulebas qarTul mwerlobaSi (rac gansakuTrebiT gamoixata

zemoT CamoTvlil procesebze misi kulturuli orientaciiT).

bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriis umniSvnelovanesi problemebi da

“gareSe” sibrZnisadmi damokidebuleba SesaniSnavad aris gaazrebuli

efremis nawerebSi. efrems SeeZlo am ideebs gascnoboda berZen

mweralTa Sromebze darTul komentarebsa da sqolioebSi (basili

minimusis, miqael fselosisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi), agreTve Savi mTis

mdidar wignsacavebSi, sadac misi kolofonebis mixedviT, saeklesio

sakiTxavebTan erTad mravlad iyo “gareSe” Txzulebebic.42 am

TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania ioane petriwis Sexedulebebic.

qarTvel moRvaweTa mier gamoyenebuli saazrovno modelebi da

paradigmebi Semdegia (ganvixilavTa zemoT warmodgenili

TanmimdevrobiT da numeraciiT):

a) Tavis Targmanebze darTul SeniSvnebsa da kolofonebSi

efrem mcire gansazRvravs qristian moRvaweTa mier “elinurobisadmi”

gamoxatul zemoxsenebul dualizms. erTi mxriv, igi saubrobs wm.

werilisa da pirvel qristian mamaTa nawerebis “litoniTa sityÂTa”

gamoxatul sisadaveze da uwodebs maT “wmidaTa Tqumulsa da

marTlmadidebelTa mamaTa aRwerilsa”.43 igi exeba agreTve elinofil

mamaTa Sromebis ritorikul-filosofiuri formis problemas da

uwodebs maT nawerebs “gramatikuls da filosofiurs”, gansxvavebiT

41 "mamaÁ Cueni efTÂme ... siCCoebasa Cuenisa naTesavisasa sZiTa zrdida da mxliTa,

xolo aw mis mier aRzrdili eri misiTave madliTa mtkicisa sazrdelisa moqene

iqmna” (cod. Iber. Jer. 43, XII-XIII ss., f. 2v). ix., metreveli... 1998: XXXIII-XXXIV.42

bezaraSvili 2004: 155-158. oTxmezuri 1999.

43 Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 24, XIIs., f. 3v. ix. rafava 1976: 68. Cod. Iber. Jer. 43, f. 1v. ix.metreveli... 1998: XXXII.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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“pirveldamaSuralTagan”.44 efremis am ukanaskneli kolofonis mixedviT,

winamorbed mTargmnelTa naRvawi miekuTvneba swored pirvel maTgans,

anu “pirveldamaSuralT”, magram meores, anu “gramatikuls da

filosofiurs”, ekuTvnis efremisave sakuTari Targmanebi, romlebic

Sesrulebulia ritorikulad da filosofiurad daxvewili stiliT.

meore mxriv, efremi saubrobs sxva saxis dualizmze. igi uaryofs

Tavisi Sromebis ritorikul-filosofiur xasiaTs (ix. Sen. 44) da

amave dros (zustad imave kolofonSi) igi acxadebs, rom TavisTargmanebSi igi icavda filosofiis wesebs (sityvasityviT: “karebsa

filosofosTasa”;45 sityvaSi “filosofosTa”, misi Suasaukuneobrivi

mniSvnelobebis mixedviT, ritorikac igulisxmeba da piriqiT46). am

terminiT efremi gamoxatavs Tavis mier gamoyenebul ritorikul-

filosofiur teqnikas da terminologias, aseve aristoteles

logikur meTodebs ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikaSi”, miTologiur

komentarebs da misT., romlebic manve Targmna qarTulad.

elinofilobamdel qarTul mwerlobaSi “filosofiis” ojaxis

terminebi mxolod “gareSe” sibrZnes aRniSnavda, amitom isini xSirad

damaxinjebuli enobrivi formiT moixsenieboda (“filafozoba”,

“filafozi”) da erTgvari negatiuri mniSvnelobis Semcveli iyo.

giorgi aTonelidan moyolebuli (romlis moRvaweoba Sav mTasac

ukavSirdeba), mkvidrdeba jer neitraluri damokidebuleba am

cnebisadmi, xolo Semdgom misi axali, qarTvelTaTvis manamde ucnobi

SinaarsiT gaazreba. efrem mcire Tavis kolofonebSi filosofoss

sasuliero pirebs uwodebs, xolo filosofias _ RvTismetyvelebas,

anu Semoaqvs am terminis is axali mniSvneloba, rac mas patristikaSi

mieniWa.47

44 "ara saRramatikosoTa, arca safilosofosoTa, aramed Semdgomni Targmanni

pirveldamaSuralTa TargmanTa wignebisagan ganviswavlebiT da viTarca RmrTisad,

egreTve CuenTad uwinaresTad SevhracxT madlsa mas...” (cod. Iber. Jer. 43, XII-XIIIs.,f. 1v). ix. metreveli... 1998: XXXII. am pasaJis interpretaciisaTvis (romelSic

gamoyenebulia ritorikuli uaryofisa da Tavis dakninebis gziT sapirispiros

Cvenebis xerxi) ix. bezaraSvili 2001 a.45 "ukueTu lomi ver cidamtkavlebr xldeboda karebsa filosofosTasa...” (cod.

Iber. Jer. 43, f. 3v). ix. metreveli... 1998: XXXIV. interpretaciisaTvis ix.

bezaraSvili 2004: 159-197.46 samecniero SromebisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi “filosofiis” mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb

ix. Sen. 8. gramatikisa da ritorikis mniSvnelobaTa Sesaxeb ix. gudemani 1912:1780-1811. robinsi 1993. hungeri 1978 b: 10-50. hermenevtikuli gramatikis da

ritorikis Teoriis funqciebis kavSiris Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebis Teoriul

azrovnebaSi ix. brauningi 1963. brauningi 1995. konli 1986: 337, 349-355.kasteri 1988: 35-50, 71-94. minisi... 2005: 285-290.47 bezaraSvili 2004: 119, 125, 170-187, 280-285, 294-299, 448-450 da sxv.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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b) warmarTuli ritorikuli formisa da maRali saRvTo sibrZnis

Tanaarsebobis problema mravaljer aris ganxiluli bizantiel avtorTa

qarTul TargmanebSi (gansakuTrebiT, efrem mciris TargmanebSi). es

problema ganxilulia agreTve grigol RvTismetyvelis gnomur leqsebSi

da maT efrem mciriseul TargmanSi (PG 37, carm. I, 2, no. 3, 19, 39, 40),romelTa saTauri Seqmnilia Tavad efremis mier: “muÃlebi iambikoÁ

saswavloÁsa wil warmarTTaÁsa, romlisagan ganayenna qristianeni

ivliane gandgomilman”. es saTauri Seicavs agreTve kulturuli da

istoriuli xasiaTis informacias da konkretulad exeba bizantiis

istoriis erT mniSvnelovan epizods _ qristianTa ganaTlebis

problemas imperator iulianes represiebis dros.

efrem mcires Semoaqvs agreTve erTgvari literaturul-Teoriuli

termini aRniSnuli opoziciis aRsaniSnavad. igi iyenebs ritorikul

xerxs, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli im drois bizantiur

literaturaSi. kerZod, es iyo iSviaTi geografiuli da eTnikuri

terminebis gamoyeneba ufro farTo, ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT. es

aris termini “hinduri”, romelic gulisxmobs “araqristianuls”,

“warmarTuls”, “saeros”.48 grigol nazianzelis sityvebis efremiseuli

interpretaciis mixedviT, wm. grigoli warmoadgens umaRles saRvTo

qristianul sulier sibrZnes “hinduri”, anu warmarTuli,

literaturuli formis _ klasikuri metris saSualebiT

(tetrasticivhn de; gnwvmai~ pneumatikai~ mnhmovsunon fulavttwsofivh~. “oTxmuÃledisa hindurisa damcvel var, misacemelad cnobaTa

sulierTa da sibrZnisa mis yovlad WeSmaritisa”. oTxmuxledis

epigrafi. PG 37, carm. I, 2, 33; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, XII-XIIIss., 266r).49

48 Sdr. bolotovi 1910: 244-246. brokgauzi... 1894: 108 (s.v. Èíäèÿ). kaJdani 1991: 992-

993 (s.v. India). popova 1974: 184, 218. sityva “eTiopis”, anu “hindos”, ganzogadebuli

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qarTul TarmanebSi ix. wereTeli 2000: 80-82, 89-95, 99, 102 dasxv.49 frazas “oTxmuxledi hinduri” aqvs igive mniSvneloba, rac basili didisadmi

miZRvnili grigol RvTismetyvelis leqsiTi epitafiis nikita paflaRonielis

mier Sedgenili parafrazis saTaurs (PG 38, carm. II, 1, 119: skordiliosi 1563: 53r),romelic giorgi aTonelma Targmna: “wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa grigoli RmrTismetyuelisa

dawerili saflavsa zeda didisa basilissa safilosofosoÁTa sityÂTa da nikita

filosofosisa Targmnili” (cod. Iber. Ath. 49, XIs., f. 79 r; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 55, XI-XIIs.,f. 403v; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, XIIs., f. 77r etc.). termini “safilosofoso sityua” gamoiyeneba

giorgi aTonelis mier Tavisi ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT, kerZod, klasikuri

saliteraturo formis mniSvnelobiT (aRniSnavs metrs, saxeldobr, elegiur distiqs

_ stivcoi hJrwelegeioi). giorgi aTonelma uciloblad icis, rom versifikacia

(maSindeli terminiT: poetika) aris zogadi ganaTlebis sagani, maSin roca termini

“safilosofoso” gulisxmobs zogadad saero ganaTlebas da konkretulad _

saero literaturas da mis formebs (termin “filosofiis” mniSvnelobebisaTvis

ix. zemoT Sen. 8, 46). qarTuli magaliTebis interpretaciisaTvis ix. bezaraSvili

1998 a: 123-154. bezaraSvili 1999.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

~

~

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efrem mciris kolofonebSi da TargmanebSi Camoyalibda erTgvari

damokidebuleba “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi. man gansazRvra filosofiis,

rogorc WeSmaritebis marcvlebis, msaxurisa da iaraRis funqcia

(ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikis” kolofonSi - cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 24,f. 2v-3r); masve ekuTvnis cnoba, rogorc vnaxeT, “gareSe” sakiTxavebisarsebobis Sesaxeb antioqiis wignsacavebSi (ix. igive kolofoni).

50

efrem mcirem TiTqmis pirvelad Targmna “gareSe” sibrZnis

formis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili literatura qarTulad: sawarmarTo

terminologiis51 Semcveli areopagituli korpusis saxiT da

aristoteles logikuri Sromebisa da maTi komentarebis

meTodologiis kompendiumis _ ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikis”

saxiT. masve ekuTvnis antiwarmarTuli poziciis gareSe, neitraluri

damokidebulebiT Sesrulebuli fsevdo-nones miTologiuri

komentarebis Targmani (gansxvavebiT imave Txrobebis nawilis efTvime

aToneliseuli tendenciuri Targmanisagan).52 mogvianebiT gelaTis

skolis moRvaweebisa da ioane petriwis mier iTargmna klasikuri

neoplatonuri filosofiuri Zeglebi _ amonios ermisis, nemesios

emeselis, prokle diadoxosis Txzulebebi. hermenevtikuli

gramatikuli literaturis codna Cans am meTodologiis gamoyenebiT

Sesrulebul komentarebsa da SeniSvnebSi, romlebic efremsa da

elinofilebs ekuTvnis. ritorikis elinisturi da bizantiuri

Teoriebisa da metafrastikis Teoriis gamoyeneba, aseve gramatikul-

filosofiuri, leqsikologiuri da sxva samecniero komentarebi

tipuria am epoqaSi.53

maRalfardovani daxvewili saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikuli stili,

romelic gulisxmobda ritorikuli formisa da Teologiuri

terminologiis dafarul da lakoniur xasiaTs, gavrcelebuli iyo

am epoqaSi. es stili daxasiaTebuli iyo basili minimusis komentarebSi,

miqael fselosis traqtatebSi, efrem mciris kolofonebSi grigol

RvTismetyvelis TxzulebebTan dakavSirebiT. magram imave stiliT

SeiZleba daxasiaTdes maqsime aRmsareblis, ioane damaskelisa da

sxva wm. mamaTa Sromebi da maTi qarTuli Targmanebi, romlebic

gadmoiRes efremma da elinofilebma.

50 rafava 1976: 67-68. oTxmezuri 1999. bezaraSvili 2001 a.

51 "sawarmarToTave sityuaTa miscems dasaÃsnelad sibrZnisa sawarmarToÁsa” (cod.

Iber. Tbilisi. A 110, XIIs., f. 1-8). efrem mcire, winabWe sityÂsa _ “TxrobaÁ didisadionÂsisTÂs da wignTa maTTÂs, mis mier aRwerilTa” (lolaSvili 1983: 72, 74).

52 oTxmezuri 2002: XLI.53 oTxmezuri 2004. TvalTvaZe 2002. doborjginiZe, 1995. doborjginiZe

2001.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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efrem mciris mosazrebebi (TargmanSi, komentarebSi, kolofonebSi)

bizantiuri azrovnebis simaRleze dgas da igi cdilobs qarTuli

literaturis ayvanas am donemde. Targmanebze darTul kolofonebSi

efremma Camoayaliba Tavisi literaturul-Teoriuli Sexedulebebi

bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriis safuZvelze (stilTa Teoria, baZvis

cnebis aspeqtebi, mSvenierebis cnebis aspeqtebi da misT.). 54

Tavisi azrovnebis stiliT efrem mcire berZen gramatikosTa

tipis mwignobari iyo. man qarTveli mkiTxveli miaCvia abstraqtul

Teologiur azrovnebas. Tu giorgi aTonelTan dakavSirebuli

wyaroebis mixedviT imdroindeli antioqia qarTvelTa

TviTdamkvidrebis gamoxatuleba iyo, efrem mciris kolofonebSi

warmodgenili antioqia samecniero miRwevebis gamoxatulebaa. efrem

mciris xelidan gamosuli qarTuli xelnaweri krebulebi

Seesatyviseba bizantiuri xelnaweri tradiciis maRal dones.55

“gareSesadmi” damokidebulebis axali etapia gelaTis skola

da XII-XIII saukuneebis elinofili filosofosisa da mTargmnelis

ioane petriwis Sexedulebebi. fsalmunTa ganmartebis miseul

winasityvaSi ioane petriwi grigol RvTismetyvelis Teologiuri

homiliebis (Or. 31, Or. 29) damowmebisas am wm. mamas uwodebs “CemsRmrTismetyuels” da “Cems attikels”

56, raTa ganasxvavos igi

platonisagan, rogorc antikuri filosofosisagan, romelsac

ubralod moixseniebs, rogorc “attikels”.57 kuTvnilebiTi

nacvalsaxelis gamoyeneba, romelic patristikul literaturaSi

niSnavda “saeklesios, qristianuls”, metad uCveulo Cans warmarTul

eTnikur saxelTan _ “attikelTan” erTad frazaSi “Cemi attikeli”.

ioane petriwi amiT naTelyofs grigol RvTismetyvelis SromaTa

elinur aspeqts _ maT savaraudo klasikur filosofiur wyaroebs.

amave dros qarTveli filosofosi gamoavlens Tavis pirad

damokidebulebas am aspeqtisadmi, rac rwmenisa da codnis

urTierTmimarTebis axali safexuria qarTul mwerlobaSi.

54 bezaraSvili 2004: 105-146, 147-155; 159-198; 530-588 etc.

55 oTxmezuri 1989. oTxmezuri 1991. bezaraSvili 2004: 139-147.

56 "acumides oqromZivTa maT TÂsTa Cemi igi attikeli, rameTu ityÂs, viTarmed:

“mxoloÁ dasabamsave drka da vidre samobamdis dadga” (Sdr. Mona;~ ajp j ajrch~ eij~duavda kinhqeisa, mevcri Trivado~ e[sth. Gr. Naz. Or. 29, c. 2. PG 36, 76 B 9-10).yauxCiSvili 1937: 209

31-210

1. saubari sawyis monadaze, romelic orobisken da

sabolood triadisken warimarTeba, miCneulia arapirdapir (anu mexsierebiT)

citirebad savaraudo neoplatonuri wyarodan _ plotines “eneadebidan” (V,2,1).ix. norisi 1990: 134. moreskini 1974: 1390-1391.57 WeliZe 1995 a. bezaraSvili 2005 a: 289-290.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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c) berZen avtorTa (gansakuTrebiT, grigol RvTismetyvelis)

Sromebis da maTi Targmanebis gavleniT terminebi “elini”, “elinuri”,

“elinizmi” _ {Ellhn, eJllhnikov~, eJllhnismov~ (romelTac axal aRTqmaSi

da wm. mamaTa nawerebSi hqonda warmarTulis, araqristianulis

mniSvneloba da misT., aseTive tendenciuri mniSvnelobiT gadmodioda

qarTulad, rogorc “warmarTi”, “mekerpe” da a.S.) kargaven TavianT

mkveTrad uaryofiT Sinaarss efremis originalur da naTargmn

SromebSi, iseve rogorc XI saukunis bizantiur da qarTul

literaturaSi sazogadod. terminTa es jgufi iRebs maRali

ritorikul-filosofiuri stilis mniSvnelobas qristianul

literaturaSi (Zveli tendenciuri mniSvnelobis paralelurad)

da kargi ritorikul-filosofiuri ganaTlebis aRmniSvneli xdeba

qristianTa Soris. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom elinur ganaTlebas,

romelic iyo qristianuli ganaTlebis nawili da romelsac hqonda

Teologiis msaxuris (ancilla theologiae) funqcia Sua saukuneebSi,SenarCunebuli aqvs es gageba qarTvel elinofilTa naazrevSi.58

azrovnebis es gza, romelic saTaves iRebs kapadokielTa TxzulebebSi,

xolo qarTul mwerlobaSi efrem mciris mier iwyeba, ganmsazRvreli

aRmoCnda momdevno periodis qarTuli literaturis kulturuli

orientaciisaTvis. mag., sityva “elinuri”, “elinuri enidan” da misT.,

rac aRniSnavda “berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmnas”, farTod

gavrcelda efremis Targmanebis Semdeg, maSin roca XI saukunemde

termini “elinuri” gamoxatavda warmarTuls (klasikur berZnul

samyarosaTan dakavSirebuls) da sityva “berZuli” gamoiyeneboda

ZiriTadad qristianuli gagebiT.59

elada da aTeni, rogorc saero sibrZnis simboloebi, farTod

gavrcelebuli gaxda qarTul naTargmn mwerlobaSic. mag., grigol

RvTismetyvelis homiliebis zemoT dasaxelebuli informacia aTenis,

rogorc filosofiisa da saero ganaTlebis centris Sesaxeb (Or.

58 am ganaTlebis mniSvneloba kargad Cans grigol RvTismetyveliseul basili

didis epitafiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ara mxolod efrem mcirem, aramed efTvime

aTonelmac srulyofilad Targmnes is pasaJi grigol RvTismetyvelis am homiliidan,

sadac “gareSe”, saero ganaTleba iyo ganxiluli da gramatikis, ritorikisa da

filosofiis, rogorc saswavlo sagnebis, funqciebi iyo daxasiaTebuli (Or. 43, c.23. PG 36, 528 A 3-10; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, XII-XIIIss., f. 29r; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 1, XIs.,f. 145v); maSin, roca efTvime aTonelma gamotova sxva ritorikuli da “gareSe”

sakiTxebis Semcveli pasaJebi imave homiliis TargmanSi.59 termini “berZuli” qarTul TargmanebSi umetesad berZnuli dednebis termin

JRwmaio~-is Sesatyvisad gamoiyeneboda. igi gulisxmobda kulturul kuTvnilebas

aRmosavleT romis imperiisadmi (ix. yauxCiSvili 2006). ar igulisxmeba is

SemTxvevebi, roca mag., “queyanaÁ eladisaÁ” geografiuli saberZneTis mniSvnelobiT

gvxvdeba Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi, kerZod, Teofile xucesmonazvnis anderZSi (ix.

lolaSvili 1982: 54).

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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43, c. 12. PG 36, 509 B 3-8. Or. 43, c. 14. PG 36, 513 A 5-8) Semonaxulia

grigolis TxzulebaTa orsave qarTul TargmanSi (efTvime aTonelisa

- E: cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 1, f. 139r da efrem mcirisa - M: cod. Iber. Tbilis.A 109, f. 123v). igivea naTqvami “grigol RvTismetyvelis cxovrebaSi”

da mis qarTul TargmanebSi: th;n mhtevra twn lovgwn ta;~ jAqhvna~

metadiwvkei (PG 35, 248 D 5). “dedad sityÂsa _ aTinasa misdevda” M(A109, 238r). “da esreT muniT moiwia aTinad, romeli-igi dedaÁ ars

filosofosobisaÁ” E (A1, 139r).grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTulma Targmanebma

Semoitanes enis elinizaciis sakiTxi (glwssan ejxellhnivzein -“ellenyofaÁ enaTaÁ”. Or. 43, c. 23. PG 36, 528 A 3 - 12. Basil. Min. cod.Paris. Coisl. Gr. 240, s. XI, f. 27r; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, XII-XIIIss., f. 29r;Nicet. Herakl. cod. Oxon. Coll. s. Trinit. Gr. 44, s. XII, f. 178v-179v; cod. Iber.Tbilis. H 1337, XIIIs., f. 100v). amgvarad, terminis eJllhnivzein sxvamniSvneloba (garda zemoT ganxilulisa) gramatikul-ritorikuli

xasiaTisaa. igi gulisxmobs stilur normebs, rogorc stilis

Rirsebis (ajretai; levxew~) nawils ritorikul da poetikur

TeoriebSi aristoteledan moyolebuli (Rhet. III, 12, 1413 b 1; III, 5,1407 a 19 etc.). elinurobis cneba SeiZleboda qarTveli

swavlulebisaTvis cnobili gamxdariyo ZiriTadad grigol

RvTismetyvelis XLIII homiliis _ basili didis epitafiisa da

misi komentarebis saSualebiT (basili minimusisa da nikita

heraklielisa; dionise Trakielis gramatikis ganmartebaSi enis

elinizaciis uSualo xseneba ar Cans). bizantiur ritorikul

TeoriaSi es termini gulisxmobda berZnuli civilizaciis

memkvidreobiTobas bizantiur literaturaSi, rac gamovlenili iyo

arqaizmebSi, aticizmebSi, literaturuli formis baZvaSi.60 igi

gulisxmobda agreTve maRali stilis, wminda enis codnas da

gamoyenebas (aiJ eJllhnikaiv. bohqo;~ givnetai th~ JEllavdo~ glwvssh~),warmarTul filosofiur terminologias da ritorikul xerxebs

(crasqai kai; lovgou~ touvtwn -”Ãumevad RrmaTa da sawarmarToTasityuaTa”; twn levxewn mh; ajgnovein - “leqsTa wignurisa sityÂsaTa

ara umecrebad”), aseve klasikur versifikacias (logometriva -“sityÂsmzomeloba”; citirebulia grigol nazianzelis, basili

minimusis da nikita heraklielis zemoT dasaxelebuli Sromebidan).61

zemoxsenebuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, enis elinizacia qarTuli

60 kaJdani 1991: 911-912 (s.v. Hellenes, Hellenism). ernesti 1962: s.v. eJllhnivzein,

eJllhnismov~. martini 1974: 85, 249-259, 320. kustasi 1973: 65, 86.61 hermenevtikuli gramatikis nawilebis funqciisaTvis ix. Sen. 46.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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~

~

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TargmanebisaTvis niSnavda maRali ritorikuli stilis, ritorikuli

ornamentebis gamoyenebas. igi gulisxmobda filosofiuri terminebis

lakoniurobas, romlebic Seqmnili iyo berZnuli sityvawarmoebis

modelebis safuZvelze da mSobliuri qarTuli enis mdidari

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. enis elinizacia gulisxmobda agreTve

sintaqsur da lingvistur kalkebs frazis SemoklebisaTvis

berZnulis msgavsad. zogjer igi gulisxmobda klasikuri metris

Taviseburebebis interpretacias, Camoyalibebuls Targmanebze darTul

SeniSvnebSi da sxv.62

elinuri (anu saero) ganaTleba (gramatika, ritorika, filosofia,

astronomia, geometria, ariTmetika, musika an medicina), rogorc

prestiJuli ganaTleba qristianTaTvis, ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba qarTul literaturaSi. grigol RvTismetyveliseuli basilis

epitafiis (Or. 43) fragmentis mesame (gelaTuri) Targmani nikita

heraklielis komentarebis TargmaniTurT, romelic am sakiTxs exeba,

SemTxveviTi ar aris. ritorikuli xerxebis, gramatikuli komentarebis,

filosofiuri terminologiis gamoyeneba ufro cxadi xdeba am

periodisaTvis. basili minimusis komentarebis efremiseul TargmanSi

da qarTveli mTargmnelis sakuTar SeniSvnebSi gamoiyeneba axali

ritorikuli da gramatikuli terminologia. klasikuri

filosofiuri Txzulebebi iTargmneba da gadaiwereba qarTuli

elinofiluri skolis (anu gelaTis Teologiuri skolis)

msmenelTaTvis da sxv.

d) zemoT ganxiluli bizantiuri kulturis erT-erTi modeli

_ “meTevzurebri da aristoteluri” gamoyenebulia ioane petriwis

SromaSi. rogorc vTqviT, grigol RvTismetyvelis cnobili frazis

nawili “aristotelebr” (aJlieutikw~, oujk jAristotelikw~. Or. 23, c.12. PG 35, 1164 C12-D1. Sdr. efrem mciris Targmani: “meTevzurebr,ara aristotelebr”. cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 292, f. 254r) sazogado gamonaTqvamiiyo Sua saukuneebSi. igi niSnavda RvTismetyvelebisaTvis

aristoteleseuli diskursiuli xasiaTis miniWebas, logikuri

dasabuTebis meTodis Seqmnas wminda WvretiTi TeologiisaTvis:

“xedvaÁmca filosofosTa gancdisaÁ mearistotelura da

RmrTismetyuelebaÁ nivTisagan miuxebeli warmomeyena”.63 am sityvebiT

62 bezaraSvili 1998 b. oTxmezuri... 2000: 207-239.

63 yauxCiSvili 1937: 222

17-22. aseve iyo es gamonaTqvami interpretirebuli

samecniero literaturaSi (TevzaZe 1984: 85). terminis jAristotelikov~ gagebisaTvisSua saukuneebSi ix. Sen. 19-Si dasax. literatura. aristoteles terminis

“nivTisagan miuxebeli” (a[neu u{lh~, cwrista; th~ u{lh~) gagebisaTvis ix. kavarnosi1989: 40-42. amonios ermisis komentarebisaTvis ix. rafava 1983: 12

30-35. biusi

1895: 1127-28

. toposis wyaroebisaTvis ioane petriwis SromaSi ix. bezaraSvili

2005 b.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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ioane petriwi aviTarebs misi winamorbedis _ efrem mciris

moRvaweobis mizandasaxulobas. ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikis”

miseuli Targmanis winasityvaSi (romelic warmoadgens aristoteles

logikur meTods qristianuli Teologiis samsaxurisaTvis) efrem

mcire ambobs, rom “sxuaÁ araraÁ odes Targmnila safilosofosoTa

wignTagani”.64 ioane petriws ki surs, rom qarTuli azrovneba miiyvanos

dogmaturi, sqolastikuri Teologiisaken mas Semdeg, rac am azrovnebam

ukve gaiara asketikis, samonastro Teologiis gza. rwmenisa da

codnis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi ioane petriwi da mTeli

qarTuli elinofiluri skola (anu gelaTis skola) efuZneba

aleqsandrieli da kapadokieli mamebis naazrevs.

e) orgvari logosis _ kacobrivisa da saRvTos (lovgo§ - Lovgo§)urTierTmimarTeba ritorikuli da saRvTo sityvis

urTierTmimarTebis gamosaxatavad, tkbilisa da mwaris, vardis/venaxisa

da eklis paradigma TargmanebiT gadavida Zvel qarTul literaturaSi

da originalur mwerlobaSic gavrcelda. mag., efrem mciris cnobili

kolofoni, romelic ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikas” erTvis, iyenebs

antiTezas “gareSe” da saRvTo sibrZnis urTierTmimarTebisa da

“gareSe” sibrZnis msaxuri funqciis Sesaxeb, sadac ekliani Robe

“gareSe”, anu antikuri filosofiis saxea, xolo venaxis mSveniereba

da sitkboeba ki _ qristianuli RvTismetyvelebisa.65 efremis antiTeza

agebulia klimenti aleqsandrielis formulirebis msgavsad, sadac

antikuri filosofia, romlis (logikuri) iaraRiTac sofisturi

mzakvrobebis mogerieba SeiZleba, saxeldebulia zRuded venaxisa

(Clem. Alex., Strom. I, 20). filosofiis, viTarca iaraRisa da msaxuris

funqcias ukavSirdeba misi stilisturi funqcia da ritorikul-

filosofiuri stilisa da RvTismetyvelebis siRrmis gamoxatvis

problema.66 efrem mciris kolofonebSi “tkbilis” paradigma

gamoyenebulia fsalmunTa wignis saRvTo mSvenierebisa da

gamosaxvelobiTi formis mSvenierebis gamosaxatavad.67

f) stilTa Teoriis axali aspeqti tradiciulTan erTad efrem

mciris nawerebSic aris warmodgenili. tradiciul maRal

(metafrasul) da mdabiur (“uSuer”) stilTa doneebze msjelobisas

64 Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 24, XIIs., f. 1v. ix. rafava 1976: 66.65 "da amaTiTa eklovnebiTa mouzRudavs venaÃisa amis TÂsisa nayofTa SuenierebaÁ,

xolo uSinaganes raÁ venaÃisa SevidodeT ..., maliad movisTuloT sitkboebaÁ”

(cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 24, f. 1v). ix. rafava 1976: 67.66 bezaraSvili 2001 a: 145, 156.

67 SaniZe 1968: 80, 97. bezaraSvili 2004: 573.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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igi saubrobs mociqulTa da wm. mamaTa nawerebis sisadaveze (“litoni”,

Sdr. aJplov~) da maT xelSeuxeblobaze.68

efremi icnobs agreTve baZvis cnebis orgvar aspeqts: ritorikul-

filosofiuri formis baZvas (ix. zemoT “karebsa filosofosTasa”

- cod. Iber. Jer. 43, XII-XIII ss., f. 3v) da saRvTo Sinaarsis mifarulebisa

da sisadavis baZvas pavle mociqulis analogiiT (“pavlesgan eswava

ese” - cod. Iber. Jer. 43, f. 3r; “pavles msgavsad sZiTa mzrdelsa Cuenisa

siCCoebisasa” (cod. Iber. Jer. 13, XIII-XIV ss., f. 250r).69 baZvis cnebisori aspeqti miniSnebulia efrem mciris kolofonSi grigol

RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli homiliebis Targmanebis mimoxilvisas.70

igive problema guldasmiT aris efremis mier gaazrebuli grigol

RvTismetyvelis poeziasTan dakavSirebiT. “grigol RvTismetyvelis

cxovrebis” TargmanSi efremi gvTavazobs am sakiTxis Taviseul

gagebas (rasac igi umatebs berZnuli originalis qarTul Targmans).

aq igi saubrobs klasikuri, saero literaturuli formis baZvis

Sesaxeb grigolis mier, romlis mizania qristianuli azris gadmocema

poeziaSi.71

g) saeklesiosa da inteleqtualuris dapirispireba da erTianoba,

rogorc mkiTxvelTa sxvadasxva donis gaazrebisa, gvxvdeba efrem

mciris nawerebSic. mag., erTsa da imave kolofonSi efremi saubrobs

sayovelTao saeklesio daniSnulebis (“yovelTa eklesiaTa zeda”

ganfenili) Targmanebis Sesaxeb da meore mxriv, ganswavlulTa viwro

wrisaTvis gankuTvnili sakuTari Txzulebebis Sesaxeb (“iSÂT

vieTTÂsme gulisÃmismyofelTaTÂs” - cod. Iber. Jer. 43, f. 3rv ).72

h) ritorikis sakralur xelovnebad aRqma da esTetikuri funqcia

gadmocemulia efrem mciris mier bizantiuri modelebis Sesabamisad.

erTi mxriv, igi eTanxmeboda ritorikisa da filosofiis

urTierTmimarTebisadmi gamoxatul bizantiur damokidebulebas;

xolo meore mxriv, igi emxroboda ritorikisa da filosofiis

68 "wmida saxarebasa da ebistoleTa pavle mociqulisaTa, raodenca litoniTa

sityÂTa aRweril iyos, brZenTa da marTlmadidebelTagani vervin Seexebis” (cod.Iber. Tbilis. A 24, XIIs., 3v). ix. rafava 1976: 68.69 bregaZe 1988: 149, 163.

70 bezaraSvili 2004: 159-197; 198-259.

71 pan ei\do~ paideuvsew~ toi~ ijdivoi~ lovgoi~ ajpetupwvsato (Vita Gr. Naz.-ni. PG 35, 265A 11 - B 9): add. “gareSeTa amsgavsa guari, SewyobilebaÁ da marcuali, xolo mizezi

sityÂsaÁ SemoiRo saRmrToTa werilTa moZRurebisagan ... da yovelgan ganhTesa ...

swavlaÁ RmrTismetyuelebisaTÂs” (qeologivan. cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, XII-XIIIss., f.245rv).72 bezaraSvili 2004: 346.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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daqvemdebarebul mimarTebas RvTismetyvelebisadmi (rac Cans mis

zemoT ganxilul kolofonebSi).

zemoT naxsenebi sami ierarqis avtoritetma didi gavlena iqonia

literaturis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikuli

stilis, rogorc baZvis sagnis, ideam Camoayaliba axali mimarTuleba

bizantiur literaturaSi _ metafrastika. amitom aris sami wmindanis

xilva (erTi RvTismosavi pirovnebis mier) efrem mciris kolofonSi

naxsenebi svimeon metafrastTan dakavSirebiT. aq svimeonis ritorikul-

filosofiuri stili miCneulia sami ierarqis stilis

TanabarZalovnad.73 efrem mciris Sexedulebebi warmoaCenen ara mxolod

im drois bizantiaSi SemoRebul religiur kults grigol

RvTismetyvelisas, aramed isini cxadyofen agreTve grigolis

Teologiuri doqtrinebis da ritorikis mniSvnelobas Sua

saukuneebisaTvis. amave dros, efremis Sexedulebebi (grigol

RvTismetyvelis 16 liturgikuli homiliis miseul Targmanebze

darTul kolofonSi) grigolis Teologiur-filosofiuri ideebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic mxolod “iSÂT vieTTÂsme gulisÃmismyofelTaTÂs”

yofila gasagebi, TanxmobaSia miqael fselosis ideebTan filosofiisa

da ritorikis Tanaarsebobis Sesaxeb. grigol RvTismetyvelis

SromebSi miRweuli es iSviaTi Tanaarseboba, fselosis mixedviT,

aseve ar yofila gankuTvnili ubralo mrevlisaTvis.74 efremi

axasiaTebs metafrastikas, rogorc “ritorebriv gangrZobas da

filosofosebriv Semkobilebas”, riTac gamoxatavs ritorika-

filosofiis aRniSnul kavSirs da exmaureba Tanamedrove bizantiur

ideebs.75

ritorikis sakralurobis ideas exmianeba ioane petriwic. igi

eklesiastes imowmebs imis dasamtkiceblad, rom sityvieri xelovneba

(“qceva enisa”) gamocxadebulia sibrZnis nawilad (“kerZod sibrZnisad”

- i. petriw. Sr. II, 22025-27

). petriwis mixedviT, morTulad da

mokazmulad unda gvqondes enis arsebis (“aobis”) aRmniSvneli

garemosili [sityva] da misi saSualebiT SevaRwioT Sinagani sulieri

logosis sazRvrebSi, raTa es Sinagani sityva wargviZRves zesTaarsis

Secnobisaken (II, 220-221). maSasadame, sityvis garegnuli xelovnebis

floba aucilebelia Sinagani sityvis, anu saRvTo logosis, saRvTo

sibrZnis Sesacnobad. ioane petriwis am formulirebidan erTi nabijiRa

73 efrem mcire, “mosaÃsenebeli mcire sÂmeonisaTÂs loRoTetisa”. ix. kekeliZe

1957: 212-226; 219; 224-225.74 Psell. ep. 174; Mes. bibl. ed. C. Sathas, 1876. ix. kustasi 1973: 27, 85, 146.75 efrem mcire, mosaÃsenebeli, ix. kekeliZe 1957: 224. bezaraSvili 2004: 578.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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rCeboda rusTavelis prologis sakamaTo formulirebamde sibrZnis

dargad gaazrebuli poeziis Sesaxeb.

3. qarTuli saero literaturis aRmocenebis winapirobebi

azrovnebis is gza, romelic saTaves iRebs qarTvel elinofilTa

SemoqmedebaSi, ganmsazRvreli aRmoCnda momdevno periodis qarTvelTa

kulturuli orientaciisaTvis. gza sisadavidan maRalfardovan

elinofilur stilamde, samonastro Teologiidan dogmaturi

Teologiis sqolastikur meTodamde, martivi azrovnebidan rTul

filosofiur azrovnebamde, romelmac gaiara rwmenisa da codnis

urTierTmimarTebis axali safexuri ioane petriwTan, originalur

qarTul mwerlobamde misasvleli xidi aRmoCnda. aman gansazRvra

qarTuli saero literaturis metad maRali done da msoflmxed-

veloba XII-XIII saukuneebisaTvis. ganviTarebis am gzaze azrovnebis

ganxiluli modelebi ase gamoiyureba:

a) orgvari damokidebuleba filosofia-ritorikis miReba-

armiRebis Sesaxeb aisaxa saero mwerlobaSic. mag., mexotbeebTan, erTi

mxriv, antikuri moRvaweni da antikuri mWevrmetyveleba da mecniereba

ususuria Tamaris Sesaqebad (“varskvlavTmricxvelno, sxvaT brZenT

mkicxvelno, ver Zal-gicT qebad, Tavs hyofT vnebulsa” - SavT. v. 2, 4;“umiros, platon sityva damaton, TviT vera mihxvden Sesatyviersa”

- Caxr. v. 1, 4), meore mxriv ki, ritori da brZeni erTad moiazrebada ritorika aucilebeli saSualebaa saRvTo sibrZnis gamosaTqmelad

(“ritori, brZeni”; “brZeni ritorebs”; “sibrZnis ufskruli, ena _

ritori” - SavT. vv. 4, 4; 8, 1; 59, 4; “ritorebrivca Tqva” - Caxr. v.94, 26).

“filosofiis” ojaxis cnebebi da terminebi axali, manamde

ucnobi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba saero ZeglebSic, mag., kreacionistuli

Teoriis Semqmneli RvTismetyvelnic filosofosebad iwodebian

(“filosofosni, winaswar mgrZnobni, ityvian Jamsa Sesaqmiersa” -

Caxr. v. 101, 3). rusTaveli xmarobs termin “filosofoss”

RvTismetyvelis aRsaniSnavad: “vis xatad RmrTisad gityvian

filosofosni winani” (v. 837); “ara viqm, codna ras margebs

filosofosTa brZnobisa” (v. 790). “filosofosTa brZnoba” aq,

SesaZloa, Tavisi orive mniSvnelobiT iyos naxmari _ saRvTo da

saero (radgan Sua saukuneebSi mas orive am sibrZnis gamoxatvis

funqcia ekisreboda. ix. zemoT: Sen. 8).

b) orgvari sibrZne, ufro sworad, “gareSe” sibrZnis aucilebloba

qristianulis paralelurad da mis Sesacnobad, aqtiuri xdeba am

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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periodis TxzulebebSic. mag., grigol noseli am orive sibrZnis

mflobelad aris dasaxuli gelaTuri skolis anonimi avtoris

iambikoSi: “mRvdelTmTavrobs qristebr, attikelobs sokratebr”

(Gr. Naz. Or. 11-ze darTuli iambiko: cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, f. 116 r; cod.Iber. Tbilis. A 85, XIII s., f. 210r). “istoriansa da azmanSi” ioane SavTeli

daxasiaTebulia, rogorc “kaci filosofosi da ritori, leqsTa

gamomTqmeli”. atikuri da patristikuli xedva erTad aris naxsenebi

orgvari sibrZnis (klasikurisa da qristianulis) gamosaxatavad

ioane SavTelis poeziaSi (“atikulisa, patrikulisa xedvis” - SavT.

v. 53, 1). Cans, rom rusTavelis avTandilic orgvar sibrZneSia gawafuli.

Tavisi mosazrebebis dasabuTebas rostevanisaTvis igi cdilobs

rogorc antikuri, ise qristianuli moZRvrebebis mixedviT: “me sityvasa

erTsa gkadreb platonisgan swavla-Tqmulsa”;76 “wagikiTxavs

siyvarulsa mociqulni ragvar weren?”77

saero literaturisadmi interesis gaRviveba damaxasiaTebelia

am periodisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT kargad icnobdnen klasikur

mwerlobas qarTveli istorikosebi, da sazogadod am drois qarTveli

mwerlebi.78 fsevdonones miTologiuri komentarebis krebuli iyo

erT-erTi saukueTeso saSualeba klasikuri samyaros da berZnuli

miTologiis gasacnobad. antikuri miTologiuri saxeebi, personaJebi

da klasikuri reminiscenciebi bibliurTan erTad, warmarTuli

RmerTebi, romlebic naxsenebia am komentarebis TxrobebSi, agreTve

berZen filosofosTa saxelebi gvxvdeba XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTul

originalur literaturaSi _ poeziasa da istoriografiaSi

(CaxruxaZisa da SavTelis odebSi, “mefeTa-mefe daviTis cxovrebaSi”

da “istoriansa da azmanSi”).79

elinofilurma enam da terminologiam gavlena moaxdina

Semdegdroindel originalur mwerlobaze (petre gelaTeli, iezekieli,

arsen bulmaisimisZe, nikoloz gulaberisZe). rogorc cnobilia, ioane

petriwis enasa da stils, mis terminologias gavlena mouxdenia da

asaxula “vefxistyaosanSi”, “TamarianSi”, “abdulmesianSi”, “istoriansa

da azmanSi”; agreTve “daviTis istoriaSi”.80

76 wyarosaTvis ix. aleqsiZe 1990.

77 wyaroebisaTvis ix. nozaZe 1974: 130. nozaZe 1963: 488-489. Sdr. vaxtangiseuli

1712: tlÀ(=338). ix. agreTve bezaraSvili 2000: 128.

78 yauxCiSvili 1973/74.

79 oTxmezuri 2002: LXI-LXV.

80 WeliZe 1995 b: 79. meliqiSvili 1986: 229. fiqroben, rom qarTul saero

literaturas (saero-saxotbos da saistorio-panegirikuls) saTave daedo gelaTuri

skolis meore periodSi. ix. meliqiSvili 1993.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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c) rogorc vTqviT, elada da aTeni, rogorc saero sibrZnis

simboloebi, aseve farTod gavrcelebuli gaxda qarTul mwerlobaSi

da naTargmni literaturidan gadavidan originalurSi. mag., qarTul

wyaroebSi XII saukunis umaRlesi saswavlebeli gelaTSi iwodeba

“meored ierusalemad ... sxuad aTinad”. amiT saRvTismetyvelo da

saero swavlebis erTianoba aris cxadyofili (daviT aRmaSeneblis

istorikosi). amave periodSi gelaTi iwodeba agreTve “eladad”:

“vnatri eladsa _ TÂT mas gelaTsa” (ioane SavTeli, v. 105, 4).elini, aTeneli brZenni _ filosofosni da ritorni aqeben Tamars

saero poeziaSi (“SemokrbiT brZenno, aTinelT Zeno, Tamars vaqebdeT”

- SavT. v. 2, 1; “he, filosofni, dawyebad myofni, goneba-vrcelni

ritorTa wvevad, elenTa Svilni, elads swavlilni, ena-mzeobdes

sityvaTaArCevad” - Caxr. v. 38, 1-2; “aTens brZenTa xams aqebdes enabevri” - rusTaveli, v. 694, 4) da sxv.81

d) qarTuli saero mwerloba TiTqmis mTlianad e.w.

aristotelurobis gamoxatuleba gaxda Sinaarsobrivadac da

formobrivadac. Sinaarsobrivad igi iyo maRali RvTismetyvelebis

Semcveli, filosofiuri terminologiis farTod momxmarebeli, xolo

formobrivad maRalfardovani, e.w. aristoteluri da atikuri, anu

elinuri, stilis gamomxatveli. evangeluri sisadave am periodisaTvis,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis aRar aris misabaZi.

mag., elinofilur skolaSi didi iyo interesi iambikuri formis

filosofiuri poeziis mimarT. formisa da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT

es poezia epoqis literaturul gemovnebasa da moTxovnebs

exmaureboda. igi Seicavda qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis uarsebiTes

sakiTxebs, xolo formobrivad Seesabameboda elinofilTa swrafvas

lakoniurobisaken, enis gaelinurebisaken da maRalfardovani

ritorikuli stilisaken. am poeziis iambikuri ucxouri sazomiT

(klasikuri berZnuli iamburi trimetridan warmoSobili bizantiuri

12-marcvliani leqsis qarTulSi SemotaniT) Sesrulebuli qarTuli

Targmanebi gansxvavdeboda qarTuli liturgikuli poeziis bunebrivad

xatovani enisagan, sayovelTao saeklesio daniSnulebisagan da

ganswavlul mkiTxvelTa viwro wrisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. rogorc

saleqsTwyobo forma, ise berZnulis mibaZviT Seqmnili enobrivi

formebi (mimReoburi da uSemasmenlo konstruqciebi, nasaxelari

zmnebi da sityvaTqmnadoba, mag., attikel-mÃneobs, iSÂdgzisebs, imzebs,

amaRnintebs, enaTelciskrovnebis, asulobs _ gelaTuri skolis

81 cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, SaniZe 1992: 175. Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni,

lolaSvili 1957/1964. interpretaciisaTvis ix. bezaraSvili 1998 a: 128.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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iambikoebSi, mexotbeebTan, rac rusTavelmac imemkvidra) gamoxatavda

berZnuli filosofiuri enis lakoniurobas da maRalfardovnebas,

metaforul stils. aRsaniSnavia elinofilur periodSi klasikuri

saleqswyobo formis baZvisa da misi Teoriuli ganxilvis tendencia,

rac berZnuli ganaTlebis, bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriisa da

hermenevtikuli gramatikis SesaniSnavad aTvisebis erT-erTi

gamovlineba iyo qarTul elinofilur tradiciaSi.82

amgvari ena, stili da forma erTgvar literaturul gatacebad

iqca da farTod gavrcelda originalur qarTul poeziaSic. aseTi

iambikoebiT werdnen TavianTi pirovnuli religiuri gancdisa da

Sexedulebebis gamomxatvel Sesxmebs, miZRvnebsa da locvebs demetre

mefe, Tamar mefe, anonimebi, arsen iyalToeli, iezekieli, petre gelaTeli,

ioane petriwi (XII-XIII ss.) da sxv. rig SemTxvevebSi (mag., demetre

mefis himnebis SemTxvevaSi) qarTulma iambikom araCveulebriv

gamomsaxvelobas miaRwia.

maRali ritorikul-filosofiuri stili gansakuTrebul

ukiduresobas aRwevs mexotbeebTan, sadac iqmneba erTgvari bundovanebis

esTetika. is musikaloba da mSveniereba, rac panegirikisaTvis,

odisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli (da rac araerTgzisaa

aRniSnuli mexotbeTa teqstebSi), gamoxatulia uCveulo saSualebebiT.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom es aris, erTi mxriv,

sityvaTa desemantizacia, antienis Seqmna (ena uaryofs Tavis Tavs

uazro gamonaTqvamSi); leqsis struqtura semantikuri

kanonzomierebiTaa gamowveuli da majamur-omonimuri riTmis nawilebi

neoplatonuri da areopagituli stiliT gamoxatavs sityvieri

usityvobis, uTqmelobisa da predikaciis, antiSinaarsisa da Sinaarsis,

dumilisa da metyvelebis/enawylianobis antiTezas.83 erTi sityviT,

es aris ritorika-filosofiis zemoT ganxiluli kavSiris kidev

erTi Taviseburi gamoxatuleba.

meore mxriv, aRniSnulia, rom es informaciuli bundovaneba

aris mSvenierebis esTetikuri kategoriisa da amaRlebuli stilis

Semqmneli ritorikuli figuris, metabolis, mravalferovani (misi

ramdenime saxeobis Warbi) gamoyenebisa da enobriv normasTan

dapirispirebis saSualebiT, mag., afiqsTa iZulebiTi SenacvlebiT

(gancvifrebare, maciskrebare, gamaTenali, Suq-mosieri, saSvebieri) da

a.S., rac “ucnauris” STabeWdilebas tovebs. es movlena axsnilia

ara rogorc enaze Zaladoba, aramed enis SesaZleblobebis, misi

Sinagani bunebis farTod realizeba.84

82 bezaraSvili 1995. bezaraSvili 1998 b.

83 lomiZe 1988: 7-28.

84 bolqvaZe 2005: 61-73. bolqvaZe 2007: 158. Sdr. danelia 1998: 400-442.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am niSnebiT qarTuli saxotbo poezia

ukavSirdeba elinofilur literaturas, sadac (gansakuTrebiT ioane

petriwTan) enaSi dafaruli sityvaTqmnadobis SesaZleblobebi uxvad

aris gamoyenebuli qarTuli ZirebiTa da istoriulad Camoyalibebuli,

zogjer “mkvdari” modelebis, arqauli da dialeqturi iSviaTi

afiqsebis gaaqtiurebis gziT.85 amgvari leqsikuri derivacia emsaxureba

samecniero meta-enis, berZnuli filosofiuri cnebis adekvaturi

terminis Seqmnas. amave dros, ritorikis saSualebebis farTod

amoqmedeba aseve elinofiluri literaturisaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli.86

dabolos, msoflmxedvelobrivadac es poezia elinofiluri

literaturis gagrZelebaa antikuri filosofia-ritorikis da misi

Teoriis gamoyenebiT, rac im droisaTvis saswavlo disciplinas

warmoadgenda. ritorikis Teoriidan aRsaniSnavia, rom mSvenierebis

Semqnel elementebs Soris aristotele swored ucnauri, ucxo da

uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas, miniSnebebs da enigmebs (Arist. Rhet. III,12), xolo misi neoplatonikosi komentatorebi ki stilistur da

Sinaarsobriv bundovanebas ganixilavdnen.87

e) saliteraturo sityva rom saRvTo sityvis gamoxatvis

saSualebad iqca, es azri yvelaze ukeTesad saero poezias miesadaga.

esTetikuri saliteraturo formis sitkboeba mTlianad Tu ara,

nawilobriv mainc ritorikis antikuri Teoriebis mixedviT aris

gamoTqmuli: “Sesxma-mkobani, musikobani” - SavT. v. 107, 3; “platon

musiki mwyobr-Senasxmevad” - Caxr. 51, 2; “kvla aqaca eamebis”; “ena-

musikobdes” (rusT. vv. 12, 3; 18, 4). Sdr. mSvenieris, saamurobis,sitkboebis, musikalobis cnebebi kavllo~, cavri~, glukuv~, hJduv~,mousikhv elinisturi ritorikis Teoriis cnebebia

88. amave Teorias

exmaureba orgvari mSvenierebis _ formobrivisa da arsobrivis

Tanaarseboba. mag., gavixsenoT “turfa saWvretelis”, rogorc

transcendenturi mSvenierebis, Teologiuri mniSvneloba

“vefxistyaosanSi”.89

f) misabaZad, rogorc vTqviT, saero mwerlobaSi aRar aris

dasaxuli evangeluri formobrivi sisadave, magram saRvTo Sinaarsi

maradiuli baZvis sagnad rCeba. orgvari baZva, saukeTeso saero

85 meliqiSvili 1999: 31-32.

86 bezaraSvili 2004: 530-672.

87 bezaraSvili 2004: 260-290.

88 isini Txzulebis garegnul gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs da maT esTetikur

aRqmas Seesabameba (martini 1974: 338-339, 342-345; 169-170, 259 da sxv. ernesti1962: s.v. mousikhv, ejnarmovnion, rJuqmov~. nordeni 1918 a: 55-57, 50). am mniSvnelobiT

isini bizantiuri ritorikis Teoriamac imemkvidra da saRvTo Sinaarsis mSvenierebas

daupirispira _ ix. bezaraSvili 1996 a: 124.89 bezaraSvili 2000/2003.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsisa, warmmarTvelia qarTuli saero

poeziisaTvisac. sagulisxmoa, rom swored amitom uwodebs rusTaveli

Tavis poemas “sparsul ambavs”, romelic unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc

saukeTeso saero literaturuli forma saRvTo WvetisaTvis, saRvTo

siyvarulis baZvisaTvis (Sdr. I kor. 14, 1).

rusTavelis frazaSi “ese ambavi sparsuli qarTulad

naTargmanebi” (v. 9) termini “sparsuli” ar aris gamoyenebuli misi

pirdapiri leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc geografiuli an eTnikuri

saxeli. igi ar miuTiTebs aq poemis nacionalur warmomavlobaze.

mecnierebaSi ukve cnobilia, rom msgavsi siuJeti ar aris napovni

sparsulenovan literaturaSi. “sparsuli” aq niSnavs “araqris-

tianuls”, “saeros” am literaturul-Teoriuli terminis

ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT (Sdr. “hinduri” rogorc literaturul-

Teoriuli termini msgavs konteqstSi efrem mciris “aseul

iambikoSi”).90 sagulisxmoa, rom rusTavelis pirvel komentators

mefe-poet vaxtang VI-s (XVII-XVIII ss.) sworad esmoda rusTavelis

xsenebuli formula, rogorc “sparsuli literaturuli formis

baZva” da amtkicebda poemis arasparsul warmomavlobas (“aw imas

ambobs, sparsulis mibaZviT radgan aTqmevina Tamar mefem, rom sparsTagan

vsTargmneo; Tvaram sparsSid es ambavi arsad ipoeba; ambavic TviTan

gaakeTa da leqsadac imisTvis ubnobs, rom sparsis leqsis baZzed

rom sTqva, sparsuli ambavi qarTulad vTargmneo”). mizeziliteraturuli formis baZvisa iyo is, rom sparsuli poezia

saukeTesod miiCneoda im periodisaTvis (“sparsT kai meleqseoba

icodnen”), da igi nacnobi iyo qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis.91 meore

mxriv, rusTavelis frazebi saRvTo xedvis Sesaxeb (“saRmrTod

gasagoni”- v. 12, 2), pirveli, umaRlesi, zeciuri (saRvTo) mijnurobis

Sesaxeb (“vTqva mijnuroba pirveli da tomi gvarTa zenaTa”- v. 20, 1)da misi baZvis Sesaxeb (“marT masve hbaZven” - v. 21, 4) gulisxmobs

miwieri mijnurobis mier mociqulTa qebuli saRvTo siyvarulis

baZvas (I kor. 13; I kor. 8, 1-3; I petr. 4, 8; I ioan. 4 da sxv.),romelic avTandilis anderZSi aqvs warmodgenili rusTavels

(“wagikiTxavs, siyvarulsa mociqulni ragvar weren?...” - v. 791).92 esaris poemis ZiriTadi azri da idea.

amgvarad, baZvis cnebis ori aspeqtis Tanaarseboba cxadi xdeba

am saero TxzulebaSic. poema dafuZnebulia bizantiur esTetikaze,

90 ix. zemoT: Sen. 48,49. bezaraSvili 1998 a: 134-138.

91 ix. vaxtangiseuli 1712: sJe-sJv (= 295-296).92 rusTaveli... 1957.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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iseve rogorc misi qristianuli Sinaarsi ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia

patristikul RvTismetyvelebaze.

g) qarTuli saero mwerloba ZiriTadad ganswavlul mkiTxvelTa

viwro wrisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, garda “vefxistyaosnisa”, romelic

yvela donis mkiTxvels iTvaliswinebda, yvelasaTvis gasagebi iyo,

visac rogor da ramdenad SeeZlo misi gageba, rasac mowmobs xalxis

mier misi zepirad codna. amitom martivi mkiTxveli oden esTetikurad

tkbeboda (“kvla aqaca eamebis, vinca ismens”), ganswavlul da

RvTvganbrZnobil mkiTxvels ki misi dafaruli saRvTo alegoriuli

Sinaarsis Semecneba evaleboda (“sibrZnis dargi, saRvTo saRvTod

gasagoni”). ritorikul-filosofiuri maRalfardovnebiT poema

saRvTismetyvelo-ritorikuli stilis gamoxatulebaa, xolo

Teologiuri siRrme da mifaruleba ki, romelic saxismetyvelebiT,

alegoriulad misaxvdomia, misi Sinaarsia. sakiTxi poeziis umaRles

sibrZnesTan wilnayarobis Sesaxeb an demokratiulobis Sesaxeb

filosofiasTan/RvTismetvelebasTan SedarebiT, rac stilisturad

gamoxatulia am cnebebTan mimarTebiT gamoyenebuli saxelzmnuri da

zmnuri formebiT: “gagoneba”, anu Semecneba, da “eamebis, vinca ismens”,

anu saamuri bgeris mosmena (Sdr. “ena-musikobdes” da misT.) ufro

farTod moiTxovs ganxilvas; paralelurad gamovlenas moiTxovs

rusTavelis am problemisadmi mimarTeba msoflio literaturis

konteqstSi.93

h) Sesabamisad, poezias saero mwerlobaSic sakraluri funqcia

eniWeba, iseve rogorc ritorikas _ RvTismetyvelebaSi (mag., ramdenadac

ritorika da Teologia erTiani iyo bizantiaSi, amdenad, ritorikac

sakralur xelovnebad miiCneoda - ix. zemoT). rogorc vTqviT, qarTuli

elinofiluri literaturis Semdgomi ganviTareba imis naTeli

dadasturebaa, Tu rogor moxda ritorikisa da filosofiis kavSiris

damkvidreba qarTul literaturaSi (efrem mcire, ioane petriwi).

es tendencia ganviTarda agreTve originalur qarTul mwerlobaSi.

qarTuli saero poeziis SedevrSi, rusTavelis “vefxistyaosanSi”,

poeziis xelovneba (romelic yovelTvis gaigeboda, rogorc

enamWevrobis xelovneba ritorikis TeoriebSi94) miCneulia saRvTo

sibrZnis, RvTismetyvelebis nawilad (“Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa

erTi dargi” - v. 12, 1).rogorc vnaxeT, bizantiuri kulturis saazrovno modelebi da

elinofiluri orientacia naTargmni literaturidan originalurSi

93 am problemis ganxilvisaTvis dantes SemoqmedebaSi ix. ladaria 2007.

94 hungeri 1972: 3-27.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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gadavida. forma-Sinaarsisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba erTgvar

literaturul gatacebad iqca da epoqis gemovnebas miesadaga.

yovelive aman Seqmna axali TvalTaxedva Sua saukuneebis qarTveli

mkiTxvelisaTvis. elinofilTa kulturulma orientaciamac da

dadebiTma damokidebulebam “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi, rogorc

literaturul-filosofiuri formisadmi, Tavisi kvali daamCnia da

safuZveli moumzada qarTuli saero mwerlobis Camoyalibebas da

ganviTarebas.95

amgvarad, wamoiWreba qarTuli saero literaturis aRmocenebis

mizezebis sakiTxi. am procesis gamomwvev sxva mizezebTan erTad,

romlebic ganxilulia qarTul mecnierebaSi, unda vaxsenoT kidev

erTi da mTavari mizezi. es aris zemoxsenebuli orgvari

damokidebuleba klasikuri saliteraturo formebisadmi.

warmarTulisa da qristianulis urTierTmimarTebis patristikuli

da sqolastikuri modelebi, agreTve qarTvel elinofilTa moRvaweoba,

dafuZnebuli aleqsandriul da kapadokiur azrovnebaze, rogorc

Cans, metad mniSvnelovani iyo literaturuli procesebis

ganviTarebisaTvis qarTul kulturaSi. elinofilTa azrovnebis

mimarTulebam safuZveli moumzada dadebiTi mimarTebis damkvidrebas

elinuri ganaTlebisadmi da misi literaturuli da filosofiuri

formebisadmi originalur qarTul literaturaSi (amis

gamoxatulebaa, mag., ritorikuli da miTologiuri paradigmebis

gamoyeneba qarTul saero literaturaSi: ix. zemoT mematianeebTan,

mexotbeebTan). amave procesebma ganapiroba qarTuli saero

literaturis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Zeglis, SoTa rusTavelis

“vefxistyaosnis”, msoflmxedveloba. qristianuli Sinaarsi cnobil

klasikur saero formaSi (an nebismier warmarTul/saero formaSi)

gaxda mTavari safuZveli alegoriis SemotanisaTvis qarTul saero

literaturaSi (rac ukve calke gaRrmavebuli da argumentirebuli

kvlevis sakiTxia).

klasikuri formisa da qristianuli Sinaarsis urTierT-

mimarTebis xsnebuli ZiriTadi modeli SeiZleba moicavdes samecniero

literaturaSi qarTuli saero literaturis warmoSobis manamde

ganxilul yvela sxva mizezs: sparsuli poeziis gavlenas96 (romelic

yvaoda im periodisaTvis da romelic aseve “gareSe” - e[xwqen iyoqristianuli kulturisaTvis), erovnuli pre-qristianuli

95 bezaraSvili 2005 a: 290-296.96 mari 1899: 251.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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warmarTuli xalxuri literaturis ganviTarebas,97 saeklesio

mwerlobis saxeebis, Janrebisa da zogi sxva literaturuli formis

gadasvlas saero literaturaSi98 (Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tavis

droze es saliteraturo formebi swored klasikuri

literaturidan SeiTvisa qristianulma), literaturuli fiqciis,

anu mxatvruli gamonagonis mniSvnelobas99 da a.S.

cxadi xdeba, rom zemoxsenebuli patristikuli da sqo-

lastikuri saazrovno modelebi da paradigmebi gvexmareba gan-

vsazRvroT “vefxistyaosnis” erovnuli warmoSoba da adgili

qristianuli literaturis konteqstSi. rogorc aRniSnaven, sabWoTa

ideologiis matarebelma literaturulma kritikam, romelic

akritikebda sakiTxisadmi evropocentrul damokidebulebas

(uaryofda ra “literaturis evropul tips”) mcdarad miakuTvna

qarTuli Zegli sparsuli romanuli eposis tips (v. Jirmunski, v.

SiSmariovi, e. meletinski).100 modeli _ qristianuli Sinaarsi

araqristianul, warmarTul saero formaSi, romelic farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli patristikul nawerebSi (gansakuTrebiT

kapadokielebTan), cxadyofs rusTavelis imave esTetikur Sexedulebas,

rac gvxvdeba bizantiur literaturaSi.

ase rom, marTalia, elinofiluri mimarTuleba gvian daiwyo

qarTul mwerlobaSi, magram misi Sedegebi gacilebiT nayofieri

aRmoCnda, vidre sxva aRmosavlur qristianul literaturebSi (mag.,

siriulSi, somxurSi), sadac man, mwerlobis adreuli periodidan

dawyebulma, adreve Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba. qarTul mwerlobaSi

ki misma ganviTarebam, rasac mohyva bizantiuri kulturis modelebis

Teoriuli gaazreba, mogvca maRalmxatvruli saero literatura.

97 ingoroyva 1938: 1-2.

98 kekeliZe 1981: 5-25.

99 siraZe, 1975: 190-195. siraZe 1978: 238. literaturuli fiqciis Sesaxeb

rusTavelis poemaSi ix. agreTve karbelaSvili 2000.100 ix. karbelaSvili 1996.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

~~ ~~~

~

~

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freibergi 1975: Àíòè÷íîñòü è Âèçàíòèÿ, pod red. L.A. Freyberg,

M., 1975.freibergi ... 1978: L.A. Freyberg, T.V. Popova, Vizantiyska%

literatura +poxi rascveta IX-XV vv., M., 1978.

yauxCiSvili 1937: ioane petriwis Sromebi, t. II, teqsti gamosces da

gamokvleva daurTes S. nucubiZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, tf., 1937.

yauxCiSvili 1973-1974: T. yauxCiSvili, antikuri samyaro rusTavelis

epoqis istoriografiaSi, macne, 4, 1973, gv. 117-126; 3, 1974, gv.

102-113.

yauxCiSvili 2006: bizantiur-qarTuli dokumentirebuli leqsikoni,

s. yauxCiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori

l. kvirikaSvili, t. IV, Tb., 2006.

SaniZe 1968: m. SaniZe, Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa,

Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11, Tb., 1968, gv. 79-122.

SaniZe 1992: cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, m. SaniZis gamocema,

qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis Zeglebi IX; saqarTvelos

istoriis wyaroebi 62, Tb., 1992.SevCenko 1981: I. Ševèenko, Levels of Style in Byzantine Prose, in: Jahrbuch

der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 31,1, Wien, 1981, p. 296-300.SevCenko 1982: I. Shevchenko, Ideology, Letters and Culture in the Byzantine

World, London, 1982.Smidti 2001: Basilii Minimi in Gregorii Nazianzeni Orationem XXXVIII

Commentarii, editi a Th. S. Schmidt, in Corpus Christianorum, SeriesGraeca, 46; Corpus Nazianzenum, 13, Turnhout, Leuven, 2001.

wereTeli 2000: k. wereTeli, semiti xalxis aRmniSvneli eTnikuri

terminebi qarTulSi, Tb., 2000.

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

~

~

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WeliZe 1995a: e. WeliZe, ioane petriwis “Cemi attikelis” Sesaxeb, k.

kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutis XXVI samecniero sesia,

20. XI. 1995.

WeliZe 1995b: e. WeliZe, ioane petriwi, II, “religia”, 1-3, 1995, gv. 76-

89.

xaranisi 1953: P. Charanis, The Term “Helladikoi” in Byzantine Texts of thesixth, seventh and eighth Centuries, in jEpethri;~ JEtaireiva~

Buzantinwn Spoudwn, e[to~ kg v (23), jAqhnai, 1953, p. 619-620.hardi 1968: B.C. Hardy, The Emperor Julian and his School Law, in: Church

History, 38 (1968), p. 131-143.hetCi, redfasi 1954: E. Hatch, H. Redpath, Concordance to the Septuagint

and the other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (including theApocryphal Books), v. I-II, Graz, 1954.

hungeri 1969: H. Hunger, On the Imitation (Mivmhsi~) of Antiquity inByzantine Literature, in: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 23-24 (1969-70), p.16-38.

hungeri 1972: H. Hunger, Aspekte der griechischen Rhetorik von Gorgias biszum Untergant von Byzanz, Wien, 1972, S. 3-27.

hungeri 1978a: H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur derByzantiner, Bd. I, München, 1978.

hungeri 1978b: H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur, Bd. II,München, 1978.

hasi 1963: J.M. Hussey, Church and Learning in Byzantine Empire 867-1185,New York, 1963.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

~ ~ ~

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Ketevan Bezarashvili

The Thinking Models of Byzantine Culture,Hellenophilism and the Problem of Development of

Georgian Secular Literature

The significance of the thinking models of Byzantine culture for the processesin Old Georgian ecclesiastic literature reasoning the development of secular literatureare studied in the article. These are the models based mainly on the interrelationof faith and reason: the dual attitude of the representatives of patristic literaturetowards the classical paradigms that reveal the interrelation of Christian contentsand classical literary-philosophical forms, the double meaning (“outer” and Christian)of the terms “philosophy”, “philosopher”, “hellenization” and the like. Anothermodel is the antithesis of fishers’ way and Aristotelian way wide-spread in theMiddle Ages for distinguishing monastic, ascetic theology from intellectual methodof scholastic theology, also for making difference between the levels of style _ theEvangelic, Apostolic plainness (aJplovth~) and the rhetorical-philosophical refinedstyle. The antithesis of rhetorical logos and divine Logos, of the images of bitterand sweet, thorns and roses/grapes implying the same opposition of aesthetic andtranscendental is also analyzed as one of the models wide-spread in Byzantineand Georgian literature. The two aspects of the concept of mimesis (traditional,Classical and new, Christian), also two kinds of listeners: simple and intellectual,and finally the idea of sacralization of rhetoric and poetry against the backgroundof their relation to philosophy and theology are studied as the thinking models andparadigms which were also widely used.

The cultural orientation on the thinking processes of Byzantium, i.e. on thecritical study of ecclesiastic and classical texts, on the commentatory activities, onthe tendency to literary-theoretical thought, also the great interest in secular wisdom,namely in grammatical, rhetorical, philosophical studies, the neutral attitude to itand appreciation of its educational and pedagogical value, etc. were reflected inthe Greek and Georgian schools of the Black Mountain (Antioch) in the 11-thcentury. It is noteworthy that the concept and term Hellenic, Hellenism (eJllhnivzein)that in early Christian literature had cultural-theological meaning denoting “pagan”,and consequently in Georgian literature before the 11th century had pejorativemeaning showing anti-pagan attitude, in the translations and original works loosesits strictly negative content and receives the meaning of high rhetorical-philosophicalstyle and good education since that period..

The method of accepting Greek culture developed on the Black mountainreached its height in Gelati school. The term “Hellenic” in linguistic and culturalmeaning became wide-spread in Hellenophile Georgian literature expressing theinterrelation of faith and reason. Introducing the philosophical literature with the

saazrovno modelebi bizantiur kulturaSi, elinofiloba da qarTuli saero...

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help of the works of saint fathers was turned into the method of studying directlythe classical sources, the commentaries of Neo-Platonic philosophers etc. Thiswas the method of Byzantine scholarship of the 11th century (Michael Psellos,etc.).

The language and style of Gelati school was reflected in the writings of theGeorgian authors of the 12th-13th centuries: in the Life of David the Builder, in theHistory and Eulogy of the Monarchs, in the verses of the eulogists Chakhrukhadzeand Shavteli, in the hymns of Arsen Bulmaisimisdze, Nikoloz Gulaberisdze, and inRustaveli’s poem. The Byzantine model of interrelation of secular/outer literaryform and Christian contents (taking its origin from Alexandrian and Cappadocianschools) became the most important feature of Georgian secular literature.

Regarding these data it may be concluded that the models of Byzantineculture revealed on the basis of historical study of the problem makes a soundground for semiotic study of the ancient texts keeping the special cultural informationwith the help of codifying means of language. Revealing the codes and models ofthe Middle Ages and adequate interpretation of them excludes the individualperception of them; it also excludes the evaluation of this culture according thecriteria of another culture (mainly the modern one). The main antithetic model ofByzantine culture _ Christian wisdom and “outer”, i.e. secular, literary-philosophicalform analyzed against the background of hierarchical principle as the code of theMiddle Ages makes it obvious that the “outward” form which is not acceptablefrom Christian point of view becomes relevant only in the relation to divine wisdom.That is why the dual attitude to it _ the pejorative and neutral evaluation of oneand the same classical sources is characteristic of the Byzantine texts transferredinto Georgian translations, too. Turning from the pejorative evaluation to neutraland positive attitude towards “outer” wisdom in the service of Christian ideas,significance of the Classical heritage for Christian literature against the backgroundof Byzantine renaissance that was introduced in Hellenophile Georgian thoughtwas one of the main reasons of development of secular literature.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

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97mcenareTa samyaros protoqarTveluri da protoindoevropuli saxelebi

manana kvaWantiraZe

vin aris petre?

niSnisa da konceptis

urTierTmimarTebisaTvis

ilias moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~

sanam uSualod ilia WavWavaZis aRniS-

nuli teqstis semiotikur analizze gadavi-

dodeT, yovelgvari meTodologiuri gauge-

brobis Tavidan asacileblad, windawinve vi-

tyviT, rom Cven gverds avuvliT Tanamedrove

wakiTxvebSi aRiarebul nawarmoebis/teqstis

opoziciurobis paradigmas da Tumca vaRi-

arebT teqstis Riaobas interpretaciis mi-

marT, magram, imavdroulad, angariSs gavuwevT

nawarmoebis aRsaniSnis realobasac, romlis

arsebobac iliasa da zogadad, realisturi

prozis SemTxvevaSi, gardauvalia. ilias te-

qsts Cven ganvixilavT, rogorc semoizisis

Tanamdevi, cnobieri da aracnobieri procese-

bis Tanaarsebobis sivrces, anu, arc mxolod

aracnobier movlenas, rac, realisturi prozis

SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, gaugebroba iqneboda, da

arc mTlianad winaswarganzraxul, raciona-

lurad dalagebul simboloTa rigs, rac Semo-

qmedebiTi procesis mimarT iqneboda araade-

kvaturi Sefaseba.

imisaTvis, rom vupasuxoT ilias mier

moTxrobis bolos dasmul kiTxvas _ `mar-

Tlacda Cveni beberi petre ra SuaSi unda

iyos~, da zogadad, kiTxvas – mainc vin aris

petre – aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia

ilias Semoqmedebis erTi niSani, romelzedac

filologiis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtori, SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis

literaturis institu-

tis qarTuli litera-

turis ganyofilebis gamge,

Jurnal `kritikis~

mTavari redaqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: ,,me

Cems sakuTar Senobas

vageb”, ,,oTar WilaZis

mxatvruli sistemis

semiologiuri aspeqtebi”,

`werilebi litera-

turaze”, ,,gameoreba”.

interesTa sfero:

literaturaTmcodneoba,

kritika, semiotika.

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98 manana kvaWantiraZe

grigol kiknaZe miuTiTebs Tavis werilSi: Cvens mSobliur liter-

aturaSi pirveli kaci, romelmac qarTveli xalxis Tvisebebis wv-

doma daisaxa Tavisi Semoqmedebis mTavar miznad, ilia WavWavaZe iyo~

(gr. kiknaZe 1999:205). ase rom, petres saxe iseve, rogorc ilias

sxva personaJebi – oTaraanT qvrividan dawyebuli daTikoTi damTavre-

buli – qarTuli xasiaTis gamovlinebebad unda CaiTvalos. amdenad,

petres problemis yvela aspeqti – maT Soris fsiqologiuric, im

socialuri da eTnokulturuli garemos niSanTa moZiebiT unda

daviwyoT, romelSic es xasiaTi Camoyalibda. Tu am gzas gavyvebiT,

petres xasiaTisa da cnobierebis latentur fenebSi aucileblad

aRmoCdeba urTierTdakavSirebul mniSvnelobaTa sakmaod farTo

speqtri, romelic aramarto mis mimarT wayenebuli braldebebis

amoxsnaSi dagvexmareba, aramed mniSvnelovnad gaafarToebs am saxis

kulturul-istoriul perspeqtivaSi wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas da

zogadad, am mravalmxriv saintereso, uCveulo moTxrobis aRqmisa

da Sefasebis arealsac. pasuxebi dasmul kiTxvebze da azri moTxrobis

Sesaxeb yalibdeba arsebuli da winamorbedi kulturuli teqste-

bis gadakveTisas.

ukanasnel xans moTxrobis teqstTan dakavSirebiT Cvens lit-

eraturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmuli araerTi sayuradRebo mosazreb-

is miuxedavad (niniZe 2000, ratiani 2007, xarbedia 2007 da sxv.)

ilias es moTxroba, misi rTuli Sinaarsobliv-formaluri struq-

turidan gamomdinare, kvlav da kvlav aRZravs kiTxvebs aRsaniSnTa

zemodasaxelebuli kompleqsis mimarT, upirvelesad ki, cxadia, pe-

tres mimarT da misi `teqstis~ konotaciur doneze amokiTxvis

aucileblobas badebs.

ilia `faqtebis mweralia~ da swored faqtebis miRma iSleba

is semantikuri sivrce, romelmac problemis gaazrebasTan da Sesa-

Zlo pasuxTan unda migviyvanos. amdenad, arc faqtebis dalagebaa

SemTxveviTi da arc maTi xedvis rakursi. moTxrobaSi gafantuli

met-naklebi mniSvnelobis faqtebidan ilia sul ufro did seman-

tikur blokebs kravs rogorc teqstis SigniT, ise gareT, ufro

farTo kulturul konteqstTan, romelic nebismieri teqstisaTvis

warmoadgens garegan semiotikur fons. petres fiqris Sinagani logika,

garegani Seusabamobebis miuxedavad, sakmaod mwyobria da amas, sxva

saorientacio faqtorebis garda, moTxrobis siuJetur-kompozici-

uri arqiteqtonikis gaazrebis Sedegadac vaskvniT. davakvirdeT:

siuJeti da kompozicia dro-sivrceSi Tanmimdevrul process aRw-

ers, Tumca SefasebiT planSi es siuJeti sxva mimdevrobiT lagdeba:

Page 99: სემიოტიკა #3

99vin aris petre?

pirveli epizodi gaqurdvaa, meore – dasja, mesame – gasamarTleba.

kompoziciurad dasja win uswrebs gasamarTlebas. CamoxrCobis

mizezebs swored dasjis Semdeg vgebulobT. moTxrobis finaluri

nawili, praqtikulad, dasjilis gamarTleba ufroa, vidre gasa-

marTleba, xolo msjavrdebulad ukve petre iqceva. amdenad, mkiTxve-

lis dilemaa Seafasos sasjelisa da danaSaulis Tanafardoba da

es moaxdinos petresa da sazogadoebis moraluri Sefasebis fonze.

am Tanafardobidan gamomdinare da am fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, man

unda gamoitanos samarTliani daskvna, radgan petres brali ki

pirdapir edeba, magram samxili arapirdapiria, gansxvavebiT sikvdilm-

isjilisagan, sadac yvelaferi piriqiTaa – samxili pirdapiria, ma-

gram braleuloba – arapirdapiri.

xedvis rakursebis monacvleoba moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli faqte-

bisa da finaluri kiTxvis Sejerebiskenaa mimarTuli. pirvel epi-

zodSi, romelsac pirobiTad `SemTxveva loWinis xevTan~ SeiZleba

vuwodoT, ilia ZiriTadad garedan aRwers movlenebs. is xedavs imas,

rac SeiZleboda daenaxa avtorsac, petresac da yvela im meurmesac,

qalaqSi savaWrod wasulebi biWebs rom gadaeyarnen: bunebis aRwer-

ac, biWebis daxasiaTebac, petres gulistkivilic. xedvis es rakur-

si SenarCunebulia pirvel scenaSi. meore epizodi, anu axali scena,

ukve qalaqia. am monakveTSi mzeris kuTxe icvleba da ilia Signidan~

miyveba petres fiqrsa da gulis moZraobas. guli da goneba aq

opoziciur wyvilad warmodgeba da goneba mkafiod Seaxsenebs pe-

tres Tavisi guliswadilis uxerxulobas. es sindisis xmaa –

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, mamxilebeli goni~, romelic

petres eubneba, rom guls codviani saqmisken gauwevia: kacis guli

malia, mali codvis saqmezed. kacis darCobis sanaxavad gamouqnel

mozversaviT ki gamomiwia da!.. am patara gulSi ramodena codva da

madli trialebs~. petres es TviTSefaseba am momentSi da mxolod

aq _ `mamxilebeli gonis~ aqtiurobaze metyvelebs. mis legit-

imurobaze miuTiTebs is, rom igi xalxuri sibrZnis idiomaturi

formiTaa mowodebuli. saxrCobelis epizodis bolos ilia ukve

gadaWriT ityvis, rom am codva-madlis trialSi codvam gaimarjva

(`swore giTxraT~... da a. S.), xolo bolo scenaSi biWis piriT

ilia ukve qristianul normas Tu doqtrinas Seaxsenebs da sab-

olood wauyenebs braldebas petres: `RmerTi guls ufro sinjavs,

minam saqmes~. saboloo damnaSave petre swored am momentidan da

swored RmerTis samarTlis poziciebidan xdeba, Tumca avtoris

Page 100: სემიოტიკა #3

100 manana kvaWantiraZe

remarka ukve manamde, meore epizodis bolosve amzadebs niadags

braldebisaTvis.

SevajamoT: jer Tavad petre afasebs kritikulad Tavis gada-

wyvetilebas – cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba `gaimdidros~ Camoxr-

Cobis cqeriT, Tumca mainc ar ambobs uars Tavis guliswadilze,

sabolood – umcrosi Zma, Tavisi sastiki braldebiTa da RvTis

samarTalTan apelaciiT, SuaSi ki iliaa Tavisi remarkiT: `gulSi

didi eWvi Cauvarda. axla marto imis dardi hqonda, Seetyo, raSi

tyuvdeba. imaSi, rom es marTali TvalTmaqcobaa da tyuili Camor-

Coba, Tu marTali CamorCobaa. swore giTxraT, pirvelSi motyuebas

ufro hTakilobda misi guli: aba, TvalTmaqcobam tyuili marTlad

rogor unda maCvenos am droul kacsao da marTali ki rom tyuili

gamomdgariyo, eg araferi, magas rogorRac ufro advilad hyabul-

deboda Cveni petre~. ai, sastiki simarTle, swore~ sityva, romelic

iliam rbili da damzogavi ironiiT, magram gadaWriT da yovelgvari

damatebiTi komentaris gareSe gviTxra `Cveni~ petres gulis da-

farul zraxvaze. rogorRac~-o – magram mainc rogor xdeba is, rac,

ilias TqmiT, rogorRac~ xdeba? rogor hyabuldeba~ qristianru-

li mrwamsiT aRzrdili Cveni beberi petre~ am mrwamsisTvis sruliad

miuRebel situaciaSi monawileobas da rogor ascdeba misi `mamx-

ilebeli goni~ swor, am SemTxvevaSi, qristianul veqtors?

petres gulis~ problema iliasaTvis TiTqos marTlac gauge-

baria. mTeli siuJeti ise viTardeba, rom petres danaSauli mkaf-

iod ar Cans. igi iseTi rakursiTaa mowodebuli, rom damajerebeli

SeiZleba aRmoCndes orive mxaris argumenti - biWis braldebac da

petres Tavis marTlebac. amitomac gaaqvs ilias samsjavro so-

cialuri samsjavros gareT (sxvaTa Soris, imitomac, rom TviT es

sociumia braleuli). petres braleuloba mkiTxvelisa da saRvTo

kanonis instanciam unda gadawyvitos. biWis argumentebi da TviTSe-

faseba kategoriulia: me Cemi gza marTlis gza mgonia~. rac Seexeba

saRmrTo ganaCens, esec viciT saxarebidan: darCiT CemSi, da me davr-

Cebi TqvenSi. rogorc lerwi TavisTavad ver gamoiRebs nayofs, Tu

ar SerCeba vazs, aseve Tqvenc, Tuki ar darCebiT CemSi~ (ioane 15,4).

`Cvens beber petresa~ da petres, rogorc niSnsa da saxarebi-

seul citatas Soris Cndeba sxvaoba, dapirispireba; dabolos, ganx-

eTqileba, romelzedac aigeba kidec siuJeti. niSanTa mTeli wyeba

aSkarad migviTiTebs moTxrobis farTo da Rrma konteqstze, ilias

teqstis kulturul-religiur mexsierebaze. citataSi vgulisx-

mobT ara imdenad saxarebis teqstis erT romelime konkretul

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101vin aris petre?

amonarids, ramdenadac funqciur-msoflmxedvelobrivi kodis iseT

fragments, romlis miRmac Tavs iCens arsebuli azrovnebis wesi da

tradicia. magaliTad, saqristiano saqarTvelos~ konceptualuri

citata religiur onToteqsts – saxarebas Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels.

misi struqturebi mudmivad msWvalaven ilias teqsts, qmnian gada-

Zaxils kulturul- istoriuli gzis sxvadasxva monakveTebs Soris

da afarToeben moTxrobis aRqmis kuTxes. aq aRwerili, xazgasmiT

socialuri datvirTvis mqone saxeebsa da situaciebs miRma mkafi-

od ikiTxeba araerTi religiuri konceptis gadaSlili prasaxe,

erTgvari ~kvali~ da socialur-moralur dapirispirebaTa amxsne-

li winaresafuZveli. sxvadasxva teqstebisa da kodebis Serevis

gamo ilias saTqmelsa da naTqvams, aRsaniSnsa da teqsts, rogorc

niSanTan sistemas Soris Cndeba faruli plasti, romlis amocnobac

garkveul kulturul da religiur kompetencias gulisxmobs.

aRniSnul konceptebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania petre. petre

kldea: `rameTu Sen xar klde, da amas kldesa zeda aRvaSeno ekle-

siai Cemi da bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian mas~ (maTe 16,18),

`Cveni beberi petre~ ki – cvili. petre samgzis uaryofs qristes,

ilias petre ki – mravalgzis. saxarebiseuli petres movaleoba

dakargul TanamoZmeTa mogrovebaa `qristes taZarsa Sina~. ilias

petre ki im erTaderT sulsac kargavs, RmerTma erTgulebis gamo-

sacdelad gzaze rom Seaxvedra. pasuxsac is erTaderTi suli Tx-

ovs, magram yvela danarCenis saxeliT. es danarCenebi~ araorazrovnad

ikiTxeba biWis sityvasa da braldebaSi iseve, rogorc `Cveni pe-

trec~ warmoadgens niSans yvela misi msgavsisa, romelTac evalebo-

daT erTguleba, magram piroba ar Seasrules: `maminacvalma ki ara,

Tqven yvelam gagvZarcveT Cven, Tqven yvelam mogviReT bolo~. pasux-

ismgebloba gansakuTrebulia imitom, rom petre saqristiano saqarTve-

los saxeliT laparakobs: `es qveyana saqristiano saqarTveloa~.

swored saxarebiseuli petres fonze ikiTxeba yvelaze kargad ilias

petres faruli misia, misi enigma da gamocana. kontrasti petres

niSansa da mis Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas Soris iliasTan realis-

turi gziT aris mowodebuli da ara vTqvaT, groteskuli, an raime

antiesTetikuri xerxiT, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, niSansa da mniS-

vnelobas Soris mkveTri asimetriulobis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba xolme.

sxvaTa Soris, am fonze semiotur datvirTvas iZens umcrosi Zmis

saxe da misi asociaciuri kavSiri im avazakTan, romelsac qriste

Tavis gverdiT sasufevelSi pirdeba adgils (luka 23, 42-43), rad-

gan codvebis miuxedavad, erTbaSad irwmunebs ufalsac da mis ucod-

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102 manana kvaWantiraZe

velobasac. morwmune niSnavs rwmenis, RmerTis erTguls, anu qristes

moZRvrebis mimdevars: Tqven Cemi megobrebi xarT, Tu asrulebT imas,

rac gamcneT Tqven~ (ioane 15, 14). biWis piriT ilia swored erT-

gulebis dakargvaSi, swored RalatSi sdebs brals petres: `gana

Sen ki amxanagi ara xar Cemis maminacvlisa~.

TiTqos paradoqsia, rom mZarcveli, mkvleli, yaCaRi axalgazr-

da kaci darwmunebulia Tavis simarTleSi da imaSic, rom RmerTi

sworad gansjis mis codvebs _ mSromeli, patiosani, keTili petre

ki eWvebs Seupyria da ar icis, marTalia Tu mtyuani. bolo bralde-

baSi da petresa da ilias SekiTxva-replikebSi urTierTmimarTuli

frazebis fonze problemis sami instancia ikiTxeba: biWisa petres

mimarT; petresi – sakuTari Tavis mimarT da iliasi – mkiTxvelis

mimarT, anu bralmdeblis, braldebulisa da mosamarTlis instancie-

bi. ilia mza saxiT araviTar daskvnas ar gvTavazobs. igi im warmo-

saxviTi dro-sivrcis Sevsebas iTxovs mkiTxvelisagan, rac petresa

da `petres~ mniSvnelobas, zogadad, qristianobasa da ilias Tan-

amedrove saqarTvelos Soris Camoyalibda; sarwmuneobas, rogorc

triadis – mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~ - mesame wevrsa da am rwmenis

saxeliT molaparake sazogadoebas Soris gaCnda. moTxrobis mx-

atvrul pirobiTobaSi esaa oTxi weliwadi (`gavida oTxi weliwa-

di~). is epizodi, romelic petres braldebulad aqcevs, pirvelis-

agan oTxi wliTaa daSorebuli. swored am droSi xdeba petres,

rogorc niSnis daSoreba mniSvnelobisagan. is oTxi weli, zustad

rom axsovT biWsac da iliasac, da romelmac ugzo-ukvlod waSala

petres cnobierebaSi ori patara mawanwalis saxe, biWebisTvis dan-

aSaulidan sasjelamde, petresTvis ki sikeTidan codvamde da bralde-

bamde ganvlili wlebia, romelTa Sefasebac TiTqos ilias sxva

teqstidan xdeba: `ici ki, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi

weliwadia?~ (`mgzavris werilebi~). es is wlebia, romelSic pe-

tres sikeTes SeeZlo nayofi gamoeRo, qristeSi rom darCeniliyo~,

sakuTari sikeTis fasi rom scodnoda, `kaci rom yofiliyo~ da

`Rrmad ar daeZina~.

pirvel epizodSi petres Zilis simboluri datvirTva aSkaraa,

radgan imdenad Rrmaa, rom jibeebis moWrasac~ ver gebulobs. erTi

mxriv, es is Rrma Zilia, saqarTvelo rom Seupyria, meore mxriv ki

isaa, rac klde-petrem ufals ver Seusrula. am Zilis mniSvnelobas

biWis sabraldebo sityvidanac vgebulobT, radgan swored am dros

Cadian biWebi codvas da aq marcxdeba petres sikeTec.

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103vin aris petre?

kacobriobis gza ar wasula gulisa da saqmis daaxloebis

gziT, igi maTi opoziciisken wavida. isini jer daSordnen, Semdeg ki

daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs. ilia gviCvenebs qristianul cnobiere-

baSi gaCenil ufskruls, yoveli mxridan aTvalierebs petres, misi

sulis yovel kuTxe-kunWuls amzeurebs, raTa simarTle daanaxos

mkiTxvels. gadaWriT Znelia Tqma, rogor afasebs TviT ilia pe-

tres mier Cadenil im sikeTes, romelic biWs ver dauviwyebia. ilias

eWvi isev saxarebiseul sityvas ukavSirdeba: `yovelTa saqmeTTa

iqmT saCueneblad kacTa~ (maTe 23,5) – ambobs ieso farisevlebze.

TavismosaCvenebeli saqmis garda maT pirvelobac uyvarT (maTe 23,6)

da ilia am ukanasknelzec akeTebs frTxil miniSnebas Rvinian rum-

bze `gadabotnili~ petres saxiT, Zalian rom moswons Tavi Svilis

pirvelobiT. sxvaTa Soris, es erTaderTi mkafiod groteskuli

xatia moTxrobaSi (Tavisi moculobiTi~ formiT igi luarsabTanac

ki asocirdeba) da cxadia, araSemTxveviTi.

sergei averincevis TqmiT, qriste aris niSani sakuTari Tavisa,

kacobriobis Svilis movlineba. amasTan, niSani winaaRmdegobrivi...

anu iseTi droSa~, romlis winaSec Tavs avlens rogorc erTgule-

ba, ise Ralati. es droSa, Tavisi arsebobiT SesaZlebels xdis

rogorc erTgulebis aqts, ise Ralatisas, rogorc Tanamoazreobas,

ise – dapirispirebas. igi erTgulebsac da gandgomilebsac aiZu-

lebs, gamoavlinon sakuTari Tavi, amdenad, axorcielebs garkveul

`samsjavros~ (averincevi 1977: 322). magaliTad, iudas kocna dadas-

turebaa imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba niSani sakuTar TavSi moicavdes

urTierTsapirispiro mniSvnelobebs: kocna, TavisTavad, warmoadgens

siyvarulisa da Tanadgomis niSans, magram iudas kocna mas imavdrou-

lad aqcevs Ralatis niSnad, Tanac iseT niSnad, romelic swored am

radikaluri SeuTavseblobis wyalobiT sakuTar TavSi `Ralatis

mTel substancias~ moaqcevs (averincevi 1977: 322).

petres SemTxvevaSi Cndeba sikeTis ambivalenturobis eWvi. sikeTe

niSanSia gadasuli da ufro garegani qmedebis, `saqmis~ rangSia

warmodgenili, vidre gulis~. amdenad, igi SeiZleba iyos WeSmarit-

ic, magram iyos farisevluri, anu yalbic. sikeTis saxeliT (niSniT)

SeiZleba gamodiodes qristes erTgulic da moRalatec. petres

sikeTe biWs ki SeZravs, magram imdeni Zala mainc ar aRmoaCndeba, rom

codvaze xeli aaRebinos, anu codvas daupirispirdes. sikeTis fonze

ilia kacobis koncepts amowmebs: `eg rom kaci iyos, me ar gamaZ-

arcvinebda meTqi~. petres SekiTxva `me ra SuaSi varo~ _ TiTqos

kacisa da kacobis WeSmariti mniSvnelobis problemas pasuxobs.

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104 manana kvaWantiraZe

petre marTlac `SuaSia~ _ arc aqeT, arc iqiT. arc sikeTis fasi

icis zustad da arc codvisa. moTxrobis orive epizodi _ `loW-

inis xevic~ da maxaTas mTac~ zustad amaze metyvelebs. ai, biWi ki

zustad arqmevs saxels yvelafers, zustad icis, ras niSnavs kacoba,

sikeTe, samarTlianoba da isic, rom masTan dapirispirebisas yovel-

gvari codva uZluria. kedeli, romelsac sikeTe da kacoba aRmar-

Tavs, gamoricxavs codvas Tavisi arsobis ZaliT, rogorc ar-arss.

xalxuri sibrZnis maqmisalizmi _ gawydes, sadac wvrilia-meTqi~ _

am ontologiuri arsis erTguli kacis sityvaa. ar unda dagvaviw-

ydes, rom es mariliani sityva~ im mariliani saxis~ mqone adamians

ekuTvnis, romlis piriTac ilia mTel qarTul sazogadoebas uyenebs

braldebas. es `mariliani saxe~ ilias miniSnebiT (da sakuTar

ZmasTan SedarebiT) im jgufisadmi mis kuTvnilebas mowmobs, romel-

sac saxareba `marili queynisais~ uwodebs. biWi im `sxva niSan-

wylis~ matarebelia, romelsac ilia aRar azustebs da romelic

isev saxarebiT ganimarteba: `nuTu ar amogikiTxavT werilSi: `qva,

romelic daiwunes mSeneblebma, kuTxis Tavad daidva~ (markoz 12,

10). swored am `dawunebuli~ biWis kompetencias andobs ilia

WeSmariti sikeTis garCevas yalbisagan, saqmisa _ saqmisagan~, oRond

konteqsti da teqstSi swori orientacia saxarebis ori citatis

codnas moiTxovs, pirveli: romelsa hrwmenes Cemi, saqmeTa romelsa

me viqm, manca qmnes~ (ioane 14,12) da meore: keTilman kacman keTil-

isa saunjisa gamoiRos keTili da borotman kacman borotisagan

saunjisagan gamoiRos boroti~ (maTe 12,35). is, ra codvebsac biWe-

bi sCadian, petres edeba bralad, radgan petrem verc saqmis miyola

da erTguleba SeZlo da verc keTili saunjisagan keTilis gamoReba~.

moTxrobaSi TamaSdeba dauZlurebuli sikeTis drama, romelmac

sakuTari Tavis Zala da fasi ar icis, CvevaSia gadasuli, saqmedaa~

(Jestadac ki!) qceuli da rogorc Cans, aklia is guliTadoba,

romelsac biWi eZebs. sikeTis niSani ufroa, vidre arsi da Zalaga-

moclili, gamofituli, veRarafers cvlis Tavis garSemo. `kinaRam

ar mominadirao~ - ise eubneba biWi petres, TiTqos safrTxes daaR-

wia Tavi, Tumca isic aSkaraa, rom sikeTes jer kidev aqvs SenarCuneb-

uli Tavisi ontologiuri arsoba, biWs igi mudmivad axsovs da ar

eTmoba: `dRemde maxsovs~... `mominadira~ da sxv.

swored am xsovnis gamo finaluri kiTxva-fraza TiTqos Sei-

cavs samomavlo intencias da Semobrunebis SesaZleblobas, Tumca

moTxrobaSi aRwerili situacia krizisis winadRea. ilias SeS-

foTeba da radikalizmi saxarebiseuli gafrTxilebidan modis: mov-

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105vin aris petre?

als Rame, odes veravis xel-ewifos saqme~ (ioane 9,4). ilia ukve

xedavs im drois niSnebs, roca saqme veRar `isaqmebs~ da sikeTe

veRar `ikeTilebs~.

kidev erTi niSani, romelic wamoWril problemas ukavSirdeba

da romlis semioturobac teqstSi mkafiod ikiTxeba, aris valis

gadaxda, valis dabruneba, Tanac, aTmagad. `vinc marTlis saxeliT

Seiwynarebs marTals, marTlis sazRaurs miiRebs~ (maTe 10,41). es

aTmagad dabrunebuli marTlis sazRauri imaze migvaniSnebs, ramde-

nad kargad icis biWma sikeTis fasi, magram man sxva simarTlec icis

da swored misi ZaliT uyenebs braldebas petres: `gana Sen ki

amxanagi ara xar Cemis maminacvlisa~... Tqven yvelam mogviReT bolo~.

petresadmi am ambivalenturi damokidebulebebis WrilSi, SesaZloa,

valis dabruneba TviT niSnis simbolurobis ZaliT, erTdroulad

orive planis miniSnebebs Seicavdes – marTlis erTgulebis sazRaursac

da misi Ralatis sazRaursac.

qalaqi petresTvis ucxo, araTavisi sivrcea, romelic ilias

SeniSvniT, petres ar uyvars da ar endoba. maxaTas mTa am gaucxove-

bis centraluri lokusia, sadac yvela mniSvneloba radikaluradaa

daSorebuli niSans. am daSorebas teqsti ara mxolod petres

cnobierebis moZraobiT, aramed saxrCobelis teritoriaze petres

fizikuri gadaadgilebiTac gamoxatavs (`xelaxla gadainacvla ad-

gili~. `adgili gadainacvla~). aq aSkarad areulia ganzomilebebi

da petresac orientacia uWirs – sanaxaobac aforiaqebs, dacinvisac

eSinia da Tavsac uxerxulad (uadgilod) grZnobs. am sivrceSi

yvelaferi TiTqos Tavdayira dgeba: petre kacis CamoxrCobas TamaS-

ad aRiqvams, CamoxrCobis adgils – saTamaSo moednad, mRvdels –

terterad, msjavrdebuls Tan cnobs, Tan – vera. petres ver auxsnia,

`dedakacebi ase ra gaugiJebia~ da sxv. mniSvnelobis miugneblobiT

`aforiaqebuli~ sivrce petres fiqris gamoxatulebaa da misi

piriT metyvelebs: imeorebs SekiTxvebs da pasuxis miuReblobiT

Sewuxebuli, kvlav da kvlav imeorebs. mTeli am foriaqis mizani

isaa, rom misi aracnobieri petrem rogorme Tvali aaridos sima-

rTles, radgan cxvenia imisi, rasac Tvali unda gausworos.

petres am sivrcis eSinia da cxvenia, radgan igi raRac iseTs ax-

senebs, ris gaxsenebasac gaurbis. petres gaurkveveli fiqri sima-

rTlisken ki ar miiltvis, aramed isev gaurkvevlobaSi darCenas

cdilobs. mTel maxaTas sivrces, iseve rogorc petres _ es orma-

goba, gaurkvevloba, mousvenroba msWvalavs.

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106 manana kvaWantiraZe

petres mTeli es mcdelobebi, gameorebebi, gadaadgileba, isic,

yvelaze gvian rom tovebs moedans, erTi sityviT, aSkarad datvirTu-

li semioturi sivrce migvaniSnebs, rom petre masSi qristes jvarc-

mis saxecvlil misterias grZnobs gaucnobiereblad. misi sircxvi-

lis SiSic kacobriobis maradiuli sircxvilis nawilia uflis

jvarcmis da RvTis Zis vercnobis gamo, oRond veqtorSecvlili da

deformirebuli. es maradiuli scena orive petres sircxvilia –

petre-kldisac da `Cveni beberi petresic~. Tu moTxrobas ase

wavikiTxavT, maSin SeiZleba saubari sircxvilis kulturis~ (lot-

mani) erT saintereso mxatvrul gamovlinebazec ilias Semoqmedeba-

Si. petres sircxvilis SiSi sxva araferia, Tu ara arapirdapir

gamoxatuli sircxvilis gancda erTgulebis pirobis Seusrule-

blobis gamo, cru obieqtze (sofleloba, gansxvavebuloba) mimarTu-

li namdvilis Canacvlebis da Tavisi uZlurebis dafarvis mizniT.

SeuZlebelia, ilias ar scodnoda, rom qarTvelebs sZuldaT

maxaTas mTa swored imitom, rom iq mohyavdaT sisruleSi sikvdil-

iT dasjis ganaCeni. miuxedavad imisa, rom sul ori SemTxveva yofi-

la CamoxrCobisa, xalxis mexsierebaSi es mTa usiamovno asociaciebs

aRZravda da amitomac eridebodnen Turme. ilia sasinj qvad swored

CamoxrCobis faqtisadmi adamianTa ambivalentur damokidebulebas

iRebs da am ormagi mimarTebis polarizacias petresa da brbos

Soris axdens (Tumca umcrosi Zma am suraTs sxvagvarad xedavs).

petres TiTqos awuxebda is, rasac xalxi cnobismoyvareobiT elo-

deba da sanaxaobad aRiqvams. magram petrec am xalxis Svilia, misi

nawilia da maT erTi nabiji aSorebT erTmaneTisagan. is erTi

nabiji, romelic Zafs hgavs da swored iq wydeba, sadac wvrilia.

ase rom, biWis braldebis kidev erTi argumentia mopovebuli: Tqven

ideqiT da icinodiT, me videqi da viwvodi~. da Tumca petre ar

icinoda, magram ilia `swore giTxraSi~ mis farul gulisnadebs

gvauwyebs da petres swored am faruli gulisnadebisa cxvenia.

am epizodSi ilias daZabuli, Cafiqrebuli mzera, petres arc

erTi fiqri da moZraoba rom ar epareba, TiTqos vaJa-fSavelas

naRvlian xedvas exmianeba: `sikvdili yvelas gvaSinebs, sxvas Tu

hkvlen, cqera gvwadian. kacni ver grZnoben bevrjela, rogor did

codvas sCadian~.

maxaTas sivrce sacduria, romelic Tavisi boroti mimzid-

velobiT uxmobs petres guls, `mamxilebeli goni~ ki uZluria

sacduris winaSe. saxarebis radikalizmi sacduris mimarT sxva

araferia, Tu ara misi boroti Zalmosilebisa da adamianis uZlure-

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107

bis aRiareba mis winaSe: `ukueTu Tvalni Seni gacdunebdes Sen,

aRmoiRe igi da ganagde Sengan~ (maTe 5,29). petre am sivrceSi ukve

upatrono eklesiaa, macduri rom dapatronebia. aq kidev erTxel

SeiZleba gavixsenoT iesos mimarTva petresadmi maTes saxarebidan:

`rameTu Sen xar klde da amas kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesiaÁ Cemi

da bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian mas~ (maTe 16,18).

petres semioturobis maRal xarisxs saxarebasTan ilias te-

qstis araerTi aluzia da interteqstualuri gadaZaxili mowmobs.

isic cxadia, rom moTxrobis poetika swored amocnobis poetikaa

da mkiTxvelis pasuxi petres braleulobaze mxolod am gziT

moiZebneba. rogorc neoplatonikosi porfire ambobs, adamiani unda

flobdes niSnebisa da mniSvnelobebis codnas~. Tavisi semiotur-

obiT ilias teqsti sarwmunoebis mimarT qarTvelebis erTgulebis

xarisxs amowmebs. magram semioturi arseboba, averincevis TqmiT,

sxva araferia, Tu ara realuri arsebobis dasasruli~ (averincevi

1977: 312). klde–petre is realobaa, romlis arsebobac dasrule-

bulia. am dasasrulis semioturi niSani ki `Cveni beberi petrea~.

rac ar unda mZime iyos iliasaTvis amis aRiareba, igi aucilebelia,

radgan isev da isev petreSi xedavs mwerali im potencias, romel-

sac ganaxleba SeuZlia. axlis SekiTxvebs Zvelma unda upasuxos.

swored `Zvelis~ sikeTea biWisnairTa cxovrebisaken momabrunebeli

naperwkali da arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom biWs swored petresTan

surs simarTlis garkveva. Tavis mxriv, petres gulisa da saqmis,

rogorc Zveli saqarTvelos erTgulebis Semowmeba swored saxare-

basTan, rogorc religiur-kulturul ZirebTan, cnobierebis safuZ-

vlebTan da erTaderT legitimur teqstTan, Sedarebis gziT SeiZle-

ba: Tquen xarT, romelni ganimarTlebT TavTa TvisTa winaSe kacTa,

xolo RmerTman icnis gulni Tquenni~ (luka 16,15). `me ra SuaSi

varo~ _ kiTxulobs acaxcaxebuli petre, ilia ki petres braleu-

lobis problemas Tavisi finaluri replikiT – `marTlacda, Cveni

beberi petre ra SuaSi unda iyos~-o _ xelaxla abrunebs teqstis

enigmatur sivrceSi.

saxarebis teqstTan da petres saxarebiseul paradigmasTan

Sedareba garkveul pasuxs iZleva am kiTxvebze:

zeTisxilis mTaze ieso Tavis mowafeebs mosalodnel gan-

sacdelze esaubreba da sTxovs, masTan erTad ifxizlon. petre

hpirdeba: yvela rom Secdes Sens gamo, me arasodes Sevcdebi~ (maTe

26,33); ieso pasuxobs: amaRam, mamlis yivilamde, samjer uarmyof~-

o (maTe 26,34). verc petre, verc sxva mowafeebi ver Seusruleben

vin aris petre?

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108 manana kvaWantiraZe

danapirebs TavianT maswavlebels da ver ifxizleben. petres ms-

gavsad verc `Cvenma beberma petrem~ ifxizla da ver uerTgu-

la ufals. marTalia, ucxo miiRo da uTanagrZno, aWama da asva,

magram ise `Rrmad daiZina~, rom sxvis codvaSi daido wili. ilia

petres gulSi ixedeba da moulodnelad iq pativmoyvare petres

aRmoaCens, romelsac `ususuri balRebis~ codvaze metad Tavisi

sibere da dacinva awuxebs.

meore scenaSi qalaqisaken mimaval gzaze ukve Tavmomwone pe-

tres vxedavT, ufro Rrmad rom `dauZinia~ da ufro metad rom

`gabneula Tavisi mwyemsisagan~. paraleluri, saxarebiseuli siuJe-

ti farulad mihyveba petres dacemis meore epizods, rodesac pe-

tres kacis CamoxrCobis sanaxavad, ise, ubralod (`modi, erTi esaca

vnaxoo~) _ maxaTaze gauwevs guli. aranairi sxva komentari, sxva

mizezi ilias mier `CaWerili~ petres am fiqrze moTxrobaSi ar

Cans, TviT petres Tanxmobis garda, Tavisi ganzraxvis uxerxulobas

rom aRiarebs. im momentidan, seiris sanaxavad maxaTaze rom gauwia

gulma, petre imaT ricxvSia, vinc pirdapir Tu arapirdapir daimsax-

ura 30 vercxli: Tvalis moxuWvisaTvis, Tavis motyuebisaTvis, imi-

sTvis, imis ardanaxvas rom cdilobs, rasac sakuTari TvaliT xedavs,

mayureblisa da Tanamonawilis statusebis igiveobas rom ver grZnobs.

TamaSidan, seiridan seriozulobamde, realobamde nabijis saxifaTo

simokles rom ver acnobierebs, imisaTvis, brZeni romaa da ugunurs

rom TamaSobs, raTa im pasuxismgeblobas daemalos, am daswrebam rom

daakisra. amdenad, es yvelaferi imdenad realobis grZnobis nakle-

boba araa, ramdenadac misgan Tavis arideba, misi Canacvleba sasur-

veliT, Zalze saxifaTo TamaSi sakuTar TavTan da cxovrebasTan.

`vTqvaT da movtyuvdi, TamaSa xom mainc vnaxeo~ - eubneba petre

sakuTar Tavs. realobisa da `scenis~, TamaSisa da seriozulobis

es ganurCevloba, nebayoflobiTi sibrmave Tu sakuTari Tavis mo-

tyuebis ucnauri unari sxva araferia, Tu ara varjiSi CamoxrCoba-

Si~ TamaSis gziT, radgan TamaSi, miT ufro, sakuTar TavTan, TavisTa-

vad varjiSia TavisuflebaSi~. Semwynarebluri da saTamaSo-saseiro

ganwyoba TviT sikvdiliT dasjis mimarT, sikvdilis faqtTan ucer-

emonio gaSinaureba sicocxlis, cxovrebis mimniWeblis, anu TviT ma-

cxovris Ralatia. iliam icis, petres namdvili CamoxrCobis cqera

rom urCevnia tyuils. amdenad, esec gacemis momdevno epizodia.

sxvaTa Soris, oTar WilaZis `martis mamalSi~ aris giJkolas

sizmris epizodi, sadac jaWviT dabmul kacs dascinian da abuCad

igdeben. es epizodi migviTiTebs, rom mijaWvuli kaci aRaravis

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109vin aris petre?

xsovnaSi aRar aRZravs amiranis asociacias (kvaWantiraZe 1999), anu

xdeba im arqetipuli idealis Sinagani damxoba, romelic koleqti-

uri cnobierebis qvakuTxedia. amgvarive ram xdeba ilias moTxroba-

Si kulturul-religiuri idealis mimarT.

vercnobis es niSnuri situacia kidev erTxel mowmobs imas,

rom, rogorc vTqviT, qristianobam Tavisi WeSmariti saxiT petreSi

arseboba daasrula da mxolod semioturad arsebobs: axsendeba,

magram ar icis _ ra, cnobs niSans, magram mniSvnelobas ver acno-

bierebs. aseTi petre, rogorc namdvili qarTveli glexi~, Soreul

literaturul perspeqtivaSi aramarto moedanze dgomas da sikvdil-

iT dasjis cqeras SeZlebs, aramed TviT iliaze xelis aRmarTvasac.

SesaZloa, es perspeqtiva igrZno oTar WilaZem, roca martis mamal-

Si~ wiwamurTan `namdvili qarTveli glexisa~ da eqskursantebis

aRfrTovanebuli Sexvedris scena daxata. sinamdvileSi ki es per-

sonaJi – gogias biZa, anu `namdvili qarTveli glexi~ _ sxva arav-

inaa, Tu ara ilias mkvleli. mniSvnelobis sruli krizisis, niSnisa

da mniSvnelobis radikaluri daSorebis es magaliTi ilias qarTveli

glexis~ (petres) Temis gagrZelebaa, ukve komunisturi saqarTve-

los aqcentebiT gamdidrebuli da amdenad, uzneobaSic Sorswasu-

li. aq, albaT, unda gaviziaroT gadameris mosazreba, rom yvelaferi,

rac iTqmis, atarebs WeSmaritebas ara mxolod sakuTar TavSi, aramed

miuTiTebs ukve naTqvamzec da jer arTqmulzec~ (gadameri 1988).

duqnis epizodSi ilia kidev erTxel amxels petres Ralat-

Si, roca nabadSi gaxveul biWs ver icnobs. kidev erTxel ambobs

mexsiereba uars imaze, risi xsovnac evaleboda, loWinis SemTxveva~

gulSi rom gaetarebina, samagierod, pativmoyvareoba fxizlobs: xom

ver damcinebs~... vercnoba sxva araferia, Tu ara uaryofa: `TvisTa

Tana movida, da TvisTa igi ara Seiwynares~; `sofelsa Sina iyo da

sofelman igi ver icna~ (ioane 1,10-11).

ilia xSiard moixseniebs petres epiTetiT `Cveni~. petre ise-

Tive Cveniania, rogorc luarsabia `Cveni~ da `moyvare~ (`moyvares

pirSi uZraxe~...), oRond sxva socialuri wridan. swored xasiaTis

es zogadoba aniWebs mis daxasiaTebas gansakuTrebul eTikur datvirT-

vas. isic gavixsenoT, rom qalaqSi Casul petres, nacvlad imisa, rom

sakuTari qveynis mimarT gaucxoeba daZlios, isev Zilisken miuwevs

guli da mxolod erTi alternativa aqvs: an CamoxrCobis sayure-

blad wavides, an gemrelad gamoiZinos~. luarsabiviT, isic cxovre-

biseuli gamocdilebis SeZenis mxolod or gzas icnobs, oRond

luarsabis SemTxvevaSi es wyvili Wamasa da ZilSi gamoixateba. es

Page 110: სემიოტიკა #3

110 manana kvaWantiraZe

`sul Zili, Zili~-a, saxadiviT rom Sehyria `Cvens~ Tavadsac da

glexsac. socialuri gaucxovebis xarisxze metyvelebs petres ganu-

wyveteli SiSic, qalaqelebis dasacini ar Seiqnes. dacinvis SiSi

ilias personaJis Cveuli mdgomareobaa ucxo garemoSi. am SiSiTa

da gaucxoebiT petre mxolod qalaqi/soflis radikalur dapiri-

spirebaze ki ar migviTiTebs, aramed gansxvavebul sociokulturul

garemosTan Seguebis uunarobaze, masTan adaptirebis survilis ar-

qonaze da mimikriis saocar niWzec, gaucxoeba, garkveulad, xidCa-

texilobis~ problemis gamoZaxilia, magram `oTaraanT qvrivis~

socialur mxilebas aq religiur-sarwmunoebrivic emateba. prob-

lema Rrma fsiqologiur da kulturul datvirTvas iZens da erTi-

sa da mravlis radikaluri dapirispirebis saxiT warmoCindeba:

`mZuls qveyana da adamiani ufro. Cven-Sua sabolood Cavtexe xidi:

me erTi aqeT napiras davrCi, Tqven mravalni iqiT... gankiTxvis dRem

gamoaCinos, saiT arian marTalni da saiT mtyuanni~.

dapirispireba `Cvensa~ da `Tqvens~ Soris (`Tqven yvelam~...

`Cven Sua~... `me erTi~ ... `Tqven mravalni~) aTvalsaCinoebs situa-

cias, roca aRar rCeba adgili ontologiuri neitralitetisaTvis.

yvelaferi gayofilia orad. Tu socialuri teqstis sazRvrebs

gavafarToebT da religiur-kulturul qveteqsts gaviTvaliswinebT,

es ukve zogadad yofierebis realuri mdgomareobis suraTia. esaa

`wminda omi~ mTel xilul da uxilav kosmosSi – aseTia saxarebis

paradigma da aseTi radikaluri bgera gaismis iliasTanac. adamiani

am omSi monawileobs rogorc erTguli an araerTguli meomari.

roca petre saqristiano saqarTvelos~ saxeliT umaspinZlebs Zmebs,

is RvTis meomaria, misi saqmisa da saxelis damcveli. identoba aq

ori mimarTebiT iCens Tavs – religiuriT da erovnuliT, dabolos,

maTi sinTeziT. riTac SeewieT erTs am Cems mcire ZmaTagans, imiT me

SemewieT~ (maTe 25,40). petre Seewia~ - umaspinZla da gaaTbo. ai, am

miRebisa da puris ganawilebis gamo rCeba biWis arsebaSi sikeTis

rwmena: Senma gulkeTilobam kinaRam madlis Suqi ar Caawvdina Cems

bnels gulamde, kinaRam Senma gulkeTilobam ar mominadira~. gavixse-

noT aleqsandres sityvebi oTar WilaZis romanidan `yovelman Cem-

man mpovnelman~: Senma sikeTem dagvRupa~... mkvlelebiviT vcxovrobT,

magram Cven ki ara vklavT, Cvena gvklaven~-o _ eubneba anas SviliS-

vili. oTar WilaZesTan es ukve Sxamiani sikeTea~, romlis fesvzec

veraferi veRar xarobs. am sikeTis kalTaSi gamozrdilebi `kuti

purebiviT~ cvivian cxovrebis ToneSi~.

Page 111: სემიოტიკა #3

111vin aris petre?

dauZlurebuli sikeTis drama anu sikeTe qarTulad – esaa

ilia WavWavaZis saqarTvelos problema da oTar WilaZis prob-

lemac esaa, Tumca, semioturobis kuTxiT aq gansxvavebul SemTx-

vevebTan gvaqvs saqme: WilaZesTan sikeTis mniSvneloba mTlianad

daviwyebulia, amitomaa anas sikeTe umweo da gamouyenebeli, misi

niSnebi ki – gaugebari. ilias personaJisTvis sikeTe isev mniS-

vnelobs, Tanac Zlierad, niSanic sacnobia, magram mniSvneloba niSan-

Tan acdenilia. iliasTan aSkaraa niSnis gaufasureba mniSvnelobis

jer isev maRali Rirebulebis fonze; WilaZesTan ki saqme gvaqvs

niSnis vercnobasTan da mniSvnelobis srul krizisTan. biWis piriT

ilia petres im Ronier sikeTes Seaxsenebs, romelsac brZolaSi

(`wminda omSi~) gardatexis Setana SeuZlia da romelic petres

erTgulTa barakSi daabrunebs: `romelman ara aRiRos jvari Tvisi

da Semomidges me, igi ara ars Cemda Rirs~ (maTe 10,38).

ilia im niSan-Tvisebebis matarebel kacs sTxovs pasuxs, romelTac

Tavis SemoqmedebaSi – mxatvrulSic da publicisturSic – qarTvelTa

misabaZ, saukeTeso Tvisebebad miiCnevs: siZunwe da qarTveli erTad

ar moTavsdeba~, qarTveli Coxas gaixdis da Sen Cagacmevs~, gulm-

odginea, dauzarebeli da xelmarTali~, ise SeeWideba saqmes, TiTqos

Rreobasa da lxinSia~, `qarTvels arc qaris Semotanili unda da

arc qaris gatanili~.

maS, ra sWirs petres? ratom ar endoba sakuTar Tavs da

ratom icis ase cudad Tavisi sikeTisa da ubraloebis fasi, ratom

RrRnis aseTi eWvi Tavisi soflelobis, `gamousvlelobis~, miami-

tobis mimarT, ratom daviwyebia, rom `ubaneliTa xeliTa Wama ara

Seaginebs kacTa~ (maTe 15,20)? ratom ver mimxvdara, rom soflelo-

baze metad codvian speqtaklSi monawileoba amcirebs da agdebs

sircxvilSi?

ra SeiZleba ewodos amas? iqneb, ampartavnebis erovnuli forma

mkafio socialuri aqcentebiT. ilias – oTaraanT qvrivisa da

giorgis mxatvruli saxeebis Semqmnels, kargad esmoda, rom WeSmar-

iti Rirseba socialurobis miRma dgas. maSin, stumrad mosul

qvrivs keso megobrulad rom dahkravs kalTaze xels da ilia

oTraanT qvrivis wamier reaqcias gviCvenebs, igi glexi qalis mTel

pirovnul didebulebas aRwerda, kesos TavadiSvilur silaRes Rirse-

bis kedels rom aRumarTavs, SesaZloa, odnav daZabulsa da aqcen-

tirebuls, magram iseTs ki, rom am Rirsebis fonze or qals Soris

socialuri daspirispirebis srul uniadagobas gausvas xazi.

Page 112: სემიოტიკა #3

112 manana kvaWantiraZe

biWis gzavnili ubralod werili ki ar aris, aramed `wignia~

- gansakuTrebuli semioturi datvirTviT: Tu Sen ar ici, waakiTxe

visme da yuri kargad daugde~... `Cemi guli ki iwevda, rom Sen win

gadaSliliyo – aha, gadagiSale da lodi amecala~. es wigni orivesTvis

- biWisTvisac da petresTvisac kidev erTi SesaZleblobaa, gaacno-

bieron erTmaneTis miugneblobiT gamowveuli adamianuri da rac

mTavaria, sazogadoebrivi tragedia. biWis piriT ilia petres mo-

naniebis gzas uCvenebs da Tavisi arsebobis gacnobierebis Sanss

aZlevs. biWi petres im codnas Seaxsenebs, rac man dakarga da

romlis gareSec misi sikeTe arasrulia, `gaunaTlebeli~, gonebaSi

gautarebeli da amdenad – uZluri. da sanam aseTia – umwifari da

arasruli – iaraRad qceva ar uweria: `maSin gauxsna maT goneba,

raTa SeecnoT werili~ (luka 24,45). `wignis~ araCveulebrivad

damuxtuli, `mxurvale~ teqsti Tavisi energetikiT ufro ga-xmov-

anebuli sityvaa, vidre da-werili. amitom petrem igi gansakuTrebu-

li gulis-yuriT unda moisminos, uCveulo gulis-xmierebiT unda

amoikiTxos. radgan es is xmaa, gaRma napirze mdgomma rom unda

miawvdinos gamoRma napirze mdgoms. ilia aq petres guls ekiTxeba

da esaubreba, pasuxsac iq eZebs. petres pasuxs misi sxeuli iZleva

– uxeSad, moulodnelad, TiTqos xeliskvriT gamoRviZebuli Tv-

lemidan – acaxcaxebuli, SeSinebuli, civofldasxmuli. da Tumca

ambobs, me ra SuaSi varo – ilias teqstma imTaviTve icis petres

pasuxic da Semdegi nabijic: `da gaaxsenda petres iesos naTqvami:

mamlis yivilamde samjer uarmyofo da atirda mwared~ (maTe 26,75).

iliam icis, rom gansakuTrebul istorias hyveba, romanuli

masStabis cxovrebiseul situacias aRwers, Tumca `patara ambavs~

uwodebs. amis Sesaxeb iqve, moTxrobis dasawyisSive gvaZlevs miniS-

nebas: `im dRes, ra dRidamac viwyebT Cvens ambavs~. iliam isic

kargad icis, rom qarTvel glexze laparakobs – keTil, gamrje,

Tavmoyvare da patiosan kacze _ sircxvili da sikeTis madli

fulze metad rom uRirs. sicili aq uadgiloa, aq `gonebas _

Znelad Tu gaecineba~. piriqiT, petres Tavs datrialebuli absur-

duli situaciis Semyure, sasurvelis realobad gadakeTebaSi amxe-

la Rones rom xarjavs, raTa simarTles arafriT ar gausworos

Tvali (`sul rom ase iqnivo fexebi, mainc ar dagijereb~), TiTqos

ilias ironiac sadRac qreba, striqons da striqons Soris imaleba,

misi mamxilebeli sityva uxerxulobas ebrZvis da Carevas ar Cqar-

obs, Tavidan iridebs, TiTqos akrZalul Temaze wamoiwyo saubari.

Page 113: სემიოტიკა #3

113vin aris petre?

es Cvenianebi~ da moyvrebi~, es bebrebi~ da ymawvili biWebi~,

oTaraanT qvrivebi, giorgebi, arCilebi da kesoebi, daTikoebi da

gabroebi, es `dablandulebi~ da `gviristiT Sekrulebi~ - erTiani

saqarTveloa – Tavisi RirsebiTa da nakliT, codva-madliTa da av-

kargiT, qarTuli xasiaTis mravalferovani gamovlinebebiT, mravalg-

vari problemiT. da radgan petre `Cvenia~ da `beberia~, rogorc

saqristiano saqarTvelo, amitom isic ilias sazrunavia, ilias gasa-

Zlierebelia (`didis RmerTis sakurTxevlis misTvis Rvivis cecx-

li gulSi, rom erisa moZmed viyo Wmunvasa da sixarulSi~); da

radgan ers Zinavs (`sul Zili, Zili~...), codvasa da gaurkvevlobaSia

(`...am uTavbolo da uswormasworo wuTisofelSi~), iliam unda

Semoabrunos swor gzaze, saidanac gadauxvia - jer Seisvena, mere

Rrmad wauZina (loWinis xevTan); bolos ki sulac ascda gzas

(qalaqi, maxaTas mTa) da ucxo garemoSi aRmoCnda. iliam unda daabrun-

os igi iq, sadac ubralo iyo, pativic gaaCnda, Rirsebac da saqris-

tianos saxeliT laparakis uflebac hqonda. iq, saidanac daiwyo

`cxvrebis~ Txebad~ qceva, marcxnidan marjvniT gadasvla, mexsiere-

bis dakargva, Tavisianis vercnoba, TamaSze da Tvalsaseiroze dax-

arbeba, tyuili, TvalTmaqcoba, ampartavneba, kacobidan kacur-kaco-

bisaken da bolos, ara-kacobisaken dacureba. erTi sityviT, iliam

`mamxilebeli~ goni unda gamoaRviZos, rom petres WeSmariti sircx-

vili aaSoros.

literatura

averincevi 1977: Àâåðèíöåâ Ñ. Ñèìâîëèêà ðàííîãî ñðåäíî-

âåêîâèÿ. wignSi: Ñåìèîòèêà è õóäîæåñòâåííîå òâîð÷åñòâî.

"Íàóêà".

axali aRTqumai... 1963: axali aRTqumai uflisa Cuenisa ieso

qristesi. sakaTalikoso sabWos gamocema. Tbilisi.

biblia 1989: biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tbilisi.

gadameri 1988: Ãàäàìåð Õ. Ê. Èñòèíà è ìåòîä. Ì.: "Ïðîãðåññ".

kvaWantiraZe 1999: kvaWantiraZe m. oTar WilaZis mxatvruli

sistemis semiologiuri apseqtebi. Tbilisi.

kiknaZe 1999: kiknaZe gr. Txzulebani. t. III. Tsu.

niniZe 1997: niniZe m. madlis wyaro. ilia WavWavaZis mrwamsi da

misi Semoqmedeba. Tb.: `lomisi~.

Page 114: სემიოტიკა #3

114 manana kvaWantiraZe

ratiani 2007: ratiani i. ilia da misi mkiTxveli. saiubileo

krebuli `ilia WavWavaZe 170~. Tbilisi.

WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT to-

mad. t. III. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gamomcemlo-

ba.

xarbedia 2007: xarbedia m. kenWgadajlapuli. masalebi ilia Wav-

WavaZis qalaquri teqstisaTvis, saiubileo krebuli `ilia

WavWavaZe 170~. Tb.: 2007.

Manana Kvachantiradze

Who is Peter?(To the interrelation of sign and concept in Ilia Chavchavadze’s

story “On the Gallow”)

Ilia Chavchavadze’s story “On the Gallow” has been analyzed by us as atext, as a coexistence space of conscious and unconscious processes accompa-nying semiosis where the central concept is represented by Peter. An answer tothe question - who Peter is and in what relation to each other an accusationbrought against him and offence are, can be given with account of religious andcultural subtext and certain signs of the text which create intertextual links withother texts, primary from the Bible.

For the interpretation of connotational level of Peter’s image, it is neces-sary to make the classification of signs used in the plot and composition as wellas in the behavior and speech of other characters. It is also important to interpretthe meaning of those complicated blocks which are formed by correlation ofopposite signs. Illia Chavchavadze’s text resonates with the Gospel text reveal-ing deep semioticity of Peter’s image and as a sign its separation with the biblicalimage – Peter Stone. Peter is represented as manifestation of the Georgian char-acter and unity of contradictory ethno-psychical and cultural /moral peculiarities.

Page 115: სემიოტიკა #3

115leqtur terminTa semiotikuri wredi

Tamar lomiZe

feris mxatvruli gaazrebisTaviseburebebi

nikoloz baraTaSvilispoeziaSi

Cveulebriv, yoveli mwerali mimarTavs

saganTa feriTi daxasiaTebis xerxs. zogier-

Ti Semoqmedis ena mdidaria feris aRmniSvne-

li saxelebiT. xdeba isec, rom ferTa pali-

tris siZunwe, maTi SerCeviTi gamoyeneba

metyvelebs ama Tu im feris sagangebo Rire-

bulebaze konkretuli mxatvruli sistemis

farglebSi. am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs ni-

koloz baraTaSvilis poezia.

aRiarebulia, rom n. baraTaSvilis leq-

sebSi saganTa feriTi momentis gansazRvreba

minimumamdea dayvanili ...n. baraTaSvils ara

aqvs gamoyenebuli arc erTi speqtruli feri,

garda cisferisa da mxolod `bedi qarTli-

sas~ cnobil lirikul gadaxvevaSi _ `mor-

bis aragvi, aragviani~ _ poeti mimarTavs mw-

vane fers~ (nucubiZe 1980:52,51). aSkaraa, rom

nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi cis-

fris (ufro zustad ki _ lurji feris)

funqcia gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia, xolo leqsi

`cisa fers~ sagangebo analizis sagnad unda

iqces.

lurji feri am leqsSi ar ukavSirdeba

konkretul sagnebs, ar gamoiyeneba epiTetis

Cveuli funqciiT. Tumca nawarmoebis teqst-

Si gvxvdeba ori sintagma _ `lurjsa cas~

da `ca lurji~, magram maT semantikaze

garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens pirvel strof-

filologiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, ilia

WavWavaZis saxelmwifo

universitetis humani-

tarul mecnierebaTa da

kulturis kvlevebis fa-

kultetis asocirebuli

profesori;

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`qarTuli riTmis isto-

riidan~, `feris mxatv-

ruli gaazrebis Tavise-

burebebi n. baraTaSvilis

poeziaSi~, Teoriuli da-

fuZnebis problema po-

etikaSi, `me~-s koncef-

cia qarTvel roman-

tikosTa SemoqmedebaSi~.

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, leqsmcodneoba,

literaturis istoria

da Teoria, mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis fsiqolo-

gia.

Page 116: სემიოტიკა #3

116 Tamar lomiZe

Si lurji ferisa da cis cnebis gaazreba. kerZod, `lurji~ aq

daxasiaTebulia, rogorc "pirvelad qmnili", anu sxva ferebze ufro

adre Seqmnili feri. Aam konteqstSi "lurji" aRiqmeba, rogorc

gvareobrivi feri sxva ferebis mimarT.

Semdgom, "pirvelad qmnili~ feri unda miviCnioT aseve `pirve-

lad qmnili~ cis atributad. Bbibliis mixedviT, amgvari `ca~ _

esaa uxilavi zeciuri samyaro, RmerTis samyofeli. Sesabamisad, ze-

modasaxelebul sintagmebSi feris saxeli da cis cneba sagangebo

mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba.

nikoloz baraTaSvili epiTetis funqciiT iyenebs mxolod feris

saxels _ `laJvardi~ _ xiluli cis aRsaniSnavad (leqsebSi

`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ da `fiqrni mtkvris piras~). maSasadame,

xiluli da uxilavi ca aq gansxvavebulia feris mixedviT: pirveli

maTgani `laJvardia~, meore _ `lurji~.

xiluli da uxilavi cis gamijvna Tavs iCens `SemoRamebaSic":

he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs daCneuli!

....gulis-Tqma Cemi Sens iqiTa eZiebs sadgurs,

zenaarT samyofs, rom daSTos aq amaoeba...~

bunebrivia, lurjis, rogorc pirvelad qmnili feris daxasi-

aTeba ganapirobebs mis uSualo korelacias bibliasTan:

`dasabamad Seqmnna RmerTman cai da queyanai. xolo queyanai iyo

uxilav da ganumzadebel da bneli zeda ufskrulTa~.

ferTa semantikur eqsplikaciebSi, romelTac a. veJbicka gvTava-

zobs, xazgasmulia lurjis is Tviseba, rom esaa muqi feri:

`X _ lurjia.

zogierT momentSi SeuZlebelia Zalze bevris danaxva..

rodesac adamianebi xedaven raimes, rac X-is msgavsia, maT, Sei-

Zleba, gaifiqron amgvar momentebze.~

aqve moviyvanT `muqis~ gansazRvrebas:

`X _ muqia.

zogierT momentSi Zalze cota ram Cans.

rodesac adamianebi xedaven X-is msgavs sagnebs, maT, SeiZleba,

gaifiqron amaze.~ (veJbicka 1997:259,249). veJbickaseuli eqsp-

likaciebi Seesabameba `lingva mentaliss~ anu gonebis, cnobierebis

siRrmiseul SreebSi ama Tu im feris gaazrebis arss. Aamdenad,

ferTa semantikisa da maTi mxatvruli funqciebis analizisas am

eqsplikaciaTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.

Page 117: სემიოტიკა #3

117

aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom baraTaSvilTan lurji~ gvev-

lineba, rogorc samyaros dasabamieri mdgomareobis aRmniSvneli

sityva da ara rogorc garkveuli feris saxeli. Mmisi gamoyeneba

motivirebulia imiT, rom esaa muqi, bneli feri.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bneli, sibnele aq warmoadgens feris

arssa da pirvelsaxes. misi sinonimia lurji~, romelic baraTaSvi-

lis poetur sistemaSi arasodes aRniSnavs da arc SeiZleba aRni-

Snavdes konkretuli sagnis fers.

bneli samyaro, bibliis mixedviT, Tvisebrivad ganusazRvreli

iyo. is mxolod potenciurad gulisxmobda danawevrebisa da kerZo

obieqtebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. A amgvari sibnele, bneli war-

mogvidgeba, rogorc erTgvari substancia, romlisganac RmerTma Semdgom

Seqmna calkeuli sagnebi. Llurjis, rogorc `bneli~ feris sub-

stanciurobas nikoloz baraTaSvilTan adasturebs gamoTqma: SeverTo

lurjsa fers~.

maSasadame, lurji feri simbolurad aRniSnavs samyaros pir-

vandel, Tvisebrivad ganusazRvrel mdgomareobas. rogorc mxatvru-

li saxe, simbolo metonimiuri bunebisaa _ mas gaaCnia nawilis

meSveobiT mTelis warmodgenis unari.

feris saxelebis upirates gamoyenebas simboluri funqciiT

ganapirobebs vizualuri aRqmis garkveuli specifika (aRqmis sxva

modalobebisgan gansxvavebiT). saxeldobr, `Cven ar gvesmis sagnebi,

aramed _ bgerebi, maSin, rodesac, meore mxriv, Cven vxedavT sagnebs da

ara mxolod ferebs~(veJbicka 1980: 114 ). marTlac, feri da Sesa-

bamisi sagani imTaviTve sinTezurad aRiqmeba. amitom, Tumca adamians

ZaluZs feris ganyeneba sagnebisgan, magram amgvari ganyeneba metonimi-

uri xasiaTisaa _ ferebi konkretuli sagnebisganaa ganyenebuli.

meore mxriv, audialuri aRqmisas bgerebi ar ukavSirdeba garkveul

sagnebs da mxolod gamocdilebis SemuSavebis safuZvelze xor-

cieldeba smeniTi signalebis dakavSireba calkeul sagnebTan. Aau-

dialuri aRqmis aRmniSvneli sityvebi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba metafo-

ruli _ da ara metonimiuri _ funqciiT.

maSasadame, leqsSi cisa fers~ lurji feris gaazreba emyareba

metonimizacias (rogorc mentalur aqts) anu ganyenebas; rogorc

mxatvruli saxe, `lurji~ warmoadgens gansazRvrul simbolos.

lurjisa da bnelis (rogorc sinonimebis) amgvari konceptu-

alizacia Tavs iCens nikoloz baraTaSvilis meore SedevrSic _

`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~.

feris mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi

Page 118: სემიოტიკა #3

118 Tamar lomiZe

am nawarmoebSi vlindeba is stiluri Tavisebureba, romelic,

erTi SexedviT, aratipiuria romantikuli stilisTvis _ bunebis

movlenebs poeti moixseniebs mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT: cvarni~,

`ciagni~, adgilni~, yvavilni~, napralT~, niavni~, ReleTa, Semog-

areni~ _ da am gziT ganzogadebulad warmogvidgens maT, konkretu-

li niSan-Tvisebebis miTiTebis gareSe, rogorc erTgvarovani sagneb-

is simravleebs. maT msgavsebasa an gansxvavebaze msjeloba SeuZlebe-

lia. zogjer poeti iyenebs mxolobiT ricxvsac: kldev bundovano~,

`mTav Rrubliano~. Ees epiTetebi funqciurad mravlobiTi ricxvis

tolfasia _ maTi daniSnulebaa bunebis obieqtebis konkretuli

abrisis gamqrqaleba. sintagmebSi _ `lamazs velsa~ da `turfas

serzed~ _ Semfasebluri epiTetebi ver warmoaCens `velisa~ da

`seris~ damaxasiaTebel kerZoobiT niSnebs. Aamitom samyaro war-

mogvidgeba, rogorc erTgvarovani da Tvisebrivad ganusazRvre-

li realoba.

am leqsis analizisas g. asaTiani msjelobs `Segnebulad

gabundovanebuli fonis~ Sesaxeb (asaTiani, 1974:150), magram aq gabun-

dovanebulia ara foni, aramed _ sagnebi, romlebic erwymian saerTo

fons.

yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bneli

(an lurji) nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi samgvari mniS-

vnelobisaa:

1. ferebis pirvelsaxe, maTi gvari, rodesac ar arsebobdnen

sagnebi, magram arsebobda bneli, rogorc ferebis arsi;

2. garkveuli substancia, romelic samyaros warmoqmnis safuZ-

velia;

3. bneli, muqi, lurji feri ubrunebs sagnebs pirvandel ganza-

vebulobas sivrceSi, potenciuri arsebobis statuss.

rogor aRiqmeba amgvari samyaro? SeiZleba Tu ara, sazogadod,

misi aRqma? aRqma xom sxva araferia, Tu ara `sxvisi wvdoma plus

sakuTari Tavis Secnoba. amasTan, pirveli maTgani mocemulia danaw-

evrebulad, meoris Tviseba ki ganurCeveli denadobaa~ (losevi

1990:80). /xazgasma Cemia _ T.Ll./. `SemoRamebaSi~ asaxuli samyaro

swored daunawevrebelia, e. i. `araaRqmadia~. Ppoeti TiTqos ver

xedavs garesamyaros. misi mzera ar Cerdeba calkeul sagnebze, da

Tu Cerdeba, ver aRiqvams maT, rogorc sinamdvilis garkveul frag-

mentebs.

amis Sedegad warmoiSoba specifikuri urTierTmimarTeba leq-

sis teqstsa da mis Sesabamis realobas Soris.

Page 119: სემიოტიკა #3

119feris mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi

Tvisebrivad ganusazRvreli samyaro ar SeiZleba warmoadgen-

des danawevrebuli teqstis denotats. teqsti ganicdis izolire-

bas denotatisgan. is upirispirdeba mas, rogorc danawevrebuli _

difuzurs, aqtualizebuli _ potenciurs, rogorc individualuri

movlena (metyveleba) _ zogads.

amgvari teqsti emyareba mxolod kombinaciurobis princips,

radgan Tavisufldeba saganTa samyarosTan mimarTebisgan. SesaZlebe-

li xdeba nebismieri niSnis an konceptis dakavSireba nebismier sxva

niSanTan an konceptTan e.w. `momijnaveobis principis~ mixedviT.

sazogadod, kombinaciuroba, anu, r. iakobsonis terminologiiT, me-

tonimiuri RerZis~ gamovlinebani nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeturi

azrovnebisa da mxatvruli enis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania.

kombinaciuroba aq mJRavndeba ara marto metonimiuri saxeebis

simravleSi. is Tavs iCens poeturi metyvelebis `dialoguroba-

Sic~, romelsac (logikur planSi ganxilvisas) SeiZleba vuwodoT

predikaciis Tavisufleba. Nnikoloz baraTaSvilTan xSirad vx-

vdebiT erTi da imave movlenis urTierTsapirispiro niSnebiT dax-

asiaTebis SemTxvevebs. kerZod, SemoRamebaSi~am mxriv sayuradReboa

ori ukanaskneli strofi:

`amgvari iyo mTawmindazed SemoRameba!

hoi, adgilno, maxsovs, maxsovs, rasac vhfiqrobdi

me Tqvenda Soris da an rasac aRmovityodi!

mxolod suli grZnobs, Tu viTari sZRveniT mas Sveba.

hoi, saRamov, myudrov, saamov, Sen damSTi Cemad sanugeSeblad!

ros mWmunvareba Semomesevis, Senda moviltvi gansaqarveblad~

mwuxri gulisa _ sevda gulisa _ nugeSsa ama Sengan miiRebs,

ros gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is

gananaTlebs!~

aq predikati _ Svebis miniWebis, nugeSiscemis unari _ miewere-

ba bunebis or urTierTgansxvavebul movlenas (`dila mziani~, e.i.

naTeli da bindi, saRamo, Cveulebriv, gaiazreba, rogorc antonimebi),

rac logikuri Seusabamobis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

Tavisufal predikacias mimarTavs poeti leqsebSic `xma idu-

mali~ da fiqrni mtkvris piras~, agreTve, garkveulwilad, meransa~

da poemaSi bedi qarTlisa~, romelTa analizze amjerad ar SevCer-

debiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom sinamdvilisa da misi amsaxveli

Page 120: სემიოტიკა #3

120 Tamar lomiZe

poeturi teqstebs specifikuri urTierTmimarTeba gansazRvravs am

teqstebis struqturirebis zemoaRniSnul princips.

teqstisgan gaucxoebuli~ samyaro TiTqos gaucxoebuli unda

iyos lirikuli gmirisTvisac, magram es ase araa. Nnawarmoebis

mixedviT, lirikul gmirsa da samyaros Soris harmoniuli urT-

ierTmimarTebaa:

`maxsovs igi dro, saamo dro...~

`zogjer Cumni Semogareni amiT Cems gulsa eTanxmebodnen~

`mxolod guli grZnobs, Tu viTari sZRveniT mas Sveba...…~

saqme isaa, rom, garesamyaros msgavsad, lirikuli gmiris me~-c

Tvisebrivad ganusazRvrelia. kerZod, nikoloz baraTaSvilis mTel

Semoqmedebas gasdevs idumali, bneli~, sakvirveli~ oreulis Tema.

es imas niSnavs, rom gmiris Sinagani samyaroc struqturirebu-

lia kombinaciuri principis mixedviT da moicavs or Tvisebrivad

ganusazRvrel me~-s.

aq, iseve, rogorc nikoloz baraTaSvilis mTel SemoqmedebaSi,

gamoixateba avtoris _ teqstis Semoqmedisa da lirikuli gmiris

`poziciaTa~ urTierTgansxvavebuloba. avtorisTvis teqsti da misi

Sesabamisi realoba gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan, lirikuli gmirisTvis

ki realoba mis Sinagan samyaros `eTanxmeba~. Aamjerad, kidev erTx-

elvlindeba avtorisa da gmiris urTierTgaucxoeba, rac baraTaSvi-

lis sxva qmnilebebSic iCens Tavs.

bolos, rac Seexeba al. WavWavaZis mier naTargmni rusuli

romansis fersa bnels~ mimarTebas nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsTan

`cisa fers~; vfiqrobT, winamdebare naSromi aaSkaravebs, rom ms-

gavseba am or nawarmoebs Soris amoiwureba wminda formaluri

niSan-TvisebebiT. `orive leqsis safuZvels Seadgens feris poet-

uri apologia, magram a. WavWavaZis leqsSi es Tema satrfialo

lirikis amocanebs eqvemdebareba~ (nucubiZe 1980:53), xolo ni-

koloz baraTaSvilTan lurji feris gaazreba simboluri, mravalSre-

obrivi semantikiT gamoirCeva.

amgvarad, feris funqciebis problema nikoloz baraTaSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi garkveuli sirTuliT gamoirCeva da ukavSirdeba sxva,

metad arsebiTi sakiTxebis mTel rigs. Fferi aq ar warmoadgens

mxolod mxatvruli enis garkveul komponents, aramed gansazRvravs

`samyaros suraTis~ im specifikas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia ni-

Page 121: სემიოტიკა #3

121feris mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi

koloz baraTaSvilis, rogorc ganumeorebeli SemoqmedebiTi xelw-

eris mqone poetisTvis.

literatura

asaTiani 1974 : asaTiani g. `vefxistyaosnidan~ `baxtrionamde~.

Tbilisi.

nucubiZe 1980 : nucubiZe T. feris poeturi funqcia qarTvel da

inglisel romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi (SedarebiTi

analizi).Mmacne, enisa da literaturis seria. Tbilisi, #1.

veJbicka 1997: Âåæáèöêàÿ À. ßçûê. Êóëüòóðà. Ïîçíàíèå. Ìîñêâà.

losevi 1990: Ëîñåâ À. Ô. Ôèëîñîôèÿ èìåíè, Ìîñêâà.

veJbicka 1980: Wierzbicka A. Lingua Mentalis. Sydney.

Tamar Lomidze

Originality of Colour Interpretationin Nikoloz Baratashvili's Poetry

In Nikoloz Baratashvili's poetry blue colour is the synonym of “dark”.This colour is the main predicate for the world which gives an effect of estrange-ment between the author and the world; it is the common tendency of the poet 'screation.

Page 122: სემიოტიკა #3

122

nana lolaZe

emociebis gamoxatvisenobrivi suraTi

samyaros enobrivi suraTi warmoadgens

sinamdvilis asaxvis erTian sistemas, romel-

ic aucilebelia ama Tu im enobrivi koleq-

tivisaTvis. sinamdvilis konceptualizaci-

is enobrivi saSualebebi nawilobriv univer-

saluria, nawilobriv ki erovnulad speci-

fikuria. es TvalsaCinod vlindeba emocieb-

is enobrivi gamoxatvis magaliTze.

emociebi samyaros aRqmis, Semecnebisa da

Sefasebis erT-erTi formaa. amasTan, emocia

adamianis Sinagan, araxilvad samyaros

ganekuTvneba da erT-erT yvelaze rTulad

organizebul sistemas warmoadgens. igi mec-

nierebis sxvadasxva dargis Seswavlis obieq-

tia. yvela mecnieri, romel dargsac ar unda

miekuTvnebodes da ra Tvalsazriszedac ar

unda idges, Tanxmdeba imaze, rom emociebi

umniSvnelovanesia motivaciis, socialuri

komunikaciis, samyaros Semecnebisa da saqmi-

anobisaTvis.

gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda am sakiTxeb-

is kvleva meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi.

ukanasknel xans fsiqologiaSi popularo-

biT sargeblobs emociebis diferenciuli

Seswavla. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos k.

izardis Sromebi. am Teoriis mixedviT, emocia

ganixileba, rogorc rTuli fenomeni, romel-

ic moicavs neirofoziologiur da samoZrao-

gamomxatvelobiT komponentebs da subieqtur

gancdas. am komponentebis gavlena intrain-

dividualur procesze qmnis emocias, romel-

filologiis mecniereba-

Ta doqtori, arn. Ciqoba-

vas enaTmecnierebis insti-

tutis mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: erTi

tipis meSvelzmnian for-

maTa sakiTxisaTvis qar-

Tvelur enebSi; zmniswin-

is polifunqciuroba di-

namikaSi da zmnis mode-

lirebis problemebi, aris

zmna qarTvelur enebSi;

arsebobisa da qona-yolis

zmnaTa mimarTebisaTvis;

grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi

qarTulSi.

interesTa sfero: qarTve-

lur enaTa SedarebiTi

analizi, funqciuri gra-

m atik a , kognitiuri

lingvistika, korpusis

lingvistika.

Page 123: სემიოტიკა #3

123emociebis gamoxatvis enobrivi suraTi

ic evoluciur-biogenetikur movlenas warmoadgens. adamianSi emociis

gancdisa da gamoxatvis unari Tandayolilia, zogadkulturulia

da universaluri (izardi 2002: 69).adamianuri emociis kvlevisas yvelaze myari aRmoCnda imis

rwmena, rom SesaZlebelia gamoiyos mcire jgufi Tandayolili _

bazisuri emociebisa. amdenad, emocia SeiZleba iyos pirveladi (ba-

zisuri), meoreuli, mesameulic ki. mag., _

mravali fsiqologis mtkicebas, rom garkveuli emociebi ufro

bazisuria, vidre danarCeni, xSirad sruliad gansxvavebuli safuZve-

li aqvs. erTi mxriv, angariSgasawevia idea, rom zogierTi emocia

adamianSi genetikurad aris Cadebuli, meore mxriv, enebSi maTi gamox-

atvis suraTi araerTgvarovania. samarTlianad aris SeniSnuli, rom

grZnobaTa burusiT moculi samyaros interpretirebisas yoveli

ena sakuTar koordinatTa bades iyenebs. Tuki vinme Seecdeba Ti-

Toeul emocias, romelsac adamiani ganicdis, daarqvas saxeli, bune-

brivia, igi gamoiyenebs sakuTar leqsikons. imdenad, ramdenadac Ti-

Toeulma xalxma miagno grZnobis iseT elfers, rogoric sxva xalx-

ebis mier gamoyofili ar aris (jeimsi 1890).

eTnocentrizmis gamovlinebad miiCnevs a. veJbicka Semdeg magal-

iTs: taitelebis leqsikonSi inglisuri sad (sevdiani, dardiani)sityvis Sesatyvisi ar arsebobs, miuxedavad amisa, maT aucileblad

unda moepovebodeT Tandayolili cnebiTi kategoria sevdisa, dard-

isa. unda vivaraudoT, rom sevda maTi emociuri gamocdilebisaTvis

aranakleb mniSvnelovani da relevanturia, vidre, magaliTad grZnobebi

toiaha an peapea, romlebic saxeldebulia maT enaSi (sagulisxmoa,

rom inglisurSi am sityvebis Sesatyvisi ar arsebobs). marTlac,

araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs miviCnioT, rom taitelebs ar

aqvT sevdis gancdis unari, xolo ingliselebs toiaha an peapea-simxolod imitom, rom maT enebSi am emociebs saxelebi ar aqvs. rac

pirveladi emocia

meoreuli emocia

mesameuli emocia

siyvaruli

mijaWvuloba

simpaTia, sinaze, Tanag-

rZnoba, Tayvaniscema...

sixaruli

kmayofileba

siamovneba, tkboba...

gakvirveba

gakvirveba

gaoceba, gancvifreba...

gabrazeba

mrisxaneba

aRSfoTeba, gamZvivareba...

Page 124: სემიოტიკა #3

124 nana lolaZe

mTavaria, SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom sevda ufro mniSvnelovania

an ufro universaluria~, vidre toiaha an peapea (veJbicka 1999: 505).enis mier asaxuli warmodgena adamianis Sinagan samyaroze moicavs

TaobaTa gamocdilebas aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi. amitomac eni-

Weba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba emociebis bunebis Seswavlisas

maTi enobrivi gamoxatvis saSualebebs ama Tu im enis semantikur

struqturaSi.

emociebis gamoxatvis enobrivi meqanizmis kvlevisas saWiroa

gansxvavdes emociis leqsika da emociuri leqsika. emociis leqsika

orientirebulia emociis obieqtivaciaze da moicavs sityvebs, romelTa

sagnobriv-logikuri mniSvneloba emociaTa cnebebs Seadgens. emoci-

uri leqsika gamoxatavs mTqmelis emociebs da mas emociuri Sefer-

ilobis sityvebi miekuTvneba.

ra aris is zogadi princi pi, romelic emociis enobriv

gamoxatvas udevs safuZvlad. is, rom enis mier araxilvadi

Sinagani samyaros modelireba xilvadi, materialuri sam-

yaros mixedviT xdeba. amdenad, araxilvadi samyaros kon-

ceptebis agebis ZiriTad meqanizms metafora warmoadgens.

es metaforuloba gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans fraze-

ologizmebSi. am frazeologizmebSi ZiriTadad monawile-

obs sxeulis nawilebi, Sinagani organoebi, rogorebicaa: guli,

naRveli, sisxli... agreTve, suli.

is faqti, rom guls gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia qarTul

msoflaRqmaSi, araerTgzis aris SeniSnuli. rogorc arn. Ciqobava

miuTiTebs: guli warmodgenilia azrovnebiTi procesebis centrad,

grZnobebis wyarod, temperament-xasiaTis ganmsazRvrelad da organ-

uli SegrZnebebis (gulis reva, gulis Semoyra) amTviseblad, erTi

sityviT, mas ekisreba tvinis, gulis, kuWisa da, nawilobriv, perife-

riuli nervuli sistemis magivroba gaswios _ sicocxlis matare-

beli gulia (Ciqobava 1938: 66).

xatovan sityva-Tqmebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze T. saxokiaaRniSnavs: “guli Cvens xalxs miaCnia Cveni nervebis Sesakrebel or-

ganod, romelzec uSualod moqmedebs yvela fsiqikuri gancda: siy-

varuli, sixaruli, simamace, siZulvili, mwuxareba, dard-naRveli”

(saxokia 1979: 119). qarTvelis warmodgeniT, dadebiTi Tu uaryofi-

Ti emociebi: dardi, mwuxareba, sixaruli, siZulvili, javri adami-

anis gul-mkerdSi grovdeba, xolo TviT gul-mkerdi, xatovnad, da-

darebulia buxars, romelic, kvamlis msgavsad, maRla uSvebs gamo-

samzeveblad Sig dagrovil TiToeul am grZnobaTagans da ena-piris

saSualebiT sxvas uziarebs.” (saxokia 1979: 110)

guli rom emociis (da ara mxolod emociis) gamoxatvis mniS-

vnelovani leqsemaa, sxva enaTa magaliTzedac aSkaraa, magram saintere-

Page 125: სემიოტიკა #3

125emociebis gamoxatvis enobrivi suraTi

soa, ra qmnis sakuTriv qarTuli enobrivi suraTis specifikurobas?

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, emocia moicavs neirofiziologiur

da samoZrao-gamomxatvelobiT (nervul-kunTovan) komponentebs.

sagulisxmoa, rom enebSi es komponentebi aseve garCeulia, saxeldo-

br, emociis leqsika asaxavs rogorc sakuTriv emocias, emociur

gamocdilebas, ise gviCvenebs organizmis reaqcias ama Tu im emociaze.

imdenad, ramdenadac guli Sinagan, araxilvad organoebs miekuTvneba,

rogorc wesi, ganixileba rogorc emociis gancdis centri. Tumca

igi monawileobs gamoTqmebSi, romlebic emociebis Tanmxleb fiz-

iologiur cvlilebebze miuTiTeben. l. margvelanma sagangebod Seis-

wavla am tipis frazeologizmebi da aCvena, rom qarTulSi guli-s

Semcveli frazeologizmebi meore funqciiT sakmaod farTod gamoy-

eneba, rac sxva enebisaTvis SedarebiT SezRudulia, kerZod, ingli-

surSi amgvar SezRudulobaze miuTiTebs a. veJbicka (veJbicka 1999:

540-41) garda amisa, warmodgenili masala iZleva kidev erTi daskv-

nis gakeTebis safuZvels. naSromi rusuladaa dabeWdili da fraze-

ologizmebi, romelTac met-naklebad zusti rusuli analogi ar

moepovebaT da amitom Targmani xelovnuria, varskvlaviT aris aRniS-

nuli. TvalSi sacemia, rom moniSnuli frazebis umetesoba swored

guls Seicavs. aseTebia, mag., guli ukankalebs, guli wauvida, gulze

cecxli SemoenTo da sxv. (margvelani, 1978). amdenad, rogorc Cans,

am tipis frazebi qarTulisaTvis specifikuria.

guli-s Semcveli frazeologizmebis originalurobas adas-

turebs Zveli qarTulis monacemebi. SeniSnulia, rom saxarebis te-

qstSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq sadac garkveuli guneba-ganwyobileba Tu

grZnobaa gadmocemuli, qarTulSi gvxvdeba guli-s Semcveli fraze-

ologizmebi, berZnulSi _ ara (beriSvili 2002: 108).

amdenad, guli emociebis qarTulenobrivi suraTis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani komponentia. ra Tqma unda, emociebis gamoxatvis sru-

li suraTis warmosaCenad Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs, Tu rogor, ra

saSualebebiT gamoixateba TiToeuli emocia, rogoria mimarTeba

pirvelad da meoreul, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvas

Soris da mravali sxva sakiTxi. dReisaTvis am mimarTulebiT

mimdinareobs araerTi enis semantikuri struqturis kvleva,

gamocemulia sxvadasxva tipis leqsikonebi, romlebSic aRnusxulia

is enobrivi saSualebebi, romlebic emociaTa gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba

(iordanskaia, paperno 1995). qarTul enaSi emociebis gamoxatvis

enobrivi meqanizmebis mravalmxrivi Seswavla, dReisaTvis ukve miRebuli

Sedegebis sistematizacia mniSvnelovania rogorc, zogadad, emociaTa

bunebis, maTi enobrivi realizaciis problemaTa kvlevebis

gasamdidreblad, ise samyaros qarTulenobrivi suraTis warmosaCenad.

Page 126: სემიოტიკა #3

126

literatura

beriSvili 2002: beriSvili e., frazeologizmTa erTi nawili-

saTvis qarTuli saxarebis ori Zveli redaqciis mixedviT,

enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 2 (14).

veJbicka 1999: Âåæáèöêàÿ À., Ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå óíèâåðñàëèè è

îïèñàíèå ÿçûêîâ, Ìîñêâà.

izardi 1980: Izard C. E., The psychology of emotions, rusuli gamoc. Ïèòåð.iordanskaia, paperno 1995: The Russian-English Collocational Dictio-

nary of human Body, Iordanskaya, Paperno.margvelani 1978: Ìàðãâåëàíè Ë. Ï., Ãðóçèíñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ,

îáîçíà÷àþùèå ÷óâñòâà è èõ îïèñàíèå â òåðìèíàõ

ëåêñè÷åñêèõ ôóíêöèé, ßçûêîâûå ïðîöåññîðû è

ðàñïîçíàâàíèå ðå÷è, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

marTvis sistemebis institutis Sromebi, XVII: 2, 1978.

saxokia 1979: saxokia T., qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, 1979

Ciqobava 1938: Ciqobava arn., Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi

leqsikoni.

Jeimsi 1890: James W., The principles of psychology, New York, Dover, 1950.

Nana Loladze

Linguistic picture of expressing emotions

Linguistic picture of the world is a united system reflecting a reality that isnecessary for certain language groups. Linguistic tools expressing realityconceptualization are partly of universal nature, and their other part has nationalspecifications. This is clearly shown when emotions are expressed linguistically.

A language makes a modeling of internal invisible world in accordance withthe material world. Therefore the major mechanism of forming invisible world’sconcepts is a metaphor.

The metaphoric nature is obviously shown in phrasal verbs that mainly includeparts of the body, internal organs. Analysis of phraseology expressing emotionshows that the most significant component of Georgian language is a heart.

Study of language mechanisms expressing emotions in the Georgian language,systematization of current outcomes is important both for enriching emotiongenerally, researching its language realization challenges as well as for presentingGeorgian language picture of the world.

nana lolaZe

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127

merab RaRaniZe

dasavluri qristianobaaRmosavluri

Tvalsawieridan:“romis sakiTxi”

ilia WavWavaZisa da fiodor tiutCevis

politikurpublicistikaSi

1

safrangeTis revoluciidan moyolebu-

li, mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi evro-

pis sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi

mwvaved idga “romis sakiTxi”, romelic kidev

ufro garTulda saukunis bolo mesamedSi.

aqtualur ganzomilebaSi is gulisxmobda

papis saxelmwifos _ romis wmida saydris

saeklesio saxelmwifos _ yofna-aryofnis

problemas, mis moTxovnaTa legitimurobis

aRiarebas an araRiarebas, am saxelmwifos

urTierTobas sxva evropul saxelmwifoebT-

an, _ pirvel yovlisa, italiis samefosTan,

romelic nel-nela ikrebda Zalas da, erTiani

italiis Seqmnis mizanswrafviT, TandaTan

eufleboda apeninis naxevarkunZulis mTel

teritorias. italiis samefom miznad daisaxa,

romi Tavisi erovnuli saxelmwifos nawilad

eqcia, papebi ki cdilobdnen, gadaerCinaT da

SeenarCunebinaT aTaswlovani saeklesio sax-

elmwifo _ rogorc kaTolike eklesiis me-

Tauris saero mmarTvelTagan damoukideblo-

bisa da xelSeuxeblobis sawindari. saekle-

sio saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da, Sesabam-

ilia WavWavaZis sax-

elmwifo universitetis

profesori; naSromebisa da

eseebis avtori litera-

turis, kulturisa da

religiis Sesaxeb, romel-

Ta Soris aRsaniSnavia

monografia “sinamdvile

da warmosaxva daviT

guramiSvilis `mxiarul

zafxulSi” (2002) da

krebulebi: “rwmenisa da

imedis gzaze” (2003), “wv-

domisa da gamoxatvis

ostatoba” (2004).

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128 merab RaRaniZe

isad, eklesiis meTauris sruli Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas faru-

lad Tu aSkarad upirispirdeboda jer safrangeTis revoluciuri

da Semdgom italiis samefo xelisufleba, romelTa qmedebas mniS-

vnelovanwilad ganapirobebda maTi saxelmwifo ideologiac. or-

save SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba acxadebda, rom is mtkiced efuZnebo-

da ganmanaTleblur, liberalur, antisaeklesio msoflmxedvelobas,

xolo xelisufalTa antisaeklesio da arcTu iSviaTad antiqris-

tianuli ganwyobebi ki mniSvnelovanwilad nasazrdoebi iyo im ma-

sonuri loJebis zogadi suliskveTebiT, romelTa aqtiuri wevre-

bic iyvnen Tundac safrangeTis revoluciis, Tundac italiuri “risor-

jimentos” moRvaweebi.

amdenad, saqme isaa, rom msjeloba “romis sakiTxis” Sesaxeb

wamoWrida ara oden teritoriuli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis,

anda saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobis, Tundac eklesiisa da sax-

elmwifos uflebaTa gamijvnis problemebs, aramed _ ramdenadac

dapirispireba cxadad ideologiuri iyo _ gardauvalad moiTxov-

da damokidebulebis gamoxatvas evropis warsulisa da momavlis,

qristianobis misiisa da suliskveTebis, eklesiis adgilisa da

mniSvnelobis mimarT.

bunebrivia, rom xangrZlivi drois manZilze msoflios sxva-

dasxva qveynis sazogadoebrivi azri, politikuri publicistika,

presa dauRalavad exmaureboda “romis sakiTxs”, gansakuTrebiT mas

Semdeg, rac es sakiTxi kidev ufro gamwvavda, _ rodesac, ramdenimeg-

zisi mcdelobis Semdeg, 1870 wlis 20 seqtembers, italiis mefis

erTgulma jarebma gaarRvies romis galavani da qalaqi daikaves:

papis saeklesio saxelmwifo imjerad gauqmda da romi italiis

samefos dedaqalaqad gamocxadda (papis saxelmwifo _ qalaq-sax-

elmwifo vatikanis saxiT _ mxolod 1929 wels aRdga lateranis

xelSekrulebaTa safuZvelze, pius XI-sa da benito musolinis Soris

SeTanxmebis Sedegad).

2

“romis sakiTxs”, sxva saWirboroto saerTaSoriso proble-

mebTan erTad, Tavis politikur publicistikaSi gamohxmaurebia

ilia WavWavaZec. ukanasknel xanebamde am sakiTxis irgvliv cnobili

iyo misi mxolod erTi teqsti, romelic ilias TxzulebaTa pavle

ingoroyvaseul gamocemebSi moTavsebulia im nakrebSi, rasac gamom-

cemelma “werilebi ucxoeTze” uwoda. axla ki, mwerlis akademiuri

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129dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

octomeulis gamoqveynebasTan da axlebur teqstologiur midgo-

masTan dakavSirebiT, moimata im teqstebis raodenobam, sadac ilia

am sakiTxze an cnobas awvdis “iveriis” mkiTxvels, an Tavis Sexed-

ulebas gamoTqvams.

rogorc Cans, pirvelad am sakiTxs, _ mkveTr dapirispirebas

romis papsa da italiis saxelmwifos Soris, _ ilia WavWavaZe

Seexo “sapolitiko mimoxilvaSi”, romelic kvireul gazeT “iveri-

aSi” gamoqveynda 1877 wlis 13-e nomerSi (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia

am wlis 1 ivniss)1. sakiTxi ufro italiisa da safrangeTis urT-

ierTobis garkvevas exeba, roca italiis mTavrobis meTauri (“samin-

istros moTave”)2 calsaxad ucxadebs ndobas frang xalxs, romel-

mac evropas mianiWa “Tavisuflebis saxareba” da “(didi revoluci-

is) dedaazrebi”; igi mkveTrad emijneba rogorc frang, ise italiel

“klerikalebs” da maTze gamarjvebis imeds gamoTqvams. politikur

cnobaTa am monakveTis iliaseuli daskvna amgvaria: “amisTana lapar-

aki verafrad moewoneboda paps, romelic amJamad did yofaSia”

(WavWavaZe 1997: 96).

amis Semdeg ilia uSualod papisa da monarqiis urTierTobas

exeba, ris Sesaxebac amgvarad wers:

“_ 31 maiss (Cveneburad 19) romSi didi yriloba yofila im

pirTa, romelTac hsurT klerikalebis moZraobas bolo mouRon. am

yrilobaSi bevri cxare sityva Tqmula papis winaaRmdeg.

_ italiis mTavrobas gamoucxadebia papisaTvis, rom sastikad

movekidebi samRvdelois avmoqmedebaso. paps Tavis mxriT uTxovnia

viktor emmanuilisaTvis, _ sarwmunoebis winaaRmdeg politikas daanebe

Tavi, Torem Sen monarxias cudi bolo moeliso. garda amisa paps

uTqvams, rom saerTo3 mTavrobas mec winaaRmdegobas gavuwevo, Tu

rom igi samRvdeloebas ewinaaRmdegebao” (WavWavaZe 1997: 97).

1 es statia Sesula ilia WavWavaZis sicocxlisdroindel xelnawer krebulSi,

magram TxzulebaTa krebulSi pirvelad gamoqveynda 1997 wels ilias octomeu-

lis VI tomSi (WavWavaZe 1997: 92-101).

2 ilia ar asaxelebs mis vinaobas, magram, rogorc Cans, laparakia memarcxene

politikosis, italiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris, agostino depretisis, Sesaxeb,

romelsac es Tanamdeboba ekava 1876-1878 ww.

3 advili SesaZlebelia, rom “saerTo”-Si “saero” igulisxmebodes (Tu, saerTod,

koreqturasTan ara gvaqvs saqme; Sdr. msgavs konteqstSi: “papma... ukve gaaba qseli

italiaSi saero mflobelobis dasacemad” _ WavWavaZe 2005: 588).

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130 merab RaRaniZe

sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs ilias am informaciis wyaroTa

daZebna, magram amTaviTve SegviZlia gamovyoT ramdenime koncepti da

aSkarad davinaxoT ori sapirispiro mxare: papi / mefe, klerikalebi

(klerikalebis moZraoba) / saer(T)o mTavroba, sarwmunoeba

/ monarqia. am opoziciaTa Cvenebisas ilia TiTqmis neitraluria

da Tavis pirad damokidebulebas cxadad ar amxels, Tumca isic

saTqmelia, rom samRvdeloebis qmedebaTa “avqmoqmedebad” saxeldeba

da papis damuqrebis xseneba (“daanebe Tavi, Torem Sens monarxias

cudi bolo moeliso”), ganmapirobebeli motivebis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe, Tan papisa, romelic “amJamad did yofaSia”, ilias mxridan

arc eklesiis poziciis mxardaWeras gamoxatavs da arc “romis

sakiTxis” mimarT kaTolikuri damokidebulebis gaziarebas. magram

ilia odnav sxvagvar ganwyobas gamoxatavs manamde, oriode kviriT

adre (“iveria”, 1877, nomeri 11, cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia im wlis

12 maiss) safrangeTis politikuri mdgomareobis mimoxilvisas,

roca aRniSnavs, rom “amas wined klerikalebma qaRaldi Seadgines,

sadac moxsenebuli iyo Sesawuxari mdgomareoba papisa da Txovna

mTavrobisadmi, rom man miiRos monawileoba papis dasaxsnelad”

(WavWavaZe 1997: 69). aq TvalSisacemia iliaseuli ori formulire-

ba: “Sesawuxari mdgomareoba” da “papis dasaxsnelad”, rac romis

eklesiis meTauris winaaRmdeg saero xelisuflebis mier ganxor-

cielebul Setevaze metyvelebs, Tundac amgvari xedva imave

“klerikalebis” pozicias asaxavdes. magram solidarobis es mqrqa-

li gancdac umal fermkrTaldeba, roca cnoba amgvari dazustebiT

mTavrdeba: “am qaRalds atarebdnen da xelis momwerlebs agrovebd-

nen. bavSvebsac ki awerinebdnen xels, agebi rogorme xelismomweri

blomad SevagrovoTo” (WavWavaZe 1997: 69), rac am peticiis san-

doobas da miudgomlobas metad akninebs.

“iveriis” 1879 wlis 2-e nomerSi (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia

im wlis 11 ianvars) anonimurad gamoqveynebulia “sapolitiko mi-

moxilva”, sadac ilia moixseniebs wina wlis miwuruls gardacv-

lil italiis mefes, viqtor emanuels, _ axasiaTebs mas daufaravi

aRtacebiT da metad gulTbilad (“iyo keTilis da sayvarelis

xasiaTisa”). mimoxilvaSi gansakuTrebuladaa aRniSnuli, rom “italiis

erTobisaTvis maZZinis, garibaldisa da kavuris SromasTan SeerTe-

buli iyo misi Sroma” (WavWavaZe 1997: 178). rogorc aRiniSna,

sayovelTaod iyo cnobili mefis (da masTan erTad CamoTvlili

saxelmwifo moRvaweebis) ukiduresi dapirispireba eklesiasTan da

papTan.

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131dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

romis saydris meTauris sakiTxi ilias publicistikaSi isev

wamoiWreba 1886 wels _ italiis samefosa da germaniis urTierTo-

bis konteqstSi da amjerad papi warmodgenilia italiis saero

saxelmwifos mimarT ara marto dapirispirebul, aramed saxifaTo

da “saSiS” mxaredac: “romis papi, msoflio kaTolikeTa mTavarmoZR-

vari, jer kidev imisTana mniSvnelobiani aris italiaSi, rom [bis-

markis mxriv] imisi ase Tu ise gamxneveba da frTebis asxma ital-

iisaTvis metad saSiSaria” (WavWavaZe 2005: 377); “papma, bismarkis

momxreobiT waqezebulma, rogorc gvauwyeben gazeTebi, ukve gaaba

qseli italiaSi saero mflobelobis dasacemad da Tavisis aRsad-

genad” (WavWavaZe 2005: 588).

imave 1886 wels ilia isev exmianeba “romis sakiTxs”4 sagangebo

mowinave weriliT gazeT “iveriis” (19 Tebervali, # 41) pirvel

gverdze. pavle ingoroyvaseul gamocemebSi es teqsti gaerTianebu-

li iyo mimoxilvaTa ciklSi “evropa 1886 wels” (WavWavaZe 1929:

132-135; WavWavaZe 1952: 472-474; WavWavaZe 1957: 92-94), octomeul-

Si ki is calkea gamoyofili da mas axali, redaqciismieri saTauri

aqvs miniWebuli: “italia da romis papi” (WavWavaZe 1997: 378-381).

sakiTxis mimarT iliaseuli poziciis ukeT warmosaCenad up-

rianad migvaCnia teqstSi ganxiluli problematikis, pirvel yov-

lisa, Tematurad dalageba (frCxilebSi miTiTebulia bolo gamoce-

mis _ ilias octomeulis VII tomis _ Sesabamisi gverdebi).

italiis gansakuTrebuloba: “italias erTi iseTi satki-

vari aqvs gvamSi, romelic sxva qveyanas Tavis dReSi arca hqonia da,

imedia, arc odesme eqneba” (378), “es aseTi ubedureba iyo italiisa”

(379), “romis papoba mosarCeni satkivaria italiisaTvis” (381).

papis Zalaufleba: “ucnauri wyobileba iyo” (378), “romSi

ijda da dResaca hzis mTelis msoflios kaTolikeTa RvdelmTa-

vari, romelic erT dros iseTi Zlieri iyo, rom mefeni da xelm-

wifeni mis winaSe muxls idrekdnen” (378), “saero xelmwifebac

xelT epyra” (378), “sasuliero moZRvari amrigad xorcis batona-

dac Seiqmna” (378), “romis papi aramcTu saaqao bednierebas urigeb-

da, rasakvirvelia, jerovanis sasyideliT, aramed saiqiosTvisac imi-

sTana sigels aZlevda adamians, rom am sigelis mqonebelisaTvis

samoTxis kari Ria iyo” (378).

4 amave wels ilia aqveynebs mimoxilvas, romelsac octomeulis gamomcemlebma

“bismarki da romis papi” uwodes (WavWavaZe 2005: 338-342), magram es teqsti

mxolod iribad ukavSirdeba “romis sakiTxs”.

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132 merab RaRaniZe

papobis mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi da ara sulieri

safrTxe: “papi... imiT ki ar iyo saSiSari, rom sasuliero xelisu-

fleba xelT epyra, aramed imiTi, rom rom saero xelmwifebac eWira

italiaSi, da amrigad sasuliero wodebis saero batonoba hqmnida

italiaSi saxelmwifos saxelmwofoSi” (379).

papoba da luTeriseuli reformacia: “reformaciam, erTis

ubralo bermonazonisagan atexilma, es adamianis cdomilebazed aSeneb-

uli Zliereba da dideba ZiriT Txemamde Searyia; axalma drom

reformaciisgan frTaSesxmulma, karga abru gautexa romis papsa”

(379).

papi italiis samefos mier saeklesio saxelmwifos

okupaciis Semdeg: “romis papi... italiis mefesTan umZraxad aris

da Wirveulobs... Cems saero xelmwifebasa ar davTmobo” (380).

papis momxreebi: “...klerikalTa dass eZaxian da romelic

safrangeTSi, TiTqmis dResac, marto romis papis darigebisa da

brZanebisamebr iqceva” (379), “evropaSi jer kidev bevri imisTana

kaTolikea, romelic marto romis papis saxels hloculobs” (381).

Cans, rom ilia calsaxad iziarebs italiis samefos liber-

alur, saero, antisaeklesio mimarTebebs, xolo imJamad gauqmebul

saeklesio saxelmwifosa da Tavad papobas Tundac istoriulad,

Tundac aqtualurad uaryofiT movlenad miiCnevs, amave dros, dau-

faravi TanagrZnobiT xatavs (swored xatavs!) martin luTersa da

protestantul reformacias (da imowmebs reformaciuli moZrao-

bis erT-erT umTavres antikaTolikur arguments: indulgencias),

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom igi arafers ambobs papobis “sulier cduneba-

Ta” Sesaxeb, ugulebelyofs romauli da bizantiuri qristianuli

tradiciebis gansxvavebas, yuradRebis miRma tovebs egreT wodebul

kaTolikur-marTlmadideblur ganxeTqilebas, radgan misTvis “ro-

mis problema”, pirvel yovlisa, saxelmwifoebrivia da, amdenad, ilia

erTaderT safrTxes xedavs “klerikalizmSi”, _ sasuliero pirTa

da sasuliero Tvalsazrisis gavlenaSi qveynis saero cxovrebaze, _

riTac igi liberalur, samoqalaqo faseulobaTa gamoxatul damcve-

lad gvevlineba.

erTi SexedviT, faqtebis gadmocemisas ilia TiTqos ar ikavebs

mkveTr pirad pozicias, magram sakmarisia, avtoriseuli saTqmeli

gaCndes, rom igi umal gamoxatavs, Tu saiTaa mimarTuli aqtualur

dapirispirebaSi misi simpaTia, an, ufro zustad, misi antipaTia: jer

erTi, ilias miaCnia, rom papis pretenziebi italiis monarqiis mima-

rT da mis mier sakuTari Tavis tyved gamocxadeba aris “mogonili

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133dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

da tyuili tyveoba da damwyvdeva” (380), amas garda, igi erTgvar

moralitesac ki sTavazobs mkiTxvels papobis istoriuli

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT: “papi brZandeba dRes kvirinalSi5

TiTqmis umwed da unugeS... esec daemarTeba yvelas, vinc cdomazed

daamyarebs Tavis didebasa” (379). mwerlis sruliad usimpaTio

damokidebuleba aSkaraa!

mTeli am teqstis safuZvelze namdvilad SegviZlia davinaxoT,

rom ilia “romis sakiTxSi” liberalur pozicias iziarebs da

uyoymanod emxroba italiis mTavrobas, romelic ara marto um-

wvaves konfliqtSi iyo wmida saydarTan teritoriul-saxelmwi-

foebrivi mowyobis gamo, aramed ideologiuradac mkveTrad upir-

ispirdeboda mas: Tu papi, bunebrivia, qristianul konservatiul

poziciebs icavda, italiis xelisufleba liberaluri ideologiis

medroSed iyo miCneuli evropuli masStabiT da es xelisufleba

arc imas malavda, rom misi ideologiuri Tvalsazrisebi masonur

sazogadoebaTa msoflmxedvelobrivi gavleniT Camoyalibda da wa-

rimarTeboda.

erTi wlis Semdeg, 1887 wels, ilia isev ubrundeba “romis

sakiTxs”: “iveriis” furclebze (4 ivnisi, # 110) anonimurad ibe-

Wdeba misi mowinave werili, romelic pirvelad mwerlis nawerebs

Soris mis TxzulebaTa octomeulSi gamoqveynda da romelsac re-

daqciam amgvari saTauri misca: “romis papebis brZola Zveli dide-

bis aRsadgenad”6 (WavWavaZe 2006: 377-381). sakiTxis mimarT ilia-

seuli damokidebulebis ukeT warmosaCenad arCeulia teqstis isev

Tematuri dalagebis principi (frCxilebSi miTiTebulia ilias

octomeulis IX tomis Sesabamisi gverdebi).

italia da papoba: “mas aqed, rac italia gaerTda da

Tavisi dedaqalaqi romi Tavi sataxto qalaqad gaixada, romis paps

Zalauneburad CamoerTva saero mflobeloba da ufleba italiaSi”

(377).

5 arazusti cnobaa, radgan am dros _ italiis samefo jarebis mier romis

okupaciis Semdeg (1870 wlidan) _ kvirinalis papiseuli sasaxle ukve italiis

mefes hqonda dakavebuli, papi ki am dros vatikanis sasaxleSi gadasaxlda,

saidanac igi aRar gamodioda da sadac man Tavi “vatikanis tyved” gamoacxada.

6 am ori ukanaskneli xelmouwereli teqstis erTiani atribuciisaTvis, SesaZloa,

zedmeti ar iyos papobis imJamindeli mdgomareobis msgavsi idiomiT daxasiaTeba:

“axalma drom... karga abru gautexa romis papsa” (WavWavaZe 1997: 379); “gamoiy-

enos igi papobis dacemulis abrus aRsadgenad” (WavWavaZe 2006: 379); “abrum

papobisam... TandaTan Tavi iCina da win wamoiwia” (WavWavaZe 2006: 380); “papoba

evropaSi... abrusa da saxels ikeTebs” (WavWavaZe 2006: 381).

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134 merab RaRaniZe

papis odindeli Zalaufleba: “papoba[...] erT dros hba-

tonobda da brZaneblobda TiTqmis mTels qveynierebaze” (377).

papobis imJamindeli mdgomareoba (XIX s. 80-iani wle-

bi): “marto saeklesio saqmeebSiRa SeixuTa da moZraobda” (377).

klerikalizmi: “safrangeTSi, germaniasa da sxvaganac... devna

dauwyes imisTana moZRvrebas kaTolikeTa samRvdeloebisas, rom-

lebic kvlav etaneboda saero uflebis aRdgenas papisas” (377).

dogmati: “pio IX-s dros kaTolikeTa samRvdeloebis kreba

moxda da daadgines doRmati romis papis Seucdomelobisa da amiT

undodaT ZiriT Txemamde papobis Seryeulis didebisaTvis erTi

Zlieri sveti SeedgaT Sesamagreblad. daadgines es doRmati, magram

amiT bevri ara eSvela ra yvelasagan ganwiruls papobas” (378).

papobis politikuri sargeblianoba: “evropiis saqmeebi

metad aWiWynilia, awewilia da dRes iqneba Tu xval gaWireba romelsame

saxelmwifos moaxedebs papobazed da misgan Semweobas moiTxovs

Tavisi saqmeebis warsamarTeblad da dasalageblad” (379).

papobis momavali: “mniSvneloba papisa qveynis TvalSi izrde-

ba da hmatulobs” (380), “dRedadRe papoba evropaSi gaZlierdeba

da saxelsa da abrus ikeTebs”, “Tu am gzazed iara da saqmeTa

cvlilebam ar Seayena es siaruli, maSin evropis politikaSi romis

samRvdeloebac Tavis adgils daiWers da Tavis fersa da mima-

rTulebas daaCnevs” (381), “Znelad safiqrebelia, rom papobam uwin-

deli dideba da rixi daibrunos, magram evropiis koncertSi ki rom

amasac erTi xma eqneba, eg ki ueWvelia” (381).

Tu 1886 wlis teqstSi ilia yuradRebas ZiriTadad wmida

saydrisa da italiis urTierTobaze amaxvilebda (safrangeTic am

mimarTebaSia moxseniebuli), 1887 wlis teqstSi ganxilulia romis

kaTedris urTierToba ara marto italiasTan, aramed germaniasTan,

avstriasTan, inglisTan. amdenad, avtors saSualeba eZleva, amjerad

ufro zogadad da farTod warmoaCinos papobis, misi Tanamedrove

mdgomareobisa da momavali perspeqtivis sakuTari xedva.

wina teqstisagan gansxvavebiT, ilias mkveTri pozicia papobis

mimarT aq odnav Serbilebulia; papobis momavalic ufro realis-

turadaa warmodgenili, Tumca is isev (da kidev metad) evropis

politikuri cxovrebis konteqstSia danaxuli. oRond mTlad naTeli

araa, ra igulisxmeba im sityvebSi, rom paps saero mmarTveloba da

ufleba “Zalauneburad CamoerTva”: Tu “Zalauneburad” an survilis

gareSe, uneblie qmedebas, an Zalis gamouyenlobas aRniSnavs, maSin

papis saeklesio saxelmwifos gauqmeba arc visme uneburad momx-

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135dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

dara da arc mSvidobiani SeTanxmebiT. is swored mizanswrafulad

da Zalismierad iqna mierTebuli italiis samefosaTvis!@

amave dros, wina statiaSi ilia ar Sehxebia papis pirovnebas

da arc ki uxsenebia misi (maTi) saxeli, aq ki dasaxelebulia

“romis sakiTxis” droindeli ori protagonisti _ pius IX (1846-

1878) da leon XIII (1878-1903), amasTanave, mocemulia TiToeulis

daxasiaTebac: Tu pirveli maTganis mimarT teqstSi araviTari sim-

paTia araa gamoxatuli da mis qmedebaTa aRweridan mkiTxvels

STabeWdileba rCeba, rom igi aragulwrfeli, araSorsmxedveli, jiu-

ti mmarTveli da pirovneba iyo, leon XIII, mis qmedebaTa mixedviT,

gonier adamianadaa warmoCenili, iqvea mocemuli misi pirdapiri

daxasiaTebac: “Wkviani papi, Sormxedveli da gamWvreteli” (378).

aRsaniSnavia, rom pius IX-is diskreditacia XIX saukunis liber-

aluri propagandis erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo, xolo Tavad

romis eklesiis istoriaSi misi papoba, romelic 32 weli grZelde-

boda, imiT Sefasda, rom is netarTa Sorisaa Seracxili.

wina statiaSi araferi iyo naTqvami romis eklesiis moZRvre-

bis, misi dogmaturi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, amjerad ki ilia moixsenie-

bs vatikanis I krebis mier dadgenil dogmas papis ucdomlobis

Sesaxeb. es kreba, rogorc cnobilia, swored italiis samefo jare-

bis mier romis okupaciis Sedegad Sewyda, magram is, rac wmida

petres bazilikaSi Sekrebilma samRvdeloebam SeZlo, iyo sarwmu-

noebisa da zneobis sakiTxebSi papis ucdomlobis dogmis gamocxa-

deba. ilia ugulebelyofs am “doRmatis” sarwmunoebriv-saeklesio

mniSvnelobas da miaCnia, rom misi miRebis erTaderTi mizani papo-

bisa da misi saero Zalauflebis gamyareba iyo, Tumca am mcdelobas

igi mainc uSedegod miiCnevs.

da mainc, statiis dasasruls ilias SeniSnavs, rom papobis

roli da mniSvneloba evropaSi, saero Zalauflebis dakargvis Sem-

deg, sul ufro izrdeba, rom, Tuki movlenebi amgvaradve warimarTa

da samRvdeloebamac ar dakarga Tavisi gavlena, “dRedadRe papoba

evropaSi gaZlierdeba” (380).

amgvarad xedavs ilia papobis perspeqtivas Zveli kontinentis

momaval cxovrebaSi, magram am momavali ganviTarebis sakuTari Se-

fasebisa da gansjisagan igi Tavs ikavebs da mis mimarT damokide-

bulebis arCevas _ teqstis bolo frazis mixedviT _ mwerali

mTlianad mkiTxvels miandobs: “risi niSania esa: winmsvlelobisa

Tu ukan daxevisa, eg TviTon mkiTxvelma gamoicnos” (381).

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3

rogorc iTqva, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi (faqtobrivad, 1929

wlamde) “romis sakiTxi” evropis politikur-sazogadoebrivi da

saeklesio cxovrebis mougvarebel problemad rCeboda. bunebrivia,

mas bevrgan da bevrjer gamohxmaurebian msoflios sxvadasxva adg-

ilas. am sakiTxis mimarT iliaseuli poziciis gamosakveTad, siax-

lovisa da siSoris Tvalsawieris gasaTvaliswineblad, kontrastuli

Tu monaTesave poziciebis kargad aRsaqmelad amjerad mivmarToT

mxolod erT teqsts, romelic, aseve, ganixilavs “romis sakiTxs”:

rusi poetis, publicistisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis, fiodor tiut-

Cevis (1803-1873) statia, dawerili 1849 wels, romelic frangu-

lad gamoqveynda saTauriT _ “papoba da romis sakiTxi sanqtpeter-

burgis TvalsazrisiT” (teqstis rusul Targmans “romis sakiTxi”

ewodeba)7. aRsaniSnavia, rom statiis gamoqveynebas didi polemika

mohyva mTeli evropis masStabiT, romelic TiTqmis meoTxedi sauku-

ne grZeldeboda8.

gaxmaurebuli statiis ZiriTadi koncefcia esaa (frCxilebSi

miTiTebulia tiutCevis eqvstomeulis III tomis Sesabamisi gverde-

bi): kaTolikobis mier qristes sauflos amqveyniur sauflod aRi-

arebam ganapiroba papobis swrafva saero Zalauflebisadmi; am swraf-

vaTa mimarT reaqcia reformaciur moZraobaSi gamovlinda, reforma-

ciam ki Semoitana Tavdapirvelad antikaTolikuri da Semdgom, Sesa-

bamisad, antieklesiuri muxti; antieklesiurobam male _ saero

sivrceSi _ antiqristianuli tendenciebis saxe miiRo, rac sab-

olood revoluciuri da liberaluri ideologiiT dagvirgvinda.

SemTxveviTi araa, rom amis gamo tiutCevi “erTi wyebis sam rgolze”

7 fiodor tiutCevis statia “papoba da romis sakiTxi sanqtpeterburgis

TvalsazrisiT” (“La papauté et la question romaine au point de vue de Saint-Péters-bourg”) pirvelad daibeWda frangulad 1850 wlis 1 ianvars, frangul Jurnal

Revues des Deux Mondes-is saaxalwlo nomerSi (Jurnali gamoirCeoda antirev-

oluciuri da antisocialisturi orientaciiT). rusulad is pirvelad gamo-

qveynda JurnalSi Ðóññêèé àðõèâ, 1886, nomeri 5; Targmanis saTauria: “romis

sakiTxi” ("Ðèìñêèé âîïðîñ"). teqstis ukanaskneli akademiuri gamocema ix.:

tiutCevi 2003: 55-74 (frangulad), 158-178 (rusulad).

8 am diskusiis mimoxilva ix.: leini 1988: 236-249; tarasovi 2003: 354-371;

ukanasknel xans gamoqveynebul naSromTagan, romelic tiutCevis am teqsts axle-

burad aanalizebs, sanimuSod ix.: cimburski 1995: 86-98 (teqsti ganxilulia

rusuli saxelmwifoebriv-imperiuli ideologiis konteqstSi); bezvinski 1997:

113-120 O(teqsti ganxilulia kaTolikuri poziciidan).

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137dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

(163) laparakobs, raSic kaTolikobas _ reformacias _ revolu-

cias gulisxmobs.

Tavad “romis sakiTxs” tiutCevi niSnebriv movlenad miiCnevs,

radgan, misi azriT, ”romis sakiTxSi” “fokusiviT erTmaneTs xvdeba

da Tavs iyris yvela anomalia, yvela winaaRmdegoba da yvela dau-

Zleveli siZnele, rasac ejaxeba dasavleTi evropa” (158) da es

SemTxveviTi araa, radgan “veravin Seedaveba roms mis sapatio

uflebaSi: Cvens dReebSi, iseve rogorc yovelTvis, swored isaa

dasavluri samyaros safuZveli” (158).

pirvel yovlisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia tiutCevis religiuri

pozicia: misi TvalsazrisiT, gardauvali logika amqveyniur movle-

nebSi RmerTs Seaqvs (158). mas miaCnia, rom swored gangebismierma

logikam warmoSva papobis imdroindeli siZneleni da igi am prob-

lemaTa sawyiss, rogorc aRmosavluri saqristianos warmomadgene-

li, im ganxeTqilebaSi xedavs, roca, misi sityvebiT, “romma gawyvita

bolo rgoli, romelic mas akavSirebda msoflio eklesiis marTl-

madideblur gadmocemasTan” (161). misi TvalsazrisiT, “ufskruli

warmoiSva ara or eklesias Soris, radgan msoflio eklesia erTia,

aramed or samyaros, or, ase vTqvaT, kacobriobas Soris, romelTac

sxvadasxva droSaTa qveS ganagrZes gza” (161). mas miaCnia, rom maSin

romis saydari “WeSmarit gzas” ascda, ramac papoba, aucileblo-

bidan gamomdinare, imdRevandel Sedegebamde miiyvana (162).

magram saqme isaa, rom tiutCevi, dasavluri qristianobis mima-

rT misi metad kritikuli damokidebulebis miuxedavad, kargad

acnobierebs papobis sulier mniSvnelobas evropis qristianuli

saxis SesanarCuneblad: “papoba _ ai, erTaderTi erTgvari sveti,

romelsac avad Tu kargad eyrdnoba dasavleTSi qristianuli Seno-

bis is nawili, rac gadarCa da SenarCunda meTeqvsmete saukunis

didi ngrevisa da mas modevnebuli didi msxvrevebis Semdeg. da ai,

swored am svetis dangrevas apireben axla” (159).

rac Seexeba protestantobas, tiutCevis azriT, man “Zlivs gaitana

Tavi sami saukunis manZilze da axla is kvdeba uZlurebisagan yvela

qveyanaSi, sadac aqamde batonobda”, xolo Tuki is “sadme kidev

avlens sicocxlis rame niSanwyals, es gamovlena miiswrafvis romTan

SesaerTeblad” (158). swored protestantobam, eklesiis avtorite-

tis uaryofiT, daiwyo is procesi, romelmac evropaSi antiqris-

tianuli sawyisi Semoitana: “protestantizmis mier gaxvretili am

rRveuliT, ase vTqvaT, aracnobierad, mogvianebiT dasavlur sazoga-

doebaSi antiqristianuli sawyisi SemoiWra” (164), radgan, eklesi-

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138 merab RaRaniZe

is samoZRvro winamZRolobis gareSe, “Tavis nebaze miSvebuli adami-

anuri me Tavisi arsiT antiqristianulia” (164).

bunebrivia, aseve miuRebelia tiutCevisaTvis safrangeTis rev-

olucia da misi faseulobebi, ufro metic, _ swored aq xedavs igi

evropis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi antiqristianul nakadTa saZirkv-

els (164-165).

roca saxelmwifo acxadebs, rom mas ara aqvs religia, es, rusi

poetisa da publicistis azriT, Sefarulad (da xan araSefarula-

dac) imasac metyvelebs, rom aseTi saxelmwifo Tavisi arsiT araqris-

tianulia (165), radgan, roca qristianobisagan miudgomlobas moikiTx-

aven, amiT misgan qristianobis uaryofas moiTxoven (166). “Tanamed-

rove saxelmwifo krZalavs saxelmwifo religias mxolod imitom,

rom mas aqvs sakuTari religia: revolucia” (167), “papobasa da am

sawyiss Soris ki SeuZlebelia rame garigeba, radgan es iqneboda

ara ubralod Zalauflebis daTmoba, aramed namdvili gandgomilo-

ba” (167). “revoluciur partias papoba Tavis pirad mtrad miaCnia,

imitom rom masSi qristianul sawyiss xedavs” (172). Tu saxelmwi-

fos revolucionerebi xelmZRvaneloben, amgvari saxelmwifo Tavis

ideologias antiqristianul, warmarTul sawyisebze afuZnebs, xolo

papis mxriv revolucionerTa mimarT daTmoba da arareligiuri,

sekularuli saxelmwifos ideologiis gaziareba “gandgomilobisa

da Ralatis” (176) tolfasi iqneba.

sxvaTa Soris, evropaSi eklesiis devnasTan akavSirebs tiut-

Cevi iezuitebis devnas, romelTac, _ maT mimarT sakuTari arcTu

simpaTiuri ganwyobis miuxedavad, _ miiCnevs “adamianebad, romlebic

aRsavseni arian mgznebare, daucxromeli, xSirad gmiruli Tavdadeb-

iT qristianuli saqmis mimarT” (170), xolo “am saxelganTqmuli

ordenis apologiaTa Soris, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze metyveli da

damajerebeli is gaafTrebuli da Seurigebeli siZulvilia, romel-

ic mis mimarT aqvT qristianuli religiis mtrebs” (169).

tiutCevis statia mainc mkrTali imediT mTavrdeba: erTi mxriv,

mas SeuZleblad miaCnia, “qristianebs avukrZaloT eimedebodeT, rom

RmerTi inebebs Tavisi eklesiis Zalebis Sewonadebas misTvis gankuTv-

nili axali amocanisaTvis” (177), xolo am eklesiad ki antiqris-

tianuli ganwyobebiT mocul evropaSi mas romis eklesia miaCnia,

radgan ar eeWveba, rom “qristianuli sawyisi arasodes gamqrala

romis eklesiaSi” (177); meore mxriv, es aris imedi ruseTisa, misi

gansakuTrebuli misiisa qristianuli samyaros winaSe, da, amave dros,

imedi piradad ruseTis xelmwifisa. am imedis macned mas romSi,

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139dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

wmida petres bazilikaSi, wmida petres saflavTan daCoqili ruse-

Tis imperatori miaCnia (imperatori nikoloz I 1846 wels stum-

robda roms). poetsa da diplomats misi iq yofna _ “marTlma-

didebeli imperatoris gamoCena romSi mravalsaukunovani aryofnis

Semdeg!” (178) _ providenciul movlenad miaCnia: “muxlmoyrili

imperatori iq marto ar iyo _ masTan erTad daCoqili imyofeboda

mTeli ruseTi. imedi viqonioT, rom mas fuWad ar ulocia wmida

nawilebis winaSe” (178).

amgvari aramkafio, bundovanebiT moculi sityvebiT sruldeba

fiodor tiutCevis Sexedulebani “romis sakiTxisa” da, ufro far-

Tod, romis eklesiis Sesaxeb, sadac mkafiod Cans avtoris aRmosav-

lurqristianuli TvalTaxedva.

4

“romis sakiTxis” gamo ilia WavWavaZisa da fiodor tiutCe-

vis poziciaTa Sedarebisas, pirvel yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia qro-

nologiuri gansxvaveba: rusi poetis teqsti dawerilia maSin, 1849

wels, roca papis saeklesio saxelmwifo jerxnobiT myarad dgas

da win Tavisi arsebobis ori aTeuli weli elis, magram misi erTi

didi Seryeva statiis werisas sul axali, ramdenime Tvis winande-

li ambavia: revolucionerTa mier romSi respublikis gamocxadeba,

garibaldis “wiTelperangosanTa” razmebis mxriv maTi SeiaraRebu-

li mxardaWera, papis ltolva romidan da Semdgom misi dabruneba

safrangeTis jarebis daxmarebiT, papis saxelmwifos Zalauflebis

aRdgena. xolo roca ilia wers “romis sakiTxze”, maSin es saxelm-

wifo ukve gauqmebulia da paps Tavi “vatikanis tyved” aqvs gamocx-

adebuli (Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom ilias bolo statia “romis

papebis brZola Zveli didebis aRsadgenad” swored im wels _ 1886

wels _ gamoqveynda, roca ruseTSi tiutCevis statiis rusuli

Targmani daibeWda).

iliaca da tiutCevic romis eklesiasa da romis saydars

aRmosavleTidan uyureben, Tundac geografiulad. miuxedavad imisa,

rom cxovrebis didi nawili _ 22 weliwadi _ tiutCevma evropaSi

gaatara, Tavisi am statiis dawerisa da gamoqveynebisas igi ukve

ruseTSi cxovrobda da imperiis saxelmwifo moxeled msaxurobda.

da mainc, rusi poeti evropas uSualod icnobda da evropuli

wyaroebiTac pirdapir sargeblobda, ilias statiebi ki ucxoeTis

Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda, meore xelis informacias eyrdnoba.

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140 merab RaRaniZe

umTavresi msgavseba iliasa da tiutCevs Soris isaa, _ aRmosav-

luri TvalsawierisaTvis ganmsazRvreli, _ rom orive metad kri-

tikulad arian ganwyobili romis saydrisa da papobis mimarT

(ilia _ kidev ufro metad9) da maTs arc erT teqstSi simpaTiis

wveTic ar Jonavs, Tumca maTi es damokidebuleba gansxvavebul ideur

wanamZRvrebs emyareba (amitom iliaseuli negatiuri paTosi Tval-

Sisacemad naklebadaa ganpirobebuli aRmosavluri xedviT). magram

jer gasaTvaliswinebelia gansxvavebaTa gareSe mizezebic da gare-

moebanic: roca ilia werda statiebs “romis sakiTxis” irgvliv,

misTvis isini arsebiTi mniSvnelobis teqstebi ar yofila da, faq-

tobrivad, misi gansazRvruli mizani iyo mkiTxvelisaTvis sazR-

vargareTis siaxleTa miwodeba (Tundac _ da Tumca _ es teqstebi

ideologiurad Sekazmuli da, Sesabamisad, ideologiurad metyveli

iyos), tiutCevi ki _ rusi publicisti da saxelmwifo moxele _

Tavis statias did sazogadoebriv (da piradad _ aRmsareblobiT)

mniSvnelobas aniWebs, radgan am furclebze, erTi mxriv, rusul

saxelmwifoebriv pozicias gamoxatavs, meore mxriv ki, sakuTar kon-

fesiur, ideur da politikur Tvalsawiers ayalibebs, Tavis guli-

snadebs amxels, rac, sxvaTa Soris, amgvaradve aRiqva rusulma Tu

evropulma sazogadoebrivma azrma da swored amitomac mas xangr-

Zlivi da safuZvliani saerTaSoriso diskusia mohyva (ix. leini

1988).

amas garda, qarTveli avtoris xedviT, sakiTxi arafriT exeba

mis samSoblos (nimuSadac ki ar gamodgeba!), xolo rusi avtori

darwmunebulia, rom misi samSoblosa da am qveynis adgilisa Tu

misiisaTvis msoflioSi sakiTxi metad angariSgasawevia.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “romis sakiTxis” Sesaxeb msjelobi-

sas iliasaTvis sakiTxis gadawyvetaa principuli, tiutCevisaTvis

principulia Tavad sakiTxi. ilias yuradRebas ipyrobs, Tu rogor

gadawydeba sasuliero da saero ZalauflebaTa daZabuli urTier-

Toba, tiutCevs aRelvebs romis saydris raoba da mniSvneloba, misi

warsuli da momavali.

magram mainc, mTavari, rac qarTvel da rus poets erTmaneTisa-

gan ganasxvavebs, maTi imJamindeli ideuri sayrdenebia: iliaseuli

kritika “marcxena” poziciidan xorcieldeba, tiutCevisa _ “mar-

9 sagangebo kvlevis gareSe Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad ireklavs ilias amgvari

pozicia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris saerTo ganwyobilebas. Sdr. Tundac

akaki wereTlis SemTxveva (moiswrafiSvili 2002: 44-48).

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141

jvnidan”; qarTveli publicisti liberalur safuZvelze dgas, rusi

_ konservatiulze; pirveli samyarosac da “romis sakiTxsac” seku-

laruli Tvalsawieridan xedavs, meore _ religiuridan.

iliasaTvis miuRebelia wmida saydris, rogorc damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos, arseboba, raSic igi imgvar _ “saSiSar” _ Zalaufle-

bas xedavs, romelic italiis saero xelisuflebis qmedebaTa Tavisu-

flebas SezRudavs; tiutCevisaTvisac miuRebelia wmida saydris

saero Zalaufleba, magram mizezi isaa, rom papebis swrafva Zalau-

flebisadmi mas qristes mier naqadagebi, saxarebiseuli RmrTis

samefos Ralatad miaCnia. misi TvalsazrisiT, romis eklesia “poli-

tikuri dawesebuleba”, “politikuri Zala” gaxda da igic, iseve

rogorc SemdgomSi ilia, romis saydars moixseniebs “saxelmwifod

saxelmwifoSi” (tiutCevi 2003: 163; Sdr. WavWavaZe 2005: 379).

rac ilias papis sijiuted, axirebulobad da Wirveulobad

miaCnia, _ sakuTari saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damoukideblobis

SenarCunebisaTvis brZola, revolucionerTa mimarT dauTmobloba,

sekularuli saxelmwifos ideologiis miuRebloba, _ tiutCevis

azriT, papis bunebrivi movaleobaa, metic, nebismieri sxvagvari qceva

qristianul Rirebulebebze uaris Tqma da gandgomiloba iqneboda.

ilia, gansxvavebiT tiutCevisagan, saerTod ar exeba saukunovan

gamijvnas aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qristianul samyaroebs

Soris, ar ganixilavs maTs dogmatur-eklesiologiur sxvaobebs,

aranair braldebad ar uyenebs roms bizantiuri tradiciis qris-

tianobisagan daSorebas. magram, amave dros, ilia ugulebelyofs

dasavlurqristianul _ romaul-kaTolikur _ tradiciul xedvas

da evropuli liberalizmis Tvalsazriss iziarebs; tiutCevi upir-

ispirdeba evropul liberalur Tvalsazriss da aRmosavlurqris-

tianul _ bizantiur-rusul _ tradiciul xedvas irCevs.

amasaTanave, ilia, _ da am SemTxvevaSic igi gansxvavdeba tiutCe-

visagan, _ arc luTersa da misgan agizgizebul protestantobas, arc

safrangeTis revolucias, arc evropul revoluciur moZraobebs ar

ganixilavs tradiciuli qristianuli, miT umetes, eklesiuri cno-

bierebis poziciidan. Tu tiutCevisaTvis protestantoba dasavleT

evropaSi antiqristianuli nakadis saTave da sawyisia, ilia Seu-

faravi simpaTiiT laparakobs luTeruli reformaciis Sesaxeb.

rogorc konteqstidan Cans, ilia TanagrZnobiT imowmebs italieli

politikosis sityvebs, sadac, “Tavisuflebis saxarebad”, sagulve-

blad, safrangeTis “(didi revolucis) dedaazrebi” (WavWavaZe 1997:

96) cxaddeba (rac, sxvaTa Soris, sruliad sekularuli formu-

dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

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142 merab RaRaniZe

lirebaa: revoluciuri faseulobebi Caenacvleba saxarebas!10), tiut-

CevisaTvis ki safrangeTis revolucia antiqristianul ZalTa aRzevebaa

da mas araferi aqvs saerTo saxarebasTan.

isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iliaca da tiutCevic kargad icnobdnen

epoqiseul antiqristianul nakadebsa da qrolvebs, cxadad acno-

bierebdnen evropaSi momZlavrebul antiqristianul ZalTa Semtev

swrafvebs11.

rac Seexeba “romis sakiTxs”, _ kerZod, viwro mniSvnelobiT, _

ilia yovelTvis TanagrZnobiT wers italiis revoluciuri moZraobis,

misi beladebis, italiis gaerTianebis gamo. marTalia, maSin, roca

tiutCevi werda Tavis statias, romi jer isev damoukidebeli saek-

lesio saxelmwifo iyo, magram Zneli warmosadgeni araa, Tu vis

dauWerda mxars rusi publicisti SemdgomSi _ mefe viqtor eman-

uel II-is jarebis mier romis okupaciisa da italiis gaerTianeb-

uli saxelmwifos dedaqalaqad misi gamocxadebis Semdeg.

da kidev: tiutCevis statiaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis finalSi, aSkarad

Jonavs rusuli saxelmwifo ideologiisaTvis fundamenturi idea

_ “mesame romis” idea, miuxedavad imisa, rom es cneba aq naxsenebi

araa. poeti da publicisti mkrTalad mianiSnebs, rom mxolod

ruseTis SemweobiT SeZlebs evropa da romis eklesia Tavis qris-

tianul ZirebTan dabrunebas. SemTxveviTi arc is iyo, rom im gamox-

maurebebSi, rac tiutCevis am statias mohyva, es Temebi (ruseTi

rogorc memkvidre romisa da “axali romisa” anu bizantiisa; ruse-

Ti rogorc msoflios momavali mxsneli) bunebrivad JRerda tiut-

Ceviseuli koncefciis rogorc momxreTa, ise mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris

(ix. leini 1988; cimburski 1995; tarasovi 2003). xolo “axali

romis” is qarTuli idea, romelic mkrTalad Rvioda konstanti-

nopolis 1204 wlis dacemis Semdeg Tamarisdoindeli saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebriv politikasa Tu ideologiaSi12, ukve mTlianad Camkv-

dara ruseTis imperiis guberniebad qceuli qveynis sazogadoebriv

10 ilias adreul leqsSic “qarTvlis dedas” (1858) safrangeTis revoluciis

devizi _ “Zmoba, erToba, Tavisufleba” (Liberté, égalité, fraternité: Tavisufleba,

Tanasworoba, Zmoba) _ miCneulia “qristes mcnebad”.

11 ilia rom kargad icnobda am nakads, isic metyvelebs, rom igi jer kidev 60-

ian wlebSi Sesdgomia evropuli Tu rusuli antiqristianuli mimarTulebis

imgvari fuZemdebluri teqstebis Targmnas qarTulad, rogorebicaa baironis

“kaeni” da “manfredi” an lermontovis “demoni” (WavWavaZe 1988: 63-67).

12 ix. Tundac ioane SavTeliseuli “axalo romo!” (SavTeli 1964: 152).

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143dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

cnobierebaSi. am dros romis ideas Znelad TuRa daukavSirebs vinme

qarTul ideas13.

5

G dabolos, ilia WavWavaZec da fiodor tiutCevic, miuxedavad

imisa, rom maTs SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi uzarmazari adgili eTmo-

boda publicistur saqmianobas, poetebi iyvnen. amitom, SemTxveviTi

araa, rom orive maTganis poeziaSic _ Tundac iribad _ asaxula is

Tema, romelsac maT TavianTi politikuri publicistikis zemore

ganxiluli furclebi miuZRvnes.

qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi karga xania ganmtkicda

Tvalsazrisi, rom ilia WavWavaZis leqsi “mesmis, mesmis” (1860)

exmaureba italiis ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas da eZRvneba ital-

iuri revoluciisa da “romis sakiTxis” erT-erT protagonists

juzepe garibaldis (1807-1882).

ilias simpaTia mis mimarT, romelsac poeti mTeli cxovrebis

manZilze inarCunebda, dadasturebulia memuarul wyaroebSi:

Tavadi koxta abxazi: (1838-1913), kaxeli memamule, ilias me-

gobari: “[ilia] aRmerTebda garibaldis” (leoniZe 1935: 564; abxazi

1987: 183).

dekanozi nikoloz naTiZe (1862-1921), mRvdelmsaxuri da

mwerali, romelic sakuTar mxatvrul nawerebs fsevdonim “mela-

nias” fsevdonimiT aqveynebda: “[iliam] merme miambo: erT dros

(ymawvilobaSio) davapire berad Sedgomao, Zriel momwonda myudro,

gandegili cxovrebao, magram raca garibaldma [sic!] daiwyo Tavisi

moqmedebao, beroba gadavifiqre da davapire volontiorad masTan

wasvlao. Semdeg, raca studentur cxovrebaSi gavexvie, veRar Sevas-

rule es ganzraxvao” (leoniZe 1935: 573).

grigol yifSiZe (1856-1921), ilias TanamSromeli da pirve-

li biografi: “ilias gatacebac garibaldis didebul moRvaweobiT

da Tavgamodebul brZoliT Cagrul erTa ganTavisuflebisaTvis advili

warmosadgenia. garibaldis saxeli da mamacoba ise hxiblavda maS-

indel Segnebul axalgazrdobas, rom ilias survili volonterad

wasvlisa gasakvirveli arafriT ar unda iyos” (yifSiZe 1987: 39);

13 qarTuli ideis Sesaxeb da misi dakavSireba uSualod romTan, “axali romis”

_ “bizantinizmis” daZlevis winapirobiT, Tumca “mesame romis” ideis qarTul

konotaciaTa gareSe: ix. akaki baqraZis statia “daviwyebuli idea” (baqraZe 2004:

454-478).

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144 merab RaRaniZe

“ilia studentobaSi ise, rogorc Semdegac, didi liberali yofila.

[...]Tayvansa scemda garibaldisac, am daCagrul erTa dids mosarCle-

sa da moamages. garibaldis didi suraTi Semdegac sikvdilamde

ganuSorebeli samkauli iyo mis samuSao oTaxisa”14 (yifSiZe 1987:

49).

grigol yifSiZe kargad warmoaCens, Tu ras niSnavda imdroinde-

li liberaluri axalgazrdobisaTvis garibaldis saxeli, romelic

gaigivebuli iyo “Cagrul erTa ganTavisuflebasTan”. misi popular-

oba ar klebulobda aTwleulobis manZilze da bevrgan igi miCneu-

li iyo, erTi mxriv, “ubralo” xalxis damcvelad, meore mxriv ki,

italiis ganmaTavisufleblad. TavisTavad es daxasiaTebac sakmaod

moikoWlebs sizustiT (radgan italiis istoriis zogierT fur-

celze garibaldis “wiTelperangosani” razmebi damrbevTa da moZa-

ladeTa saxiTaa Cawerili da istoriuladac XIX saukuneSi xor-

cieldeboda italiis ufro gaerTianeba, vidre gaTavisufleba!), ma-

gram, amas garda, savaraudoa, rom qarTul sazogadoebaSi, saerTod,

naklebad iyo cnobili juzepe garibaldis politikuri an, miT

umetes, misi religiuri Sexedulebani. faqtebi metyvelebs, rom igi

xSirad icvlida Tavis damokidebulebas sazogadoebriv sakiTxTa

mimarT, _ magaliTad, erTxans igi mtkice respublikeli iyo, magram,

amas misTvis xeli ar SeuSlia, politikuri mosazrebiT, SemdgomSi

demonstraciulad daeWira mxari savoiis dinastiis italiis same-

fo ojaxisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi is umTavresi, risTvisac

igi Tavs ar zogavda da rasac ucvlel cxovrebiseul miznad miiC-

nevda, papis Zalauflebis aRkveTa iyo. rogorc Cans, mis am daJineb-

ul damokidebulebas ganapirobebda is mkafio antieklesiuroba,

sastiki antiklerikalizmi, papobis mZafri miuRebloba, rac

dasayrdens mis msoflmxedvelobaSi povebda: igi yovelTvis Riad

aRiarebda aTeizms da 1882 wels, sicocxlis miwuruls, werda:

“adamianma Seqmna RmerTi da ara RmerTma _ adamiani!”. garibaldi

aqtiuri da qmediTi masoni iyo, _ marTalia, igi nakleb mniSvnelobas

aniWebda masonTa Tavyrilobebis ritualur mxares, magram mtkiced

sjeroda, rom masonuri qseli gaaerTianebda msoflios “progre-

sul” (ra Tqma unda, antieklesiur) adamianebs rogorc sxvadasxva

14 sxva wyaroebi ilias kabinetSi garibaldis biustis Sesaxeb laparakobs: ix.

ekaterine gabaSvilisa da iona meunargias mogonebani (WavWavaZe 1987: 382; meunar-

gia 1957: 37).

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145dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

erovnul erTobliobebSi, ise kacobriobis sayovelTao mTlianoba-

Si15. patiosnad unda iTqvas, rom Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad icnobda

ilia an misi garemo garibaldis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis am

mxares, anda mis Sexedulebebsa da religiur arCevans.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs, STagonebulia Tu ara “mesmis, mesmis”

juzepe garibaldis pirovnebiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erTi memuar-

isti, romelic ki garibaldis mimarT ilias damokidebulebas ix-

senebs, molodinis miuxedavad, aranairad ar moixseniebs am leqss.

mosazrebas, rom “mesmis, mesmis” garibaldis eZRvneba, erTaderTi

wyaro aqvs: Rrmad moxuci niko nikolaZis zepiri mogoneba, romel-

sac imowmebs pavle ingoroyva. cnobilia, rom leqsi Tavdapirvelad

nikolaZiseuli “krebulis” 1-el nomerSi dabeWdila 1871 wels.

gamoqveynebul teqsts am gamocemaSi erTvis minaweri: “es leqsi

glexebis ganTavisuflebis dros ekuTvnis”, Tumca pavle ingoroyvas

gadmocemiT, JurnalSi es SeniSvna cenzurisTvis Tvalis asaxvevad

nikolaZes miuweria, romlisTvisac manamde ilias uTqvams, rom “mes-

mis, mesmis” garibaldis exeba (WavWavaZe 1951: 381-382; WavWavaZe

1987: 382). unda iTqvas, rom teqstis saxeobrivi suraTi (“xalxT

borkilis xma mtvrevisa”, “simarTlis xma qveynada hquxs”, “moneba”)

ar iZleva aSkara miniSnebas, romelic calsaxad aRniSnavdes ital-

iis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolas anda 1860 wlis garibaldismier

aqtebs, kerZod, mesinis aRebas, siciliidan apeninis naxevarkunZulze

gadasxdomas da neapolis samefo jarebis damarcxebas, rac pavle

ingoroyvam leqsis daweris biZgad da sababad miiCnia (WavWavaZe

1951: 382)16, miT umetes, rom Setevac kontinentis mimarTulebiT da

neapolis aRebac 1860 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi ganxorcielda,

ilias leqsi ki avtoris mier 1860 wlis 29 ivlisiT aris daTar-

iRebuli17.

15 garibaldis asobiT biografiidan davasaxelebT erT-erT ukanasknels, oneto

jilbertos wigns: “zeitalieli: gmiri Tu aramzada? juzepe garibaldis biogra-

fia cenzuraTa gareSe” (jilberto 2006).

16 Sdr. ilia WavWavaZis pavle ingoroyvaseuli biografia (ingoroyva 1957: 60-61).

17 niko nikolaZis zepir mogonebaze damyarebuli pavle ingoroyvaseuli Tval-

sazrisis gaCenamde, leqss, rogorc Cans, aravin ukavSirebda garibaldis saxels,

Tumca Tavad ingoroyva darwmunebulia, rom misi TeoriiT “ispoba is miTi,

romelic gavrcelebulia Cvens mwerlobaSi, TiTqos leqsi “mesmis, mesmis” glexTa

ganTavisuflebas exebodes; amis Sesaxeb bevrjer Tqmula, zogjer sayveduriTac

ilias mimarT, rom poeti ukan CamorCa faqtebs, da rom es leqsi glexTa

ganTavisuflebaze mxolod maSin daibeWda, 1871-Si, roca glexoba uke ganTavisu-

flebuli iyoo...” (WavWavaZe 1951: 382).

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146 merab RaRaniZe

SesaZloa, ilias poziciis gasagebad ufro arsebiTi da niSneu-

li iyos naTiZiseuli mogoneba, romelSic TiTqos sagangebod asax-

ula paradigmuli (aSkarad ideuri!) dapirispireba _ cxovrebiseu-

li arCevani, romlis winaSe Wabuki ilia, misive sityvebiT, imJamad

mdgara: arCevani monazvnobasa da garibaldielobas Soris. aRsaniS-

navia, rom grigol yifSiZe sruliad sarwmunod miiCnevs ilias

ganzraxvas, volonterad ebrZola garibaldielebTan, Tumca odnavi

gakvirvebiT, Tundac melaniaseuli cnobis am mwerlis pirovnul

sandoobaze sruli dayrdnobiT, moixseniebs ilias survils, Ses-

dgomoda bermonazvnobis gzas (yifSiZe 1987: 39). rogorc viciT,

iliam aRar ganaxorciela Tavisi Canafiqri, Caweriliyo garibaldi-

elTa razmebSi, magram es ar niSnavda, rom man uari Tqva im liber-

alur da sekularul faseulobebze, romlis gansaxierebasac mis-

Tvis da misi wrisaTvis juzepe garibaldi warmoadgenda.

ilias “mesmis, mesmis” 1860 welsaa dawerili da is 1871 wels

gamoqveynda. qarTveli poetisa da publicistis leqsis daweridan

oTxi wlis Semdeg da gamoqveynebamde Svidi wliT adre _ 1864

wels _ fiodor tiutCevi wers leqss “Encyclica”, romelSic rusi

poeti da publicisti kidev erTxel adasturebs Tavis damokide-

bulebas papobis mimarT _ mis mZafr da mwvave miuReblobas: igi

ficxlad, sul ramdenime dRis Semdeg, exmaureba papis, pius IX-is,

antiliberalur enciklikas, “Quanta Cura”-s, romelic 1864 wlis 8

dekembers gamoqveynda da romelsac Tan erTvoda “Syllabus Errorum”

_ epoqis oTxmoci cdomilebis nusxa, romelTa Soris moxseniebu-

lia panTeizmi, naturalizmi, racionalizmi, indiferentizmi, social-

izmi, komunizmi, masonoba da religiur TavisuflebaTa sxvadasxva

gamovlinebebi. papi acxadebda, rom inteleqtualur, moralur da

sazogadoebriv wyobaSi adamianisaTvis absoluturi avtonomiis

miniWebiT liberalizmi uaryofs, _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, praqtikulad,

_ RmerTsa da zebunebriv religias, rasac logikurad mohyveba

Tavad RmrTis Teoriuli uaryofa da mis adgilas gaRmerTebuli

adamianis moTavseba.

enciklika gamoqveynebisTanave aikrZala ruseTSi, safrangeTSi,

italiis im miwebze, sadac imjerad mefobda viqtor emanuel II18...

Zneli dasajerebelia, magram antipapuri suliskveTebiT agznebuli

da papobis mimarT sul ufro metad Seurigebeli tiutCevisaTvisac,

18 romelsac aRtacebiT moixseniebda ilia (ix. zemore) da ase axasiaTebda: “iyo

friad mtkice aRmasrulebeli konstituciisa” (WavWavaZe 1997: 178).

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romelic msoflmxedvelobiT arasodes yofila liberali, romis

eklesiis pozicia am SemTxvevaSic miuRebeli aRmoCnda: Tavis leqs-

Si igi gmobs “gandgomil romsa” da “qristes crunacvals” da

romis saydars imgvarsave momavals uqadis, rac ierusalemis iude-

velTa taZars ergo. “Encyclica” poetiseuli damuqrebiT mTavrdeba:

papobis daRupvis sawindari misi is “sabediswero sityva” iqneba,

rom sindisis Tavisufleba bodvaa (“Åãî ïîãóáèò ðîêîâîå ñëîâî:«Ñâîáîäà

ñîâåñòè åñòü áðåä!»”).

amjerad fiodor tiutCevica da ilia WavWavaZec papobisa da

misi samoZRvro swavlebis miuReblobaSi Tanamoazreni aRmoCndnen _

liberaluri poziciidan!

1870 wels vatikanis I kreba (kaTolikuri samyarosaTvis is

XX msoflio krebadaa miCneuli) amtkicebs axal dogmas papis

ucdomlobis Sesaxeb sarwmunoebisa da zneobis sakiTxebSi19. am

dogmis gamocxadebis erTi wlisTavze, 1871 wlis ivlisSi, fiodor

tiutCevi wers leqss “vatikanuri wlisTavi” (“Âàòèêàíñêàÿ

ãîäîâùèíà”). papobisa da, kerZod, axali dogmis mimarT mrisxanebiTa

da SeupovrobiT gamsWvalul am inveqtivaSi, sadac poeziisaTvis

arcTu Cveuli dauokebeli Zagebis korianteli dgas, poeti saaugo

sityvebs ar iSurebs romis episkoposis mimarT: paps braldeba

RmrTismgmobloba, mkrexeloba, sibilwe, aTaswlovani sicrue, mac-

duroba, sakuTari Tavis RmerTad da RmerTkacad gamocxadeba, igi

miCneulia borot ZalTa saTamaSod da msxverplad, wodebulia “va-

tikanel dalai lamad” da, bolos, gancxadebulia, rom igi araa

mowodebuli qristes nacvlad (“Íå ïðèçâàí áûòü íàìåñòíèêîì Õðèñòà”).

poetis TvalsazrisiT, Tavisi am nabijiT _ romis pirvelmoZRvris

ucdomlobis aRiarebiT _ papma uZiro sicarieleSi gadaabija.

zemore ukve naCvenebia, rom arc ilia Sexvedria TanagrZnobiT

romis eklesiis axali “doRmatis” dadgenas, magram saqme isaa, rom

misTvis es dogma miuRebelia imdenad, ramdenadac masSi igi papebis

saero Zalaflebis aRdgenis mcdelobas xedavs, Tumca iqve _ mrisx-

anebis gareSe _ ironiulad SeniSnavs, rom “amiT bevri ara eSvela ra

yvelasagan ganwiruls papobas” (WavWavaZe 2006: 378).

19 am dogmis Tanaxmad, roca papi, rogorc romis pirvelmoZRvari, Tavisi kaTedri-

dan metyvelebs, _ ese igi, roca yvela qristianis mwyemsisa da moZRvris

msaxurebis aRsrulebisas, Tavisi umaRlesi mociqulebrivi Zalauflebis Rirse-

biT, mTeli eklesiisaTvis gansazRvravs moZRvrebas sarwmunoebis an zneobis

Sesaxeb, _ romis pirvelmoZRvris amgvari gansazRvrebani ucdomelia.

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148 merab RaRaniZe

magram Tu 1864 wlis enciklikis _ “Quanta Cura”-s _ winaaRm-deg fiodor tiutCevma imave liberaluri poziciidan gailaSqra,

rogorzec ilia WavWavaZe imyofeboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi, maSin,

roca qarTveli poeti Tavis statiaSi, xolo rusi poeti Tavis

leqsSi mZafrad uaryofiTad afasebdnen romis eklesiis mier 1870

wels papis ucdomlobis dogmis gamocxadebas, isini isev daSordnen

erTmaneTs: axali dogmis iliaseuli kritika isev sekularulia,

tiutCevisa _ isev religiuri.

karga xania, aRar dgas “romis sakiTxi”, _ politikur ganzom-

ilebaSi is aTwleulebis winaT gadaiWra, _ Tumca masTan ganuyrelad

dakavSirebuli ideuri Tvalsawieris, arCevanis, orientaciis sak-

iTxebi isev kiTxvebad rCeba. maTze pasuxebis Ziebisas vinZlo ilia

WavWavaZisa da fiodor tiutCevis politikur publicistikaSi, anda

maTs poeziaSi asaxuli da gamJRavnebuli mimarTulebani imgvari

mimaniSnebeli aRmoCndes, romelic Tundac saqarTvelos, Tundac ruseTis

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisaTvis momavlis niSansvetebad, _ zog

SemTxvevaSi gzis gasayolad, zog SemTxvevaSi gzis uarsayofad, _

gamodgeba.

Dliteratura

abxazi 1987: abxazi k. [mogonebani ilias Sesaxeb], ilia: mogonebebi

gardasul dReTa, Tb.: merani, 1987.

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani, t. II, Tb.: nekeri _ lomisi,

2004.

bezvinski 1997: Bezwiñski A. Kilka uwag do artyku³u Fiodora TiutczewaPapiestwo i kwestia rzymska, S³owianie wschodni, Krakow, 1997.

ingoroyva 1957: ingoroyva p. ilia WavWavaZe: narkvevi, Tb.: saxelmw.

gam-ba, 1957.

leini 1988 : Ëýéí Ð. Ïóáëèöèñòèêà Òþò÷åâà â îöåíêå

çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêîé ïå÷àòè êîíöà 1840-õ — íà÷àëà 1850-

õ ãîäîâ, Ëèòåðàòóðíîå íàñëåäñòâî, Ò. 97, Êí. I / Ô. È.

Òþò÷åâ, Ì.: Íàóêà, 1988.

leoniZe 1935: leoniZe g. masalebi ilia WavWavaZis biografiisaTvis,

literaturuli memkvidreoba, w. I, tf.: sax. un-tis gamomc.,

1935.

meunargia 1957: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi, II, samecn.-meTod.

kabinetis gam-ba, 1957.

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149dasavluri qristianoba aRmosavluri Tvalsawieridan: `romis sakiTxi~...

moiswrafiSvili 2002: moiswrafiSvili T. akaki wereTeli da

qarTveli kaTolikeebi, saqarTvelo da qristianuli dasavleT

evropis urTierToba, [baTumi], 2000.

tarasovi 2003: Òàðàñîâ Á.Í. Êîììåíòàðèè, Òþò÷åâ Ô. È.

Ïîëíîå ñîáðàíèå ñî÷èíåíèé è ïèñåì: â 6 ò. Ò. 3.

Ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, Ì.: Êëàññèêà, 2003.

tiutCevi 2003: Òþò÷åâ Ô. È. Ïîëíîå ñîáðàíèå ñî÷èíåíèé è

ïèñåì: â 6 ò. Ò. 3. Ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, Ì.:

Êëàññèêà, 2003.

yifSiZe 1987: yifSiZe g. ilia WavWavaZe 1837-1907 (biografia),

ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, Tb.: merani, 1987.

SavTeli 1964: Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni, II: ioane SavTeli,

abdulmesiani, Tb: mecniereba, 1964.

cimburski 1995: Öûìáóðñêèé Â.Ë. Òþò÷åâ êàê ãåîïîëèòèê,

Îáùåñòâåííûå íàóêè è ñîâðåìåííîñòü, 1995, ¹ 6.

WavWavaZe 1929: WavWavaZe i. nawerebis sruli krebuli [aT tomad],

t. X, tf.: qarTuli wigni, 1929.

WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad,

t. I, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1952.

WavWavaZe 1952: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani: sruli krebuli xuT

tomad, t. III, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1952.

WavWavaZe 1957: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad,

t. 9, Tb.: saxelms. gam-ba, 1957.

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc

tomad, tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1987.

WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc

tomad, tomi III, Tb.: mecniereba, 1988.

WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc

tomad, tomi VI, Tb.: mecniereba, 1997.

WavWavaZe 2005: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc

tomad, tomi VII, Tb.: ilias fondi, 2005.

WavWavaZe 2006: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc

tomad, tomi IX, Tb.: ilias fondi, 2006.

jilberto 2006: Gilberto O. L'Iperitaliano. Eroe o cialtrone? Biografiasenza censure di Giuseppe Garibaldi, Rimini: Il Cerchio, 2006.

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Merab Ghaghanidze

The Western Christianity from the Point of View of theOrient The Roman Question in the Political Articles

by Ilia Chavchavadze and by Fyodor Tyutchev

The Roman Question was a political dispute between the Italian Govern-ment and the Papacy and this question didn’t lose its actuality during the wholesecond half of the 19th century. The Roman Question began when Rome wasdeclared Capital of Italy (1861). After the occupation of Rome by Royal Armyof the Italian Kingdom (1870) this situation made more critical.

Ilia Chavchavadze and Fyodor Tyutchev had writeen some several articleson this problem. Both of them were poets and so they reflexed it in their poetryalso. The position of Tyutchev is based on the Eastern Christian tradition, theposition of Ilia Chavchavadze is more nearer to the liberal attitude. Both of themare very critical towards to the Papacy, but their points of view are different.

merab RaRaniZe

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k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis

saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa da kultu-

ris kvlevebis fakulte-

tis asocirebuli pro-

fesori. iv. javaxiSvilis

sax. istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutis

mTavari mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

Ìèô è ðèòóàë â ÇàïàäíîéÃðóçèè., Òá. 1991.simbolo da rituali

qarTul kulturaSi, Tb.,

1997.

interesTa sfero:

kulturuli anTropolo-

gia, semiotika, uZveles

kulturaTa kvlevebi,

miTologia da reli-

giebis istoria, anali-

zuri fsiqologia, li-

teraturis istoria, mu-

sika, xelovnebis istoria.

nino abakelia

“daimonebi” qarTulmiTo-ritualur sistemaSi

`daimonebi” berZnuli warmomavlobis

terminia da “zebunebriv arsebebs”, “sulebs”

niSnavs. Tavdapirvelad isini moiazrebodnen,

rogorc keTili, boroti an neitraluri

arsebebi, romlebic sakralursa da profan-

ul, e.i. transcendentursa da warmaval sf-

eroebs Soris Suamavlobdnen.

daimonebis moqmedebis sfero miTolo-

giaa (miTologia, rogorc pirvelqmnili re-

alobis narativi b. malinovskiseuli gage-

biT), xolo tradiciul miTologias, j. kemp-

belis ganmartebiT, oTxi funqcia aqvs,

romelTagan pirveli cnobierebis SeTanxmeba,

Serigebaa sakuTari arsebobis winapirobebTan

(mistikuri an metafizikuri funqcia); me-

ore _ samyaros saxis, kosmologiuri saxis

gamoxatvaa, gadmocemaa, romelSic yvelaferi

erTi didi sakraluri suraTis, xatis naw-

ilad unda moiazrebodes (kosmologiuri

funqcia); mesame – tradiciuli funqciaa,

specifikuri socialuri wesrigis ganmtki-

ceba da SenarCuneba. igi xsnis da amarTlebs

moralur kods, rogorc upirobo konstru-

qcias (sociologiuri funqcia). bolos,

meoTxe, romelic am samive funqciis safuZv-

elSia da mis sayrdens warmoadgens, aris

fsiqologiuri (rac gulisxmobs individe-

bis Camoyalibebas maTi sxvadasxva social-

uri jgufebis miznebisa da idealebis mixed-

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152

viT, romelTac isini dabadebidan sikvdilamde atareben) (kempbeli

1988:138).

qarTul tradiciaSi (iseve, rogorc sxva mraval tradiciaSi)

samyaro moiazreboda, rogorc gansxvavebul saufloTa, sknelTa er-

Tianoba, romelic sazRvrebiT iyo SemozRuduli. sivrculi as-

peqtiT, qarTuli miTologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT (romel-

ic rekonstruirdeba miTis, ritualis, enobrivi da sxva doneebis

SeswavliT), samyaro Sedgeba erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli skneleb-

isgan: zeviTa//zemo (anu cis mkvidrTa) samyaro (dasavlur _ qarTul

tradiciaSi warmodgenili Jini anTaris, JiniSi orTas, qristianul

doneze: mTavarangelozTa, wm. giorgisa da wm. elias da a.S. alomor-

fuli personaJebiT), Sua (cxovelTa da adamianTa samkvidro)

samyaro, qvemo samyaro// qveskneli (miwisqveSeTis, qvecrielTa, xTonur

arsebaTa sauflo, warmodgenili fuZis batonis, adgilis dedis

da sxva arsebebiT, qristianul doneze RvTismSoblis saxiT da

sxv.).

CamoTvlili vertikaluri samyaroebis garda, aseve rekonstru-

irdeba e.w. G`gare” (megr. “galeniSis”) samyaro, romelic upir-

ispirdeba sociums; masSi Sedis tyeebi, ucnobi, gaukvalavi adgilebi

Sesabamisi binadrebiTa da maTi patronebiT (adgilis dedofali,

tyis mefe, kldis angelozi, wylis deda da sxva). am sauflosa da

yoveli veluris mbrZanebeli “galeniSi orTaa”, romelTan, aseve, aso-

cirdeba saiqio da misi binadarni. es zona Seicavs, da es mniSvnelo-

vania, vertikalur (Tudoni nerCi, wylis deda...) da horizontalur

(nadirTPpatroni, galeniSi orTa...) topografias. zemoxsenebuli

saufloebi//samyaroebi upirispirdeba socialurad organizebul ad-

amianTa samyaros sociums (n. abakelia 1987, 1991). sivrculi da

droiTi arqauli principiT klasificirebuli rituali avlens

samyaros Semadgenel saufloebs, sknelebs enobrivi monacemebis ana-

liziTac. enobrivi monacemebiT vlindeba sxva sknelebic, kerZod,

“ukanaskneli”, romelsac bneli da saSiSi samyaros konotacia gaaC-

nia da rekonstruirebuli “winaskneli”, anu frontaluri samyaro

(i. surgulaZe 1985, 1987:133 - 158).

zRvris simbolika, romelic sivrcis simbolur organizacia-

sTan aris dakavSirebuli (rogorc “SinaSi”, aseve “gareSic”) uSu-

alod kosmologiur sistemas efuZneba, misgan gamomdinare da, Tavis

mxriv, samyaros suraTis Semqmnelia (n. abakelia 1987:237-242). ram-

denadac adamiani am sazRvrebTanaa dakavSirebuli, mas saSualeba

eZleva Seicnos keTili, boroti da neitralurad kategorizebuli

nino abakelia

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153

daimonebi, romelnic moZraoben sakraluridan profanul sferoebSi

da piriqiT.

sxvadasxva modalur doneze ganTavsebuli zRurbli (mag.; “Sina-

Si” anu kulturul topografiaSi gadis kar-midamoze, sacxovre-

belze, taZarze da sxv., gare sknelSi _ tyeze, kldeze, zRvaze, tbaze,

mTaze da sxv.), romelic erT samyaros meorisgan gamoyofs, hermet-

ulad Caketili ar aris. masSi aris sxvadasxva saxis gasasvlelebi

_ karis, sarkmlis, xvrelis, Riobis, sakvamuris, da sxv. saxiT, rom-

lebic adamianTa samyaros hermetulobas asustebs da misi meSveo-

biT sxva samyaroSi gasvla SesaZlebeli xdeba.

amrigad, adamianTa samyaro, romelSic adamiani drois, sivrcis da

mizezis faqtorebiT iyo SemozRuduli, garSemortymuli iyo e.w.

gare skneliT, romelSic Sediodnen vertikalur da horizontalur

WrilSi ganTavsebuli saufloebi, miwisqveSeTi, zeca da horizon-

talur WrilSi arsebuli yvela auTvisebeli da ucnobi adgili,

samyofi saSiSi da saxifaTo Zalebisa.

samyaros suraTs mikrokosmiur doneze imeorebs sacxovrisi,

romelSic igive simbolizmi miikvleva (gavixsenoT keris, kamaris,

dedaboZis – (vertikaluri Wrili); samamacos, sadiacos… (hori-

zontaluri Wrili), gardamavali zonis – mag.: aivnis, ezos sim-

bolizmi) (sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. l. Cibirovi, v. Ciqovani, 1987;

p. buxraSvili, 1988; s. leJava, 2005) makrokosmiuri sazRvrebia:

zRva, mTebi, mdinare, tye, auTvisebeli miwebi... (n.abakelia 1987).

es samyaroebi mravalnairi arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli da maTTan

garkveuli simboloebi da simbolizmi asocirdeba. simboloebi

upiratesad moqmedeben sam doneze: fsiqikaSi, romelsac tradiciu-

lad mikrokosmosi ewodeba; sazogadoebaSi _ mezokosmosSi da

samyaroSi/bunebaSi _ makrokosmosSi, anu kosmosSi. magram adamiani

patara fragmentebSi da izolirebulad ki ar cxovrobs, aramed

mTlian samyaroSi da am sxvadasxva sferoebTan gamudmebiT urTier-

Tobs. amas ki simbolizmi emsaxureba. simboloebi, Tavis mxriv, xatovnad

da TvalsaCinod aRweren adamianisTvis umniSvenelovanes sazrunavs.

misi Sinagani arsebis kavSirs garSemo arsebul samyarosTan. fsiqol-

ogebis ganmartebiT, Sida xedvebi garegnuli gamoxatvisken iswrafvian,

xolo gare faqtebi _ mniSvnelobas eZeben (CeTvaindi 1986).

zogi simbolo bunebrivia: mag.: gvelebi, xarebi, xeebi... zogi fsi-

qikidan momdinarea. mag.: drakonebi, RmerTebi, daimonebi...

fizikur doneze azrebi mxolod azrebia. fsiqikur doneze azrebi

_ arsebebia. isini gadian samyaroSi da zemoqmedeben garemoze. isini

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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dinamikurebi arian da eZeben materialur gamoxatulebas da aqtu-

alizacias (mimarTeba xilulsa da uxilav samyaroebs Soris). rogorc

sulieri arsebebi, isini zegavlenas axdenen adamianze, mis mimarTeba-

ze sakralursa da wmindaze. isini SeiZleba iyvnen an naxevrad

adamianebi, an adamianismagvari arsebebi, ara adamianebi an adamianuri

arsebebis moCvenebebi da sxv.

miTologiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian

“sakuTari”//sxvisi”, “nacnobi”//“ucxo”, “Sina”//“gare”, “saxli” _ “tye”

(rogorc auTvisebeli adgili), “dRe” // Rame”; ufro zogadad _

“samyaro” // “antisamyaro”. struqturalisturi midgomidan gamom-

dinare, mowesrigebuli samyaro Sinas ukavSirdeba, xolo mouwes-

rigebeli _ qaoss. orive samyaros personaJebi cdiloben gadalax-

on sazRvrebi da SeaRwion sapirispiro samyaroSi sxvadasxva mizniT.

SinaSi, anu droiTa da sivrciT SemozRudul warmaval samyaroSi

saxlis, rogorc mikrokosmosis, sazRvrebi TvalsaCinoa da misi

hermetuloba irRveva karebiT, fanjrebiT da sakvamuriT (n.abakelia

2002). xolo rac Seexeba makrokosmul sazRvrebs isini iwyeba

auTvisebeli, ucnobi adgilebidan (ix. levi-strosi, 1983).

rac Seexeba grZnobiT samyaros, is ver iqneba “Caketili sistema”,

rene genonis gansazRvrebiT. Riobebi, saidanac destruqciul Zalebs

SeuZliaT SemoWra, tradiciuli simbolizmis Tanaxmad, gaCndnen “did

kedelSi”, romelic gars artyia am samyaros da icavs (dabali

infernuli Txeli fenis) damRupveli zemoqmedebisgan.

am simbolizmis yvela aspeqtis ukeT gagebisaTvis r. genonis

SeniSvniT, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom kedeli imavdroulad war-

moadgens dacvasac, SezRudvasac da rom garkveuli azriT, mas aqvs

upiratesobac da uxerxulobac. magram ramdenadac is emsaxureba

qvemodan momdinare (xolo Cven SemTxvevaSi zogadad garedan mom-

dinare: e.i. qvemodan, zemodan, garedan _ n.a.) Tavdasxmis mogeriebas,

misi Tavdacvis funqcia ufro mkveTrad gamoxatulia (genoni, 2003).

sainteresoa, rom adamiani asaxlebs sulebiT ara marto ucnob

adgilebs, aramed kargad nacnob da aTvisebul adgilebsac. mag. sax-

lSi, romelic mikrokosmosia, amgvar sulebs Tavisi specialuri

lokusebi gaaCniaT (upiratesad sacxovreblis marjvena kuTxeSi)

da iwodebian saxlTangelozebad (svaneTSi meziri) (n. abakelia

2007).

gare samyaros drois miRmuri simboloebi, romelTac gaaCniaT,

rogorc keTili, ise avbediTi zemoqmedebis unari, hermetulad

Caketili sazRvrebis sivrceSi ciklurad iWrebian “RiobebSi”,

nino abakelia

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romelic Riaa sezonebis cvlis dros (mag.; Wiakokonobaze, vnebis

kviris did xuTSabaTs, eliobaze (2.08), mariam RvTismSoblis

miZinebis dResaswaulze (28. 08); Winkebis mosvlisas gazafxulsa

da Semodgomaze, mesefebis zRvidan mosvlis dros Semodgomaze da

sxv. aseve nebismierad modian infeqciur daavadebaTa sulebi “ba-

toni-angelozebi” da sxv.).

arsebebi, romlebic Tavs esxmian sazogadoebas erTdroulad

aRiwerebian, rogorc goliaTebi (devebi (devebTan dakavSirebiT ix.

gurCiani 2007), oCokoCebi) da jujebi (Winkebi, dafaruli ganZis

mcveli” – qajebi (mWedlebi _ miwisqveSa cecxlis mflobelni,

romelTac sakmaod damRupveli aspeqti gaaCniaT).

magram “miwisqveSeTis” simboloebic orgvarovania da aqvT, rogorc

umaRlesi, aseve “infernuli” azri (magram aq maTze ar vimsjelebT).

realuri samyaros warmomadgeneli aris gmiri (monadire, me-

Tevze...), xolo antisamyaros gamovlinebebia: devebi, qajebi, Winkebi,

mesefi, tyis sxvadasxva sulebi: dixaSkoCi (megr. miwis kaci), oCoko-

Ci (goliaTi), oCopint(r)e, tyaSi mafa, dali, kapi, rokapi, miziTxu,

wylis deda, zRvis deda da sxv., romelTa ubralo dasaxelebac ki

Zalian Sors wagviyvanda).

orive samyaros personaJebi cdiloben SeaRwion sapirispiro

samyaroSi sxvadasxva mizniT.

“sxvis” sivrceSi yofnisas daimoni (Winkebi, qajebi, tyis sule-

bi) Tavs sxvadasxva xmebis gamocemiT avlenen, magram uxilavi rCebi-

an adamianisTvis. zog SemTxvevaSi adamians SeuZlia xilva daimonisa,

romelic “antisivrceSia” da uxilavia sxva xalxisTvis, magram xi-

lulia supersensitiuri adamianisTvis (monadire, meTevze, RvTis

msaxuri). antisamyarodan dabrunebuli gmiri iRebs “saocar” unars,

codnas an giJdeba (xeldeba). specialuri literaturidan kargad

aris cnobili, rom adamiani da sulebi (anu, rogorc Cven vxmarobT

daimonebi) erTmaneTTan urTierToben sizmris an xilvebis meSveo-

biT liminalur (e.i. zRvrul) zonebSi, rogoric SeiZleba iyos

zemoT aRniSnuli zRva, klde, gamoqvabuli, tba, wyali, tye da sxv.

realur sivrceSi SeWrisas daimoni ara Tavisi WeSmariti sax-

iTaa, aramed adamianis, cxovelis an sagnis. aq daimoni _ maqciaa.

SeiZleba miiRos saxe cxovelisa, irmis, jixvis, ZaRlis, katis... yve-

laze tipur niSans daimonisas warmoadgens TeTri samosi da gaS-

lili da an gaCeCili Tmebi (tyaSi mafa, dali, oCokoCi....) (abakelia

1991.)

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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sainteresoa, rom rogorc antagonisti ityuebs adamians (gmirs)

Tavis samyaroSi, aseve adamianic cdilobs mis motacebas, dajabnas

da momsaxurebas keTildReobisTvis. mag.: Winkas, patara grZelTmian-

sa da grZel frCxilebian arsebas, erT-erT avsuls, adamianisTvis

zogadad zianis motana SeuZlia. magram Tu daiWeren da Tmebsa da

frCxilebs (raSic misi Zalaa) daaWrian, SeiZleba misi sasikeTod

gamoyeneba, kerZod, “msaxurad dayeneba”.

gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac antisamyaros warmomadgeneli,

an warmomadgenlebi ritmulad erTidaimave dros iWrebian realur

samyaroSi da zemoqmedeben masze (mesefoba, Winkas mosvla oqtomber-

noemberSi...). aseT dros maT specialuri ritualebiTa da

dResaswaulebiT xvdebian (Wiakokonoba). nawilobriv aseve SeiZle-

ba iTqvas berikaobazec, romelSic erTgvari infernuli elementi

sufevs da yvelaferi gadabrunebulia (travestizmi). aseT dros,

iRebdnen Sesabamis sifrTxilis zomebs maTgan Tavis dasacavad (cecx-

lis danTeba, eklebis dadeba, naxSiriT jvrebis dasma Sesasvlele-

bze, Tavze sanTlebis dakvra da sxv.).

adamianic, Tavis mxriv, iWreba antisamyaroSi, magram gansakuTre-

buli kanonebis dacviT (gavixsenoT monadiris mier daculi aRkveT-

ebi da specialuri ritualebi tyeSi, e.i. nadirT patronis sau-

floSi Sesvlamde).

Sinasa da gare samyaroebis garda daimonebi TviTon adamianSic

saxloben.

adamianSi qarTuli tradiciuli rwmenebis mixedviT, keTili da

boroti sulebi cxovroben (es rwmena ara marto qarTuli tradici-

isTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, is universaluria. sakmarisia gavixsenoT

Tundac rilkes gamonaTqvami: “Tu Cemi eSmakebi damtoveben, vSiSob,

angelozebic gamifrindebian”-o). keTili suli, anu angelozi, adami-

ans marjvena mxarTan adgas da mis fiqrebs, grZnobebsa da moqmede-

bebs sikeTisken warmarTavs, xolo boroti suli, eSmaki, marcxena

mxarze azis da yovelnairad cdilobs, adamiani swor gzas aacdinos

da boroti saqme Caadeninos (bardaveliZe 1950:124 - 155).

keTil sulTan sinaTle da dRea dakavSirebuli, borotTan _

Rame da sibnele. sulebi moqmedeben, rogorc koleqtiur, aseve indi-

vidualur doneebze. individualur doneze ufro seriozul sa-

frTxes qmnian (adamians aavadeben, agiJeben), vidre koleqtiur don-

eze, romelic mxolod erTi an ori dRiT ifargleba da isic

ZiriTadad mxiaruli dResaswaulebiT.

nino abakelia

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xevsurebis gadmocemiT, adamiani maSin “daixelTeba” (gagiJdeba)

rodesac jvar-angelozni, RvTisSvilni ar exmarebian, roca isini

datoveben adamians. eSmakebs maSin darCebaT zeobani (Tavisuflebao)

da sadac Caigdeben xelSi RvTisSvilis mier ganwirul adamians mas

daepatronebian da daxelTaveno (gaagiJebeno) N(mindaZe 2005: 232-

244).

daavadebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavlisas n. mindaZe mivida

daskvnamde, rom eSmakis mier adamianis dapatroneba ramdenime etaps

moicavda da TiToeuli am etapze daavadebis garkveuli formiT

vlindeboda. pirvel rigSi is irCevda borot, Surian, RvarZlian da

Zunw adamians. Semdeg cdilobda amqveyniuri sikeTeebiT adamianis

Secdenas da am gziT misgan mfarveli angelozis moSorebas. Secde-

nil adamians samagierod sTxovda sulis daTmobas, miyidvas, raTa

saiqioSi igi etanja.. Tu eSmakis rCeuli mis survils dahyveboda,

eSmaks “suls mihyidida”, igi eSmakis “kerZi”, misi msaxuri “kudiani”,

“wyeuli”, “mazakvali” gaxdeboda da misi amqveynieri keTildReoba

garantirebuli iyo.

eSmaki adamians aavadebda moCvenebiT, molandebiT, an fizikuri

zemoqmedebiT – xelis dakvriT da sxv. mis kuTvnil teritoriaze

“naZrax adgilebSi”, avsulTaTvis gankuTvnil dros “bnelSi” _ sa-

Ramos an Rame, mzis Casvlis Semdeg adamianis moxvedrisas (n.

mindaZe 2005)

Tu zemoT motanili masala qristianuli xedvis tradiciuli

asaxvaa, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi oCopint(r)esTan dakavSirebuli

rwmena-warmodgenebi ufro arqaul niSnebs avlens. erTi versiiT

safarveldadebuli, uxilavi oCopint(r)e mamri arsebaa, nadirTmw-

yemsia. sanadirod wasvlamde monadire winaswar oCpint(r)es uTanxm-

deba.

z.kiknaZis dakvirvebiT, Tu dali da tyaSi mafa monadirisgan

siyvaruls moiTxoven, oCopint(r)e adamians suls sTxovs. gavr-

celebuli rwmeniT “vinc bevr nadirs xocavda oCopint(r)esTvis

hqonda micemuli suli”... oCopint(r)esaTvis sulis micema iseve

saidumlod unda Senaxuliyo, rogorc dalis sayvarloba inaxeboda

saidumlod. Tu adamiani saidumlos gacemda, oCopint(r)e dasjida

mas. kldidan gadmoagdebda nadirobis dros, anu igive elodeboda,

rac dalis saidumlos gamcems. z. kiknaZis azriT, niSandoblivia,

rom oCopintresaTvis sulmicemuli monadire pirad cxovrebaSi

gauxareli iyo. monadireobaSi uzomo warmatebis wil uZeod gada-

sagebad iyo ganwiruli. warmatebas nadirobaSi “nadirTmwyemsi”

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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aZlevs, Svils ki jvari (RvTisSvili) ukavebs. ramdenadac arxotu-

li warmodgeniT jvars nadiric ejavreba, nadirTpatronic da mx-

ecico, radgan nadiri eSmakT saqonia da mwyemsi-patroni _ eSmakio.

nadiri eSmakTa samwysoa. aq z. kiknaze Sinasa da gares ukidures

dapirispirebas xedavs: jvari Sinauri pirutyvis potenciuri pat-

ronia, amitomac iwiravs mas msxverplad, gareuli ki sapirispiro.

Sinauris mwyemsi RvTisSvilia, gareulisa _ eSmaki.

oCopint(r)e, gudamayruli masaliT, nadirTmwyemsia da pawia qa-

lis saxiT eCveneba xolme monadireebs. misTvis pawia qalamnebs

Txis, Zroxis an xaris tyavisagan amzadebdnen da maRal kldeze

datovebdnen. saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli Tqmule-

bebiT nadirs rigrigobiT patronobs qali an vaJi. saingiloSi

Cawerili TqmulebiT nadirs Tavis batoni da-Zma hyavs. TiTo wels

patronoben isini tyis nadirs. kaxuri monacemebiT nadirTmwyemsi

SeiZleba qalic iyos da kacic. maT Soris morigeobaa. roca qalis

jeria, maSin nadiri Zneli mosaklavia, qali frTxilobs: xolo kaci,

rom aris, maSin nadiri “briyvia” da misi mokvla advilia; fSav-

lebic nadirTRvTaebas patara qalad warmoidgenen” (e. virsalaZe

1976).

kaxuri masaliTac Tu monadire nadirs ver moklavda, Sin patara

perangs Seakerinebda, waiRebda da oCopint(r)es ZRvnad miarTmevda,

xis kenweroze dakidebda da Seexveweboda: “nadiris angelozo, nu

gamiwyrebi, gTxov wyaloba moiReé Cemze, bevri Sen da cota meo!”.

oCopintres kvali xSirad unaxavT da mnaxvelebs uTqvamT: “patara

bavSvis kvalsa hgavso”(i.javaxiSvili 1960).

kidev erTi saintereso Strixia oCopint(r)esTan dakavSirebul

rwmena-warmodgenebSi: Tu monadires sizmarSi evlineba vaJi – es

oCopit(r)ea, romelsac man suli unda misces. oCopint(r)e war-

matebuli nadirobis garantiad Tofs uwvdis sityvebiT: “wamae, sa-

nadirod wavidaT”. oCopint(r)e monadires Zmadnafici da nad-

irobaSi partnioria, romelsac is suls aZlevs. sanacvlod mas

jvari sjis (kiknaZe 2005).

“dapatronebul” adamianSi (iqneba is gaxelebuli, “qajiani”, “qa-

jTagan Sepyrobili”, Tu avsulis msaxuri: mazakvali, mzakvari, kudi-

ani, kuduri da sxv.) keTili suli tovebs da mTlianad moicavs mas.

rogorc aRiniSna, mzakvris mTavari Tvisebebia: sixarbe, boroteba,

RvarZli, Tvaliscema. misi msaxurebi arian mgeli, kata, mamali.

kudianebis saxelSi orive: kacic da qalic igulisxmeba. maT

xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT aqvT ori suli: erTi wminda da

nino abakelia

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erTi uwminduri da aseTive ori guli. avsulis moqmedeba Rame

iwyeba, rodesac is Tavis wminda sulsa da guls miZinebuls tovebs

da mgelze (an Sav kataze, an wyvil sawnaxelze da sxv.) amxedrebuli

daqris msxverplis xelSi Casagdebad, romelsac is guls an RviZls

aclis da miaqvs Tavis patronTan, rokapTan, rogorc Sesawiravi

(maSurko 1894, tepcovi 1894) rokapi, tabakonis mTaze mjdomi

Savkbilebiani da grZelfrCxilebiani dedaberi absoluturi si-

borotis arqetipia.

rogorc aRiniSna, kudianebi maqciebi arian. Sav katad qceul

kudians ucxo saxlSi RamiT Separuls gamoekidebodnen da muguza-

liT an cxeli SanTiT dadaRavdnen. meore dRes ki am niSans rome-

lime adamianze eZebdnen. kudiani qalis stereotipi saeklesio do-

kumentebSic Cndeba (es informacia e.koWlamazaSvilma mogvawoda).

qarTul tradiciaSi kudianebis devna ise mZafri ar yofila, rogorc

es Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, magram saintereso unda iyos 1853 (Tu

1854) wlis Canaweri, romelic amgvari faqtis arsebobaze mianiS-

nebs. aRniSnuli Canaweris mixedviT, jixaiSis garSemo soflebSi

didi mousavlianoba kudianebis momravlebisTvis miuweriaT. gasaWiris

Tavidan asacileblad sazogadoebas gadauwyvetia paraklisis gada-

xda, romelsac oTxi soflis: jixaskaris, kulaSis, ianeTisa da ewer-

is mosaxleoba unda daswreboda. SeTanxmebiT is, vinc ar gamocxad-

deboda paraklisze, kudianad CaiTvleboda. sxvadasxva mizeziT bevri

ver daswrebia parakliss. maSin xelmeored dainiSna dRe, rodesac

yvela unda misuliyo mdinare “gubis wyalTan”. daniSnul dRes,

SekrebilebSi iyvnen aznaurebic da Tavadebic. mdinareze gades 2

xis mori, TiToeulze ori kaci dadga. kudianobaSi eWvmitanilebs

xel-fexi Seukres da TokiT CauSves wyalSi. mdinareSi CaSve-

bulebidan vinc maT Tvalwin CaiZireboda – amarTlebdnen, xolo

vinc ase Tu ise tivtivebda wyalze kudianad CaiTvleboda. aseTebs

wylidan amoyvanisas, sxeulis rbil adgilebze adebdnen gaxurebul

nals (tepcovi 1894).

Tu eSmakeuli, rogorc avi suliT moculobaa, saxadebiT daa-

vadebuli keTili sulebiT moculobas gulisxmobs. (Tumca arse-

bobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac (ix. T. qurdovaniZe 2005).

saxadebi saqarTveloSi sulier arsebaTa saxiT hyavdaT war-

modgenili, romelnic Tavisi adgilsamyofelidan drodadro moe-

finebodnen dedamiwas. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmod-

genebis mixedviT, batonebis uSualo gamomwvevi RmerTisgan gamogza-

vnili angelozebia. amitom saxadebs anelozebs, “baton angelozebs,

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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an “batonebs” uwodeben. XIX – XX saukuneebis eTnografiuli mo-

nacemebis mixedviT batonebs gzavnis RmerTi da mis winaSe erTxel

mosaxdel valdebulebad _ “RvTis valad” iTvleba. maTi uSualo

gamomwvev-gamavrceleblebi angelozebi arian, RvTis wargzavnilebi,

mosaxleoba maT dResaswauliT xvdeba. avadmyofobis mfarvelebi

arian wm. barbare, ioane naTlismcemeli (xevi) (n. mindaZe 2005),

fSav-xevsureTi kviria (qriste). batonebis sakiTxs mravali mkvl-

evari Seexo da exeba. (v. bardaveliZe, T.OoCiauri, n. mindaZe, T.

qurdovaniZe da sxv.), romelTa saTiTaod ganxilva sakiTxis rakur-

sidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia. aq mxolod gavimeo-

rebT Cvens mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, romelic batonebis adgil-

samyofels exeba, saidanac isini modian.

miTo-ritualuri “stumroba” batoni angelozebisa, “gare” sam-

yarodan xorcieldeba “SinaSi”. amgvarad batonebis samyofeli erT-

droulad SeiZleba iyos zecac, tyec, miwisqveSeTic, zRvac da gzaj-

varedinic, radmenadac isini erTsa da imave gare sknelSi erTiande-

bian, romelic Tavis mxriv, “Sinas” upirispirdeba. (n. abakelia 2007).

“cikluri stumrebi” dasavlur-qarTul realiaSi arian e.w. mesefe-

bi sxvadasxva dros avismqneli an sikeTis momtani sulebi. megruli

da aWaruli masalis mixedviT, adamianis msgavsi (mdedri da mamri)

arsebebi arian, romelnic rigrigobiT amodian weliwadis garkveul

dros (oqtombris bolo 3 dRe da noemberis pirveli sami dRe

28.10-da 3. 11-mde) zRvidan da modian adamianTa samyaroSi (sxva

gadmocemebiT isini xmeleTzec cxovroben). maT mosvlas Tan sdevs

amindi an uamindoba, mosavali an mousavlianoba. maT (an zRvis dedas

kverTxians) Tan dasdevT Savi, gonieri ZaRli. mesefi foTols, qvas

da miwas yvelafers abrunebs ukuRma.

mesefebi nadirTpatronebi arian, mosvlisas iTvlian nadirs. am

dros monadire sanadirod ar wava. am dros nadiri da frinveli

erT adgilas grovdeba. mesefi maT niSans ukeTebs da swored niS-

niani nadiris mokvla SeuZlia monadires. iRbliani nadiroba damok-

idebulia imaze Tu vin daado nadirs niSani qalma mesefma Tu kacma.

mesefebi TviTonac kargi monadireebi arian. isini mSvild-isriT

xocaven nadirs da Semdeg nanadireviT nadims awyoben. megruli

rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, nadiris Zvlebi saswaulebrivad isev

cocxal nadirebad iqcevian. SeWmuli nadiris Zvlebs tyavSi Cayr-

ian, joxs dahkraven da acocxleben) wasvlisas mesefebi glexebs

paraven mTeli wlis samyof oTxfexs da maTTan erTad ubrundebian

nino abakelia

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zRvis fskers.. maTi wasvlis Semdeg wvimac wydeba da idarebs.. (e.

virsalaZe 1976).

Winkebi da mesefebi, romlebic weliwadSi orjer Cndebian sezo-

nis cvlilebisas (gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze). maTi mosvlisas

mosaxleoba saTanado Tadarigs iWers. yvelafris karebs ketavs da

rkinas (walds an namgals daadebs). termini mesefi sxvadasxva

dros savadasxvanairad ixsneboda, Tumca yvela es axsna-ganmarteba

dResdReobiT isev varaudebis sferoSi rCeba. mag.: mesefebs erTni

nadirTpatronebad miiCneven (z. Tandilava 1986 e. virsalaZe, 1976,

1964) sxvani – wvimis momyvan patara RvTaebebad (m. nadaraia 1979),

zogi maT, iseve rogorc nadirmTmfarvels, micvalebulis sulebs

ukavSireben, romlebic xalxuri rwmeniT, mudmivad Tan sdeven adami-

anebs da icaven gareuli nadirisgan (m. makalaTia 2000).

mesefi ixsneboda, rogorc veSapis identuri forma (i.javaxiSvili,

n.mari), rogorc ganmgebeli (a.canava), rogorc meufe, mefe, batoni...

arsebobs xalxuri etimologiac: ramdenadac megrulad maisi mesia,

xolo zogierTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad mesefi napirze maisSi gamo-

dis, adgilobrivi warmodgenebiT aqedan unda momdinareobdes maTi

saxelwodeba (z. Tandilava 1986, r. canava 1970).

Cven vfiqrobT, rom mesefis arsis gagebaSi maT simravles (mrav-

lobiTobas) unda hqondes arsebiTi mniSvneloba. yuradsaRebia,

rom sityva mesef-Si gamoyofili “sefe” SesaZloa, aseve niSnavdes

samefo karis kacsac. xom ar aris es faqti mimaniSnebeli, rom unda

arsebobdes mesefis batoni, romlis kverTxic (samefo Zalaufleb-

is insignia) maT napirze gamoaqvT?

Winkasa da qajTan erTad, (am ukanasknelze cota qvemoT) mac-

durebis CamoTvlisas sulxan-saba orbeliani axsenebs H”haeris

mcvelebsac” (romelsac yuradReba pirvelad e. virsalaZem miaqcia,

1976). misi ganmartebiT eseni arian eSmakni, rodesac RmerTma gandgo-

mili angelozebi zecidan gandevna, maTgan uaresni jojoxeTs Cacvivdnen,

xolo “udaresni”, naklebi Zalisani, haerSi ganibnen.

zepir xalxur tradiciaSi termini haeris mcveli ar dastur-

deba, magram ixmareba orginalur qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi da

gansakuTrebiT misi xseneba iuridiuli mniSvnelobis samoqalaqo

dokumentebSi dasturdeba (n. mindaZe 2005). haeris mcvelni cis

qveS myofi ukeTuri sulebia (efes.6.12), “sabaJoebia”, romelnic

sulma sikvdilis Semdeg sxeulTan gayris Semdeg unda gaiaros da

pasuxi agos Cadenil codvebze. es sabaJoebi sivrcobrivi Tval-

sazrisiT ganTavsebulia miwasa da haers Soris. qristianuli esqa-

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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tologiiT gaigeba, rogorc saxifaTo demonuri dacemuli sulierebis

zona (s. averincevi 2006:319-320).

qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi daimonis kidev erTi saxeo-

ba dasturdeba _ e.w. qajebi. rwmena-warmodgenebi maTze dasturdeba,

rogorc dasavleT aseve aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. dasavlur-qarTul

tradiciul rwmena-warmodgenebSi qajebi adamians arafers uSaveben.

isini mxolod erTgulad icaven eSmakis ganZs da agdeben vinc

uaxlovdeba mas. adamianTan pirvelad Sexvedrisas, mas sasikvdilod

ar imeteben da ise scemen, rom erTi kvira iyos dabuJebuli, meored

Sexvedrisas _ erTi Tve, da mxolod mesamed Sexvedrisas scemdnen

sikvdilamde (tepcovi 1894). adamianTan Sexvedrisas isini ustvenen

da qvebs esvrian maT. qajsa da Winkas eSiniaT mxolod wm. giorgis.

misi saxelis xseneba maT afrTxobT da garbian.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic, qajisa da wm. giorgis saxelebi

kvlav ikveTebian “qajaveTis dalaSqvris” TqmulebaSi. Tqmulebis

Tanaxmad, fSav-xevsurebis jvar-xatebs (RvTisSvilebs) qajaveTi

daulaSqravT. maTTan erTad xorcieli, xaxmatis jvris mkadre (Mmsax-

uri) gaxua megrelauric Tan xlebiaT. molaSqreebs garkveuli man-

Zilis gavlis Semdeg, gaxua megrelaurisTvis suli amoucliaT, xolo

gvami adgilze dautovebiaT. rodesac qajTa adgilsamyofelisTvis

miuRweviaT, giorgi naRvarmSveniers “safarveli dausvia” buzad (

sxva versiiT, mtredad qceula) da ise Sesula qajTa sofelSi.

RvTisSvilebma sakmaod mZime brZolis Semdeg (maT katis Tavebi-

Ta e.i. uwmindurobebiT da qvebiT ebrZodnen) sZlies qajebs, sasur-

veli nadavli (sasrolo samarTebeli, oqrosZaliani fanduri, cxraeniani

zari, mklavis simsxo jaWvis rgolebiani sakideli, sanayavi, grdemli,

xelkveri, marwuxi), qajaveTuri saqoneli, tyve qalebi gamoitaces da

gamarjvebulni dabrundnen Tavis qveyanaSi. gaxuas suli matlCenil

gvamSi moaTavses, gaacocxles da uvnebeli daabrunes (T. oCiauri

1967).

wm. giorgim sxva qalebTan erTad qajaveTis xelmwifis qaliS-

vili samZimari, yelRiliani wamoiyvana.. samZimari moinaTla da gior-

gis salocavSi damkvidrda.

arsebobs sxva versiac samZimarTan dakavSirebiT, romlis mixed-

viT gaxuas javaxeTSi umogzauria, sadac qajT xelmwifis qali

yofila, romelic gveleSaps unda SeeWama. giorgi misula wylispi-

ras mjdom qalTan da uTqvams: “gaganTavisufleb, mamas uTxari, rom

wagiyvano”... (T. oCiauri 1967). am siuJetSi z.kiknaZis SeniSvniT,

xaxmatis wminda giorgi imeorebs Tavisi mosaxele wmindanis ar-

nino abakelia

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qetipul qcevas. qajaveTi enacvleba im warmarTul qalaqs, romelic

wm. mxedarma gveleSapis Zaladobisgan ixsna, xolo qajis qali im

usaxelo ufliswuls, romelic man gveleSapis xaxas gamostaca da

qristianul rjulze moaqcia (z. kiknaZe 1996).

qajTa xelmwifis asuli samZimari xaxmatis wminda giorgis

wyalobiT RvTisSvilis rangSi amaRlda da sruliad unikaluri

adgili daiWira sxva RvTisSvilTa Soris; is xaxmatis jvarma

Tavis “moZmed” wamoiyvana xaxmatSi da saymos warmodgenaSi “giorgi

samZimar erTni arian”. ori piri erTi jvarisa, erTi RvTisSvilisa,

rogorc erTi anima-animusis erTianoba (z. kiknaZe 1996:121).

qajaveTis sakiTxs mravali mkvlevari Seexo, zogi mas CrdiloeT

kavkasiis binadar xalxad miiCnevda (T. oCiaurie, zogi qaSagebs (v.

bardaveliZe) ukavSirebda, zogi zRaprul personaJebs, zogi qaSueTs

(a.SaniZe), zogi mas qvesknelis metaforad Tvlida (k. gamsaxurdia,

ix. z.gamsaxurdia 1991) da sxv. (ix. T. oCiauri, 1967,81-102 da iqve

literatura) aRniSnuli masalis simboluri interpretacia kidev

erT perspeqtivas xsnis. maxvilis gakeTeba faqtze, rom gaxuas

xorciel adamians, uxorco ZalebTan erTad daulaSqravs qajaveTi

ukve mimaniSnebelia, rom is saaqaodan saiqioSi gasula maTTan er-

Tad. saiqioSi Sesasvlelad aucilebeli wesebis dacvaa saWiro.

wesebs icavs rogorc RvTisSvili (is safarvels idebs, da buzad

an mtredad qceuli Sedis antisamyaroSi), aseve gaxuac-is saaqaoSi

sxeuls tovebs.

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tqmulebis is versia, rom-

lis Tanaxmad xaxmatis jvaris samZimar yelRilianis salocavi

gadmocemiT gaxuas sizmarSi xorciel qalad eCveneboda da masTan

samijnuro urTierTobac hqonda. magram mainc vis SeuZlia mogzau-

roba zebunebriv samyaroebSi? es SeuZliaT RvTisSvilebs da gaxuas,

romelsac suls aZroben anu mas visac SeuZlia sikvdilis zRurb-

lis gadalaxva da ukan dabruneba. gaxuas RvTisSvilTa rCeuls

(TviTon suls), SeuZlia “xilva” sulebisa da maTTan urTierToba-

Si Sesvla (mag. samZimarTan, qajebTan da sxv.), mas SeuZlia gasvla

(Casvla) qajaveTSi RvTisSvilebTan erTad. anu gaxua is pirovnebaa,

romelic sizmarSi Tu transSi yofnisas gadis saiqioSi da dab-

runebisas TviTonve yveba masze. misi eqstazuri mogzaurobis anga-

riSi asulierebs “antisamyaros” da xsnis maT mokvdavTaTvis.

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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literatura

abakelia 1997: n. abakelia, simbolo da rituali qarTul kulturaSi,

Tbilisi.

abakelia 2002: n. abakelia, ramdenime Strixi droisa da sivrcis

kategoriebis Sesaxeb qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi,

kr. oCxari, j. ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri,

istoriuli da filologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi.

abakelia 2007: n.abakelia, sicocxlis ciklTan dakavSirebuli

sakraluri xis simbolika qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi,

semiotika I.

abakelia 1987: . Àáàêåëèÿ Í.,Ìèô è ðèòóàë â Çàïàäíîé Ãðóçèè,

Òá.

averincevi 2006: Àâåðèíöåâ Ñ., Ñîôèÿ - Ëîãîñ, Ñëîâàðü, Ê.

bardaveliZe1957: Áàðäàâåëèäçå Â.Â., Äðåâíåéøèå ðåëèãèîçíûå

âåðîâàíèÿ è îáðÿäîâîå ãðàôè÷åñêîå èñêóññòâî ãðóçèíñêèõ

ïëåìåí,Òá.

bardaveliZe 1950: v. bardaveliZe qarTveli xalxis religiuri

azrovnebis istoriidan (mravalsulianobis koncefcia),

"mimomxilveli", I, Tbilisi.

buxraSvili 1988: p. buxraSvili sacxovrisi da sivrculi aRqma.

kr. gareji (arqeologiuri eqspediciis naSromebi), Tbilisi.

gamsaxurdia 1991: z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba,

mecniereba, Tbilisi.

genoni 2003: Ãåíîí Ð., Öàðñòâî êîëè÷åñòâà è çíàìåíèÿ âðåìåíè.

Áåëîâîäüå.

gurCiani 2007: K.Gurchini, Polyphem und Devi. Geschichten derkannibalischer Riesen in Altgriechischer und georgischer Tradition. InStefanos. Tribute to Walter Puchner. Athény: Ergo Editions.

virsalaZe 1976: Âèðñàëàäçå Å., Ãðóçèíñêèé îõîòíè÷èé ìèô è

ïîýçèÿ, Ì.

virsalaZe 1964: e. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tbilisi.

virsalaZe 1976: e. virsalaZe, qarTuli miTologiis istoriidan.

"haeris mcvelni", iv. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi.

Tandilava 1986: Tandilava z., RvTaeba mesefis miTologiuri

saxis gagebisaTvis, kr. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

zepirsityviereba, Tbilisi.

nino abakelia

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165

kempbeli 1991: Campbell J., Mythological Themes in creative literature andart, in Myths, dreams and religion. Ed. by J.Campbell, SpringPublications, INC. Dallas, Texas.

kiknaZe 1996: z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo,

quTaisi.

kiknaZe 2005: z. kiknaZe, monadiris ormagi cxovreba, masalebi

saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, t. 25, Tbilisi.

makalaTia 2000: m. makalaTia, wylis stiqiasTan asocirebuli

anTropomorfuli RvTaebebi - mesefebi da wylis stiqiisa

(zRva) da nadirT samyaros RvTaebaTa erTianobisa idea, kr.

eTnologiuri Ziebani I, Tbilisi.

leJava 2004: qarTuli xalxuri xiTxuroobis kanonzomierebani

da ornamentuli sistemebi (XIX s. XX s. dasawyisi)

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili disertaciis avtoreferati, Tbilisi.

maSurko 1894: Ìàøóðêî Ì.. Èç îáëàñòè íàðîäíîé ôàíòàçèè è

áûòà, ÑÌÎÌÏÊ, Òèôëèñ.

mindaZe 2005: n. mindaZe, rwmena-warmodgenebi daavadebaTa gamomwvevi

mizezebis Sesaxeb, masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis,

t. 25.

nadaraia 1979: m. nadaraia, wvimis patara RvTaebebi _ mesefebi da

Winkebi, kr. "samegrelo" mecniereba, Tbilisi.

orbeliani 1993: sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II,

Tbilisi.

oCiauri 1967: T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, "mecniereba", Tbilisi.

strosi 1983: Ê. Ëåâè-Ñòðîñ, Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ., Ì.

surgulaZe 1985: i. surgulaZe qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis

simbolika, Tbilisi.

surgulaZe 1987: i. surgulaZe, sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa

sulier da miTologiur warmodgenebSi, masalebi saqarTvelos

eTnografiisaTvis, t. 23, 1987.

tepcovi 1894: ß. Òåïöîâ, Èç áûòà è âåðîâàíèé ìèíãðåëüöåâ.

ÑÌÎÌÏÊ, Òèôëèñ.

canava 1970: a. canava qarTuli zepirsityvierebis sakiTxebi,

Tbilisi.

CeTvaindi 1986: Chatwynd T., A dictionary of symbols, London, 1986.Cibirovi, Ciqovani 1987: ×èáèðîâ Ë., ×èêîâàíè Â., Î÷àã è

ñèìâîëè÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà â òðàäèöèîí-

`daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

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166

íîì æèëèùå (ãðóçèíî-îñåòèíñêèå ïàðàëëåëè), Ýòíîãðà-

ôè÷åñêèå ïàðàëëåëè ( Ìàòåðèàëû 7-îé ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîé

ñåññèè ýòíîãðàôîâ Ãðóçèè), Òá.

qurdovaniZe 2005: T. qurdovaniZe, miTuri "Svidi avi suli" da

sabatono "iav-nanas" Svidi da-Zma; masalebi saqarTvelos

eTnografiisaTvis, Tbilisi.

javaxiSvili 1960: i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I,

Tbilisi.

Nino Abakelia

“Daemons” in Georgian mythico-ritual system

In the present article the term “daemon” “daimon” is used in its ancient Greek sensethat of spirits, who in mythology or in the primordial narrative reality (in Malinovski’sdefinition) were considered as good, evil or neutral spirits, who mediated between sacredand profane (consequently between transcendental and real ) realms.

The author of the article tries to show that the sphere of their habitation is in the socalled outer world which in Georgian traditional picture of the world grasps both verticaland horizontal zones of the world (i.e. they can equally be found in the above, nether andouter worlds) and as such is opposed to the inner world of the living (society) andconsequently to the culture. The border based on different cosmological zones runningalong thresholds of dwellings, sanctuaries, cultivated places, etc. along the edges offorests, cliffs, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. becomes vulnerable at certain periods of timeand when different kinds of spirits invade the cultural realm. These spirits effect on bothcollective and individual levels, the latter case being more dangerous.

Mortal possessed by an evil spirit used to become a servant of the daemon, orturned mad. Possessed soles called “kudiani” (i.e. having a tail) are shown at work insociety.

On their turn humans also try to penetrate to the unknown, prohibited worlds. Butthat’s the lot of the elected (and such might be a hunter, a fisherman, priest, etc. who haveto keep special rules for that).

In Georgian tradition, in pre-Christian times the enemies of evil spirits were the skygods (later weather gods) but after the spread of Christianity their places were substitutedby Christian saints (and mostly by St. George).

In this paper one of many existed myths on the descend of St George in the Netherworld is analyzed. According to the myth St George together with the other saints and themortal called Gakhua, invaded the realm of the evil spirits called “qajaveti” and returnedback to the realm of the living with the captured goods and women.

The author thinks Gakhua to be the elected of the saints, who by means of trance ordream managed to trespass the border of the death and then to return back. He is the onewho can “see” and communicate with the spirits i.e. he is the one who can walk into therealm of the dead and when returned to retell and describe it. The account of his ecstaticjourney animated the outer world and explained it for the living.

nino abakelia

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167

Tamar berekaSvili

postmodernizmi da masobrivikultura*

sityva postmodernizmi~, iseve rogorc

`postmoderni~, bolo dros erT-erTi say-

ovelTao xmarebis terminebia, Tumca maTi

gansazRvreba aracalsaxaa. ar arsebobs er-

Tiani Sexeduleba imis Taobazec ki, vin gam-

oiyena is pirvelad. erTni mis avtorad hasans

asaxeleben, sxvebi – federiko de onizis, mes-

ameni – amitai escionis. yvela SemTxvevaSi es

termini, rogorc xdeba kidec, razedac iuri

lotmanic werda, jer furcelze literaturam

aametyvela da Semdeg gadaiqca is realobad.

postmodernizmis da postmodernis

cnebebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc igivuri,

magram Cven viziarebT Sexedulebas, romlis

Tanaxmad, postmoderni gansxvavdeba post-

modernizmisgan, rac marto gansxvavebul sax-

elwodebebSi ar iCens Tavs. postmodern-

izmi es xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferosTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sruliad gansazRvruli

stilia, romelsac zogjer gviandel moderns

miakuTvneben, xolo rodesac saubaria post-

modernze, igulisxmeba ara raRac viwro

stilisturi mimdinareoba, aramed istoriu-

li viTareba, situacia, romelSic yvela aR-

movCndiT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu rogo-

ria Cveni ideebi, Sexedulebebi, geografiuli

mdebareoba, gemovneba, asaki Tu sqesi. amdenad,

Tu postmodernizmi miekuTvneba upiratesad

filosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, Tbilisis

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmw-

ifoUuniversitetis aso-

cirebuli profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`Tanamedrove Rirebule-

bebi da idealebi~, post-

modernizmi Tanamedro-

veobis konteqstSi”

(kulturis filosofia)

da sxva. gamoqveynebuli

aqvs ramdenime statia so-

-cialur da politikur

filosofiaSi _ `demo-

kratizacia” (g. JorJo-

lianTan da m. musxeli-

SvilTan erTad), `Tana-

medrove socialuri vi-

Tareba saqarTveloSi”

(rusul enaze xarkovis

universitetis masaleb-

Si) da sxva.

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, kulturis

filosofia.

* naSromi daibeWda krebulSi: `evropuli ideebis

istoria da qarTuli kultura (evropuli Ziebani)~

(2007).

Page 168: სემიოტიკა #3

168 Tamar berekaSvili

kulturas, postmoderni – istorias, postmodernizmi subieqturia,

xolo postmoderni obieqturad Camoyalibebuli viTarebaa.

am axali postmodernuli epoqis Camoyalibeba saTaves iRebs

XX saukunis samociani wlebidan, rodesac adgili hqonda masobriv

studentur gamosvlebs evropis, da ara marto evropis, bevr qveya-

naSi. studentebi aujanydnen araefeqtur moZvelebul politikur,

socialur reJims. Sesacvleli gaxda ara marto politika, aramed

saerTod modernistuli arsebobis wesi, midgomebi, prioritetebi.

Tavisi uflebebisTvis da TviTdamkvidrebisTvis mogvianebiT gamov-

idnen qalebi, seqsualuri umciresobebi.

postmodernis epoqisadmi araerTgvarovani midgomaa. iurgen

habermasi miiCnevs, rom postmoderni – es aris daumTavrebeli mod-

erni. dReisTvis, misi azriT, modernma Tavis piks miaRwia da ar

SeiZleba laparaki sruliad axal da gansxvavebul paradigmaze.

niu eidJic uaryofs postmodernistuli epoqis arsebobas.

is, rac dRes xdeba ueWvelad modernia, razedac metyvelebs TviT am

moZraobis dasaxeleba, romelic emTxveva moderns da ubralod mis

gviandel fazaze miuTiTebs.

bodriari moderns uwodebs `scenis epoqas~, vinaidan masSi

yvela movlena miiswrafoda TviTwarmodgenisTvis, rogorc scenaze,

ris dagvirgvinebas televizia warmoadgens. postmodernuli midg-

oma es pirvel rigSi imis gagebis tolfasia, rom yvelaferi ar

SeiZleba iyos warmoCenili.

deniel belic ar iziarebs postmodernistuli epoqis Tavise-

burebas. warmoadgens ra teqnokratiis damcvels, is miiCnevs, rom

postindustriuli sazogadoeba sawarmoo urTierTobebis ganvi-

Tarebis iseTi stadiaa, rodesac qreba yvela istoriuli social-

ur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba teqnikis ganviTarebis Sedegad. anu

beli postmodernistul epoqas aigivebs post-industriuli sa-

zogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan, rasakvirvelia post-industriuli

sazogadoeba postmodernis erT-erTi aucilebeli da Tanmyoli

mocemulobaa, magram postmoderni mainc masze ar daiyvaneba.

postmodernis gamowvevebma enTuziazmi gamoiwvies axal memar-

jveneebSi~ (a. meleri. a. de benua, r. stoikersi da sxva). isini

sixaruliT aRniSnaven, rom damTavrda principebis ganuyofeli ba-

tonobis epoqa. Tumca swored ganmanaTleblobis diadi proeqtis

Selaxva awuxebs i. habermass. is brals sdebs postmodernis mxar-

damWerebs renegatulobaSi da faSizmSic ki. mTlianad uaryofs ra

postmoderns, is masSi xedavs pre-modernis dabrunebas.

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169postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura

umberto ekos azriT, postmodernistuli xedvis niSnebi yvela

epoqas axasiaTebs sulieri krizisis periodSi. swored am dros

xdeba individualuri subieqtis gamwireba, ris Sedegadac ikargeba

tradiciis damcavi pirovnuli stili.

postmodernizmi Cveulebriv iTvleba iseTi kulturis qmnile-

bad, romelsac ar gaaCnia absoluti, zusti gansazRvrebebi an safuZ-

vlebi. mas axasiaTebs Sexedulebebis pluralizmi da gansxvavebu-

loba. moxda ganmanaTleblobis idealebis gaufasureba an ufro

swored maTi gatoleba nebismier sxva idealebTan. azrovnebam dakarga

unari da rwmena imisa, rom samyaros Secnoba ZaluZs. sazogadod

azrovnebam dakarga prioriteti da intuiciam Tavisi uflebebi

daibruna. upiratesobis miniWebis aucilebloba gaqra da tradici-

ulma, Zvelma, arqaulma iseTive Zala SeiZina, rogorc Tanamedrovem.

aseTi relativizmis miuxedavad, misi abstragireba postmoder-

nul sistemaSi mainc ar xdeba, iseve rogorc ar xdeba nebismieri

sxva principis abstragireba. rogorc hans kiungi aRniSnavs, rela-

tivizmi postmodernSi, iseve rogorc postmodernistul kultur-

aSi mudam humanizmTan erTad figurirebs. aseTi mimarTebaa yvela

sxva mimarTulebebisadmi da maT Soris modernizmis mimarTac. swored,

relativizmis mudmivi wyviloba humanizmTan ganasxvavebs postmod-

ernistul humanizms modernulisgan, romelSic humanizmis abstra-

gireba xSirad iwvevda mis sapirispiro movlenas (Tundac, magali-

Tad, bolSevizmi).

postmodernistuli cnobierebisTvis sruliad ucxoa profet-

uloba. esTetikur sferoSi relativizmi anadgurebs avtoriseul

diqtats, avtoris totalitarizms, nebismier ideologias. amieri-

dan avtori, mwerali, xelovani aRar laparakobs yvelas saxeliT,

aRar aris xalxis maswavlebeli, winamZRvari. postmodernis princ-

ipebze Tu vilaparakebT, rasakvirvelia, unda iTqvas, rom aseTi princ-

ipebi ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT principad erTi WeSmaritebis

uaryofas. jer kidev vitgenStaini aRniSnavda, rom WeSmariteba ubral-

od sityvaa, romelic aRniSnavs imas, rasac aRniSnavs leqsikonis

mixedviT. WeSmariteba sityvaa, romelsac arsi ara aqvs. anu uaryo-

filia WeSmaritebis istoriuloba da is sityvaa, romelic teqs-

tis erT-erTi elementia. anu istoriis nacvlad teqsti gvaqvs.

istoria ki teqstis wakiTxvis istoriaa.

postmodernizmi demokratiuli xelovnebaa im azriT, rom war-

moadgens Tanamedrove demokratiuli azrovnebis asaxvas. amave dros

postmodernizmis ganurCevloba stilebis, Janrebis mimarT, iseve

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170 Tamar berekaSvili

rogorc gulgriloba Sefasebebisadmi da masobrivi kulturis

mimRebloba nebismieri sxva kulturis gverdiT srulebiT ar niS-

navs imas, rom postmodernizmi Tavadaa masobrivi kultura. maso-

brivi kultura sruliad sxva movlenaa da warmoadgens swored

modernizmis produqts, mis qmnilebas. is xelovnebis erT-erTi

dargia Tavisi amocanebiT, gamoxatvis formebiT. sainteresoa is, rom

sxvadasxva Janrebi imdenad urTierTSeRwevadi gaxda, rom xSirad

e.w. maRali xelovnebis nawarmoebi masobrivi kulturis bevri el-

ementis matarebeli xdeba. adgili aqvs `orgvar kodirebas~ anu

mxatvruli nawarmoebi xdeba misaRebi rogorc masobrivi momxmare-

blisTvis, ise elitarulisTvis.

postmodernizmis tipiuri nawarmoebebia, bolo wlebSi egzom

popularuli mwerlebis akuninis, pelevinis, m. paviCis wignebi.

postmodernizmi arc masobrivi xelovnebaa da arc elitaru-

li. is ubralod xelovnebaa.

rac Seexeba masobriv kulturas, romelsac didi umravlesoba

swored postmodernizms ukavSirebs, (da rasac Cven kategoriulad

vuaryofT), misi aseTi gavrceleba gamowveulia postmodernizmis

`SemwynareblobiT~ da akritikulobiT, erTi mxriv, da meore mxriv,

imiT, rom postmodernizmisTvis ucxoa elitarulobisken swrafva,

rac metad mniSvnelovani iyo modernizmisTvis, ramac didwilad

gamoiwvia protesti klasikuri elitaruli xelovnebis winaaRmdeg

e.w. pop-artis saxiT.

1969 w. Jurnali `Playboy~ (1969 w.) -Si lelsi fedleri

ukve saubrobda literaturuli modernis agoniaze. fedleri mou-

wodebda `elitarul~ da ` masobriv~ xelovnebas Soris sazRvreb-

is moSlisken, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom mTeli literatura unda

gamxdariyo mdare, bulvaruli da masobrivi.

masobrivi kulturis mkacri an calsaxa gansazRvreba ar arse-

bobs. kamaTs iwvevs am saxelwodebis orive nawili - kultura~ da

`masa~. ramdenime wlis manZilze gamarTulma msjelobam IEP-Si (parizi)ver Camoayaliba masobrivi kulturis kanonikuri gansazRvreba.

INALCO-s seminarma daadgina `masobrivi kulturis~ xuTi

kriteriumi:

1. misi warmateba xdeba industriulad (da Sesabamisad, Sesa-

Zlebelia misi usasrulod reproducireba; erTgvarad es aris

`aslebis kultura~).

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171postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura

2. misi gavrceleba xdeba mas-mediis meSveobiT (mas-mediis yve-

la saxeoba SeiZleba monawileobdes da xSirad monawileobs kidec

misi warmoebis procesSi).

3. is advilad xelmisawvdomia da mas srulebiT ar aferxebs

arc sazRvrebi, arc klasebi, arc erebi;

4. misi Sinaarsi da warmodgenis forma metad Wrelia; mas aqvs

Tavisi ritualebi, miTebi, liderebi. anu is srulebiT ar aris

erTsaxovani da martivi, rogorc mas xSirad axasiaTeben;

5. masobrivi kultura mimarTulia keTildReobisken, siamovneb-

isken, sixarulisken, raRac azriT. da swored amitom ixarjeba masze

uamravi saxsrebi, is komerciul terminebSi iazreba kidec.

erik masem masobrivi kultura gansazRvra rogorc `kultu-

rul obieqtTa (da masTan dakavSirebuli praqtikebis) erToblioba,

romelic iwarmoeba kulturuli industriiT da emsaxureba metad

heterogenul publikas~

arsebobs `masobrivi kulturis~ sxva saxelwodebebic, magal-

iTad, `msoflio kultura~. am saxelwodebis avtori sireneli

amodis im fenomenidan, rom XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg

`moxda masobrivi kulturis kristalizeba msoflio kulturad~.

bartis azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba masobrivi kul-

turisa mdgomareobs mis desakralizaciaSi, is ar aris anTologiuri,

maSin roca e.w. maRali xelovnebis nawarmoebebi gadian erTgvar

filtrSi, rogorc kulturis, ise istoriis.

masobrivi kulturis nawarmoebis funqcia erTaderTia – moxdes

misi moxmareba. aq maxsendeba erT-erTi rusi momReralis bogdan

titamiris pasuxi SekiTxvaze, ratom mReris is mdare simRerebs. man

upasuxa - `Íàðîä õàâàåò~.

ueWvelia masobrivi kulturis kidev erTi Tvisebaaa is, rom is

viTardeba ZiriTadad mdidar industriul qveynebSi, rac gasagebia,

vinaidan masobrivi kultura moiTxovs mrewvelobas da komercias

da mas sWirdeba momxmarebeli, romelic mzad aris mis misaRebad –

moclili da socialurad naklebad SezRuduli.

meore mxriv, masobrivi xelovnebisTvis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel

elements warmoadgens marginaluri jgufebis, marginaluri adami-

anebis yofa da cxovreba (gansakuTrebiT literaturisaTvis) amasTan

masobrivi kulturis marginalizmi socialuri kriticizmis saxes

atarebs. `gariyulTa~, socialuri fskeris warmomadgenelTa samya-

ro, damnaSaveoba, xelisuflebis korufcia da a. S. didaqtikuri

xasiaTisaa, rac ucxoa postmodernizmisTvis, romlisTvisac margin-

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172 Tamar berekaSvili

ali aranairad ar fasdeba – es aris ucxo, iseTive ucxo, rogoric

nebismieri Cvengania sxvisTvis da TviT sakuTari TavisTvis, Tu

odnav mainc Cafiqrdeba an gascdeba Cveul sazRvrebs. postmodern-

izmis Tavisebureba is ki araa, rom misi xelovneba erwymis, enacvle-

ba an igivuri xdeba masobrivis; masobrivi erT-erTi rigiTi, Tanas-

wori da sruluflebiani elementi xdeba xelovnebis.

masobrivi literatura ZiriTadad im sazogadoebebSi viTarde-

ba, sadac mosaxleobis udidesi nawili ganaTlebulia, yovel SemTx-

vevaSi icis kiTxva. XX saukunis meore naxevridan, swored post-

modernizmis damkvidrebis paralelurad elitarulis da masobriv-

is dapirispirebam dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba da aqtualoba. maso-

brivi xelovnebis gatolebam xelovnebis sxva formebTan, Tundac

elitarul xelovnebasTan kargad warmoaCina am dayofis fardobi-

Toba. bevri Semoqmedi (mwerali, reJisori, musikosi) xSirad maso-

brivi xelovnebis siuJetiT Tu formiT cdilobs TviTgamoxatvas,

eqsperimentirebas (Tundac umberto eko, grenuei).

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac masobrivi xelovnebis nawarmoebe-

bi elitarulis saxes iRebs gamocemis tipis gamo. ase xdeba av-

toris pirvelad gamocemis dros, aseTive ieri hqonda sabWoTa

periodSi fantastikuri literaturis gamocemas, mag., strugackebis

wignebs. amgvarad, es Sefasebis sakiTxad iqceva. garda amisa, es aris

konteqstis problema, romelSic nawarmoebi arsebobs. vivaldis

musikis TanxlebiT yinulze Sesrulebuli cekva masobriv kultu-

ras miekuTvneba, albaT, iseve, rogorc miqelanjelos naxatSi gaxveu-

li namcxvari.

amgvarad, postmodernistuli xelovneba, romelic erTgvarad

warmoadgens Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiis qveynebSi arse-

buli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis gamoxatulebas, xa-

siaTdeba ara marto yvela kulturisTvis Cveuli dayofiT maRal,

elitarul xelovnebad da masobrivad, aramed agreTve xelovnebis am

or tips Soris sazRvrebis moSliT da urTierTSenacvlebiT. bevr

SemTxvevaSi swored e.w. elitaruli atarebs masobriobis niSnebs,

xolo masobrivi martooden tradiciuli `momxmareblis~ viwro

wres Tu emsaxureba.

zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom bevri avtori, kritikosi, filosofo-

si Tanamedrove postmodernistulad wodebul xelovnebas ukar-

gavs Rirebulebas Tvlis ra, rom es mimdinareoba sruliad amor-

aluria, im azriT ki ara, rom amoraluria, aramed im gagebiT, rom

moraluri Sefaseba misTvis ucxoa. TviTon eTikuri Sefasebis (iseve

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173

rogorc esTetikuris an nebismieri sxva) misdami miyeneba uadgiloa

da azrs moklebuli. aq `kargi~ da `cudi~, `lamazi~, da `maxinji~,

`mosawoni~ da `dasagmobi~ ar arsebobs. misi Sedareba SeiZleba

marto referatTan da marTlac, postmodernizmi ganuwyvetlad yve-

lafers ganmartavs, Tumca moklebulia nebismier Sefasebebs.

Tu xelovnebis misamarTiT zemomoyvanili msjeloba samarTliani

da sando Cans, rogorc ki igive maxasiaTeblebs ganvixilavT say-

ovelTao cxovrebaSi, politikaSi, socialur urTierTobebSi, maSinve

Cans msgavsi midgomis calmxrivoba. pirvel rigSi unda iTqvas, rom

gansxvavebebis gaTanasworeba da ierarqiis moSla, rac xelovnebaSi

TiTqosda amoralur saxes iRebs, ris gamoc bevri kritikosis

sayvedurs imsaxurebs, politikur cxovrebaSi da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi vlindeba rogorc yvela adamianis uflebebis Tana-

bari dacva misi gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad, iqneba es kanis feri,

Tu warmomavloba, ena Tu erovneba. aseTive viTarebaa marginalobis

mimarTac. swored marginalizaciis xazgasmam da misi uflebebis

aRdgenam moitana is Zvrebi, romlebic moxda seqsualuri umcir-

esobebis legalizaciiT, qalTa uflebebis gazrdiT, erTa TviTga-

morkveviT da a.S. rac ueWvelad progresul da dadebiT miRwevad

unda CaiTvalos.

Tu davubrundebiT piriqiT, sazogadoebis da samyaros gavle-

nas xelovnebaze, unda aRiniSnos misi ramdenime axali mxare. glo-

balizacia, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom literatura, xelovneba gaxda

garTobis da Sesabamisad, gayidvis obieqti, rac xSirad misi sxva-

dasxva enaze warmodgenis aucileblobas iwvevs sxvadasxva qveyana-

Si. erTi mxriv, rogorc aRiniSna, mwerals Tu musikoss aRara aqvs

ufleba da aucilebloba, isaubros, gamovides adamianTa didi jgufebis

saxeliT da pretenzia hqondes miipyros yvelas yuradReba, magram

meore mxriv, yvela didi da ubralod SesamCnevi, warmatebuli nawar-

moebi, iqneba es literaturaSi Tu xelovnebis sxva sferoSi, mTeli

msoflios yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba.

meore Tviseba, romelic SeiZina xelovnebam sazogadoebis axal

TvisobriobasTan dakavSirebiT, aris misi agebis, formirebis Zvelisagan

gansxvavebuli wesi, rac aixsneba, kinoxelovnebis, Semdgom televizi-

is da saerTod sakomunikacio~ arxebis ganviTarebiT. es Tavs iCens

xelovnebis (maRali xelovnebis) axal saxed CamoyalibebaSi, sazoga-

dod mTeli xelovnebis axlebur struqturirebaSi, axali enis Se-

qmnaSic ki, suraTis, gamosaxulebis rolis gazrdaSi.

postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura

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174 Tamar berekaSvili

amgvarad, postmodernis epoqa mTlianad cvlis kulturis Si-

naarss. amasTan, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturis diferenciacia

mcired damokidebul an sruliad damoukidebel kulturul stilebad,

formebad da a.S., iwvevs axali sakvlevi sferoebis gaCenasac.

D literatura

soloviovi 1991: Ñîëîâüåâ Â.Ñ. Îáùèé ñìûñë èñêóññòâà, â êí.

Ôèëîñîôèÿ èñêóññòâà è ëèòåðàòóðíàÿ êðèòèêà. Ì.

"Èñêóññòâî".

barti 1994: Áàðò Ð. Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû: Ñåìèîòèêà. Ïîýòèêà.

Ì., Èçä. ãðóïïà "Ïðîãðåññ". Óíèâåðñ".

bodriari 1995: Áîäðèéÿð Æ. Ñèñòåìà âåùåé. – Ì. Ðóäîìèíî,

1995.

gurko 1999: Ãóðêî Å. Òåêñòû äåêîíñòðóêöèè. Äåððèäà. Ì.

Äèôôåðàèñ – Òîìñê, Âîäåëåé.

delezi.. .1998: Äåëåç Æ. Ôóêî. – Ì. Èçä-âî ãóìàíèòàðíîé

ëèòåðàòóðû, 1998.

derida 1993: Äåððèäà Æàê â Ìîñêâå – Ì. ÐÈÊ "Êóëüòóðà".

ilini 1998: Èëüèí È.Ï. Ïîñòìîäåðíèçì îò èñòîêîâ äî êîíöà

ñòîëåòèÿ: Ýâîëþöèÿ íàó÷íîãî ìèôà/ Íàó÷. ðåä.

À.Å.Ìîõîâ. – Ì. Èíòðàäà, 1998.

liotari 1998: Ëèîòàð Ô. Ñîñòîÿíèå ïîñòìîäåðíà. ÑÏÁ

Àëåòåéÿ.

fuko 1991: Ôóêî Ì. Ãåðìåíåâòèêà ñóáüåêòà (âûäåðæêè èç ëåêöèé

â Êîëåæ äå Ôðàíñ 1981-1981 ãã.) – Ñîöèî-Ëîãîñ,- Âûï. Ë.-

Ì.: Ïðîãðåññ.

habermasi 1992: Õàáåðìàñ Þ. Ìîäåðí – íåçàâåðøåííûé ïðîåêò

– Âîïðîñû ôèëîñîôèè, 1992. ¹4.

velSi 1992: Âåëüø Â. "Ïîñòìîäåðí" Ãíîñåîëîãèÿ è çíà÷åíèÿ

îäíîãî ñïîðíîãî ïîíÿòèÿ. Ïóòü. ¹ 1.

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175

Tamara Berekashvili

Postmodernism and popular culture

Postmodernism is a trend of art and in general of culture, which differsmuch from the preceded views of modernism in a series of signs. It is characteristiconly of culture, art and is different from the postmodern concept , which graspshistorical epoch.

There are a lot of views on postmodernism. Every philosopher tries to considerits essence and characteristics. Some of them e.g. Habermas fully denies itsexistence and speaks only of the late modernism.

Popular culture, which since the 2nd half of the 20th century has become oneof the most important and largest parts of culture, often is associated with thepostmodernism and is considered to be its accompanied phenomenon and emergedfrom it. Though it does not prove to be such. Simply in the popular culture thedifferent genres have become mutually so penetrating interconnected that veryoften the so called high art carries a great many elements of popular culture.Consequently the Postmodern epoch entirely changes the content of culture.

postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura

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176

zurab kiknaZe

Zveli aRTqmis istoriisritmebi

ritmebi israelis anu Zveli aRTqmis

istoriaSi sxvadasxvagvarad da sxvadasxva

doneebze vlindeba, magram maT Soris ganm-

sazRvrelia periodi, romelic iwyeba ebraelTa

eponimis abraamis uridan gamosvliT vidre

babilonSi (kvlav SuamdinareTSi) gadasax-

lebamde. raSi gamoixateba es ritmi? Tval-

saCinoa xalxis istoriaSi monacvleoba msx-

emobasa da mkvidrobas Soris. iwyeba mkvidro-

bidan, gadadis msxemobaSi, kvlav ubrundeba

mkvidrobas, magram mkvidroba isev msxemobiT

icvleba, raTa kvlav mkvidrobas daubrundes.

da es sityva dabruneba~ (ebr. TeSubah) mniS-vnelovani konceptia, romelic moicavs rogorc

eris, ise TiToeuli eriskacis (israelianis)

cxovrebas moraluri aspeqtiT. TeSubah uni-

versaluri miTologemis kerZo gamoxatule-

baa qveynis istoriaSi da adamianis cxovre-

baSi. gacilebiT adre dabrunebis koncepti

Sumeris mentalobam gamoimuSava, aq is dedis

da qalaqis cnebebs daukavSirda.

raki vaxseneT Sumeri, daviwyoT qalaq

uridan, romelic bibliaSi qaldevelTa uris

saxliT ixsenieba erTaderTxel xalxis gen-

ezisis konteqstSi. qaldevelTa uri rCeu-

li eris Soreuli samSobloa. vidre ar-

qeologiis era (XIX s.) dadgeboda, ra war-

modgena unda hqonodaT qalaq urze bibliis

Zvel mkiTxvelebs, Tundac maT, visac xele-

wifeboda misi hermenevtika da egzegetika.

uris adgilmdebareoba ufro zustad ver

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis

saxelmwifo universi-

tetis profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

Suamdinaruli miTolo-

gia; qarTuli miTologia

I, jvari da saymo; Zveli

aRTqmis wuTisofeli;

xuTwigneulis Targmaneba.

interesTa sfero:

qarTuli folklori,

mwerloba, miTologia;

qristianuli Teologia;

Zveli aRTqma; asirio-

logia, semitologia.

Page 177: სემიოტიკა #3

177

iqneboda lokalizebuli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi, vidre adgilmde-

bareoba samoTxisa Tavisi ucnauri topografiiT (samyaros Suagu-

li, saidanac mTeli dedamiwis momrwyveli oTxi mdinare gamoedine-

ba). es ucnobeloba inerciiT dRemde badebs zogierTTa gonebaSi

ucnaur etimologiebs (uri _ uria), rasac realobaSi araviTari

safuZveli ara aqvs. mesopotamiis enebis (Sumerulisa da aqaduris)

aRmoCenam aRmoaCina qalaqi uri werilobiT wyaroebSi, xolo ar-

qeologiurma gaTxrebma daadastura misi istoriuli realoba.

cnobilia misi konturebi, misi galavani da galavnis SigniT sakul-

to da sajaro Senobebis ganlageba da a.S.

ai, am qalaqidan, romelic imdroindeli msoflios umniSvnelo-

vanesi urbanistuli centri iyo, warmoiSva im xalxis embrioni,

romlis Tavgadasavals Seadgens swored Zveli aRTqmis istoria.

bibliuri lakonizmiT da, amave dros, konkretulobiT (im aucile-

belis gadmocemiT, rasac avtori saWirod Tvlis, xolo rasac ar

gadmoscems, saidumlod tovebs) mogviTxrobs im ojaxis gamosvlas

uridan, romelmac oTxasi wlis Semdeg rCeuli eri Seadgina. igi

jer noesa da mere semis modgmis genelogias mosdevs uwyveti

xaziT da ganasrulebs es pasaJi:

`mohkida xeli Teraxma Tavis Zes abrams, Tavis SvilisSvils

lots, haranis Zes, Tavis rZals sarais, Tavisi Zis abramis

cols, da gavidnen erTad qaldevelTa uridan qanaanis qvey-

anaSi wasasvlelad. da miadgnen xarans da iq dasaxldnen~

(dab. 11:31).

ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom qaldevelTa urSi ig-

ulisxmeba uris imperiis teritoria da ara evfratze gaSenebuli

sakuTriv qalaqi uri. imis Tqma gvsurs, rom Teraxis ojaxi cx-

ovrobda qalaq urSi rogorc misi mkvidri, xolo rac gadmocemis

gareSe saidumlod darCa, es am ojaxis mwyemsur-nomadur warsulad

SegviZlia CavTvaloT. `amoreveli~, rogorc simbolurad iwodeba

bibliis erT adgilas ierusalimis mama (ezek. 16:3), mowmobs Terax-

is modgmis eTnikur da kulturul warmoSobas. Sumeruli da aqa-

duri teqstebis marTu da amurru aRniSnavda dasavleTis mom-

Tabare tomebs, romelTa urdoebi periodulad iWrebodnen samiwaT-

moqmedo zonaSi da aCanagebdnen naTesebs. maTi cxovrebis nirSi

ganmsazRvreli mwyemsuri yofa iyo, romelic totalurad upir-

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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178

ispirdeboda miwaTmoqmedebas da misgan gamomdinare mkvidr cxovre-

bas. Sumerul literaturaSi cnobilia marTus xalxis saxe _

mudam udabnoSi daexetebian,

tyavebiT arian Semosilni,

karvebia maTi sacxovrebeli,

minebebulni qarsa da wvimas,

locvebis warmoTqma maT ar uwyian,

muxlis moyra maT ar uwyian,

umi xorcia maTi saWmeli,

ar ician saxli, ar ician qalaqi,

roca kvdebian, ar imarxebian”

[marTu, 128-138].

da misi agresia samiwaTmoqmedo da urbanistuli kulturis mimarT:

`mas Jams marTu, xorblis umecari, mTels Sumers da

aqads Semoadga, magram uruqis kedeli frinvelT-

saWer badesaviT gadaefina udabnos...~

[lugalbanda, 304-305]

es agresia mosavlian yanebSi saqonlis SerekvaSi gamoixata, rogorc

danaSauli, romelmac kanonebSi hpova asaxva. es momTabaruli qmede-

baa, romelic SeinarCuna mosaxleobis mwyemsurma nawilma seden-

tarul yofaze gadasvlis procesSi. xamurabis kanonebSi vkiTxu-

lobT:

`Tu mindvridan cxvris amosvlis Semdeg mwyemsi

cxvars yanaSi miuSvebs da yanas moaZovebinebs...~

($ 58).

aisaxa is Sumerul mwerlobaSi, sadac amgvarad gamoixata samiwaT-

moqmedo da mwyemsuri kulturis zavi _ mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis

dasawyisi:

me SenTan, mwyemso, SenTan, mwyemso,

me SenTan rad unda vdavobde?

Zovdes Seni cxvari Cems morwyul miwaze,

Cems yanebSi Seni cxvari dabalaxobdes,

zurab kiknaZe

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179

uruqis brwyinvale yanebSi TavTavsa Wamdes,

Seni kravi da Tikani arxis wyals svamdes!

[poezia 1987: 11]

es poeziaSi. magram Suamdinaruli istoria adasturebs marTu-

amurrus infiltracias (miTosis enam es gadmosca marTus, rogorc

RmerTis Tu eponimis CasiZebiT Sumeris erT-erT qalaqSi) Sumer-

aqadis teritoriaze da maT damkvidrebas TviT iqamde, rom sab-

olood amoreuli warmoSobis beladebis dinastia babilons Suam-

dinaruli oikomenas centrad aqcevs. am dinastiis saukeTeso war-

momadgeneli xamurabi, romelmac werilobiTi kanonebi (mkvidrobis

umaRlesi da saboloo etapis gamoxatuleba) misca qveyanas, mwyem-

sad ixseniebs Tavs preambulaSi (`xamurabi var, enlilisgan dadge-

nili mwyemsi~), rac arcTu Soreuli warsulisadmi erTgvar pie-

tetad unda miviCnioT.

magram ar aris aucilebeli Teraxis sagvareulo sisxliTa da

xorciT (bibliuri gamoTqmiT `xorciTa da ZvliT~) davukavSiroT

marTu-amurrus, romlis erT-erTi ganStoeba mis STamomavals abrams

qanaanSi daxvda, rogorc mkvidri miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleoba. vgulisx-

mob ara amgvar naTesaobas, aramed cxovrebis niris tipologias.

ojaxs Tu sagvareulos, romelic Svidi sulisgan (mamamTavris CaTv-

liT) Sedgeboda, SesaZloa iwyebda mkvidr qalaqur cxovrebas qalde-

velTa urSi, rom idumal xmas ar aeyara igi, raTa marTus cxovrebas

dabruneboda. Tumca es ar iqneboda warsuli yofis zusti ganmeo-

reba. TeSuba (`dabruneba~) gulisxmobs axal etaps. ar Cans, rom am

sagvareulos Tu ojaxs, romelsac wvrilSvili ar hyavda, raime

mniSvnelovani dovlaTis dagroveba moeswro. bibliis am pasaJis

avtors ar gamorCeboda Tundac erTi aqlemi, romelzec maTi mcir-

edi Wirnaxuli iqneboda akidebuli. pirutyvis jogs, rogorc ad-

amianis wreSi Semaval arsebebs da mis Tanamgzavrs, igi usaTuod

moixsenebda. warmovidginoT: dilis sisxamze ojaxi tovebs saxls,

karmidamos, da sityvis uTqmelad gadis qveynidan. ra unda efiqra

samezoblos, SesaZlebelia, mis sanaTesaos? mizanSewonilia Tu ara

es kiTxva, romelzec SeuZlebelia pasuxis miReba, radgan Tavad

(aseTia am pasaJis pozicia) Teraxsac ar eqneboda garkveviT war-

modgenili is misia, romelic misi sikvdilis Semdeg mis Zes abrams

(jer kidev abrams) daekisra.

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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180

is adgili _ xarani, sadac gardaicvala Teraxi, rogorc Semdeg

gairkva, aseve droebiTi sacxovrebeli iyo. mosalodneli iyo, rom

abrami damkvidrebuliyo xaranSi, ramdenadac xarani qaldevelTa

uris erTgvar filialad SeiZleba CavTvaloT. xaranSi, romelic

uris msgavsad mTvaris saTayvanebeli qalaqi iyo, abrams yvela piro-

ba hqonda, rom ganegrZo aw ukve Tavisi mamamTavrobiT urSi dawye-

buli saqme, anu mieyo xeli mkvidri cxovrebisTvis. magram gangeba

sxvagvarad gansjida: masac Caesma xma, romelic im xmis ganmeorebad,

aw ukve axal etapze, unda miviCnioT.

`uTxra ufalma abrams: wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni

samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan im qveyanaSi, romelsac

me giCveneb. gaqcev did xalxad, gakurTxeb da ganva-

dideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli iqnebi~ (dab.

12:1).

viciT, rom xarani arc misi qveyanaa, arc misi samSoblo (moledeT

`dabadebis adgili~) da arc misi mamis saxli. es samive kvalifika-

cia ufro urs SeiZleba mivusadagoT, sadac albaT, Tu Teraxi ara,

abrami da misi Zmebi mainc daibadnen. magram xaranis mimarT ~Seni

qveyana~, `Seni samSoblo~, `mamaSenis saxli~ SeiZleba mxolod imas

niSnavdes, rom xarani namdvilad xdeboda da gaxdeboda kidec, is xma

rom ara, mis samkvidrebel qveyanad. xaranSi abramma ukve raRac

dovlaTi daagrova, magram xarani mainc misTvis gardamavali dro da

adgili aRmoCnda (xarran aqadurad niSnavs `gzas~). gangebiT, mas aq

egeboda damkvidreba.

`da Tan waritana abramma sarai, Tavisi coli, loti,

Tavisi Zmiswuli, mTeli qoneba, rac ki moxveWili

hqondaT, da yoveli yrma (yma), vinc ki xaranSi SeiZines.

da daadgnen qanaanis qveynis gzas da mividnen qanaa-

nis qveyanaSi~ (dab. 12:5).

im Svididan, romelmac qaldevelTa uri datova, sami suliRa darCa.

(naxorma mkvidri cxovreba airCia xaranSi). abrami mcire monagariT

da monaxveWiT midis msxemad ucxoobaSi. `da daiZra abrami...~

zurab kiknaZe

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181

I. msxemoba qanaanSi

cnobilia, rom `xuTwigneuli~ (ebr. Tora `rjuli~) momTaba-

reTa poziciebidan aris dawerili. aq dasturi aqvs micemuli

mwyemsur cxovrebas iseve, rogorc mieca dasturi mwyems abelis

msxverpls, kaenis _ miwismuSakis msxverpls ki ar mieca. abrami

Sedis qanaanSi, rogorc abeli da misi saqmianoba mxolod da mx-

olod mwyemsobiT aris Semofargluli. igi samiwaTmoqmedo kul-

turis qveyanaSia, magram ganridebulia maT saqmianobas.

qanaani is qveyanaa, sadac abraami da misi momdevno ori Taoba

mudam msxemad, Tu mwirad da ucxod _ gerad rCeba qveynis mimarT,

romlis damkvidreba Soreul momavalSia gadatanili. abraami mud-

miv moarulia, moxetialea. is mimodis qanaanis miwaze, sadac arsad

ar arCevs mudmiv samkvidrebels. is arsad ar aSenebs saZirkvlian

saxls. erTaderTi qvis nageboba, romelsac is aRmarTavs qanaanis

miwaze, uflis samsxverploa. sacxovreblad igi gaSlis mxolod

karavs, rac misi msxemobis ZiriTadi atributia (fsalm. 119:5).

Tumca mesame TaobaSi `karvebSi mcxovrebi~ (dab. 25:27) mis naSiers

daerqva. mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi qanaani rCeba misi

`mdgmurobis miwad~ (erec magure, dab. 17:8), sapirispirod samSob-

lo miwisa~ (erec moledeT, dab. 12:1). qanaanSi mas araferi ekuTvnis,

garda miwis im umciresi nakveTisa, romelic man qveynis mkvidrTagan

saras saflavisTvis SeiZina. niSandoblivia, rom miwis am nakveTis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo teqstSi ukiduresi sizustiT

aris miniSnebuli misi adgilmdebareoba, misamarTi (dab. 23:17),

ramdenadac is gaxda windi misi STamomavlobis momavali mkvidro-

bisTvis am qveyanaSi. am saflavis saxiT `mdgmurobis miwa~ ukve

potenciurad inaxavs aRTqmul mkvidrobas, romelsac patriarqTa

sami Taoba ver moeswreba.

SeniSvna. qarTuli samarTlis Zegli `Zegli erisTavTa~ xedavs

da akanonebs kavSirs saflavsa da mkvidrobas Soris: `maSin hrqua

mamasaxlisman largvisisaman, xuciandabis Zeman: ukueTu gnebavs mkvidry-

ofaÁ queyanasa amas, iTxove saflavi monastersa amas...~ [Zeglebi

1966:103].

abraamis wiaRidan gamosuli isaki da Semdeg mis kvalze iakobi

msxemobs qveyanaSi, moZraobs adgilidan adgilad. iakobs Tavisi da,

ganzogadebulad, Tavisi winaprebis cxovreba erT ganuwyvetel msx-

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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182

emobad esaxeba, rogorc man gamoTqva, rogorc Tavis winaparTa da

Tavisi sakuTari cxovrebis mrwamsi, faraonTan saubarSi (`asocdaaT

wels iTvlis Cemi mdgmurobis xani... jer ver mivawie Cemi mamebis

mdgmurobis wlebs~, dab. 47:9). TavianTi cxovrebiT patriarqebi

axorcieleben abeluri cxovrebis tips, razec wers netari avgus-

tine `RvTis qalaqSi~ (De civitate Dei, XV,1). abeli aq fundamen-

turad upirispirdeba kaens, romelic mkvlelobis Semdeg qalaqis

mSenebeli anu urbanistuli civilizaciis mamamTavari gaxda, im civ-

ilizaciisa, rasac RmerTma Semdgom urSi Teraxi da misi ojaxi

gaarida. aq marTu mogviTxrobs Tavis Tavgadasavals, Signidan gvac-

nobs Tavis Tavs. SiSiszari qsenofobia, romelsac iwvevs marTu

mkvidi qveynebis mosaxleobaSi, abraamis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli

ridiT aris Secvlili. misi ar eSiniaT, pativs scemen, mowiwebiT

epyrobian. surT isic maTsaviT mkvidri gaxdes. araTu saflavis

miwas mouzomaven, aramed mzad arian daamkvidron miwaze. magram

abraami damkvidrebas ar apirebs. is xalxi, romelmac unda daimkvidros

qanaani, jer kidev mis sazardulSi Tvlems.

II. monoba egvipteSi

`msxemi monaa ucxo qveyanaSi”

(Sumeruli andaza)

egvipteSi Casvla nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo abraamisTvis micemul

aRTqmasTan erTad, rom misi STamomavloba daimkvidrebda qanaanis

miwas (dab. 15:13). Tavadac mouxda egvipteSi Casvla sarasTan erTad,

winaswar moaswava ra misi STamomavlobis iq yofna, da iqac mdg-

murobda (msxemobda) erTxans.

iakobis Casvla egvipteSi gangebiseuli iyo, magram mas hqonda

yofiTi mizezi. es iyo SimSili, romelic mousavliani wlebis wyebam

gamoiwvia. cxadia, roca adamians Semoakldeba puri, is yidulobs

purs iq, sadac puri ipoveba. magram iakobs arasodes hqonia saku-

Tari puri. is, rogorc marTu, `xorblis umecaria~. umecaria im

azriT, rom ar xnavs miwas, ar Tesavs, ar mohyavs puri.

faraonis wyalobiT, iosebma isini egviptis saukeTeso mxareSi

_ goSenSi daasaxla, rogorc mwyemsebi, romelTa saqmianoba

egviptelebisTvis saZulveli iyo. gamosvlaTa wignis dasawyisSive

vxedavT, rom bedis ukuRmarTobiT, mwyemsTa da karvis mSenebelTa~

zurab kiknaZe

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STamomavlebi qalaqTa mSeneblebi xdebian, faraonisTvis qalaqebis

asaSeneblad agurebs amzadeben anu monawileobas iReben urbanis-

tul-industriuli civilizaciis SenebaSi. es maTi bunebis sawi-

naaRmdego Sromaa da, amdenad, ar SeiZleba igi iZulebiTi ar yofil-

iyo. qanaanis msxemi egviptis monad iqceva. monoba msxemobis uki-

duresi saxea. israelianebi rom egviptis araTu mkvidrni, aramed

msxemebic ver gaxdnen, providenciulia maT istoriaSi. winawarmetyvele-

baSic es igulisxmeboda. iseve, rogorc amaze adre Zmebis mtrobam

iosebis mimarT providenciulad israelianTa egvipteSi moxvedra

ganapiroba anu borotebam, sabolood, xsna mouvlina maT, axlac

gausaZlisi yofa, romelic kulminacias monobaSi aRwevs, maTi

egviptidan gamosvlis sababi xdeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi Tavs ver daaR-

wevdnen egviptes. imdenad mimzidveli iyo maTTvis egviptis nayofi-

ereba, rom am monobis gansacdelis Tu gamocdilebis gareSe isini

verasodes gamovidodnen egviptidan (gavixsenoT, rogor enatrebaT

maT udabnoSi egviptis xorciT savse qvabebi). abraamisTvis gamocx-

adebuli winaswarmetyvelebis aRsruleba swored monobis (da ara

myudro mdgmurobis) xanaSi moxda, da swored maSin, roca israe-

lianTa mosaxleobam zRvrul ricxvs miaRwia, rac abraamisadmi micemu-

li aRTqmis nawilobrivi aRsruleba iyo. magram am `cis varskvlav-

Ta~ (dab. 13:16) da `zRvis qviSis~ (dab. 15:5) simravleSi ar Canda

arc erTi pirovneba, romelic winaswarmetyvelebis sityvebs Seas-

rulebda. arc RvTis gamocxadeba yofila im oTxasi wlis manZilze,

radgan monobis mdgomareoba gamoricxavs pirovnul gamocxadebas.

israelma Tavisi wiaRidan ver warmoSva aseTi adamiani. adamiani,

visi xeliTac ufals unda aResrulebina aRTqma, mose iyo, romelic

faraonis karze aRizarda da TiTqmis gaucxovebuli iyo Tavis

xalxisgan (rasac misi enabrgvilobac mowmobs); is mxolod or-

moci wlis asakSi gamovida faraonis karidan Tavis TvistomTa

gasacnobad.

III. udabnos gamocdileba

(Tavisufleba)

moses udabnoSi gaWris sababi TvistomTa umaduroba iyo,

providenciuli mizani _ gamocxadebis miReba sinaize da arcTu

Soreul samomavlod udabnoSi cxovrebis da xetialis gamocdile-

ba. egvipte _ oazisi, sadac isini gamravldnen, udabnoebiT aris

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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garsSemortymuli. wavalT udabnoSi...~ (gam. 5:3). egviptidan gamos-

vla, imavdroulad, udabnoSi _ TavisuflebaSi gasvlaa. msxemobas,

rogorc vxedavT, ori perspeqtiva aqvs: erTi monobisken, romelic

egvipteSi ganxocielda, meore Tavisuflebisken, romelic udabnos

pirobebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. israelma egviptidan gasvlis

naxtomiT gadalaxa monoba. monobidan igi uSualod TavisuflebaSi

aRmoCnda. amieridan egvipte maT xsovnaSi ara mxolod monobis

saxlad damkvidrda, aramed dacemis xanadac (egvipteSi Casvla

codvis Sedegi iyo), udabno ki iseT simaRled, romlisTvisac is-

raels aRar miuRwevia. es namdvilad arqetipuli xana iyo maT

istoriaSi, romelic karvobis (suqqoT) dResaswaulSi cocxldeba.

magram is mainc gza iyo, gasavleli manZili rogorc fizikuri, ise

sulieri azriT. gzaze myofi adamiani arc mkvidria, arc msxemi da

arc mona, aramed Tavisufali, romelic saboloo mkvidrobisTvis

emzadeba. igi nivTiers arafers aSenebs, misi moRvaweoba sulier

sferoSia saZiebeli.

Tormet toms (daaxloebiT ormilionnaxevrian xalxs) udab-

nos gzaze iseve, rogorc patriarqebs qanaanSi, ar dautovebiaT raime

kvali maTi myofobisa. isini cxovrobdnen, TiTqos arc cxovrobd-

nen... udabno am soflis saxea~, romelmac Caiara israelianTa Tval-

win, `wuTisofeli~, sadac maT ormoci weli _ erTi kacobrivi

Taobis xani gaatares. magram, rogorc karvobis dResaswaulis arsi

mowmobs, udabnoSi cxovreba maT xsovnaSi miuRwevel idealad dar-

Ca. abeluri saxe cxovrebisa mTeli sisruliT iyo ganxorcielebu-

li udabnoSi, sadac isini abelisa da Semdeg moxetiale aramelis~

(rjl. 26:5) namdvili STamomavlebi iyvnen, an im kacisa, iakobisa,

romelsac SobiTganve `karvebSi mcxovrebi~ ewoda (dab. 25:27). ra

moxda am erTi Taobis xangrZlivobis periodSi?

pirvel rigSi, xalxi pirispir aRmoCnda Tavis TavTan. mas

unda Seecno Tavisi unikaloba mis absoluturobaSi, ara sxva rome-

lime xalxTan SedarebiT; rogorc RvTis rCeuli xalxi, is unda

yofiliyo erTi, rogorc erTia RmerTi. meore mxriv, am Segnebis

gansamtkiceblad iyo movlenili udabnoSi gansacdelebi, romelTac

igi xalxidan religiur erad unda gardaeqmna. misi bunebiTi TviT-

neboba unda moTrgunuliyo, sinaize miRebuli rjuli unda aR-

marTuliyo kedlad Tavisuflebasa da TviTnebobas Soris, rogor

Tavad sinai da xorebi iyvnen aRmarTulni usamano da usazRvro

udabnos gamyofad. am udabnos gansacdeliani gzis istoriul mniS-

vnelobas axsenebs maT mose: `gaxsovdes mTeli is gza, romliTac

zurab kiknaZe

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mihyavdi es ormoci weli ufals, Sens RmerTs udabnoSi, rom moeT-

vinierebine, gamoecade, rom scodnoda, ra gidevs gulSi, daicavdi Tu

ara mis mcnebebs. gaWirvebda, gamSevda da gaWmevda mananas, romelic

ar icoda Senma mama-papam, raTa mimxvdariyavi, rom mxolod puriT ar

cocxlobs kaci, aramed uflis piridan gamomavali yoveli sityviT

cocxlobs kaci~ (rjl. 8:2-3).

IV. mkvidroba qanaanSi

figuralurad, Tumca es figura sakmao siRrmiT gamoxatavs

istoriul-kulturul realobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom egviptis

urbanizmidan TavdaRweul israels qanaanSi kaenis civilizacia daxvda

Tavisi orgiastuli samiwaTmoqmedo kultiT da qalaqebiT (ricxv.

13:29), romelic aq cxovrebis mTeli xnis manZilze maTTvis sac-

Turi iqneba. rjuli ukrZalavs maT qanaanel miwaTmoqmedebTan axlo

urTierTobas. ukrZalavs maTTan saqorwino kavSirs ara rCeuli

eris `genebis~ (rogorc SeiZleba dRes vinmes moeCvenos), aramed

religiuri siwmidis Sesanaxad. akrZalva, rogorc jebiri, icavs mas

mRvrie nakadebisgan.

iordanis gadalaxvis Semdeg israelianTa modus vivendi axal

ganzomilebaSi gadadis. es ar aris arc patriarqTa droindeli

msxemoba da arc udabnos abeluri Tavisufleba. qanaanSi mkvidro-

bis saxiT meordeba is tipi cxovrebisa, romelsac qaldevelTa

urSi eweodnen patriarqTa winaprebi. axla iwyeba miwaze maTi damkvi-

dreba: Tormetma tomma erTmaneTSi gainawila qanaanis teritoria,

sazRvrebi tomTa Soris erTxel da samudamod iqna dadgenili.

yvelaferi daTvlilia, dasazRvrulia, Semofarglulia, xalxi dam-

agrebulia miwaze. Tqven icxovrebT qalaqebSi, eubneboda maTi winamZRo-

li, romlebic Tqven ar gagiSenebiaT, icxovrebT saxlebSi, romlebic

Tqven ar agiSenebiaT, SeWamT miwis nayofebs, romlebic Tqven ar

dagirgavT. ase iqneba pirvel xanebSi. magram maT ar ascdebaT qalaqebis

dafuZneba, saxlebis Seneba, baR-venaxebis gaSeneba da yvelafris keTe-

ba, rasac adgilobrivi qanaanelebi misdeven. msxemi xalxi ukve aSenebs

saZirkvlian saxlebs Tavis miwaze ara mxolod sacxovreblad, aramed

TavianTi RmerTis dasavaneblad, erT adgilze dasamkvidreblad.

udabnos periodSi maTac karavi hqondaT sacxovreblad da RmerT-

sac _ dasavaneblad, da RmerTic maTTan erTad Tavisuflad moZraobda

miwaze. rjulis kidobani, romelic uflis myofobis niSani iyo,

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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aseve moZraobda savanesTan erTad tomidan tomSi, sadac ki karavi

daidgmeboda. kidobanma araTu msxemoba, tyveobac ganicada (1mef. 5-

6) da amiT airekla xalxis istoriis ritmi.

marTalia, xalxi damkvidrda da amis Sesatyvisad karvebis nacvlad

saZirkvlian saxlebs aSenebs, sul male, SeiZleba iTqvas, damkvidreb-

is `meore dRes~ Cndeba bzari, romelic TandaTan izrdeba da bo-

los yvelaferi kolafsiT mTavrdeba

istoriis megaritmi Tavis paralelurad aCens mcire ritmebs

sxvadasxva sferoebSi, pirovnebidan dawyebuli socialur insti-

tuciebamde. kidobani gamonaklisi ar aris. aviRoT msajulobis

xana. riT aRiniSneba igi? qveynis mdgomareoba TanxmobaSia mmarTvelobis

tipTan, romelic msxemuria Tavisi bunebiT. tipuria formula, rom-

liTac msajulTa wignis~ avtori axasiaTebs am periodis zogierT

avbediT movlenas: `im xanebSi israels mefe ar yavda~ (msaj. 18:1;

19:1) da ufro dakonkretebiT, riTac mTavrdeba `msajulTa wigni~,

israelis cxovrebis erTi periodi: `im xanebSi israels mefe ar

hyavda da, vis rogorc undoda, ise iqceoda~ (msaj. 21:25).

msajuloba gardamavali xanaa iseve, rogorc gardamavalia msa-

julis winamZRolobis tipi. msajulis gamoCena damokidebulia

xalxis qcevis ritmze: uflisgan gandgoma, qanaanuri orgiastuli

RmerTebis _ baalizmis Tayvaniscema; uflis risxva da sasjelad

moTareSe urdoebi uflis xelSi; xalxis moqceva uflisken da

xalxis xsna msajulis xeliT. msajuli msajulobs ormoci wlis

ganmavlobaSi da, roca gadis misi msajulobis vada, ritmi meordeba,

yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba. msajuloba xarizmatulia, xarizmatulo-

ba ki msxemobis periods ufro Seesatyviseba, vidre mkvidrobas.

krizisis periodSi, roca mkvidri, memkvdreobiTi xelisufleba ar

Cans (vis rogor unda, ise iqceva), msajuli TiTqos araraobidan

moevlineba xalxs: ufali suls STaberavs ubralo israelians, vis-

ganac yvelaze naklebad an sul ar moelian winamZRolobas. arc

xalxi moelis da arc Tavad miaCnia SemZled Tavi, rom daicvas

xalxi moTareSisgan. niSandoblivia gedeonis sityvebi angeloz-

isadmi, romelic gamoecxada mas uflis saxeliT:

`vaglax, batono, me rogor unda vixsna israeli! Cemi

sagvareulo yvelaze mcirea menaSeSi, me ki mamaCemis

saxlSi yvelaze umcrosi var~ (msaj. 6:15).

zurab kiknaZe

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mkvidri mosaxleoba moiTxovs memkvidreobiT ganmtkicebul

xelisuflebas, amitomac sTxoven gedeons:

`ibatone Cvenze Senc, Senma Svilmac da Senma SvilT-

aSvilmac, radgan Sen gvixseni midianis xelTagan~

(msaj. 8:22),

magram gedeoni uars ambobs, radgan albaT erTaderTma man icis,

rom masze gadmosuli es suli, romlis meSveobiTac is imarjvebs,

mas ar ekuTvnis, da amitomac verc memkvidreobiT ver gadava:

`ver vibatoneb Tqvenze da verc Cemi Svili iba-

tonebs Tqvenze. ufali ibatonebs Tqvenze~ (msaj.

8:23).

da, bolos, msajulTa epoqis dasasruls, roca xalxi daJinebiT

moiTxovs mefes anu imgvar wyobilebas, rogorc mis garSemo didi

xnis damkvidrebul xalxebs aqvT, maTi moTxovna, riTac samuels

mimarTes dagvidgine mefe, rom sxva xalxebis wesisamebr gangvsjides~

(1mef. 8:5), ufalma Tavis Ralatad CaTvala: israeli uaryofs im

mowodebas, romelic man sinaize miiRo, rom yofiliyo wmida, anu

yvelasgan gansxvavebul-ganridebuli, sakuTari wesebis Tanaxmad ar-

sebuli da moqmedi xalxi. magram maT moiTxoves xiluli mefe,

radgan xilulSi meti sasoeba hqondaT, vidre uxilavSi, rogoric

maTi RmerTi iyo. aq ganmeorda SemTxveva, roca udabnoSi SeSinebul-

ma xalxma Tavisi winamZRoli RmerTebis xiluli saxe moiTxova da

`oqros xbo~ miiRo. maSin ufali levianebis xeliT sastikad gaus-

worda maT, axla ki misca neba, aerCiaT mefe, radgan moTxovna logikuri

iyo: mkvidri cxovreba TavisTavad moiTxovda mefobas Zalauflebis

memkvidreobiT gadasvliTa da mefis saZirkvliani sasaxliTurT. es

ukanaskneli (sasaxle) ar aris mefobis umniSvnelo komponenti, is

organulad aris dakavSirebuli uflis saxlTan. mefe Tu iSenebs

saxls Tavis samyofelad, igi valdebulia ufalsac auSenos saxli

samaradisod dasavaneblad. da es iyo swored didi sacTuri. ufalma

daviTs, misdami siyvarulis mizeziT, ar aagebina taZari. Tumca dav-

iTis dros uflis kidobani karavSi (savaneSi) iyo davanebuli,

magram is erTi nabijiT miuaxlovda mkvidrobas: daviTma savane

uflis kidobaniTurT Tavis sataxtoSi, ierusalimSi, gadmoasvena.

raki daviTi vaxseneT, vTqvaT daviTze, rom igic, rogorc uflis

kidobani, garkveulad imeorebs xalxis istoriis ritms. beTlemis

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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mkvidri, iudas tomidan, Tavisi cxovrebis pirvel naxevarSi msxemad

mimodis sakuTar qveyanaSi da mis gareTac. sauli devnis mas da,

sanam is devnili da ltolvilia Tavisi qveynidan, saukeTeso adami-

anur Tvisebebs iCens... is aris srulad ganmasaxierebeli im ideal-

isa, romelic ufalma rCeul ers dausaxa. morCili, sulgrZeli,

Tvinieri, Semndobi, uflis cxebulze (saulze, mis mdevnelze) xelis

ar aRmmarTveli... magram sakmarisi iyo mefe gamxdariyo anu Sew-

yvetiliyo misi msxemoba, Cadenili iqna umZimesi codva (uria xeTe-

lis incidenti). Tumca Tavad ar uZiebia Suri Tavis mdevnelebze da

Seuracxmyofelebze, magram Surisgebis grZnoba-survili ar Cauklavs:

solomons, Tavis memkvidres, uanderZa es saqme, ris aRsrulebasac

igi mamis sikvdilis dRidanve Seudga.

qveyanaSi xalxis mkvidrobis umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebriv-

religiuri movlena _ taZris aSeneba anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

transcendenturi uzenaesi arsebis saxelis dabinaveba-damkvidreba

erT adgilze, imavdroulad, Seiqna nacionaluri katastrofis dasawy-

isad. es paradoqsia, magram misi mizezi ufro Rrmad marxia, vidre

zerele dakvirveba SeiZleba Cawvdes. debuleba, rom `momTabare da

mwyemsi xalxi xaniers arafers aSenebs da ar Sromobs momavlisTvis,

rac maTi Tvalsawieris miRma rCeba~ [genoni:56] totalur dapiri-

spirebaSi modis im RvawlTan, romelic mefe solomonma gaswia

taZris asaSeneblad. msgavsad mefobis moTxovnisa, rom gvsurs gv-

marTavdes mefe, rogorc yvela sxva qveyanaSi xdeba, saZirkvlian

monumentur taZarsac hqonda magaliTebi israelis imdroindel

garemocvaSi. Cvens RmerTsac unda hqondes mudmivi saxli, rogorc

sxvas _ aseTi iyo solomonis da samRvdeloebis suliskveTeba,

magram es safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeboda im xalxis tips, romlis

buneba udabnoSi Camoyalibda. saZirkvliani taZris mSeneblobis

Sinaganma akrZalvam mxolod is moaxerxa, rom ierusalimis taZars

es xalxi sxvisi (tvirosis mefisgan gamogzavnili ostatebis) xe-

liT aSenebda. ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom solomonis am istori-

uli RvawliT aRiniSna israelianebis sedentarul cxovrebaze ga-

dasvlis saboloo etapi, romlis iqiT mosalodneli safrTxe si-

nais mowodebas unda damuqreboda. anu: es xalxi sabolood cx-

ovrebis wesis SecvliT yvela sxva xalxs daemsgavseboda. im katas-

trofis mizezi, romelic, rogorc sasjeli, momavalSi daatyda xalxs,

solomonSi marxia. simptomaturia, rom taZris aSenebis Semdeg iw-

yeba solomonis gadaxra uflis mcnebebidan:

zurab kiknaZe

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`siberis xans midrikes solomonis guli misma

colebma ucxo RmerTebisken... dadioda solomoni

cidonelTa RmerTis aSToreTis da yamonelTa

sibilwis, milqomis kvalze. ukeTurebas sCadioda

solomoni uflis TvalSi da ise ar erTgulebda

ufals, rogorc mamamisi daviTi. maSin augo so-

lomonma samsxverplo qamoSs, moabis sibilwes, mTaze,

ierusalimis gaswvriv, da moloqs, yamonianTa sibil-

wes... (3mef. 11:4-7)

sasjeli ormagi iyo: erTi winaswari _ samefos gaxleCa, ramac

gamoiwvia ierusalimis taZrisgan aTi tomis mowyveta da `oqros

xbos~ kultze gadayvana (3mef. 27:32); meore _ xalxis mowyveta

miwisgan (mkvidri cxovrebisgan), dabruneba kvlav msxemobis mdgo-

mareobamde, r. genonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `taZris ganadgurebi-

sTanave kvlav daiwyo cxovreba gafantvis Taviseburi saxiT~ [geno-

ni:55, Sen.]. ra aris es Taviseburi saxe? gamoxatavs Tu ara es

sityva-cneba `gafantva~ im mdgomareobas, romelSic xalxi Cavarda

ierusalimisa da misi taZris dangrevis Semdeg?

V. msxemobis oazisebi mkvidrobis xanaSi

levianTa msxemoba. roca israelianebi Sevidnen qanaanSi, Ti-

Toeul toms gansazRvruli teritoria mieca dasamkvidreblad.

erTaderT levianTa toms ar mieca sakuTari samkvidro da igi,

rogorc umiwawylo, arqetipul msxemobas inarCunebda aw ukve is-

raelis mier damkvidrebul teritoriaze, sakuTar xalxSi. leviani

msxemobs Tavis mkvidr TanamoZmeTa Soris, rogorc misi winaprebi

msxemobdnen yvelgan, sadac cxovreba uxdebodaT. levianTa msxemobas

StoTa Soris Tavisi sazrisi hqonda: isini, rogorc sakulto fun-

qciis matarebelni, yvela StoSi iyvnen saWironi, amitomac gaifant-

nen aRTqmuli miwis mTels teritoriaze, danidan vidre beer-Sebam-

de. maTi ganfantva, Tumca sxva mizeziT, iakobis kurTxevaSi iyo

nawinaswarmetyvelevi (`davaqucmaceb maT iakobSi da mimovfantav

israelSi~, dab. 49:7)

amgvarad, Tumca israeli Tavis mTlianobaSi qanaanis mkvidri

gaxda, uaryo ra abeluri yofa, am sayovelTao mkvidrobaSi levis

tomis saxiT igi inarCunebs msxemobis (garkveuli azriT, idealur)

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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mdgomareobas. maT yofaSi erTgvarad patriarqaluri qanaanis war-

sulia Senaxuli. Tumca maT ara aqvT sakuTari samkvidro aRTqmul

miwaze, samagierod maTi samkvidro ufalia. maTze gavrceldeba ne-

tari avgustines sityvebi, abelze Tqmuli, rom igi RvTis qalaqs

ekuTvnis da, rogorc mwirs, miwieri qalaqi ar auSenebia (De civitateDei, XV,1).

karvobis dResaswauli. qanaanSi mkvidrobis sapirispirod is-

raeli ixsenebs arqetipul dros (`mas Jams~), roca is karvebSi

cxovrobda. karvoba~ (suqqoT) erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dResaswaulia,

romelsac ukve mkvidri israeli mwyemsobis nomadur xanaSi gada-

hyavs. am dros ritualurad cocxldeba patriarqTa _ `karvebSi

mcxovrebTa~ modus vivendi. am wesis ganuxreli damcvelni, ara mx-

olod dResaswaulis dros, israelSi iyvnen reqabianebi, romelTa

Sesaxeb cnoba Semonaxulia ieremias wignSi.

reqabianTa Temi. aRmoCnda israelianTa Soris sagvareulo (mTeli

Temi, Stosadmi kuTvnileba ucnobia), romelmac ar miiRo mkvidroba

da, araTu SeinarCuna msxemoba yofis wesad, aramed udabnoSi cxovre-

bis erTguli darCa. reqabianebi ieremiam moiwvia, raTa rjulze

gamdgarTaTvis maTi magaliTiT eCvenebina erTguleba mama-papis anderZ-

isadmi. ai, ra Tqves maT:

`Cvenma winaparma gvianderZa: Rvino ar dalioT ara-

sodes, arc Tqven da arc Tqvenma Svilebma. saxlebi

ar aSenoT, Tesli ar TesoT da vazi ar CayaroT, da

araferi iqonioT. mxolod karvebSi icxovreT mTe-

li Tqveni dReebi, raTa icocxloT miwis pirze,

sadac Tqven mdgmurobT~ (ierem. 35:6-7)

reqabianebi bolomde erTguli rCebian abeluri cxovrebis

mimarT, ukiduresobamde dahyavT igi, sruliad gamoricxaven ra mi-

waTmoqmedebas, rogorc meurneobis kaenur sferos.

laparakia nostalgiaze, romelsac ganicdida Zveli aRTqmis

istoriis subieqti nomaduri cxovrebis mimarT [openhaimi:111], Tum-

ca ufali maT damkvidrebisken mouwodebda. am nostalgiam gamoJona

karvobis dResaswaulis da reqabianTa erTgulebis saxiT.

VI. msxemoba babilonSi

rogorc viciT, xalxs warsulSi hqonda ara Tavis qveyanaSi

cxovrebis sakmaod intensiuri gamocdileba, rac msxemobiT (magur)

zurab kiknaZe

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aRiniSneboda. magram axal viTarebaSi, kvlav sxvis qveyanaSi (babilonSi)

cxovreba, axali gamocdilebiT aivso. amjerad xalxi Tavisi, rogo-

radac CaTvala man qanaani, qveynidan moxvda sxvis qveyanaSi iZulebi-

Ti gadasaxlebiT da, Tumca babilonSi cxovreba isev da isev msxe-

moba iyo, sxvagan yofnis am axalma gamocdilebam axali ideologia

Seqmna, gansakuTrebuli niuansi SesZina sxvagan cxovrebas. septuag-

intaseuli diaspora (ganTesva, ganTesiloba) amas mxolod calmxrivad

asaxavs. babilonSi xalxi ar ganTesila, igi kompaqturad iyo dasax-

lebuli erT Temad. SesaZlebelia, ganTesvas aq sxvagan daTesvis (an

gadanergvis) mniSvneloba mieniWos, magram esec ar aris mTavari. ena

axali garemoebisTvis irCevs axal sityvas _ galuT, rac eti-

mologiurad `siSiSvles~ niSnavs. siSiSvle gamoxatavs sakuTari

qveynidan ayrilTa eksistencialur mdgomareobas, rasac dasabami

dabadebis wignSi aqvs, sadac adamis siSiSvleze da misgan gamowveul

sircxvilze, daufaraobaze da daucvelobazea laparaki. da ai, es

xalxi, romelic qanaanis qveyanaSi, mis sazRvrebSi, rogorc adami

samoTxeSi, uflis wiaRSi, Tavs daculad grZnobda, gadasaxlebam

mwvaved agrZnobina siSiSvliT gamoxatuli umweoba. meore mxriv,

siSiSvlis axda Zveli aRTqmis enaSi upatiobis, Seuracxyofis da,

amasTanave, saidumlos gaZarcvis niSania (gavixsenoT, ras eubneba

iosebi Zmebs, roca maT egviptis qveynis mstovrobas abralebs:

`mstovrebi xarT, am qveynis siSiSvlis dasazverad moxvediT~, dab.

42:9).

galuTad (ganSiSvlebad) wodebulma am msxemobam radikalu-

rad Secvala xalxis religiuri da sazogadoebrivi yofa. msgavsad

egviptis mwiroba-monobis periodisa, romelmac oTx aswleuls

gastana, babilonis samocdarvawliani tyveobis xanac sibneliT aris

moculi. werili dums da dumda, rogorc Cans, RvTis sagalobelic.

erTaderTi, rasac ixsenebs 136-e fsalmunis avtori babilonSi msx-

emobaze, swored es sakulto dumilia:

`babilonis mdinareTa napirebze visxediT da

vtirodiT, roca vigonebdiT sions.

mis Zewnebs Soris CamovkideT Cveni qnarebi.

iq gvTxovdnen Cveni damatyvevarni galobis sityvebs

da Cveni gamtacebelni _ mxiarulebas:

gvigalobeT rame sionis sagalobelTagan.

rogor gigaloboT uflis galoba ucxo miwaze?

(136:1-4).

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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babilonis tyveobiT aRiniSna qanaanSi mkvidrobis dasasruli

da axali epoqis dasawyisi. es ori momenti _ Zvelis dasasruli da

axlis dasawyisi araorazrovnad, Tumca niSnobrivad gamoxata su-

raTma, romliTac mTavrdeba mefeTa wignebi:

`iudas mefis iehoiaqinis gadasaxlebidan (galuT)

ocdameSvide wlis Tavze, meTormete Tves, Tvis oc-

dameSvide dRes, evil-merodaxma, babilonis mefem,

Tavisi gamefebis wels sapyrobiledan ipativa ie-

hoiaqini, iudas mefe. keTilad elaparaka da daudga

taxti im mefeTa maRla, romlebic masTan iyvnen

babilonSi. gamoucvala sapyrobilis tanisamosi da

mis win Wamda igi purs mTeli sicocxle. samudamo

iyo misi sarCo da eZleoda mefisagan yoveldRi-

urad mTeli sicocxle~ (4mef. 25:27-30).

VII. tipologia

qanaanSi patriarqebis msxemobam Zvel aRTqmaSive miiRo ti-

pologiuri gaazreba. qanaani amqveyniuri, miwieri cxovrebis sim-

boluri saxea, xolo patriarqebi _ misi stumrebi. qanaani warmava-

li qveynis xatia, sadac adamianebi mxolod droebiTi mosaxleni,

mdgmurebi (xiznebi, msxemebi, mwirebi) arian. aseTi warmodgena mkvidrdeba

qanaanze da is gamoxatulebas poulobs daviTis fsalmunebSi: mdg-

muri var Sens winaSe, xizani Cem mamasaviT~ (fsalm. 39:13). Tumca

roca qanaani didixnis damkvidrebulia da iq ukve israelianTa

samefoa, misi upirvelesi mkvidri, rogoric aris mefe, Tavs mwirad

da msxemad ganicdis. am gancdas aqvs Teologiuri aspeqti: qveyana

ufals ekuTvnis da qveynis mkvidrni misi mdgmurebi da xiznebi

arian. `vmwirob samudamod Sens karvebSi~ (fsalm. 61:5). magram mas,

rogorc gancdas, axlavs eksistencialuri aspeqti: adamiani grZnobs

Tavisi cxovrebis warmavalobas amqveynad. grZnobs imasac, rom arse-

bobs maradiuli adgili, sadac misi namdvili samSobloa, sadac

abels uzenaesi qalaqi eguleba.

qanaanSi mcxovrebi patriarqebi winasaxeobrivad ganasaxiereben

pirvel qristianTa cxovrebis wess, rogorc erTi adreqristianu-

li teqsti gvamcnobs: isini TavianT samSobloSi cxovroben, magram

cxovroben rogorc msxemebi; yvelaferSi monawileoba aqvT rogorc

zurab kiknaZe

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193

moqalaqeebs, magram yvelafers iTmenen rogorc mdgmurebi. maTTvis

yoveli ucxo mxare samSobloa da yoveli samSoblo _ ucxo mxare~

[diognete:395].

abraamis da mis momdevno patriarqTa msxemoba qanaanSi yovelTvis

rCeba anaqoretTa, msxemTa da mwirTa arqetipul saxed. Sors rom

ar wavideT, qarTuli hagiografia am toposisTvis uxv ilustra-

cias iZleva:

`rameTu WeSmaritad Rirsi iyo sayuareli RmrTi-

saÁ netari mamaÁ Cueni iovane, romelman-igi, msgavsad

abrahamisa, ucxoebaÁ airCia da mwirobiT da siglax-

akiT cxorebaÁ...~ [Zeglebi 1967, 41];

`da esreT damtevebeli queyanisa da mamulisa TÂ

sisa, viTar sxuaÁ vinme abraham, sauflosa Ãmisa

mier wodebuli, queyanad qarTlisa moiwia...~ [Ze-

glebi 1967, 90];

`...megulebis warsvlaÁ ucxoTa adgilad mimarT, raTa

mciredTa amaT neStTa dReTa cxovrebisa CemisaTa

ucxoebisa amis da mwirobisa sofelsa Sina ru-

dunebiT da martoebiT viyofodi, rameTu viTar aR-

movikiTxavT, msxem da warmaval varT yovelni da

mamanica Cuenni~ (Zeglebi 1967, 89).

ucxooba-mwirobis da mkvidrobis toposi Seswavlilia qarT-

lis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebiT da ganzogadebulad qristian-

ul tradiciaSi. Tu abraami pirvelqristianuli msxemi eklesiis

saxea, qarTuli teqstebi iZleva saSualebas, wmida ninos pirovneba-

Si analogiuri figura davinaxoT: `eklesia misi saxiT msxemobda

da misive saxiT daemkvidra qarTlSi~ [patariZe: 65].

es ukanaskneli fraza, romelic wmida ninos saxis Rrma gan-

Wvretis Sedegia, erTsa da imave dros gamoxatavs rogorc qarTlis

ganmanaTleblis dialeqtikur gzas qarTlis ucxoobidan mis de-

dobamde, aseve eklesiisas, romlis msxemoba mis saxelmwifo reli-

giad gamocxadebiT mTavrdeba. magram metis Tqma SegviZlia: Zveli

aRTqmis subieqtis cxovrebis ritmi gamoZaxils poulobs ara mx-

olod eklesiis mimarTebaSi wuTisofelTan (msxemobidan mkvidro-

bisken), aramed mis SidacxovrebaSic. eklesiis istoria mowmobs,

rom periodulad, adreul Suasaukuneebidan moyolebuli, rogorc

dasavleTSi, ise aRmosavleTSi sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli eklesiis

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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wiaRi warmoSobs mwirebs _ TviTdevnilebs, romlebic garbian ud-

abnoSi, tyeebSi, mTebSi, ubrundebian ra sawyis mdgomareobas da, Sesa-

Zloa, qristianobis fuZemdeblur princips, romelic mociqulma

pavlem gamoTqva sruli kategorulobiT:

`Jami iwureba, amitom amieridan... iyaviT myidvelni,

rogorc uqonelni, sofliT mosargebleni, rogorc

ar-mosargebleni, radgan warmavalia am soflis saxe~

(1kor. 7: 30-31).

adgilebi, sadac bibliur patriarqebs da Semdeg ers uxdebo-

da cxovreba (bibliuri topografia) prefiguratiul sazriss iZens

_ maTi monacvleoba cxovrebis gzaze sulieri gardatexebis maCvene-

belia:

qaldevelTa uri, saidanac RmerTma abraamis ojaxi gamoiyvana,

origenedan moyolebuli, vnebebiT garemocul qveyanad ganicdeba: suli

Caflulia codvebSi. es aris sulieri kerpTayvanismcemlobis qrono-

topi _ xana da adgili.

xarani, Sualeduria sikeTesa da borotebas Soris, codvil da

marTal cxovrebas Soris, moCvenebiT da WeSmarit codnas Soris.

qanaani, saiTkenac gaemarTa abraami, sulis is mdgomareobaa,

roca codvebi daTrgunulia da suli sruliad Tavisufldeba vnebaT-

agan. aq suli mkvidrobs srulyofili WeSmaritebisa da uxinjo

sikeTis saufloSi.

egvipteSi cxovrebis gamocdileba am qveyanas, msgavsad qalde-

velTa urisa, codvili cxovrebis saxed aqcevs. gabmulia kavSiri

egvipteSi datyvevebul israelsa da codvebiT damZimebul suls

Soris. mewamuli zRvis gadalaxva pirveli nabijia egviptis (anu

codvebis) tyveobidan gaTavisuflebis gzaze.

meore mxriv, egvipte warmarTuli warsulia Tavisi nivTieri

dovlaTis siuxviT, romelic SesaZloa moenatros sulieri sruly-

ofis gzaze Semdgar suls, magram is Zlevs mas, raTa aRar daubrundes.

mesame mxriv, egvipte saaqaoa, anu wuTisofeli Tavisi amaoebiT,

mewamuli zRvis gaRma arsebuli aRTqmuli qveyana ki sulTa sa-

sufevlis saxea. ai, rogor aRwers giorgi mcire giorgi mTawmide-

lis sikvdils:

`...ganTavisuflebul iqmna sakrvelTagan ÃÃorcTaÁsa.

sabrÃe Seimusra, xolo siri aRfrinda, dauteva egÂ

zurab kiknaZe

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pte, romel ars cxorebaÁÁ ese nivTieri, da wiaRv-

lo ara Tu zRuaÁÁ igi mewamuli, aramed Savi ese da

wyudiadi zRuaÁ amis sawuTroÁsaÁ. Sevida queya-

nasa mas aRTqumisasa, romel ars zecaTa ierusalemi.

mTasa mas zeda sibrZnismetyvelebs RmrTisa Tana.

wariÃada Ã.amli sulisaÁ...~ [Zeglebi II:194].

aRTqmis qveyana anu qanaani aq gaigivebulia caTa sasufevelTan,

romlis Suaguli zeciuri ierusalimia; `mTasa mas zeda~ _ es

sinais mTaa, sadac mosem RvTis xmasTan miaxloebisas xamlebi gaiZro

fexze: Zveli aRTqmis nivTieri xamli, romelic wuTisoflis amaoe-

biT iyo gamtverili, sulieri ganwmedis tipologiuri metaforaa.

israelis gasvlas udabnoSi exmianeba ioane naTlismcemlisa

da iesos udabnos gamocdileba, romelic qristianis cxovrebaSi

ganwmedis periodTan aris dakavSirebuli. am azriT, udabno qris-

tianul literaturaSi aRar gaiazreba rogorc ukacrieli adgili,

aramed WeSmariti qristianebi _ mwirTa da msxemTa idealuri samy-

ofeli.

VIII. semantikur-semiotikuri eqskursi

yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mkveTri dapirispireba adgilis

(miwis) mkvidrsa da ucxos (garedan mosuls) Soris. gansakuTre-

biT aqtualuri iyo es dapirispireba Zveli aRTqmis xalxis isto-

riaSi, romelsac Tavad hqonda msxemobis (mwirobis) xangrZlivi,

mdidari da, xSirad, mZime gamocdileba. Sesabamisad, mis enaSi termi-

nologiuri sicxadiT da, amasTanave, simkacriT gamoixata es so-

cialuri da, ase gasinjeT, eksistencialuri movlena. sxva mcnebaTa

Soris, romelTa xsovnasac rjuli mouwodebs israelians, sabolood

dasaxlebuls Tavisi mkvidrobis qveyanaSi, arcTu ukanasknelia es

mcneba: mdgmurs nu Seaviwroveb, nu daCagrav, radgan Tqvenc mdgmure-

bi iyaviT egviptelTa qveyanaSi~ (gam. 22:22).

`mdgmuris~ nacvlad am adgilas mosalodneli iyo `msxemi~,

`mwiri~, xizani~, magram mTargmnels eyo gambedaoba, ukuegdo pirve-

li maTgani arqaulobis (Tumca is rCeba terminad), meore _ Secv-

lili mniSvnelobis gamo, xolo mesamesa da `mdgmurs~ Soris es

ukanaskneli aerCia misi mniSvnelobis gafarToebiT. `mdgmuri~ niS-

navs adamians, romelic cxovrobs sxvis saxlSi, Tundac saukunod,

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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sikvdilamde. xizani Sekedlebulis niuanss atarebs, rac ar gamodgeba

ebrauli sityvis gadmosacemad, romelic JRers rogorc ger. es

sityva qarTulSi Semovida daviwroebuli mniSvnelobiT, magram savse-

biT adekvaturad gadmoscems mis Sinaarss (misi, rogorc ebrauli

nasesxobis Sesaxeb ix. lerneri, 55....). ger is adamiania, romelic

ekuTvnis saxls an sazogadoebas, magram ar aris ojaxis, sazogadoe-

bis sruluflebiani wevri. es gerebi (mravl. gerim) amoyvnen israe-

lianebs egviptidan, dasaxldnen maT gverdiT (amas gamoxatavs

berZn. paroikos `mezoblad mosaxle~), uflebaSezRudulni, magram

mainc bediT kmayofilni. ara Tavis miwaze cxovreba qmnis maTSi

wuTisoflis stumrobis cocxal grZnobas, romelic sxva SemTxveva-

Si, cnobierebis sxva registrze eksistencialur gancdaSi gadadis.

amdenad, am sityvidan nawarmoebi magur droebiTi, ara mkvidri cx-

ovrebis mniSvnelobas iZens. faraonis SekiTxvaze, ramdeni wlisa

xar, iakobi pasuxobs am qveynad (ara mxolod qanaanSi) Tavisi

stumrobis sruli SegnebiT: `as ocdaaT wels iTvlis Cemi mdg-

murobis (magur) xani... jer ver mivawie Cemi winaprebis xans, mdg-

murobaSi rom gautarebiaT~ (dab. 47:8-9). qanaani misTvis da misi

winaprebisTvis iyo mxolod erec magur mdgmurobis qveyana (miwa)~.

`mogcem Sen da Sens STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaa-

nis mTels qveyanas, samaradiso sakuTrebad...~ (dab. 17:8), aRuTqvams

RmerTi abraams. patriarqis aqtualur mdgmurobas am aRTqmaSi

momavlis mkvidroba upirispirdeba. geri patriarqebi momavlisken

arian orientirebulni, rac uCveuloa ZvelaRmosavluri mentalo-

bisTvis. maTi yofis ganmsazRvreli molodinia, rasac reliefurad

gamoxatavs abraamis momlodine figura mamres muxasTan, karavTan

(dab. 18:1).

ra semantikiT gamoxatavs Zveli aRTqmis ena esoden mniSvnelo-

vani mkvidrobis cnebas? Zveli aRTqmis enaSi SemuSavda mkvidris

aRmniSvneli ori termini, romlebic miwis semantikazea dafuZnebu-

li _ yam ha-arec miwis xalxi~, ara zogadad miwis, aramed am miwis

(ganmsazRvreli artikliT ha), romelmac droTa viTarebaSi ubra-

lo xalxis, mdabioris, miwaze mijaWvuli adamianis mniSvneloba

miiRo, miiCqmala ra am miwisa da am adamianis organuli erTianobis

Tavdapirveli sazrisi, da miwa instrumentad, mxolodRa damuSaveb-

is, pragmatuli Rirebulebis obieqtad iqca. ufro gamZle aRmoCnda

termini, romlis ageba mcenareuli samyaros leqsikam itvirTa: ezrax

`niadagze amosuli mcenare~ (lev. 16:29). mkvidri is adamiania, romelic

adgilobriv niadagzea aRmocenebuli. Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi xSir-

zurab kiknaZe

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ia adamiani-nergis simbolika. RmerTma yvela xalxisgan gamoarCia

erTi xalxi, romlis nergi sakuTari xeliT dargo aRTqmul miwaze.

TiTqos miwa da xalxi mas erTmaneTisTvis Seeqmna. xalxi Tavad

laparakobs Tavis Tavze rogorc vazze, romelic RmerTma egvip-

tidan gadmoitana da aRTqmul miwaze dargo, gaadgmevina mas fesvebi

da qveyana aivso misiT (fsalm. 79:9-10). `me dagrge, _ vkiTxulobT

ieremias wignSi, _ rogorc rCeuli vazi, dagTese rogorc WeSmariti

Tesli...~ (ierem. 2:21). israeli am miwaze ar aris nagerali (`dau-

Teslad mosuli~, saba), rogorc sxva xalxebi _ is providenciis

xelma dargo.

egviptis geri da mere mona udabnos gavliT Sedis qanaanSi da

iq ipovebs oTxasi wlis winaT aRTqmul mkvidrobas, magram babilonma

waarTva igi, raTa kvlav daebrunebina dakargul msxemobaSi.

magram babilonSi gadasaxlebam, romelsac qarTul TargmanSi

`tyveoba~, xolo berZnulSi metoikesia (metoikia) ewodeba, axali

TvaliT daanaxva Tavisi saxe, axalma gansacdelma ki gansxvavebuli

simbolika moiTxova. warmoiSva galuTis koncepti. tyveoba galuT-

is sapirispiro mdgomareobaa: igi adamianis oTx kedels Soris

moqcevas aRniSnavs, galuTi ki _ maTgan gamoyvanas saaSkaraoze, dRis

sinaTleze, xolo Tu miwazea laparaki _ ayras, miwisgan mowyvetas.

magram galuTi, romlis semantika `siSiSvles~ Seicavs, xalxisa da

miwis urTierTobis siRrmiseul mxaresac gvimxels. galuTi gamox-

atavs qveynis gaSiSvlebas mosaxleobisgan, TiTqos xalxi miwis

samoseli iyos. amjerad SiSvldeba miwa, TiTqos is mcenareuli

safarisgan iZarcvebodes. magram es safaric da xalxic am miwaze

RmerTis dargulia, radgan is aris misi patroni. roca miwas eZarcveba

mcenareuli samoseli, miTosi ambobs, rom RmerTma miatova es miwa;

RmerTi qvesknelSi Cavida da miwa stiqiuri da qaoturi Zalebis

saTareSod gawira. es miTologema imdenad universaluria, rom zed-

metic ki xdeba misi konkretuli formebis damowmeba, Tumca davasax-

eloT finikielTa baali da nakleb cnobili marduqi, romlis gas-

vlam babilonidan, erTi miTologiur-istoriosofiuli eposis mixed-

viT, Savi Wiri Sehyara qalaqs [eras eposi].

analogiurad, ezekielis xilvaSi (ezek. 10-11) aRwerilia, rogor

tovebs ierusalimis taZars uflis dideba _ qabodi (an mogviano

terminiT Sexina `uflis myofoba~), sanam babiloneli jariskacebi

daangreven mas. uflis kidobnis tyveobaze filistimelTa xelSi,

naTqvamia: `ganeSora (sityvasityviT: ganSiSvlda/ganiZarcva) dideba

israelisgan~ (1mef. 4:21). siwmidisgan ganZarculi taZari mkvdaria,

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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rogorc suls ganSorebuli gvami _ is ganwirulia dasangrevad,

rogorc gvami _ xrwnilebad. aseve mkvdaria miwa, roca misi macocx-

lebeli Zala mowyvetilia misgan. es mdgomareoba Zvel aRTqmaSi

miwisa da RmerTis saqorwino urTierTobiTac aris gamoxatuli.

RvTisgan mitovebuli miwa iseTive unayofoa, rogorc uqmrod dar-

Cenili qali.

`gavaSiSvleb da ise gamovaCen, rogorc dabadebis

dRes iyo. udabnosaviT vaqcev, uwylo miwad gavx-

di...~ (osia, 2:5).

esaias winaswarmetyvelebiT, roca ufali dabrundeba qveyanaSi,

`aRar dagiZaxeben mitovebuls da Sens miwas aRar

daerqmeva ukacrieli, radgan gewodeba Cemi sasurve-

li da Sens miwas _ dapatronebuli... rogorc

ymawvili epatroneba qalwuls, ase daepatronebian

[miwas] Seni Svilebi. rogorc siZe xarobs dedof-

liT, ase gaixarebs SeniT Seni RmerTi~ (es. 62:4-5).

galuTis sityva-cneba, rogorc miTologema, Tavisi amosavali

semantikis (`ganZarcva~, gaSiSvleba~) SenarCunebiT, Tu erTi mxriv,

kacTagan gaSiSvlebuli, ukacrieli miwis mdgomareobaze migvaniSnebs,

meore mxriv, siSiSvle da ganZarcva Tavad miwidan ayrili xalxis

mdgomareobaa. galuTi aris gareT yofna da usaxlkaroba. galuTSi

myofi israeliani emsgavseba gaSiSvlebul, samoTxisgan ganZarcul

adams, vis gulSic ar Caklula ukandabrunebis imedi da molodini.

unda aRiniSnos, rom zmna gala, romelmac Seadgina galuTis

cneba, bunebrivad aris dawyvilebuli saidumlosTan:

`arafers moimoqmedebs ufali RmerTi, Tu ar gaucx-

ada (gala) Tavisi saidumlo Tavis msaxurT,

winaswarmetyvelT~ (amos. 3:7).

laparakia uflis saidumlos xilva-mosmenaze, razec Zveli

aRTqmis RvTismetyvelebaa dafuZnebuli. magram arsebobs siwmidis

saidumlo, romelzec qveynis (miwis) keTildReoba da usafrTxoe-

baa damokidebuli. albaT sabediswerod, ara SemTxveviT, babilonis

tyveobamde ori TaobiT adre, roca ierusalimis haerSi jer kidev

zurab kiknaZe

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199

ar ilandeboda galuTis aCrdili, mefe xizkiam babilonidan war-

mogzavnil elCebs samefos mTeli saganZuri daaTvalierebina, rac

esaiam sabediswero niSnad CaTvala:

`mivida esaia winaswarmetyveli mefe xizkiasTan da

uTxra: ra Tqves am kacebma da saidan movidnen Sen-

Tan? miugo xizkiam: Sori qveynidan movidnen,

babilonidan. Tqva: ra naxes Sens saxlSi? miugo

xizkiam: yvelaferi naxes, rac saxlSi maqvs. araferi

darCenila Cems saganZurebSi, rom ar meCvenebina maT-

Tvis. uTxra esaiam xizkias: ismine uflis sityva: aha,

dadgeba Jami da yvelafers, rac saxlSi gaqvs da,

rac Sens mama-papas dRemde mouxveWavs, babilonSi

waiReben... waasxamen Sens Svilebsac, romelnic Sen-

gan gamovlen, romelTac Sen warmoSob...~ (4mef. 20:14-

18).

ar gasula saukunenaxevari, rom moxda is, rac moxda.

P.S. Suasaukuneebis espanel poets Selomo ibn gabirols (1021-

1058) galuTis leqsebis ciklSi aseTi striqonebi aqvs:

"rodemdis velodo Cems RmerTs, RmerTo?

rodemdis gagrZeldeba galuTi? rodemdis

iqnebian raxelis Zeni cxvrebiviT gaparsulni?

[gabiroli, 76, str. 11].

aq uTargmeli rCebi sityva raxel, romelic sakuTari saxelic aris

da deda-cxvaric. `gaparsuls~ ki ar esaWiroeba ganmarteba _ igi

zedmiwevniT gamoxatavs galuTSi myofTa mdgomareobas.

literatura

genoni: genoni, r., kaeni da abeli, `fiqrebi. rCeulTa biblioTeka”,

Tb., lomisi”, 1998.

gabiroli: Selomo ibn gabiroli, rCeuli leqsebi, xaim Sirmanis

redaqciiT, Tel-avivi, 1972 (ebraul enaze).

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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200

diognete: Àíòîëîãèÿ Ðàííèå îòöû Öåðêâè, Ïîñëàíèå ê Äèîãíåòó,

«Æèçíü ñ Áîãîì», Áðþññåëü, 1988.

Zeglebi 1966: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi tomi II, teqstebi

gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem,

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1965.

eras eposi: L’Epopea di Erra di Luigi Cagni, 1969, Università di Roma.poezia 1987: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Sumerulidan da aqadu-

ridan Targmna zurab kiknaZem, Tb., `merani”, 1987, gv. 7-11.

Sumeruli teqsti: Van Dijk, J.J.A. La sagesse suméro-accadi-enne, E.J.Brill, Leiden, 1953, pp. 65-69].

lerneri: Lerner, Konstantine B., The Biblical Institution of “Newcomers” inAncient Georgia, The ANNUAL of the Society for the Study of Cau-casia, vol. 4-5, 1992-1993, Chicago.

lugalbanda: Lugalbanda Epic and the Anzud Bird: http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.8.2*#

marTu: The Marriage of Martu: http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.7.1&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc#

openheimi: Îïïåíõåéì, À.Ëåî. Äðåâíÿÿ Ìåñîïîòàìèÿ, «Íàóêà»,

Ì., 1980.

patariZe 2003: patariZe l. ucxooba da mwiroba qarTul saekle-

sio tradiciaSi, analebi, 2003 #1.

Zeglebi 1967: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Ze-

glebi, wigni II, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da re-

daqciiT, mecniereba~, Tb., 1967.

Zeglebi 1971: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zegle-

bi, wigni III, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da redaqciiT,

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1971.

leqsikisTvis ix. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, volume I, R.Laird Harris, Ed., Moody Press, Chicago [1980].

zurab kiknaZe

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Zurab Kiknadze

The Rhythms in the Old Testament History

Four substantially differing periods can be identified in the history of The Chosenpeople:1. The age of the patriarchs in Canaan is characterized by being aliens, sojourns,ger. Canaan is a land where he is to remain always as an alien, a ger. Abraham isalways on the move, wandering through the country. This journeying is hiss modeof life. He does not ever build a house anywhere, apart from the only stonestructure, and pitches a tent for dwelling, this being one of the main attributes ofbeing in exile (Ps. 120:5). The patriarchs led an Abelian type of life, dealt with bySaint Augustine in his De civitate Dei (XV, 1), whereby Abel is fundamentallyopposed to Cain who became the first builder of cities, his descendants foundedan urban civilization of which Terah and Abraham _ forfathers of the chosenpeople get rid.2. The Egyptian period. What was their modus vivendi in Egypt? Their status asof sojourners changed. They become slaves that of urbanistic-industrial civiliza-tion _ builder of cities, palaces, temples and pyramids. A people descendingfrom “dwellers in tents” _ successors of those who never built a substantivehouse _ now made bricks in Egypt to build cities. Slavery is the ultimate type ofsojourn.3. The period of wilderness. Getting rid of Egyptian slavery and liberation be-came linked to the wilderness. “Let us into the wilderness…” (Ex. 5:3). Comingout of Egypt was at the same time going into the wilderness _ to freedom. Therewere two paths from sojourn: one _ descent to slavery, which occurred in Egypt;the other _ rise to liberty, which the people found in the wilderness.4. The period of settlement in Canaan. After crossing the Jordan, the modusvivendi of the people changed to the reverse of sojourn and Abelian free life.The twelve tribes divided among themselves the land of Canaan, so that eachmight settle on its lot whose boundaries were set once and for all, firmly andunalterably. but settling is a process rather than a single act. First the nation’stheocratic guidance continued in the form of the charismatic rule of the judges,superseded after several generations by kingship. Whereas judgeship, as a con-tinuation of Moses’ leadership was an expression of freedom, kingdom points topossession of land. The process of becoming established is completed and reachedsits peak in the building of the temple and palace in place of tents.

Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ritmebi

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202

lela patariZe

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSiqristianizaciis konteqstSi

Sesavali

arsebobs cnebebi, romelTa arsSi CaR-

rmaveba da maTi kulturuli da socialuri

Sinaarsis gaazreba Zalze mniSvnelovania met-

naklebad sruli istoriuli suraTis aR-

sadgenad. erT-erTi aseTi universaluri cne-

ba istoriaSi aris moqalaqeoba, ZvelqarTu-

lad mkvidroba. am cnebas Zalze didi konte-

qsti aqvs rogorc sinqronul ise diaqronul

WrilSi. yovel dros, yovel calkeul kul-

turul garemoSi Tu geografiul regionSi

es universaluri socialuri movlena Tavise-

bur da specifiur niSnebs atarebs. aseT

SemTxvevaSi relevanturia istoriuli

anTropologiisa da mikroistoriis midgo-

misa da kvlevis meTodologiis gamoyeneba.

saqme imaSia, rom calkeuli niSnebis, simboloe-

bis, cnebebis analizi da SesaZloa, zog SemTx-

vevaSi ufro zust suraTs iZleodes konkre-

tuli kulturuli garemos gasaazreblad,

vidre farTo masStabis socialuri da poli-

tikuri procesebis ganxilva. aseT SemTx-

vevaSi mniSvnelovania socialuri da poli-

tikuri garemos frTxili rekonstruqcia,

romelic fokusirebulia ufro lokalur,

vidre farTo transregionalur doneze. (ig-gersi 2005: 111).

moqalaqeoba Zalze tevadi istoriuli

Temaa. mas mravali sxvadasxva ganzomileba

da Wrili aqvs. moqalaqeoba dakavSirebulia

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, istoriis da

eTnologiis institutis

mTavari mecnier-Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

"cxovrebai wmidisa ninoi-

si": qarTlis gaqristianeb-

is kulturul-istoriu-

li sakiTxebi (1993).

statiebi: ucxooba da

mwiroba qarTul saekle-

sio tradiciaSi; 1054

wlis saeklesio ganxeT-

qileba da saqarTvelo;

"qarTlis cxovrebis" Se-

darebiTi tipologia; mcx-

eTis ebrauli diaspora: so-

cialuri statusi; qarT-

lis gaqristianeba "qarT-

lis cxovrebis" mixedviT;

qarTuli identoba: isto-

riuli xedvis probleme-

bi; miriani da misi mefoba:

ideologiuri aspeqti; da

sxv. Tanaavtoria saSualo

skolis saxelmZRvaneloe-

bis: saqarTvelos da msof-

lios istoria da geogra-

fia (VII kl.) da istoria

(X kl.) Tbilisi: 2006.

interesTa sfero:

saqarTvelos Sua sauku-

neebis istoria da isto-

riografia, eTno-kulturu-

li da nacionaluri iden-

tobani.

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203

politikuri formebis, instituciebis da kanonmdeblobis ganvi-

TarebasTan. amave dros moqalaqeoba esazRvreba Zalauflebisa da

ideologiis sferos. sazogadoebaSi… moqalaqis kavSiri saxelmwi-

fosTan da erTobasTan simbolizebulia sivrcis organizebis saSu-

alebiT, politikuri Tu sxva tipis sazRvrebiT;… religiuri da

filosofiuri konceptebi aseve mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven mo-

qalaqeobas.… moqalaqeebi arian xelisuflebis ideologiis umTavresi

samizneebi. moqalaqeoba xSirad identobaTa sxvadasxva doneebs war-

moSobs adamianTa cnobierebaSi. (moqalaqeoba sxvadasxva naciona-

lur, geografiul konteqstSi istoriul perspeqtivaSi kargad aris

warmodgenili krebulSi moqalaqeoba istoriul perspeqtivaSi: (eli-

si: XIV) Cven gvainteresebs moqalaqeobis yvela es aspeqti konkre-

tul istoriul drosa da sivrceSi (IV s-is qarTli) SevecdebiT

wyaroTa interpretaciis gziT nabij-nabij SeZlebisdagvarad gava-

SuqoT TiToeuli maTgani CvenTvis saintereso istoriul garemo-

sTan mimarTebiT.

Cveni kvleva dafuZnebulia da, amdenad, dasazRvrulia kidevac

im monacemebiT, romlebic SeiZleba IV saukunis qarTlis samefos

istoriis wyaros funqcia Seasrulos. ZiriTadad, es aris agiografi-

uli Zegli, sadac ganmanaTlebeli qalis cxovreba da misi urTier-

Tobaa aRwerili mcxeTis saqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da meore SemTx-

vevaSi es aris tradiciuli samefo saxlis matiane `qarTlis cx-

ovreba~, sadac socialuri erToba, ZiriTadad, mefesTan urTierToba-

Sia warmoCenili. amitom umTavresad am or WrilSi gamoCndeba

moqalaqeoba: a) ganmanaTlebeli da moqalaqeebi, b) mefe da mo-

qalaqeebi.

***

xolo odes moiwia Jami da movida netari ese dedaka-

ci, mociquli da maxarebeli Zisa RmrTisaÁ, wmidaÁÁ

nino, pirvel viTarca tyue, viTarca ucxoÁÁ da vi-

Tarca mwiri, viTarca Seuwevneli, viTarca usmi da

utyvi, romelica aw meqmna Cuen tyue igi dedofal,

ucxoÁÁ igi _ deda, Seuwevneli Sesavedrebel yovelTa,

da utyvi igi _ qadag Zlier da mecnier dafarulTa

CemTa gulis sityuaTa (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964:

158)

amas ambobs qarTlis mefe miriani sikvdilis win daweril

`wignSi~. qarTlis sazogadoebis religiuri Semotrialebis su-

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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204

raTs igi ganmanaTleblis epiTetebis ubralo CamoTvlis gziT gad-

mogvcems. nino _ tyue, ucxoÁ,Á mwiri, Seuwevneli, usmi da utyvi,

qarTlis moqcevis Semdeg gaxda dedofal, deda, Sesavedrebel yovel-

Ta, qadag Zlier da mecnier... dafarulTa gulis sityuaTa. Cvenc

moqalaqeobis Sinaarsis gaxsnasa da moqalaqeTa statusis gagebas

ganmanaTleblis droindel qarTlSi Tavad ganmanaTlebeli qalis

samoqalaqo statusisa da misi misiis samoqalaqo aspeqtis kvlev-

iT daviwyebT.

tyve qali _ nino

wm. ninos cxovrebis berZnul-romaul versiebSi qarTlis gan-

manaTlebeli moixseneba rogorc "vinme tyve qali" (laT. captiva;berZ. hJ aijcma?lwtos saxeli nino bizantiur istoriografias ar

Semounaxavs. xolo saxelwodeba tyve-qali yovelgvari ganmartebisa

Tu damatebiTi cnobebis gareSea mocemuli. bizantiuri wyaroebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, "ninos cxovrebis" qarTuli versia gacilebiT met

informacias Seicavs wm. ninos am zedwodebis Sesaxeb. aq kargad

Cans, rom Tavad ganmanaTlebeli qali moixseniebda Tavis Tavs aseTi

saxeliT. dasneulebuli wmindanis sarecelTan Sekrebili mowafee-

bi ase mimarTaven mas: "vinaÁÁ anu viTar moSuer Sen queyanasa Cuensa

macxovrad Cuenda, anu sada-me iyo aRzrdaÁ ÁSeni, dedofalo? mauwye

Cuen saqmeÁ Seni! raisa ityvi tyueobasa tyueTa mxsnelo ... da viTar

ityvi, viTarmed tyue vari me" (moqcevai qarTlisai 1964: 105) aseTi

mimarTvis Semdeg ganmanaTlebeli qali iwyebs Tavisi cxovrebis

ambis Txrobas, romelsac salome ujarmeli da peroJavr sivnieli

iweren. Txzulebis momdevno Tavi swored am Canaweris saxiTaa

warmodgenili. TiTqosda aq unda yofiliyo ganmarteba wm. ninos

tyveobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavis monaTxrobSi ganmanaTlebeli rifsim-

ian qalwulebTan erTad Tavis "sivltolis" (devnilebis) Sesaxeb

mogvaxsenebs da arsad tyveobis faqts ar aRniSnavs. rogor unda

gavigoT "cxovrebis" teqstis es "Seusabamoba"? upirveles yovlisa,

sityvebis "tyve", "tyveoba" semantikuri veli unda ganisazRvros.

"tyve" Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonis mixedviT, aris "tyve, naZarcvi,

alafi. "tyvenva" _ iavaryofa, tyved wayvana, "mosvra"; "tyueoba" _

tyveoba, ucxooba (abulaZe 1973: 415). qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-

leqsikoni "tyuenvasa" da "tyveobas" ganmartavs, rogorc ZaliT ayras

da gadasaxlebas (imnaiSvili 1986: 573). es sityvebi, rogorc cno-

lela patariZe

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205

bilia, ixmareba babilonis tyveobis konteqstSi, rac niSnavs ebrae-

li xalxis ZaliT ayras, gadasaxlebasa da ucxoobaSi cxovrebas.

iseve, rogorc qarTul sityvas "tyveoba", berZnul sityvas _ hJaijcmalwsiva hqonda devnilebaSi cxovrebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad,

konstantine didi Tavis werilSi aRmosavleTis eparqiebisadmi am-

bobs:

’Alla; ti?? tauÀta; aujcouÀsi nuÀn ejp! ejkei?nois oiJ ba?rbaroi oiJ tou;skat! ekeiÀno kairouÀ ejx hJmwÀn feuvgontas uJpodedegmevnoi kai;filanqrwvpw/ terhvsantes aijcmalwsiva,/ o{ti ouj movnon th;n sw-terivan ajlla; kai ta; thÀs semnovthtos aujtoiÀs katevsthsan ejnajsfaleiva e[cein. ( Eusevbiou, [Eis to;n bivon Kwnstantivnou Basi-laewÀs, II, 53)

(evsebiusi 1902: 63.)

barbarosebma im dros Cvengan devnilni Seifares da kacT-

moyvarulad tyveobaSi daicves. axla ki amayoben, rom ara

mxolod ixsnes isini, aramed maTi RvTismosaobis uSiSrad

ganxorcielebis saSualebac misces. (evsebius kesarieli, kon-

stantine didis cxovreba, II, 53)

(evsebius kesarieli 1997: 156.)

konstantine aq uTuod devnil qristianebs gulisxmobs. aijcmal-wsiva Zveli aRTqmis (mefeTa wignebi, fsalmunni) wignebSi babilonis

tyveobis konteqstSi ixmareba ebraeli xalxis devnilebaSi yofnis

aRsaniSnavad. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qristianTa devnac imave

sityvam gamoxata berZnulSi. amitom misi qarTuli Sesatyvisic ase

unda gavigoT: erT SemTxvevaSi is babilonis tyveobas gamoxatavs,

xolo meore SemTxvevaSi qristianTa devnilebas. sakmarisia erTi

magaliTis moyvanac fsalmunidan:

Tivs dwvsei ejk SiwÀn to; swthvrion touÀ Israhl;;ejn tw/À ejpistrevyai kuvrion th;n aijcmalwsivan touÀ laouÀ aujtouÀajgalliavsqw Iakwb kai; eujfranqhvtw Israhl.vin mosces sioniT cxorebai israelsa?

raJams moaqcios ufalman tyveÁ erisa TvisisaÁ,

ixarebdes iakob da iSvebdes israeli. (fsalmuni 13, 7)

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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206

amgvarad, TavisTavad cxadia, rom devnili qristianis statuss asax-

avs ninos zedwodeba, rogorc qarTul ise berZnul enaze da berZnu-

li aijcmalwsiva aris qarTuli tyveobis Sesatyvisi da piriqiT.

maSasadame, rodesac nino Tavs Tavisi samisionero moRvaweobis sam-

iznes _ mcxeTis ers warmoudgenda, gulisxmobda, rom is aris

devnili qristiani, Tumca "ninos cxovrebidan" kargad Cans, rom

mxolod es Sinaarsi ar ido ninos zedwodebaSi, aramed ganmanaTle-

beli qalis am saxels hqonda kidev erTi ufro maRali seman-

tikuri Sre.

zeciuri ierusalimis mkvidri

mirian mefe sikvdilis win daweril wignSi wers:

xolo odes moiwia Jami da movida netari ese dedakaci,

mociquli da maxarebeli Zisa RmrTisaÁ, wmidaÁ nino, pirvel

viTarca tyue, viTarca ucxoÁ da viTarca mwiri, viTarca

Seuwevneli, viTarca usmi da utyvi, romelica aw meqmna Cuen

tyue igi dedofal, ucxoÁ igi _ deda, Seuwevneli Sesave-

drebel yovelTa, da utyvi igi _ qadag Zlier da mecnier

dafarulTa CemTa gulis sityuaTa (moqcevai qarTlisai 1964:

158)

ninos zedwodeba "tyve" sxva, masTan Sinaarsobrivad axlos mdgom

epiTetebTan erTad aris mocemuli. ucxo, tyve, mwiri, Seuwevneli,

usmi, utyvi _ yvela es sityva erT saerTo semantikur vels qmnis

da ucxod sxvagan myofobis Sinaarss moicavs. ucxo (alienus) damwiri (peregrinus) ber-monazonTa aRmniSvneli saxelebia rogorc

qarTul, ise dasavlur qristianul tradiciaSi. am terminebs Tavi-

si religiur-filosofiuri safuZveli aqvT.

ar SeiZleba am konteqstSi pirvelad netari avgustines moZRvreba

ar gavixsenoT ori qalaqis Sesaxeb. am moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, adami-

anis ori tipi arsebobs. erTni cxovroben sxeulisamebr, xolo

meoreni sulisamebr. sxeulisamebr cxovreba avgustines esmis far-

To mniSvnelobiT, rogorc adamianuri wesiT cxovreba, sulisamebr

cxovreba ki esmis rogorc RvTiuri wesiT cxovreba (De Civitate Dei14, 2). avgustine Tvlis, rom imisaTvis rom codvaSi ar Cavardes,

lela patariZe

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207

adamianma unda icxovros RvTisamebr anu WeSmaritebisamebr. xolo

roca is cxovrobs da moqmedebs Tavis TavisaTvis "kacisamebr",

adamiani vardeba sicrueSi da codvaSi (De Civita Dei 14, 4). adamianTaam or did jgufs avgustine simbolurad or qalaqs _ ierusalims

da babilons uwodebs. maTgan pirveli daimkvidrebs maradiul sa-

sufevels RmerTTan erTad, xolo meore ganwirulia maradiuli

tanjvisaTvis. es meoreni babilonis _ amqveyniuri qalaqis mo-

qalaqeni arian, xolo pirvelni _ ierusalimis, RvTis qalaqisa.

RvTis qalaqis moqalaqeni amqveyniur qalaqSi, babilonSi ucxoni

arian, amitom amqveynad maTi yofa mwiris yofas waagavs. kaeni, avgus-

tines TqmiT, adamianTa qalaqs ekuTvnis, xolo abeli RvTis qalaqs.

kaenis Sesaxeb naTqvamia "da aRaSena man qalaqi", abeli ki rogorc

mwiri da rogorc ucxo qalaqs ar aSenebs "radgan wmindanTa qala-

qi zeciuri qalaqia da Tumca is aq Sobs Tavis moqalaqeebs, romel-

Ta saxiT mwirobs amqveynad, sanam dadgeba dro misa gamefebisa" (DeCivitate Dei 15, 1).

amgvarad, avgustines moZRvrebis mixedviT wmindanTa qalaqi, igive

qristianuli eklesia, rogorc RvTis wesiT macxovrebelTa Sesakre-

beli amqveynad ucxosa da mwiris mdgomareobaSia.

rogorc cnobili Tanamedrove mecnieri iohanes van oorti

Tvlis, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba am qristianuli ideis ganvi-

TarebaSi aqvs iudaistur esqatologiur literaturas, radgan ori

urTierTdapirispirebuli qalaqis ideis arseboba sakmaod kargad

dasturdeba TiTqmis mTels adreqristianul mwerlobaSi. magram

rogorc Tavad avtori aRniSnavs, gansakuTrebiT Zlieria es idea iq,

sadac yvelaze meti kavSiri arsebobs ebraul azrovnebasTan, aseTe-

bia `ioanes gamocxadeba~, `hermas~ `mwyemsi~, `petresa da Tormeti

mociqulis saqmeni~... (vanoorti 1991:364).gTavazobT iohanes van oortis mier adreqristianul liter-

aturaSi moZiebuli magaliTebidan zogierTs citirebulia Tavad

vanoortis wignidan:

laktanciusi eklesias ixseniebs rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifos

civitas: gaxsovdes Seni namdvili mSobeli da is qalaqi, sadac namd-

vili saxeli Segerqva (De Opificio Dei).tertulianesaTvis niSandoblivia amqveyniurisadmi Zalze uary-

ofiTi damokidebuleba. is ambobs: Cven, rogorc im adamianebs, visTvisac

ukve mkvdaria yovelgvari wyurvili da miswrafeba saxelisa Tu

didebisaken, araferi gvaiZulebs monawileoba miviRoT Tqvens sa-

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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zogado TavyrilobebSi; da arc araferia CvenTvis iseve yovlad

ucxo, rogorc saxelmwifo saqmeebi (Apologeticnm 38,3)

tertulianesaTvis qristiani aris ucxo: gana TviTon Cven ara

varT ucxoni am qveyanaSi? (De Exhortatione Castitatis 21, 1), xolo Sen

xar ucxo mosuli amqveynad da zeciuri qalaqis _ ierusalimis

moqalaqe (De Corona 13,4).hermas mwyemsi daiwera romSi II saukunis I naxevarSi. aq aseT

sityvebs vxvdebiT: Sen ici, rom Tqven RvTis msaxurni cxovrobT

ucxo qveyanaSi. radgan Tqveni qalaqi Sors aris am qalaqisagan, da

Tu Tqven iciT is Tqveni qalaqi, romelSic momavalSi unda icx-

ovroT, maS risTvis imzadebT aq mindvrebs, Zvirfaseulobas, saxleb-

sa da sasaxleebs? amitom is, vinc aq imzadebs yovelive amas is ar

emzadeba sakuTar qalaqSi dasabruneblad (50, 1-2). am sityvebTan

axlosaa saxarebis Semdegi adgili: nu iunjebT Tquen saunjeTa

qveyanasa zeda, sada mRilman da mWamelman ganryunis da sada mparav-

Ta daTxarian da ganiparian. xolo Tquen iunjebdiT saunjeTa caTa

Sina, sada arca mRilman, arca mWamelman ganryunis da sada arca

mparavTa daTxarian da ganiparian (maTe 6, 19-20).

mociqulTa epistoleebSi qristianebi moixseniebian rogorc

"mwirebi da ganTesulebi" (1 petre 1,1); sayuarelno glocav Tquen

viTarca mwirTa da warmavalTa (1 petre 2,11).

rogorc vxedavT, aq religiuri da filosofiuri naazrevi

netar avgustinesTan da adreqristianul religiur teqstebSi poli-

sis socialuri garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnebebiT aris gad-

mocemuli. moqalaqe (polivths) da ucxo (parovikos) sazogadoebispolisur struqturaSi, anu samoqalaqo TemSi statusis aRmniSvne-

li cnebebia da sruliad konkretul ufleba-movaleobebTan aris

dakavSirebuli. socialuri gagebiT, qristianis cxovreba ar aris

qalaqis mkvidris anu moqalaqis statusis mqone adamianis cxovre-

ba. qristiani ucxos statusiT cxovrobs qalaqSi. amitom saqalaqo

erTobis wevris, anu moqalaqis ufleba-movaleobani mas ar gaaCnia

da arc iswrafvis maT mosapoveblad. amgvarad, wminda ninos ucxooba~

pirvel qristianTa sakrebulos _ eklesiis ucxoobisa~ da mwiro-

bis~ paradigmaa. ninos `ucxooba~ samoqalaqo erTobaze ufro maRa-

li da mniSvnelovani erTobis arsebobis mauwyebeli unda yofil-

iyo misi samisionero moRvaweobis samizneebisaTvis.

lela patariZe

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ucxooba mcxeTaSi

magram SegviZlia Tu ara dadasturebiT vTqvaT, rom ninosTvis

aqtualuri iyo ucxoobisa da tyveobis paradigma, rom nino Tavis

samisionero moRvaweobas am paradogmis mixedviT warmarTavda. iyo

Tu ara mwiroba ninosTvis qristianuli ideebis komunikaciis sa-

Sualeba jer kidev ucxo enobriv garemoSi? vnaxoT, ras gveubneba

ninos cxovreba amis Sesaxeb.

Tavis ucxoobas nino xazs usvams qarTlSi CamosvlisTanave:

gavixsenoT faravnis tbasTan mis mier Tqmuli sitvebi: "ufalo

dedakaci var ucxoÁ ... arca enaÁ vici, Tu raÁ vTqva ucxoTa naTesav-

Ta Tana" (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 116).

Semdeg nino mcxeTaSi modis, aq armazis kerpis dResaswauls

eswreba da SeSfoTebiT ambobs Tavis anderZSi:

da vixile eri ucxoÁ, ucxoTa RmerTTa msaxuri ... da moguebasa

da cdomasa maTsa zeda vtirode warwymedisa maTisaTvis, da ucxove-

basaca Cemsa veglovdi (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 117-118). maSasadame,

ninosTvis ucxooba ara mxolod eTnikur (ucxo naTesavi, ucxo ena)

safuZvelze iyo damyarebuli, aramed religiur sferosac moicavda.

wminda nino maSinac inarCunebda da xazs usvamda Tavis ucxoobas,

roca mas ukve icnobdnen, pativs scemdnen da TavisTan yofnas sTava-

zobdnen. nino mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze arasdros Selevia

ucxosa da mwiris statuss. Nninos SeeZlo sasaxleSi "sefed"

wasuliyo, rasac mas sidonia urCevda, magram uari ganacxada. Nnino

arc samoTxis mcvelis saxlSi darCa didxans, aramed qalaqis zRudisa

garegan veluri mayvlis buCqebSi daido bina. qalaqis zRudis ga-

reT cxovreba, ra Tqma unda, am sazogadoebis gareT yofnis, asketuri

ucxoobisa da mwirobis mimaniSnebeli qmedebaa. nino maSinac ganagr-

Zobda mayvlovanSi cxovrebas, roca ukve misi saxeli da kurnebis

Zala ganTqmuli iyo mTels qalaqSi. sokrate sqolastikosi lapar-

akobs tyve qalis asketuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romelic ucnauri

(ucxo) iyo barbarosebisaTvis:

JH gunh; toivnun hJ aijcmavlwtos ejn mevsois ou\sa toiÀsbarbavrois ejfilosovfei su;n ga;r thÀ/ pollhÀ/ thÀs swÀfrosuvnhsajskhvse... TouÀto de; oJrwÀntes oi} bavrbaroi to;n xenismovn touÀprattomevnou ejauvmazon. (Swkrates I, 20)

(yauxCiSvili 1961: 230)

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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barbarosebs Soris myofma tyve qalma Seiyvara sibrZne da

yovlad ubiwod cxovrobda (sityvasityviT: yovelmxriv

TavSekavebas icavda).... am ucxo qcevis Semxedvare barbarose-

bi gaocebulebi iyvnen.

maSasadame, sokrate ganmanaTleblis asketur cxovrebas usvams

xazs. mas arc is gamorCenia, rom amgvari asketuri cxovreba ucxo

da gasakviri iyo barbarosebisaTvis. aq Cans ninos ucxoobis kidev

erTi aspeqti. garda imisa, rom is ucxo iyo eTnikurad, enobrivad

da sarwmunoebrivad, nino ucxo iyo Tavisi cxovrebis wesiTac.

Aqalaqis farglebidan gasvliT nino TiTqos aniSnebda qala-

qis mkvidrebs, rom Tavad sruliad sxva erTobas akuTvnebda Tavs.

ninos ucxoobas didi zemoqmedebis Zala aRmoaCnda mcxeTis sazoga-

doebaSi. Zalze sayuradRebod meCveneba "ninos cxovrebis" kidev

erTi epizodi: qarTlis warmarTi mefe miriani ninos mTavris

gankurnebas sTxovs da sanacvlod simdidresa da mcxeTis moqala-

qis sapatio statuss _ mcxeTis mkvidrobas sTavazobs. amave dros,

mkvidroba armazis kultis msaxurebasTanac uSualo kavSirSi Cans.

miriani ambobs: ...gangamdidro da gyo mkvidr mcxeTas Sina msaxurad

armazisa... (moqcevaÁÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 132). imisaTvis rom wminda

nino mkvidri anu mcxeTis moqalaqe gaxdes, mirianis styviT, is

`msaxurad armazisa~ unda iqces. ninos ucxoobis magivrad mkvidrobas

sTavazobs mefe da es epizodi, vfiqrob, sabolood naTelyofs, rom

aseTi antinomia sakmaod kargadaa gaazrebuli da sagangebod Semo-

tanili TxzulebaSi. am, TiTqos umniSvnelo, epizodis Semotanam

xazi gausva, jer erTi, imas, rom ucxooba ganmanaTleblis arCevania,

mas hqonda mkvidrobis Sansi, magram ucxooba arCia. meore, ninos

ucxoobas ukve iseTi zegavlena mouxdenia sazogadoebaze, rom mefe

am ucxo sarwmunoebis da cxovrebis wesis mqone qalisagan safrTx-

es xedavs, romelsac SeuZlia arsebuli socialuri wesrigis dar-

Rveva. amitom mas surs ninos "ucxoobis" samoqalaqo cxovrebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebel CarCoebSi moqceva. sayuradReboa, aseve, rom

qali wina modernul sazogadoebaSi moqalaqis statuss, rogorc

wesi ar iRebda. unda vifiqroT, rom mefe aq gansakuTrebul sta-

tuss gulisxmobs, romelic ninos rogorc "armazis msaxurs" SeeZ-

lo mieRo. nino ara Tu ar gaxda mcxeTis mkvidri, aramed mefes

Zalze sayuradRebo pasuxi gasca. nino winaswarmetyvelebda mefis

gaqristianebas da amiT eubneboda mas: _ me ki ar Semoval Sens

erTobaSi (me ki ar gavxdebi babilonis mkvidri) aramed "axlos

lela patariZe

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ars miaxlebaÁ Seni RmrTisa mimarT" anu male Sen Tavad gaxdebi

eklesiis wevri da maSasadame ierusalimis moqalaqe.

ninom Tavisi cxovreba daasrula, ara samefo qalaq mcxeTaSi,

ara saufliswulo qalaq ujarmaSi, aramed samisionero moRvaweo-

bis gzaze, mcire daba bodSi: da dasneulda da warmoemarTa mcxeTad.

da viTarca moiwia kuxeTad, dabasa, romelsa hqvian bodini, verRara

eZlo svlad _ ambobs mematiane (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 89).

maSasadame ninos mwiroba arc qarTlis gaqristianebis Semdgom

Sewyvetila...

sabolood, ase Sevajamebdi: qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli wminda

nino Tavis samisionero moRvaweobis dros dgeba saTemo sazoga-

doebis pirispir, am sazogadoebis wevroba efuZneba moqalaqeobis

anu "mkvidrobis" mravalganzomilebian koncepts. aq uTuod erT-

erTi umTavresi principi warmarTuli religiuri kultSi monawi-

leobis uflebaa. ganmanaTleblis mizania axali ideologiis Semo-

tana am erTobaSi, amisTvis ki is Tavad aseTi erTobis safuZvlebis

Seryevas cdilos. ara marto sityviT, aramed umTavresad Tavisi

qmedebiT is cdilobs daanaxos xalxs, rom arsebobs imaze maRali

erToba da imaze ufro sasurveli identoba, vidre aris mcxeTis

samoqalaqo Temis mkvidroba.

abiaTari _ `mcxeTeli mkvidri~

vin iyvnen mcxeTis mkvidrebi da ras niSnavda mcxeTis mkvidroba

im sazogadoebaSi, romelTanac ganmanaTlebel qals hqonda urTier-

Toba. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad Cven isev da isev "ninos cxovrebisa"

da "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesabamisi monakveTis "dakiTxva" mogviw-

evs.

"ninos cxovrebidan~ vigebT, rom mkvidrobis statusi hqonia

mcxeTis ebrauli diasporis Tavs, "huriaTa baginis" mRvdels _

abiaTars. mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb, rom "meore pavled" wodebuli

abiaTari Semdgom qristianobis erT-erTi pirveli mqadagebeli gax-

da.

astiron guaspuragneli mTavris sityvebidan kidev meti in-

formacia SeiZleba movipovoT abiaTaris da misi sagvareulos is-

toriis Sesaxeb: gaocebuli abiaTaris gaqristianebiT, igi ase mima-

rTavs huriaTa yofil mRvdels: mauwye sayuarelo, Sen ara huriaTa

mRvdeli iyav wiliT xuedrebuli mkvidri, rameTu arian welni, vi-

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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naÁTgan mamani Tquenni aqa movides :fg: (503) da bagenisani iyveniT,

arasada vis asmia maTgansa qebaÁ qristianeTaÁ (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ

1964: 102-103). astiron mTavars ukvirs, rom abiaTari - misi winaprebis

STamomavali, huriaTa mRvdeli da Tanac ~mkvidri~, rogor uaryofs

mama-papaTa rjuls. am sityvebidan Cans, rom mkvidroba garkveuli

privilegirebuli statusis flobas niSnavda imdroindel sazoga-

doebaSi. TiTqos Cans isic, rom, abiaTaris sagvareulo qarTlSi

mosvlis droidanve flobda baginze mRvdlobis uflebas da, Sesa-

Zloa, mkvidrobis statussac. es sakmaod saintereso da mravlis

mTqmeli cnobaa. saqme imaSia, rom romis imperiaSi arsebul mraval-

ricxovan polisebSi, marTalia, sxvadasxva suraTi iyo ebraelTa

uflebrivi mdgomareobisa da statusis sakiTxSi, magram ebraelebs,

rogorc wesi, polisis moqalaqeobas ar aniWebda polisis adgilo-

brivi mmarTveloba. imperiis centralur xelisuflebasac ar hqon-

da ufleba polisis moqalaqis statusi mieca romelime pirisaTvis,

Tumca ebraelTaTvis garkveuli uflebebisa da privilegiebisaTvis

zrunva romis imperiul xelisuflebas SeeZlo da amas akeTebda

kidec (Meeks. 1983 : 35). maSasadame, Tu elinisturi xanisa da ro-

mis imperiis drois polisebSi arsebul ebraul Temebs moqalaqeobas

ar aniWebdnen, mcxeTaSi, Cans, sawinaaRmdego situacia iyo. davubrun-

deT isev abiaTaris SemTxvevas.

abiaTaris sagvareulos TviT mcxeTel ebraelTa TemSi hqonda

warCinebuli mdgomareoba. abiaTaris winapari, iesos jvarcmis mom-

swre da uflis kvarTis mcxeTaSi Camomtani elioz mcxeTeli, rogorc

matiane iuwyeba, iyo kaci moxucebuli, rac unda gagebul iqnes uxu-

cesis mniSvnelobiT (amis Sesaxeb cota qvemoT). Tavad eliozi

dedis mxridan Zveli aRTqmis drois mRvdelmTavris - elis STamo-

mavlad iTvleboda (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 128). maSasadame, eliozis

saxlis wevrebi rogorc eli mRvdelis STamomavlebi, iyvnen war-

Cinebulni TviT ebraelTa Soris da amanac ganapiroba, rogorc Cans,

swored eliozis saxlisTvis mcxeTel mkvidrTa statusis miniWe-

ba. moqcevaiSi vkiTxulobT da erCda mefeÁ (abiaTars l.p.) misTa

dReTa, da iyvnes mun Sina eliozis naTesavni mRvdelad huriaTa zeda

(moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 152). mTiulTa mosaqcevad wasulma ganmanaTle-

belma qristes saqadageblad abiaTari datova mcxeTaSi; huriay-

ofili mRvdeli mefes sTxovs huriaTa baginis Senobis SenarCunebas.

safiqrebelia, ukve rogorc qristianuli taZrisa, sadac axlad-

gaqristianebuli ebraelTa mrevli moiyris Tavs (kiknaZe 1994). aq,tradiciisamebr, eliozis naTesavni, ukve gaqristianebulni, iqnebod-

lela patariZe

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213

nen mRvdlad huriaTa zeda. am sityvebSi, vfiqrob, gaqristianebis

wina periodis tradiciis danaxvac SeiZleba. kerZod, mcxeTis sina-

gogaSi anu baginSi mRvdeloba eliozis naTesavebs ekuTvnodaT. Ta-

vad eliozis Sesaxeb vigebT, rom igi mcxeTidan ierusalimSi wavida

rogorc kaci moxucebuli: da warvida aqaiT mamis dedis ZmaÁ Cemi

elioz, kaci moxucebuli (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 128). ara mgonia,

aq sityva moxucebuli asakis aRmniSvneli iyos. moxucebuloba sa-

mogzaurod arc ise Sesaferisi droa, Tanac ninos cxovreba ar

gamoirCeva asakis mimarT raimenairi interesiT. hagiografi TviT

ganmanaTleblis askzec arafers ambobs. amitom safiqrebelia, rom

sityva moxucebuli aq sxva mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari. moxu-

cebuli Tavad ebrauli sazogadoebis struqturisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli cnebaa da amitom Sesabamisi ebrauli terminis qarTul

Sesatyviss unda warmoadgendes. aseTia ebrauli zaken (moxucebu-

li). es termini pirovnebis gansakuTrebuli pativis aRsaniSnavad

ixmareboda. sityva zaken aseTi mniSvnelobiT dadasturebulia ax-

alcixis ebraul epigrafikaSi nisan babalikaSvilis mier. am tradi-

cias zurab kiknaZe jer kidev bibliidan momdinared miiCnevs (kiknaZe

1971: 184). rogorc cnobilia, elinistur da romaul samyaroSi

diasporaSi irCeoda uxucesTa sabWo - gerusia, romelsac evalebo-

da ebrauli Temebis urTierTobis warmarTva, rogorc polisis

adgilobriv mmarTvelobasTan, aseve saxelmwifos centralur xe-

lisuflebasTan (miqsi 1983 : 35). swored aseT uxucesTa sabWoswevrad - anu moxucebulad SeiZleba warmovadginoT mcxeTis ebraelTa

baginis mRvdeli, kaci moxucebuli _ elioz mcxeTeli, romelsac

evaleboda, rogorc adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan, aseve ierusali-

mis ebraelebTan kavSir-urTierTobis damyareba. SesaZloa, ukve eliozs,

rogorc moxucebuls mcxeTis mkvidris statusic hqonoda, radgan

rogorc Cans, abiaTari STamomavlobiT flobda mkvidrobas mcxeTa-

Si. xolo radgan abiaTari Tavad iyo eliozis saxlis (ase erqva im

adgils mcxeTaSi, sadac eliozis naTesavni cxovrobdnen da sadac

maT hqondaT bagini samarxvoÁ maTi) wevri, misi mkvidrobac SeiZleba

eliozis xanidan momdinared miviCnioT. eliozis saxlis garda, anu

imaT garda, vinc baginisani, anu mRvdlobis uflebis mqoneni iyvnen,

sainteresoa, iyo Tu ara sxva ebraelTa saxlebi, romelTac mcxeTel

mkvidrTa statusi hqondaT? an iqneb yvela mcxeTeli ebraeli mkvidris

statusis mqone iyo?

ninos cxovrebaSi ixseniebian huriani mcxeTelni - ase uwodebs

abiaTari mcxeTel ebraelTa im nawils, romelic ver Seurigda abi-

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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aTaris gaqristianebas, mcire baginze jvris aRmarTvas da iq war-

CinebulTa sanaTlavis mowyobas. maTi baginis gauqmebis Sedegad

mcxeTelma ebraelebma iwyes ganfantva mcxeTidan. mcxeTaSi darCa

ebraelTa is nawili (barabeanTa saxli), romelmac qristianoba

aRiara. swored maT miuboZa mirian mefem dabaÁ erTi da mkvidr yo

mcxeTas Sina. maSasadame, miwis kerZo mflobelobaSi gadacemiT da

mkvidrobis miniWebiT mefem gazarda barabeanTa saxlis socialuri

statusi - da iyvnes did winaSe mefisa. teqstidan gamomdinareobs,

rom yvela mcxeTel ebraels rodi hqonda mkvidroba. magaliTad,

barabeanebi mxolod gaqristianebis Semdeg gaxdnen mkvidrebi. es

kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom mcxeTis mkvidroba iyo privilegia,

maRali uflebrivi statusi, romelic miwismflobelobasac gulisx-

mobda; aseTi statusi hqondaT mcxeTel huriaTagan eliozis sax-

lis sagvareulos, romlisagan sinagogis Tavebi irCeodnen.

gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sisworeSi marwmunebs kidev erTi ad-

gili moqcevai qarTlisaidan, sadac CamoTvlilia qarTlis ebraelebis

ramodenime mwignobrul-religiuri centri da maT Soris mxolod

mcxeTelebis SemTxvevaSi aris naxmari sityva mkvidri. wm. ninos

cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT:

odes igi mefobda heriodi, da moguesma aqa, viTarmed

sparsTa ierusalimi daipyreso, glovisa wigni moewera yovelTa

huriaTa mimarT qarTlisaTa, mcxeTelTa mkvidrTa, bodelTa

mRvdelTa, kodis wyarovelTa mwignobarTa da sobis kananel-

Ta TargmanTa, viTarmed aTormetni mefeni movideso dapyro-

bad queyanisa (moqcevÁ qarTlisaÁ 1964: 126)

damafiqrebelia, ratom CamoTvlis avtori qarTlis ebraelTa

mxolod da mxolod religiur-mwignobrul kerebs? - SeuZlebelia,

qarTlSi mxolod da mxolod mwignobar ebraelebs ecxovraT. rogorc

cnobilia, mTels elinistur samyaroSi qalaqebis ebrauli mosax-

leoba Zalze farTo speqtris saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. moyvani-

li cnoba mxolod mwignobrul kerebs exeba, radgan mocemul konte-

qstSi saubaria qarTlis ebraelTa kavSirze ierusalimTan da aqedan

qarTlSi mosul werilebze. werilobiTi kavSiri wminda miwasTan

swored am mwignobrul-religiur centrebs eqnebodaT da ara qarT-

lis ebraelTa sxva profesiul jgufebsa Tu gaerTianebebs. amito-

mac gamonaTqvami mcxeTelni mkvidrni mocemul konteqstSi unda

gavigoT, rogorc erT-erTi umTavresi (CamonaTvalSi pirvelia!) re-

lela patariZe

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ligiur-mwignobruli jgufi ebraelebisa, romelSic swored eliozis

saxli igulisxmeba.

amgvarad, ninos cxovrebidan vigebT, rom mcxeTis mkvidris

statuss memkvidreobiT flobda qarTlis ebrauli diasporis war-

Cinebuli sagvareulo eliozis saxli, romelTagan sinagogis Tavebi

irCeodnen da romlebic TavianT bibliur winaprad eli mRvdels

racxdnen, xolo diasporis drois winaprad _ elioz mcxeTels.

2.ramdenad eTanxmeba es daskvna im cnobas, romlis Tanaxmad

mcxeTis mkvidrobisaTvis armazis kultis mimdevroba aucilebeli

piroba iyo? saqalaqo Temis dafuZneba da misi wevroba saerTo

religiuri kultis dafuZnebas da am kultSi monawileobis ufle-

bas gulisxmobs. es universaluri wesi vrceldeboda antikuri

periodis sazogadoebaSi (fiustel de kulanJi 1895 : 179-184).

Sua saukuneebSi moqalaqeoba ukve qristianuli eklesiis wevrobasTan

mWidro kavSirSi ganixileboda. amitom iyo problemuri iudevelTa

statusi rogorc antikur polisSi ise Sua saukuneebis qalaqebSi

da aRorZinebis xanis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSic ki (olardi 2008 :155). amisaTvis unda gaverkveT rogor Camoyalibda mcxeTis saqalaqo

Temi da viciT Tu ara raime am TemSi ucxotomTa Tu ucxo re-

ligiuri jgufebis miRebis Sesaxeb?

ucxoobidan mkvidrobisken

ra viciT ucxotomTa qarTlSi mosvlis, dasaxlebisa da ufle-

bamosilebis Sesaxeb? gavixsenoT, Tu rogor aris aRwerili qarT-

lis cxovrebis dasawyis nawilSi sparsi qaixosrosagan otebul

TurqTa mcxeTaSi mosvlis ambavi:

xolo masve Jamsa movides Turqni, otebulni qaixosrosagan:

gamovles zRua gurganisi, aRmoyves mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas

saxli ocda rva. da ezraxnes mamasaxlissa mcxeTisasa: aRuTques

Sewevna sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya yovel-

Ta qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa, rameTu aqunda SiSi

sparsTa, da SemweobisaTvis daimegobres Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da

ganiyvanes yovelsa qalaqsa Sina. xolo umravlesni maTganni movides

da poves adgili erTi mcxeTas, dasavliT kerZo kldeTa Soris

gamokveTili, Rrma da moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa mamasaxli-

sisagan, misca da aRaSenes igi, mozRudes mtkiced, da ewoda mas

adgilsa sarkine (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 15).

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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savsebiT samarTlianad gveCveneba qarTlis cxovrebis am cno-

bis is interpretacia, romelic oTar lorTqifaniZes ekuTvnis. mas

miaCnia, rom mcxeTeli mamasaxlisi mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis meTau-

ria. cnobaSi saubaria ucxoTaTvis qalaqis (mcxeTis) miwebze samo-

saxlo adgilis miCenis Sesaxeb. mkvlevars yuradReba gamaxvilebili

aqvs erT mniSvnelovan garemoebaze: rodesac ucxoebi movidnen da

samosaxlo adgili iTxoves mcxeTeli mamasaxlisisagan, es ukanaskneli

daekiTxa yovelTa qarTvelTa da mxolod maTi dasturis Semdeg

Turqni mcxeTaSi daasaxla. magram amaT garda yofilan sxvebic -

umravlesni, romlebic mcxeTel mamasaxliss ukve TanamoqalaqeTa

nebarTvis gareSe dausaxlebia. aseve moqalaqeTa nebarTvis gareSe

dasxna mcxeTelma mamasaxlisma nabuqodonosorisagan otebulni

hurianic zanavs. amgvarad, Tvlis avtori, pirvel SemTxvevaSi (anu

roca mamasaxlisi mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis wevrebTan TaTbirobs)

saqme exeba ucxos Temis wevrad, e.i. moqalaqed miRebas samxedro

daxmarebis aRmoCenis pirobiT. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, mcxeTeli

mamasaxlisis uflebaSia, ucxo tomni daasaxlos xarkis gaRebis

uflebiT mis sagamgeblo teritoriaze. moqalaqeTa uflebiT mcx-

eTaSi dasxmuli TurqTa 28 ojaxi, mkvlevaris marTebuli SeniSvniT,

unda iyos mosulTa privilegirebuli wre, romelic ezraxa mcxe-

Tel mamasaxliss, aRuTqva daxmareba, da romelic am pirobiT mcxeTa-

Si daasaxles (lorTqifaniZe 1962).

moyvanili cnoba sayuradReboa imiTac, rom aq ucxoTa mo-

qalaqed miRebis mizezzec aris saubari. Turqebma mcxeTelebs aRuTques

Sewevna sparsTa zeda da amitom gadauwyvetiaT YyovelTa qarTvel-

Ta... damegobreba ... TurqTa, rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da Semweo-

bisaTvis daimegobres Turqni igi gamosxmulni.

SesaZloa, qarTlis cxovrebis moyvanili cnoba anaqronizmic

iyos da sruliadac ar asaxavdes aleqsandre makedonelis Semosv-

lis wina periodis istoriul suraTs. amas CvenTvis amjerad gad-

amwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs. cxadia, rom es cnoba mTlianad

nayalbevi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris da is garkveuli tradici-

is da socialuri praqtikis amsaxvelia. miT umetes, eliozis sax-

lis mkvidroba kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom mcxeTis saqalaqo

Temis wevrad gaxdoma SeeZlo ucxoTa da mosulTa warCinebul

nawils. marTalia, qarTlis cxovrebis aRniSnul cnobaSi ar aris

saubari, TurqTa msgavsad, ebraelTa privilegirebuli nawilisaTvis

mcxeTis moqalaqis uflebis miniWebaze, magram, rogorc gairkva, ebraelTa

qarTlSi dasaxlebasac msgavsi socialuri struqtura hqonda.

lela patariZe

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rogorc davinaxeT, ebraelTa zogierT saxls, safiqrebelia war-

CinebulT hqondaT mcxeTeli mkvidris statusi, xolo bevr maTgans

aseTi statusi ar gaaCnda.

amitom, vfiqrob, am cnobaTa safuZvelze SeiZleba vilaparakoT

ucxo tomTa qarTlSi dasaxlebis an mcxeTis moqalaqeTa erTobaSi

integrirebis socialur da politikur safuZvlebze. Cans, ucxoeb-

is SemoyvaniT Tavis erTobaSi mcxeTis saqalaqo Temi aZlierebda

Tavis samxedro (SesaZloa, ara marto samxedro) potencials. mcx-

eTis saqalaqo Temi da misi meTauri - mcxeTeli mamasaxlisi iqm-

nidnen erTgul moqalaqeTa dasayrdens da aZlierebdnen mcxeTis

saqalaqo Tems. mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis gaZlierebis procesis bune-

brivi gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo qarTlis saxelmwifos warmoqm-

nac (lorTqifaniZe 1958). amitom sruliad damajerebelad gveCvene-

ba qarTlis cxovrebis is cnobebi, romelTa mixedviT mcxeTeli

mamasaxlisi qarTlosianTa modgmis meTauradac gvrvlineba. ukve

mefobis arsebobis pirobebSi, rogorc davinaxeT, arsebobda mcxeTis

saqalaqo mkvidri Temi, romlis uflebebi, rogorc hegemoni Temisa,

privilegirebuli iyo sxva danarCenebTan SedarebiT.

mkvidrni qarTlisani

qarTlis cxovreba socialur terminTa mniSvnelobis Tval-

sazrisiT ar aris erTgvarovani. magaliTad, im erTobis aRsaniSnavad,

romelic mefesTan erTad monawileobs politikur cxovrebaSi, xan

misi ideologiis samiznes, xan mis qmedebaTa Semfasebels warmoad-

gens, farnavazidan mirianis cxovrebis CaTvliT ixmareba yovelni

qarTvelni, mkvidrni qarTlisani, an SemoklebiT qarTvelni, yovelni.

xolo qarTlis gaqristianebis Semdgomi Txrobis dros ukve vx-

vdebiT gamonaTqvams mefe da yoveli eri. ediSer xoStaria-brose

sagangebod aRniSnavs am garemoebas da miiCnevs, rom qarTlis cx-

ovrebis pirveli monakveTi moicavs Txrobas farnavazidan mirianam-

de, xolo gaqristianebis Semdgomi ambebiT ukve axali nakveTi iwye-

ba qarTlis cxovrebisa (xoStaria-brose 1996: 9). es saintereso

dakvirvebaa da uTuod sazogadoebis struqturis cvlilebebiT

unda aixsnas. maS vin arian qarTvelni, yovelni qarTvelni da mkvidrni

qarTlisani? moviyvan am terminTa xmarebis ramodenime magaliTs:

rodesac qarTlis mefe farnajomma Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa,

matiane iuwyeba, rom amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa,

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT. qarTlis cxovreba

1955: 29.

rodesac mefe aderki amarcxebs arSaks somexTa spis meSveobiT,

igi ase mimarTavs qarTvelTa spaTasa: me var Svili mefeTa Tqven-

Ta. amis gamgone yovelni qarTuelni dacvives pirsa zeda Tvissa

da Tayvani sces aderkis (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 35).

mirian mefis mier qristianobis miRebame gatarebul reformebs

aseT komentars ukeTebs mematiane: xolo ese yoveli qarTvelTa

saTnoebisaTvis qmna, da keTilad ipyrna qarTvelni niWiTa da

yovliTa didebiTa. da Seiyuares igi qarTvelTa umetes yovelTa

mefeTasa. (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 65).

konteqstidan kargad Cans, rom situaciebi erTmaneTis msgavsia

da yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive koleqtiuri Cven jgufi ig-

ulisxmeba. swored am erTobis TvaliT aris Sefasebuli mefeTa

qmedebani qarTlis cxovrebis Cvens mier gamoyofil monakveTSi. es

is erTobaa, romelic mefeTa ideologiis samiznes warmoadgens, am

erTobis loialobis mopoveba aucilebelia mefeTaTvis, am erTobas

aqvs kargad Camoyalibebuli Rirebulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec

is loialuria mefis xelisuflebis mimarT.

upirveles yovlisa, davazustoT mkvidris mniSvneloba mocemul

konteqstebSi. mkvidri, qarTul sinamdvileSi kargad cnobili so-

cialuri Sinaarsis mqone termins warmoadgens. mkvidris social-

uri Sinaarsi ganixiluli aqvs ara erT mkvlevars (ivane javaxiS-

vili, giorgi meliqiSvili, guram mamulia, anri bogveraZe da sxva)

ivane javaxiSvilma qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi aRniSnavs, rom

mkvidri niSnavs a) mTels mosaxleobas, b) memkvidres, vaJiSvils, g)

warCinebulTa da didebulTa wres. samwuxarod, warmodgenili daskvne-

bi mkvlevars qarTlis cxovrebis ufro gviandeli xanis istoriis

amsaxvel monakveTebze aqvs dafuZnebuli. mkvlevari saerTod ar

exeba qarTlis cxovrebis CvenTvis saintereso monakveTs. arada,

swored am monakveTze dakvirvebiT, im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom aq

unda igulisxmebodes ara mTeli mosaxleoba, aramed mxolod erTo-

bis politikurad aqtiuri nawili. farnavazis cxovrebaSi vkiTxu-

lobT: xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa

mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa [qarTlis cxovreba

1955: 24]. Cans isic, rom mkvidrebSi mxolod mamakacebi da mxolod

meomrebi igulisxmebian: Mmkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkvircx-

lni da mxedarnic (yauxCiSvili 1955: 48). mkvircxlni da mxedarni

jars, igive spas niSnavs: mkvircxli _ Zvel qarTulSi aris fexosani,

lela patariZe

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xolo mxedari _ cxenosani. dasturdeba aseve mkvidris _ Svilis

mniSvnelobac: rodesac asfaguri qarTlis mefe mokvda ise, rom

vaJiSvili memkvidre ar dautovebia, qarTlis didebulebi did

sagonebelSi Cavardnilan. isini Seikribnen maeJan spaspetTan, romel-

mac ase mimarTa didebulebs:

ukeTumca iyo Cuen Tana Zali ezomi, Cvenca mesamedTa

sparsTa SevesworebodeT, damcavsxeniT Tavni Cvenni sikud-

ilad da winaaRudegiT maT. da…Tumca darComil iyo mkvid-

ri mefisa Cuenisa anu naTesavi mefeTa CuenTa, romelimca

Rirs iyo mefobisa, davdegiTmca cixe-qalaqTa Sina, davsxen-

iTmca Tavni Cuenni sikudilad…(qarTlis cxovreba 1955:

62).

warmodgenil konteqstSi mkvidri niSnavs memkvidres, Svils.

amgvarad, mkvidri qarTlis cxovrebis CvenTvis saintereso

monakveTSi niSnavs sazogadoebis politikurad aqtiur fenas, Svils

_ memkvidreobiTi uflebis mqone pirs, spas anu samxedro valde-

bulebis mqone erTobis wevrs. gamodis, rom mkvidrTa saxiT saxezea

winafeodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisufal me-

TemeTa fena.

Tavisuflebisa da memkvidre _ Svilis aRmniSvneli sityvebi

zogadad saerTo warmomavlobisaa. amitom, unda vigulisxmoT, rom

"mkvidri" Seicavda rogorc Temis wevris, ise Tavisufalis Si-

naarss. berZnul, laTinur da saSualo sparsul enebSi SeiniSneba

aseTive semantikuri ganviTareba: sagvareulos wevri _ Tavisufali.

magaliTad berZnulSi *(e)leudheros – niSnavs Stos, ylorts, xolo

eleutheros – Tavisufals. laTinurSi liberi (gnati) – Svilebi, liber _ Tavis-ufali. msgavsia terminis azat(an) mniSvneloba parTul da adresasa-

nur xanaSi. is niSnavs gvaris wevrs (ufro specifiuri azriT

warCinebuli gvaris wevrs, keTilSobils) da Tavisufals. (ferix-aniani 1983: 15-16).

Temi aucileblad lokalur garemos qalaqs an sofels mi-

emarTeba (mkvidrni mis adgilisani, mkvidrni klarjeTisani). magram

yovelTa amaT mkvidrTa saerTo aRmniSvneli unda iyos swored es

gamoTqmebi, mkvidrni qarTlisani, yovelni qarTuelni da am uka-

nasknelis Semoklebuli formebi: yovelni da qarTvelni. albaT ar

Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom qarTlis cxovrebis xsenebul nawilSi

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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swored es erToba (TavisufalTa fena) unda warmovidginoT sax-

elmwifos moqalaqis statusis mqone pirebad.

qarTlis mefeebi da mkvidrebi

qarTlis cxovrebis Txroba azodan mirianis cxovrebis CaTv-

liT, faqtobrivad, aris mefeTa da mkvidrTa dialogi. Tu yura-

dRebiT wavikiTxavT qarTlis cxovrebis gansaxilvel monakveTs

davinaxavT, rom aq aris erTiani ideologiuri motivi, romlis mixed-

viT mefis xelisufleba mkvidrTa interesebis mixedviT fasdeba.

xolo mkvidrebs, imave qarTvelebs aqvT gamokveTili loialobis

ramodenime piroba, romelTa dakmayofileba unda SeZlos xelisu-

falma. moviyvan oriod magaliTs:

a) mkvidrTa da azos urTierTobas uaryofiTad afasebs mema-

tiane. azo misTvis uzurpatori da dampyrobelia:

qarTlis cxovreba mogviTxrobs, rom aleqsandrem dautova

erisTavad azon da masTan erTad asi aTasi kaci, Zlierni da mxneni...

spani mpyrobelad qarTlisa. amitom qarTlis mpyrobeloba, igive

mTavroba CamoerTva adgilobriv samxedro fenas da ucxo Zalam

Caigdo xelSi. es kidevac xazgasmulia ufro qveviT: (azo) iyo kaci

Zneli da mesisxle, da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed:

yovelman qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi.

damatebiT mematiane gvamcnobs, rom Tu qmnulkeTilsa da asakovans

naxavdnen qarTvelTa Soris, moklavdnen mas. _ aq aSkarad miTiTebu-

lia, rom azo mtrulad iyo ganwyobili adgilobriv TavisufalTa-

gan Semdgari spisa da misi elitis mimarT. da iyo Wiri didi

naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa. (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 19-20)

b) farnavazis brZola azos winaaRmded warmodgenilia te-

qstSi rogorc yovelTa qarTvelTa revanSi uzurpatori azos winaaRm-

deg. es kargad Cans qujis sityvebidan farnavazis mimarT:

aRdeg da moved Cem Tana, da nu Surob xuastagsa Sensa, da

xuastagiTa SeniTa gangimravle spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mterad

azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyuedilTa mis-

gan da mowyudeulTa... TviT farnavazi aris Svili TavTa maT qarTli-

saTa. farnavazis dasayrdeni azos winaaRmdeg samxedro kampaniis

dros arian qarTlis mkvidrebi: xolo farnavazs ganemravlnes mxe-

darni qarTlisani. sxvagan gameorebulia ganamravlna yovelni mxe-

darni qarTlosianni (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 22-24).

lela patariZe

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farnavazis mefobis Semajamebel Sefasebas mematiane ambobs isev

yovelnis (yovelni qarTvelni igulisxmeba) piriT: vhmadlobT sue-

sa Cvensa, rameTu moguca Cven mefe naTesavTagan mamaTa CvenTasa da

aRgvixada xarki da Wiri ucxoTa naTesavTagan (qarTlis cxovreba

1955: 26).

farnavazidan moyolebuli, yoveli mefe Sefasebulia imis mixedviT,

Tu rogoria misi politika swored am qarTvelTa mimarT. ramdenad

icavda da angariSs uwevda esa Tu is mefe qarTvelTa saTnoebas

kerpTa mimarT, iyo Tu ara is mamaTa naTesavTagani an Sesdgmida Tu

ara farnavazianoba.

g) mirianis gamefebis ambavi imiT iwyeba, rom mokvda farnava-

zianTa ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli asfaguri, romelsac darCa asu-

li erTi abeSura. amis gamo Seikribnen yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani

da spaspeti. maT ase ganbrWes: da Tumca darComil iyo mkvidri

mefisa Cuenisa anu naTesavi mefeTa CuenTa, romelimca Rirs iyo

mefobisa, davdegiTmca cixe qalaqTa Sina davsxeniTmca Tavni Cuenni

sikudilad da vWameTmca xorci kacisa.. magram vinaidan mefes memkvi-

dre ar darCenila erisTavebma gadawyvites, rom gaemefebinaT sparsi

ufliswuli miriani. magram mniSvnelovania, rom qarTlis didebule-

bi mirianis gamefebaze Tanaxma arian mxolod garkveuli pirobebis

Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. ai, aq kidev erTxel gacxadebulia, Tu ra

iyo qarTvelTa, Tu mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa loialobis mTavari as-

peqtebi: viTxovoT misgan damWirva sjulsa zeda mamaTa CuenTasa da

viTxovoT Cuen Tana ara aRreva sparsTa da warCinebulad pyroba

Cueni. xolo Tu amas ar Seasrulebda miriani da sjulsa mamaTa

CvenTasa migviRebdes da Cuen zeda sparsTa warCinebul hyofdes, da

naTesavsa mefeTa CuenTasa moswyueddes, maSin sikvdili umjobes ars

TavTa CuenTaTvis vidre monaxvasa eseviTarisasa. davsxneT Tavni

Cuenni cixeTa da qalaqTa Sina da movswydeT yovelni (qarTlis

cxovreba 1959: 62-63)

erisTavni qarTlisani im Rirebulebebze laparakoben, romlebic

manamde qarTvelTa, yovelTa qarTvelTa da mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa

piriT araerTgzis gameorebula. maSasadame, erisTavni mkvidrTa war-

momadgenlobiTi institutia da es orive erToba loialobis saer-

To Rirebulebebs icavs: mefe unda iyos naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa,

is unda iyos sjulsa zeda mamaTa CvenTasa, unda keTilad ipyras

Yyovelni qarTvelni da ar unda daamdablos qarTlosianni, rogorc

es azom gaakeTa. marTlac, mirianis cxovrebis Semajamebel, Sefase-

biT nawilSi aseT sityvebs vxvdebiT:

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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da aRizarda mirian msaxurebasa mas Sina SvidTa maT kerpTasa

da cecxlisisa. xolo Seiyuarna qarTvelni, da daiviwya

ena sparsuli da iswava ena qarTuli. da hmata Semkoba

kerpTa da bomonTa, keTikad i pyrna qurumni kerp-

Tani da yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa umetes aRasrulebda

msaxurebasa mas kerpTasa, da Seamko saflavi farnavazi-

si. xolo ese yoveli qarTvelTa saTnoebisaTvis qmna, da

keTilad ipyrna qarTvelni niWiTa da yovliTa didebiTa.

da Seiyuares igi qarTvelTa umetes yovelTa mefeTasa

(qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 65)

maSasadame, mirians qarTvelTa piroba Seusrulebia: is mkvidr-

Ta qarTlisaTa kulturuli Rirebulebebis da socialuri statu-

sis garanti gaxda, amisTvis Seiyvares is yovelTa qarTvelTa umetes

yovelTa mefeTasa.

amgvarad, monakveTSi azo-farnavazidan mirianamde SeiZleba vila-

parakoT mkvidrTa erTobaze. es aris TavisufalTa meomarTa da

miwismflobelTa fena. mkvidrebs mematiane romelime erTi qalaqis

moqalaqeebs igulisxmeba, rom ar ukavSirebs, magram, cxadia, gamoTqmebSi:

mkvidrni mis adgilisani, mkvidrni klarjeTisani _ TavisufalT

lokalurad aqvT is institutebi, romlebic politikur da sxva

saxis gadawyvetilebebs iReben (mag., ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa).

am mkvidrTa Soris, ra Tqma unda, mcxeTelni mkvidrnic arian. Tumca

unda vigulisxmoT da vivaraudoT, rom am ukanasknelTa statusi

rogorc hegemoni Temisa ufro maRali iqneboda danarCenebze. mema-

tiane cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom mkvidrebs anu TavisufalT (mo-

qalaqeebs) aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, romlebic maT mier mefisad-

mi loialobis gamosaxatavad aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. ase

warmogvidgens qarTlis cxovreba im erTobas, romelis ufleba-

movaleobebSi Cven qarTlis samefos moqalaqis statusis Sinaarsi

SeiZleba amovikiTxoT.

mkvidrTa gaqristianeba.

Cven davinaxeT, rom moqalaqeTa, igive mkvidrTa identobaSi mniS-

vnelovani adgili samefo saxlisa da samefo kultis mimarT loia-

lobas eWira. davinaxeT isic, rom mkvidroba da maRali statusi

SeiZleba hqonodaT araadgilobrivi sarwmunoebis mimdevrebs, ma-

lela patariZe

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galiTad iudevelTa nawils. mcxeTel iudevelTa magaliTma dag-

varwmuna, rom qristianizaciis procesi religiuri tolerantobis

TvalsazrisiT ufro mkacri iyo, vidre warmarToba. faqtia, rom

mcxeTidan gaifanta iudevelTa didi nawili, isini, vinc qristianoba

ar miiRo da abiaTaris politikis mimarT protesti gamoxata. amis

sapirispirod ki, gaqristianebulma barabeanTa saxlma mkvidroba

miiRo.

marTalia, qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli mematiane iuwyeba, rom

qarTlis mkvidrebisaTvis saerTo religias samefo kulti war-

moadgenda, magram moqcevai qarTlisais cnobebidan Cans, rom mkvi-

drebs samefo kultis garda hqondaT adgilobrivi kerpebi, romel-

Ta mimarT erTguleba ufro Zneli dasaTmobi aRmoCnda zog SemTx-

vevaSi. gaqristianebis procesis nawili iyo, magaliTad, mcired max-

vilis warmarTva da kerpebis dalewva mefis erisTavis mier aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis gaqristianebis dros. amas daerTo

ekonomiuri sanqciebic _ mefem gajiutebul mTielebs xarki daumZ-

ima.

qarTlis samefos mkvidrebs, rogorc mcxeTis magaliTma gvaCve-

na, xSir SemTxvevaSi hqondaT ormagi identoba. erT SemTxvevaSi

isini qarTlis mkvidrebi iyvnen, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mcxeTis

mkvidrebi, klarjeTisa Tu sxva adgilTa mkvidrebi. cxadia, saxelm-

wifo identobis (loialobis) garda iyo Temuri erTobebi da

konkretul garemosTan, konkretul kultTan da sanaTesaosTan Svi-

lobiT da mkvidrobiT dakavSirebuli statusi da identobani. rad-

ganac qristianoba warmarTuli kultebis mimarT sruliad ara-

tolerantuli iyo, bunebrivia, ideologiurad swored maT upir-

ispirdeboda. ucxoobis ideali swored aseT mkvidrobas uryevda

safuZvlebs. samefo xelisuflebac, bunebrivia, grZnobda, rom qris-

tianizacia xelisuflebis centralizacias uwyobda xels da aqti-

urad ereoda am procesSi. iqmneboda axali mkvidroba, romelic

ukve qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRiarebis pirobiT iyo SesaZlebe-

li. cxadia, rom swored ucxoobisa da mwirobis qristianuli

ideali gaxda is safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac Seiqmna gaqris-

tianebis Semdeg, savaraudod, sakmaod mcire xanSi is SedarebiT

ufro erTgvarovani erToba, romelic gamoixateboda sityviT "eri"

nacvlad Zveli mkvidrnisa.

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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224

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura

abulaZe 1973: abulaZe, ilia. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni,

Tbilisi: mecniereba.

evsebi kesarieli 1997: evsebi kesarieli, „konstantine didis

werili aRmosavleTis eparqiebs". Zveli berZnulidan Targ-

mna lela patariZem. mnaTobi, , #7.

imnaiSvili1986: imnaiSvili, ivane. qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-

leqsikoni tyue, tyuenva tyveoba.

lorTqifaniZe 1962:lorTqifaniZe, oTar. "mcxeTis saqalaqo

Temis istoriisaTvis", saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis moambe, t. XXIX, 6.

lorTqifaniZe 1958: lorTqifaniZe, oTar., samefo miwismflo-

belobis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis iberiaSi. saqarTvelos

ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. t. XXI, 6.

moqcevai qarTlisai 1964: "moqcevai qarTlisai". abulaZe,

ilia (red). Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi. w.1, Tbilisi: mecniereba.

qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgeni-

li yvela ZiriRadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier. t. I, Tbilisi: saxelgami.

yauxCiSvili 1961: yauxCiSvili, simon. bizantieli mwerlebis

cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, georgika, I.

xaxutaSvili 1966: xaxutaSvili, d. iberiis qalaqTa istoriis

sakiTxebi, Tbilisi: mecniereba.

xoStaria-brose 1996: xoStaria-brose, ediSer. leonti mrov-

eli da `qarTlis cxovreba~. Tbilisi: mecniereba.

javaxiSvili 1928: javaxiSvili, ivane. qarTuli samarTlis is-

toria II, I Tbilisi.

RvTis qalaqi: Avrelii Avgustini. Opera, XIV:2, De Civitate Dei, XI-XXII, curauerunt B. Dombart et A. Kalb, (CCSL, 48), Turnhout1955 414-416 (14,2).

ilisi 2006: Ellis, Steven G., Gudmundur Halfdanarson and KatherineIsaacs (ads.) Citizenship in Historical Perspective. Cliohres.net,Publication date: 10/1/2006 Pisa: Pisa University Press. 11,3,08.http://www.cliohres.net/books/books.php?book=7,

evsebiusi 1902: Eusebius. Werke, Erste Band, Uber das Leben Con-stantins. Leipzig: J.C.Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1902.

lela patariZe

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225

fletCeri 1998: Fletcher, Richard. The Barbarian Conversion: fromPaganism to Christianity. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

igersi 2005: Iggers, Georg G. Historiography in the twentieth century.Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2005.

kiknaZe 1994: Kiknadze, Zurab. “Some episodes from The Cristiansizationof Georgia”. Letters from Georgia, 1.

miqsi 1983: Meeks,Wayne A. The First Urban Christians, The Socialworld of the apostle Paul, 1983 New Haven and London: Yale Uni-versity Press .

olardi 2007: Olard, Ludivine-Julie. “Venice-Babylon: Foreigners andCitizens in the Renaissance Period (14th-16th Centuries)”. pag.155-174. In: Ann Katherine Isaacs, Gudmundur Halfdanarson (ads). Imag-ining Frontiers Contesting Identities . 17.3.2008. < http://www.cliohres.net/books2/survey.php?book=5>. Pisa: Pisa UniversityPress, 2007.

oorti 1991: Van Oort, Johannes. Jerusalem and Babylon:. A Studyinto Augustine’s "City of God" and the Sources of his Doctrine ofthe Cities. Leiden.

kiknaZe 1972: Êèêíàäçå, Çóðàá. "Íèñàí Áàáàëèêàøâèëè,

"Åâðåéñêèå íàäïèñè â Ãðóçèè" (XVIII-XIX ââ.) Èçä.

"Ìåöíèåðåáà", Òáèëèñè, 1971" (recenzia). macne, enisa da

literaturis seria, N#4.

koSelenko 1979: Êîøåëåíêî, Ã.À., Ãðå÷åñêèé ïîëèñ íà

Ýëëèíèñòè÷åñêîì Âîñòîêå, Ìîñêâà.

meliqiSvili 1959: Ìåëèêèøâèëè, Ã.À., Ê èñòîðèè äðåâíåé

Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè.

ferixaniani 1953: Ïåðèõàíÿí À.Ã. Îáùåñòâî è ïðàâî Èðàíà â

ïàðôÿíñêèé è ñàñàíèäñêèé ïåðèîäû.

Ìîñêâà: Íàóêà.

fiustel-dekulanJi 1895 :Ôþñòåëü-äå Êóëàíæ. Äðåâíÿÿ

ãðàæäàíñêàÿ îáùèíà. Ìîñêâà.

moqalaqeoba qarTlis samefoSi qristianizaciis konteqstSi

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226

Lela Pataridze

Citizenship in Kartli Kingdom in the Context ofChristianization

Obviously it is an advantageous task to explore citizenship in the historicalperspective as the concept has many different _ social, political, cultural aspects andspecial links with political theory and ideology. The present investigation is focused onthe period of conversion of Kartli (Georgian state in Hellenistic and early mediaeval periods),when significant religious and mental changes were to be projected and launched. Myresearch is based on two different types of narratives. One is hagiography (The Life of St.Nino) and the other is official historiographical tradition [Kartlis Tskovreba (History ofGeorgia)], supposedly created in the close circles of royal dynasty. Hence two differentpoints of view, two different ideological tasks, social positions, mental backgrounds,territorial scales in these sources reveal many aspects of citizenship. Among them areissues like these: kings and citizens, the missionary and citizens, citizenship of Jews inMtskheta, the Christian concept of alienus and peregrinus as a challenge to local identitiesin cities and in the countryside.

From Kartlis Tskhovreba it becomes evident that the term mkvidri (more or lessclose correspondent of ‘citizen’) in the contexts close to the period of Conversion hasseveral meanings: son- heir, in the plural form: landowners, warriors, people who take part(may be through their leaders) in political decisions. Mkvidrni (pl.of mkvidri) in KartlisTskovreba denotes also a kind of collective personality, with cultural and social identity.Respect and protection of the main features of their identity and social status of themkvidrni are laid down as a condition for their loyalty to the king. Mkvidri as a memberof the community enjoying full rights throughout the country seems to be rather anideological concept than a social reality, but we can acknowledge mkvidri on the scale ofthe local regions within the country in the expressions like: ‘mkvidrni’ of the places or‘mkvidrni’ of Klarjeti (Kartlis Tskhovreba).

In The Life of St. Nino the term mkvidri denotes a high social status of a resident ofMtskheta dweller. In several contexts we see that not all city dwellers were mkvidrni. Thestatus could be granted by the king for some service done not only to natives, but toaliens as well. We see here that among resident Jews in Mtskheta, there were families (oneor more) who enjoyed the status of mkvidri. During the Conversion of Kartli, some otherfamilies (one or more) who adopted Christianity became mkvidri. But many Jews whorefused to become Christian were compelled to scatter from Mtskheta to other regions ofthe country.

The paper traces how the process of conversion influenced the political rights andsocial statuses of citizens. Local communities, that refused to adopt Christianity wereconverted by force or by some economic sanctions. Dwellers of mountainous regionsperhaps revolted against such means. They are described as beasts, who fled the country.From all evidence we can conclude that citizenship as a status was not equal throughoutthe country before Christianization. Since it denoted personal freedom, the owning ofland (private or collective), and belonging to the pagan religion, on the other hand thesame term might have reflected the high status of the membership in community ofMtskheta. Since the Conversion Christianity became one of the main conditions for adoptingcitizenship in Kartli.

lela patariZe

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227

marina qavTaraZe

miTo-poeturi simbolikisSesaxeb musikaSi

(zaqaria faliaSvilis `abesalom

da eTeris” magaliTze)

zaqaria faliaSvilis abesalom da eTeri”

musikis istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc qarTuli

profesiuli musikis etalonuri qmnileba,

romlis Seswavla, garda am faqtis TavisTa-

vadi mniSvnelobisa, erovnuli musikaluri

fenomenis kvlevis tolfasi gaxda.

musikismcodneobaSi misi Seswavla sx-

vadasxva aspeqtiT warimarTa da warmoaCina

am nawarmoebis ZiriTadi Janrul-stiluri

maxasiaTeblebi: opera-oratoria, antikuri

stilis tragedia (l. donaZe), abesalom-pa-

sioni (S. aslaniSvili), opera-pasioni (n. qavT-

araZe). magram imdenad, ramdenadac oratori-

is, antikuri tragediis, pasionis Janris pirv-

elsaxeebi miTis konceptualur da siRrm-

iseul struqturul TaviseburebebSi foku-

sirdeba, ufro marTebuli iqneboda qarTuli

klasikuri musikis am Sedevris mis miTosur

arqetipTan mimarTebaSi ganxilva. amgvar ra-

kursSi operis ganxilvis aucileblobis

miuxedavad, naTelia, rom mecnierebaSi miTTan

dakavSirebiT arsebobs ramodenime garemoeba,

romelic arTulebs musikaluri xelovnebi-

sa da misi miTologiuri fesvebis Sesaxeb

sakiTxis erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyvetas. erT-

erTi maTgani qronologiurad usazRvro

distanciis arsebobaa totaluri mi-

Tbilisis v.sarajiSvi-

lis sax. saxelmwifo

konservatoriis asoci-

rebuli profesori, mu-

sikis istoriis

mimarTulebis

xelmZRvaneli, konser-

vatoriis samecniero

eleqtronuli Jurnalis

`musikismcodneoba da

kulturologia~

mTavari redaqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: XX

saukunis qarTuli

opera~ , tradiciul

musikalur kulturaTa

urTierToba da maTi

transformacia ucxo

kulturul garemoSi”,

`religia da axali

qarTuli musika~,

`religia da musika to-

talitarul saxelmwi-

foSi~ da sxv.

samecniero interesebi:

musikis istoria, kul-

turaTaSorisi urTier-

Tobebi, saopero sinTe-

zis problemebi,

semiotika da sxv.

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228 marina qavTaraZe

Tologiuri azrovnebis mqone epoqebs da im epoqebs Soris, rom-

lebic miTs moiazreben, rogorc xelovnebis masalas. arqaul miTTan

Sexebis sirTule veeberTela istoriul-sivrcul” dialogSia. Cven

SegviZlia mxolod intuiciurad CavwvdeT mas.

amitom iqmneba im azrobrivi da logikuri `konstantebis”

aRweris aucilebloba, romlebic miTis safuZvels da mexsierebas

Seadgenen da unarCuneben mas aqtualobas Secvlil socio-kultu-

rul viTarebaSi. amis dasturad gamodgeba saopero Janris mTeli

istoria, misi pirveli nimuSebidan dawyebuli XX saukunis qmnile-

bebiT damTavrebuli (magaliTisaTvis, udidesi saopero reforma-

torebis glukis da vagneris Semoqmedebis, XX saukuneSi ki Strau-

sis, stravinskis, onegeris nawarmoebebis dasaxelebac ki ikmarebda).

istoriulad miTi win uswrebs sulieri moRvaweobis sxva

formebs, maT Soris xelovnebasac da Tavis TavSi moicavs TiToeu-

li maTganis pirvelsaxes, amitomac miTi praqtikulad nebismier

momentSi SeiZleba iqnas reaminirebuli. remiTologizaciisas

musikalur poetikaSi fokusirdeba miTis logika, misi semantika,

funqcionirebis kanonebi da misi umaRlesi daniSnuleba. Tumca, Ta-

vad fenomeni ar miekuTvneba ontologiurad” gansazRvrebad cnebas.

is ufro sulierebis”, idealuris” kategoriaTa sferos ganekuTvneba.

rogorc subieqti, ise zogadad mxatvruli kultura, miTs mimar-

Tavs sazogadoebaSi komunikaciuri kavSirebis rRvevis Sedegad war-

moqmnili ganxeTqilebis, katastrofis, krizisis SegrZnebis SemTx-

vevaSi. (1)

“eTerianis” miTosurma interpretaciam gadamwyveti roli Sea-

srula faliaSvilis abesalom da EeTeris” musikaluri koncefci-

is SeqmnaSi – `eTerianis” miTologiurma pirvelsawyisma da ara

zRaprisam. miTosuri simbolika aq sakmaod TvalsaCinoa – ukvdav-

ebis wyaro, magiuri niSnebi, sneuleba, bediswera; sainteresoa, rom

operaSi bedisweris simbolika gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebulia misi

dramaturgiuli funqciis TvalsazrisiT; is yvela sakvanZo momen-

tSi Cndeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom libretos siuJetur qsovilSi

ar figurirebs da mxolod musikaSia gacxadebuli saorkestro

laitTemis saxiT.

miTosSi siyvaruli eTikur kategoriad gvevlineba da rogorc

sikeTes, mas SeuZlia daupirispirdes borotebas. abesalomis da

murmanis Sepirispireba sikeTis da borotebis Sepirispirebaa. amave

dros, siyvaruli zeadamianuri Zalisaa – igi sikvdilze imarjvebs.

`abesalomsa da eTerSi” moqmedebis magiuri motivebi fantastikasaa

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229miTo-poeturi simbolikis Sesaxeb musikaSi

moklebuli, rac zRaprisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. miTosSi

idumalebaa mTavari. `abesalom da eTeris” siyvarulis paradigma

`tristan da izoldas” kurtuazul motivebSi ki ar unda veZioT,

aramed ufro `orfevssa da evridikeSi”.

sainteresoa, Tu rogor iazrebs mixeil TumaniSvili, abesalo-

mis” erT-erTi saukeTeso dadgmis reJisori (1986 weli), operis

scenur saxes. sazogadod, reJisorebs aqvT formula: TiToeul dadgmas

sakuTari gasaRebi unda mounaxon. `CemTvis “abesalomis” gasaRebi

maSin moiZebna, roca qoros `wertils” mivageni – Zneli iyo am

`wertilis” povna, magram rogorc ki es problema gadavwyvite, yve-

laferi TavisTavad dadga samoqmedo sivrcesa da droSi (2); gan-

lagda Tu ara qoro, personaJebmac gaarkvies, rogor unda `amo-

qmedebuliyvnen” da `eTerianis” miTosic CemTvis maSin gacocxl-

da~(3) _ werda mixeil TumaniSvili. amdenad, operis scenuri

formebis Semqmneli mTavari elementi qoroa, romelic ZiriTadad

gansazRvravs kidec `abesalomis” Janrul Tu stilur Tavisebure-

bas. qoros, rogorc dramaturgiis kompoziciur RerZs, Semoaqvs

amaRlebuli tragizmisaTvis saxasiaTo statikuroba da amave dros

asrulebs yvelaze dinamikur qmedebas; ganviTarebis mdore, uwyvet

dinamikas Semoaqvs amaRlebuli tragikuli paTosi, ganzogadebuli

farTo Strixebi yovelgvari detalizebisa da konkretizaciis gareSe.

miTis esTetikas aZlierebs saweso-ritualuri qmedeba – qorwil-

isa da glova-datirebis Sesatyvisi musikaluri formebi. am `di-

namikuri statikiT” mkvidrdeba amaRlebuli tragizmisa da maradi-

ulobis SegrZneba.

`abesalom da eTerSi” miTi iqceva universalur principad,

romelic konceptualuricaa da struqturul-funqciuric.

da mainc, riTi iwyeba Cveni warmodgena `abesalomze”, rogorc

musikalur miTze? pirvel rigSi, am warmodgenas gviqmnis misi

sakraluroba, harmoniuli simwyobre, yofierebis formaTa erTiano-

bis SegrZneba, maradiuli idealis damkvidreba da absoluturi

determinirebuloba. magram es kompleqsi, upirveles yovlisa, emoci-

ur sferos ekuTvnis, anu miTis Sedegobriv-Rirebulebriv mxares

axasiaTebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, nawarmoebis miTosuri gancda

warmoadgens umaRlesi Rirebulebis” damamkvidrebel emocias, rameTu

miTi aq ara marto `sibrZnis~ matarebelia, aramed mizandasaxuli

procesi, dakavSirebuli umaRlesi Rirebulebis mqone gancdis damkvi-

drebasTan. iRebs ra dasabams siyvarulis sakraluri grZnobidan

(rwmenidan), mas gaaCnia saboloo mizanic, romliskenac is miemarTeba

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230

es kaTarsisia, rogorc umaRlesi forma Rirebulebis mqone emoci-

isa.

imisaTvis, rom Cemi Semdgomi msjelobis logika ufro naTeli

gaxdes, moviyvan miTis TeoriaSi arsebuli miTologiuri moqmedebis

meqanizmis sqemas, romlis struqtura grafikulad Semdegnairad

gamoiyureba:

rwmena � krizisi � rituali � reintegracia � rwmena

mxatvruli nawarmoebis teqstis doneze miTopoeturi moqmedebis

kanonzomiereba Semdegnairia:

logosi � krizisi � rituali � kaTarsisi � logosi

simbolo_antiTezis warmoSoba_antiTezis gardasaxva_simbolo

zemoTmoyvanili miTo-poeturi koncefcia `abesalom da eTer-

is” musikaSi upirveles yovlisa, simboloebSia proecirebuli. aseT

azrobriv, siyvarulis Tema-simbolod (anu logosad) aRiqmeba op-

eris laitTema, romelic miuxedavad araerTgzis ganmeorebisa drama-

turgiulad sakvanZo momentebSi, yvelgan inarCunebs Tavis sawyis

iersaxes da mxolod orkestrSi JRers. icvleba misi moqmedebis

konteqsti, icvlebian da tragikulad gardaisaxebian Tavad operis

gmirebi; ucvleli rCeba mxolod grZnoba siyvarulisa, romelic

sikvdilze ufro Zlieria.

antiTeza am miTologiur struqturaSi murmanis saxesTan aris

dakavSirebuli. magram kompozitoris mier II redaqciaSi zRapruli

personaJis eSmak-beliarTan scenis amoRebis Sedegad moxda murma-

nis saxis am mimarTebiT Sesusteba, ramac gamoiwvia fatalurobis,

garduvalobis motivis gaZliereba. amitomac operis laitTema vag-

neris opera `tristan da izoldas” liebestod–is Temis msgavsadormag azrobriv funqcias iZens; is erTdroulad siyvarulis da

bedisweris Temacaa.

umniSvnelovanesi, arsebiTi mxare miTisa – misi ritualTan

kavSiria. ritualSi `miTologiuri dro” aaxloebs warsuls awmy-

osTan. amitom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli cikluri ganmeorebadoba –

statikis, zedroulobis SegrZnebas badebs.

ganvixiloT ritualis cneba miTologiur struqturaSi.

klasikuri gagebiT, rituali – qmedebaa, romelic eqstazuri ganc-

marina qavTaraZe

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231

dis struqturul sazRvrebSi Sedis (rogoricaa, dioniseseuli

eqstazi; samgloviaro wesTan asocirebuli usazRvro mwuxareba,

glova). `ritualSi Sesvla” niSnavs mZlavri maorganizebeli sawy-

isis pirobebSi `piradulis STanTqmas” koleqtiur gancdaSi. mo-

qmedebis aseT tips Seesabameba antikuri tragedia da kidev ufro

adreuli misteriis Janri (da arsebiTad oratoriac).

opera `abesalom da eTeris” oratoriuli, centraluri II da

III aqtebi binarul opoziciaSi warmodgenili ritualia: zeimi da

glova. am ritualSi aisaxeba `adamianis azrovnebis da socialuri

qmedebis fundamenturi niSnebi”(4), am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli adamian-

isa. am qmedebisaTvis tipur Janr-simboloebSi asaxvisas (II mo-

qmedebaSi sadidebeli himni, saqorwilo simRerebSi – sufruli,

cekva; III moqmedebaSi – samgloviaro “zari”) isini inarCuneben

pirveladi Janris arqaul niSnebs; amasTanave, mkafiod gamokveTili

erovnuli niSnebi aqvT, rogorc intonaciuri, ise formadqmnadobis

TvalsazrisiT. II da III moqmedebis ukontrasto dramaturgiaSi

situaciuri formulebis” regularuli ganmeoreba xdeba. amis Sedegad

iqmneba erTiani emociuri ganwyobileba, romelSic piraduli gancda

koleqtiurs erwymis diametrulad sapirispiro (zeimisa da glo-

vis) qmedebisas.

III moqmedebas am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs;

masTan aris dakavSirebuli `Rirebulebrivi krizisis situaciis”

warmoSoba, romelic rogorc mamoZravebeli zambara miTologiuri

moqmedebisa, aucilebelia kaTarsisis misaRwevad. gansxvavebiT vaJa-

fSavelas eTeris” SemaZrwunebeli glova-zarisagan, romelic amTavrebs

poemas, abesalomsa da eTerSi” glovis mwvervali gmirTa sikvdil-

amdea – III moqmedebaSi. siyvarulis ficis gatexva da gmirTa gan-

Soreba tolfasia im msxverplSewirvisa, miTSi rituals rom uwode-

ben. am ritualSi qmedebis Taviseburebaa is, rom masSi vlindeba

tragediis `gaorebuli logika” (vigotski); is ara marto kaTarsi-

sisken moZraobis winapirobaa, aramed inarCunebs antiTezas.

III aqti gansakuTrebulad simfonizirebulia (rac araerTgzis

yofila aRniSnuli mkvlevarebis mier). magram dramatizmi miiRweva

ara garegani konfliqturi dapirisprebis Sedegad, aramed ZiriTadi

ideis Sinagani ganviTarebiT, dinamikuri statikiT”; arsebiTad, amis

mkafio magaliTia III aqtis monoTematuri finali agebuli tiri-

lis intonaciis Basso ostinato-ze, romelic mTeli aqtis azrobriv

simbolod iqceva.

miTo-poeturi simbolikis Sesaxeb musikaSi

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centraluri Rirebulebrivi movlena miTSi – rwmenis aRdgenaa,

romelic kaTarsisis cnebas ukavSirdeba. istoriulad kaTarsisis

cneba warmoiSva antikur xanaSi, magram kaTarsisuli funqcia gac-

ilebiT ufro Zvelia, vidre Tavad tragedia; is misteriis safuZve-

lia, iseve rogorc arqauli epoqis nebismieri ritualis arsic.

rogorc filisofiur-esTetikur kategorias “kaTarsiss” gaaCnia

SemecnebiTi aspeqtic: is WeSmaritebis gacxadeba, gasxivosneba-amaR-

lebaa.

`abesalom da eTeris” dramaturgiuli ganviTarebis bolo fazaSi

sabediswero siyvarulis laitTemis gatareba eTeris sikvdils, anu

tragikuli kvanZis gaxsnas emTxveva, xolo kaTarsisi miiRweva saga-

loblis sakraluri Janris gamoyenebiT, a cappella qoraliT sityve-

bze – “maTi suli qveynad erTi, tanjuli da wamebuli, zecaSiac

erTi iyves, mieniWos siyvaruli”. es yovlismomcveli locva-qorali

WeSmarit katarsisad aRiqmeba, vinaidan simSvidesa da harmonias

aRadgens – es gzaa maradiulobisaken. amave dros, Tavisi arsiT es

qorali miTologemaa, miTis ZiriTadi “formulaa”, romelic jer

kidev operis saorkestro SesavalSi iyo mocemuli, xolo IV aqtSi

verbaluri saxiT gacxadda. “abesalom da eTeris” musikaluri mi-

Tologema is momentia, sadac xdeba nawarmoebis dedaazris gacxade-

ba. amdenad, musikis funqciebSi Sedis ara marto moqmedebis gar-

egani Sris asaxva, aramed damoukidebeli musikalur-azrobrivi pla-

nis Seqmna, romelic moqmedebis paralelurad axdens situaciis

gadaazrebas miTopoeturi konceepciis Sesabamisad. ufro metic,

swored musikaluri moqmedebis Signidan ibadeba miTologiuri

Sinaarsis yvelaze siRrmiseuli Sreebi. musikalur miTad qmnadobis

Tavisebureba swored imaSia, Tu rogor xdeba aq miTologemis war-

moqmna (5).

amgvarad, musikis miTopoetika faliaSvilis abesalom da eTerSi”

ara marto fabulur doneze iCens Tavs, aramed musikaluri teqstis

funqcionalur Sres warmoadgens, sadac miTologiuri arsi `mTe-

lis” doneze vlindeba. Cven Sors varT im mosazrebisagan, TiTqos

miTis struqturis gamovlena `abesalom da eTerSi” kompozitors

gacnobierebuli da Segnebuli hqonda. es movlena aracnobieri fsi-

qikuris kategoriaTa rigs ganekuTvneba da Cadebulia Tavad `Jan-

ris mexsierebaSi” (6). adamianis sulieri cxovreba dajildovebu-

lia azrovnebis da gancdis zogierTi Tandayolili formebiT, rom-

lebic warmoadgenen uZvelesi koleqtiuri gamocdilebis aracnobi-

er gamovlinebas (7). kulturis tradiciebi, maT Soris uZvelesic,

marina qavTaraZe

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inaxeba da cocxlobs ara marto calkeuli adamianis individu-

alur, subieqtur mexsierebaSi, aramed Tavad kulturis obieqtur

formebSi; am TvalsazrisiT isini subieqtTaSorisi da individTa-

Sorisi arian; am gziT Sedian isini xelovnebis nawarmoebSi, Semoq-

medis subieqturi mexsierebis gverdis avliT.

`abesalom da eTerSi” miTologiuris cneba ufro farTo sazris-

sac iZens, exmianeba ra Tavad musikaluri xelovnebis `paToss”, mx-

atvruli srulyofilebis ideas. am mimarTebiT unda gavixsenoT

antikuri, piTagoraseuli Teoria musikis, rogorc sulieri wes-

rigis metaforis gagebisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom epoqebi, romlebic

musikas `simboluri asociaciurobis” niSniT moiazreben, nayofier-

ni arian xelovnebaSi rogorc miTis Seqmnis”, ise misi gadaazrebis

TvalsazrisiTac. aseTi cnobierebis `miTologemaa” – `musika aris

simbolo”. epoqebi ki, romelTaTvisac gadamwyvetia Tavad musikaluri

logikis gageba” da mecnierebas, rogorc normatiuls, ise udgebian,

sxvagvari mrwamsi aqvT – `musika Tavad aris srulyofileba”. ma-

gram miTologiuroba orive SemTxvevaSi saxezea, ara imdenad

musikaluri `niSnebis” simbolisturi gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT,

ramdenadac maTSi Tavad srulyofilebis ideis ganxorcielebis gamoc.

“abesalom da eTeri” swored aseT nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba.

SeniSvnebi

1. rogorc cnobilia, `abesalom daEeTeri” zaqaria faliaSvilis

mier Seiqmna kompozitorisaTvis yvelaze mZime sulieri kriz-

isis – erTaderTi Svilis daRupvis Semdgom da mis xsovnas

eZRvna _ `Zeglad, dediserTa yrmis – iraklis umanko sulisa”.

2. sagulisxmoa am dadgmaSi bedisweris scenuri saxis arsebobac

winaqristianul moiras saxiT (qali TeTr samosSi).

3. “axali sicocxlis yvela niSani” – abesalom da eTeris” axali

dadgmis gamo saubari mrgval magidasTan - //`Tbilisi~ 14/III

1986w//

4. Å. Ìåëåòèíñêèé – Ïîåòèêà ìèôà; Ìîñêâà, 1976, gv. 203 (rusulenaze)

5. am procesis ubadlo ostati iyo r. vagneri, romelic k. levi-

strosis Tanaxmad pirveli iyo vinc “miTis analizi musikis

saSualebiT SeZlo”.

miTo-poeturi simbolikis Sesaxeb musikaSi

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6. qarTuli operis xalxur wyaroebTan mimarTebaSi ufro deta-

lurad ix. m. qavTaraZe _ qarTuli operis arqetipis Sesaxeb //

musikismcodneobis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi 2001, gv. 86-96

7. Ê.Ã. Þíã – Ëè÷íîå è ñâåðõëè÷íîå, èëè êîëëåêòèâíîå

áåññîçíàòåëüíîå// Ïñèõîëîãèÿ áåññîçíàòåëüíîãî, Ìîñêâà 1994,AB. 110. Targmani germanulidan.

Marina Kavtaradze

On mythico-poetic symbolism in music(According to Z. Paliashvili’s opera “Abessalom and Eteri”)

Historically myth preceded all the other forms of spiritual activities of humansand among them the art. In itself it contains primordial images of each of them andthat’s why it might be reanimated at any moment. In the myth remaking processthe logic of myth, its semantic and functional principles are being focused on musicalpoetics.

The author of the paper makes an attempt to analyze the structure of Z.Paliashvili’s opera “Abessalom and Eteri” and reveal its connection with themythological archetype. The genre-stylistic features of the opera, traditionallydefined as an opera-oratorio, a tragedy of antique style “Abessalom-passion”, theprototype of which have been focused on the conception and structural peculiaritiesof myth, have become the basis of the given approach. The mythologicalinterpretation of “Eteriani” played a decisive role in the formation of the musicalconception of “Abessalom and Eteri”

Z. PaliaShvili’s tribute consisted in his ability to professionalize, accordingto the laws of the composing art, what was based on the archetype of existingmusical tradition and to transfer its structure into a new quality.

marina qavTaraZe

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rusudan canava

agresia da rituali

agresiis bunebisa da warmoSobis sak-

iTxs sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi ikv-

leven: fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, filoso-

fosebi, sociologebi, literatorebi. cxadia,

rom agresia kulturologiuri fenomenia da

misi analizi kompleqsur midgomas saWiroebs.

agresia/risxva1 binaruli opoziciis

(risxva_ganurisxveloba) Semadgeneli ele-

mentia; Sesabamisad, garkveuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba niSan-sistemaTa konteqstSic; aqedan

gamomdinare, es fenomeni semiotikuri aspeqti-

Tac ganixileba. Cveni mizania, gavarkvioT, ram-

denad aqtiuria agresiis funqcia ritual-

Si. sakvlev masalad gamoviyenebT msxver-

plSewirvis universalur rituals. A prioriSeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored agresiis CarT-

vam gamoiwvia am sakraluri ritualis pro-

fanacia da saerTod Secvala msxverpl-

Sewirvis religiuri aqtis koncefcia. sta-

tiaSi SevecdebiT am poziciis dasasabuTe-

bas.

agresiis kvlevas mieZRvna cnobili fran-

gi mecnieris _ literatoris, filosofosi-

sa da anTropologis _ rene Jiraris naS-

romi "Zaladoba da wminda" (Jirari:2000).

mkvlevaris azriT, msxverplSewirva iyo da

aris didi saidumlo, romlis arsSi wvdomi-

sas yovelTvis raRac gvisxlteba xelidan,

1 terminebs: agresia, risxva da Zaladoba statiaSi

erTi fenomenis aRsaniSnad viyenebT.

filologiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis

literaturis insti-

tutis ufrosi mecnieri

TanamSromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

miTo-ritualuri mode-

lebis genezisisa da

formirebis sakiTxisaT-

vis, miTis ritualis da

magiis urTierTmimarTe-

bisaTvis, Myth model ofsubstitute sacrifice andthe classical epos,monografia:

miToritualuri mode-

lebi, simboloebi anti-

kuri mwerlobaSi da

qarTuli literatu-

rul-eTnologiuri pa-

ralelebi.

interesTa sfero:

antikuri miTologia da

literatura, kulturo-

logia, literaturis

istoria da Teoria, kom-

parativistika.

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swored amitom ver vaxerxebT mis Secnobas. mizezi ki isaa, rom ar

gvaqvs Tundac raime myari kriteriumi, romelic ucvlelia kacobri-

obis gaCenidan dRemde. Jirari am kriteriumis Ziebam Zaladobamde,

agresiamde miiyvana. igi ase svams kiTxvas: ra damokidebulebaa

msxverplSewirvasa da Zaladobas Soris? da pasuxobs: kavSiri Tval-

saCino da naTelia. fiziologebma daadastures, rom agresia yvela

tipisa da kulturis sxvadasxva donis adamianebSi msgavsia. araferi

ise ar hgavs gaalmasebul katas an adamians, rogorc meore gaalmase-

buli kata an adamiani. raki agresiis buneba ucvlelia, Cven SeiZleba

miviRoT garkveuli pasuxi msxverplSewirvis bunebaze, Tu Seviswav-

liT msxverplSewirvis ritualis erT elements _ agresias.

Tu adamianSi gaiRviZa Zaladobis survilma, igi iwvevs garkveul

fiziologiur cvlilebebs, romlebic pirovnebas ganawyobs orT-

abrZolisaTvis. agresiuli ganwyobileba adamianSi grZeldeba garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi; igi ar aris ubralo refleqsi, romelic wyde-

ba stimulis zemoqmedebis SewyvetisTanave. specialistTa ganmarte-

biT, Zaladobis survilis daokeba ufro Znelia, vidre aRZvra. Zal-

adobas xSirad da samarTlianadac uwodeben iracionalurs. herak-

lites azriT, Zaladoba aris yvelafris mama da mefe. agresiis

realizeba orgvarad SeiZleba: risxvis gamomwvevi mizezis (pirovnebis)

uSualo ganadgurebiT, rac iwvevs SurisZiebaTa dausrulebel jaWvs

da meore _ agresiis CanacvlebiT (SecvliT). am dros risxvis

gamomwvevi arseba Canacvldeba sxviT, romelic arafriT iwvevs moZa-

ladis dartymas garda imisa, rom sustia.2

Jiraris azriT, ritualuri msxverplSewirva efuZneba agresi-

is Senacvlebas, oRond sapirispiro mimarTulebiT: magaliTad, cx-

ovelis msxverplSewirva Zaladobas aaridebs im arsebebs, romelTa

dacvaa saWiro da agresia gadaaqvs sxvebze, romelTa sikvdils

naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, an sulac ara aqvs mniSvneloba. e. i. xdeba

"agresiis (Zaladobis) motyueba."

ase rom, msxverplSewirvis safuZveli swored "agresiis mo-

tyueba," anu agresiis gadatanaa. koleqtivs surs, misTvis ufro

iolad gasametebel msxverplze gadaitanos agresia da amiT daicvas

ufro faseuli _ koleqtivi. e.i. "arafris" gamosyidva ar xdeba,

xdeba dacla dagrovili agresiisagan (es kargad aisaxa jadosnur

zRaprebSi, rodesac mgels, kaciWamias, drakons bavSvis nacvlad qvas

2 rogorc vxedavT, r.Jirari erTmaneTisgan mijnavs msxverplSewivasa da sisxlis

aRebas. am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba v.burkerti.

rusudan canava

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aylapeben). am SenacvlebiT agresias uklaven "SimSils." Jiraris

azriT, amgvar msxverplSewirvas dadebiTi socialuri funqcia

aqvs. diametrulad gansxvavebulia "sisxlis Zieba", romelmac rit-

uali sxva mimarTulebiT "waiyvana" (amaze qvemoT).

im mecnierTa Tvalsazrisebis sapirispirod, romlebic msxver-

plSewirvas religiuri aspeqtiT xsnian (teilori, freizeri, rob-

ertson-smiti, mosi, iuberi da sxvebi), gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom

msxverplSewirva realurad arafers (aravis) ar Seesabameba. es

Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis k. levi-stross (amaze vrclad ix. canava

2003). Jiraris azriT, swored agresiis rolis gauTvaliswinebloba

warmoSobs msxverplSewirvis Teologiur koncefcias, e. i. mosazrebas,

rom msxverpls iTxovs RmerTi.

r. Jirari ganixilavs sakmaod vrcel masalas. igi ar ifargle-

ba romelime erTi kulturiT an periodiT. misi TvalTaxedva moicavs

primitiuli xalxebis rwmena-warmodgenebs, antikurobas, Sua sauku-

neebsa da Tanamedroveobas; eTnologias, fsiqologiasa da liter-

aturas. ase rom, es aris kompleqsuri da seriozuli monografia,

romelic safuZvlianad uRrmavdeba msxverplSewirvis arsis anal-

izs.

primitiuli xalxebis eTnologiis Seswavlis safuZvelze god-

fri linharti da viqtor terneri mividnen daskvnamde, rom msxver-

plSewirva emsaxureboda agresiis "koleqtiur gadatanas" msxver-

plze. e.i. msxverplSewirvas aqvs realuri funqcia. es funqcia

socialuria da ara religiuri. msxverplSewirva icavs mTel koleq-

tivs SesaZlo Zaladobisagan sakuTriv koleqtivSi. gadadis ra

agresia msxverplze, neitraldeba koleqtivSi arsebuli dapiri-

spirebebi, ganxeTqileba, Suri da aRdgeba harmonia, socialuri

erToba. am azriT, msxverplSewirva adamianTa koleqtivis materi-

alur keTildReobas da kulturul aRmavlobasac ganapirobebs.

Cinur "ritualTa wignSi" weria: msxverplSewirvas, musikas, dasjas

da kanonierebas erTi da igive mizani aqvs _ adamianTa gulisTqmis

gaerTianeba da wesrigis damyareba (redklif-brauni 1965:158).

r. Jiraris azriT, adamianTa da cxovelTa msxverplSewirvebs

Soris ar aris principuli gansxvaveba. xSirad isini erTmaneTs

enacvlebian, magram orives erTi da igive daniSnuleba aqvs: msxver-

plma unda daaokos Zaladoba. rituali ki mxolod da mxolod

"kargi" agresiis regularuli varjiSia. mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT,

Zv. w-is Vs-is aTenSi adamianTa msxverplad Sewirva, rogorc Cans,

mTlianad gauqmda. Tu swiravdnen adamians, Zalian iSviaTad da gan-

agresia da rituali

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sakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi; Tanac swiravdnen farmakoss (farmakosi

iyo vinme bogano, upatrono, mona, ucxotomeli; mokled, "sxva," "gareSe"),

romelsac qalaqi inaxavda Tavisi xarjiT, raTa saWiro momentSi

msxverplad Seewira. Jirari ganixilavs or berZnul tragedias,

rogorc adamianTa da cxovelTa msxverplSewirvis nimuSebs: "medeas"

(bavSvebis Sewirva) da "aiass"(cxovelTa Sewirva). mkvlevaris azriT,

drama, iseve, rogorc mTeli kultura, dasabams iRebs Zaladobisgan.

sainteresoa r. Jiraris msjeloba e.w. "tyis mefis" (wminda

mefis), bavSvebis, Svils Sewirvis modelebze, romlebic, Cveulebriv,

msxverplSewirvis religiuri axsnis qvakuTxedia. am SemTxvevebSic

Jirari Tavisi koncefciis erTguli rCeba. igi msxverplis sxeulis

ritualur danawevrebas Samanur iniciaciasTan akavSirebs. inici-

aciis ritualebSi umaRles etapad iTvleboda, rodesac inicianti

sizmrad naxavda, rom mas nawilebad glejen. am sizmris Semdeg igi

sizmridan "aRdgebodaa," rogorc Samani. r. Jiraris azriT, es Zalian

hgavs dionisur "sparagmoss" (dagleja). danawevreba aRdgomisa da

gamarjvebis niSnad iTvleboda.

msxverplSewirva aris Zaladoba SurisZiebis riskis gareSe.

msxverplSewirvis funqciaa, daaokos Sinagani Zaladoba da ar misces

gasaqani konfliqtis ganviTarebas. rodesac msxverplSewirviT daTr-

gunuli Sinagani Zaladoba Tavis bunebas avlens, is sisxlis ZiebiT

(blood feud) gamoixateba. Jirari ganmartavs, ra gansxvavebaa sisxlis

Ziebasa da msxverplSewirvas Soris: msxverplSewirvis mizani Zal-

adobis "damSvidebaa", SurisZieba ki Zalian saSiSi movlenaa, romlis

principia dasja. Tanac yoveli sasjeli iTxovs axal sasjels da

is iqceva dausrulebel procesad. rodesac sazogadoebis rome-

lime wertilSi ibadeba sisxlis Zieba, igi iswrafvis gavrceldes

da moicvas mTeli sociumi; vrceldeba jaWvuri reaqciiT da Sei-

Zleba eWvqveS daayenos mTeli sazogadoebis (mocemuli sociumis)

fizikuri arseboba. Jirars mohyavs bevri magaliTi eTnologiidan,

romlebic am savalalo movlenas adastureben. sisxlis Ziebis, anu

dasjis, funqcias civilur sazogadoebebSi sasamarTloebi axor-

cieleben. miuxedavad seriozuli gansxvavebisa sisxlis aRebasa da

msxverplSewirvas Soris, es ori forma xSirad ireva erTmaneTSi

imitomac, rom, erTi SexedviT, Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs.

msxverplSewirva, romelic xels uSlis Zaladobis ganviTare-

bas sazogadoebaSi, keTilSobilur, wminda mizans isaxavs. gamodis,

rom Zaladoba da wminda ganuyofelia. r. Jiraris azriT, swored es

idea udevs safuZvlad religiis warmoSobas. religia cdilobs

rusudan canava

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"daamSvidos" agresia, xeli SeuSalos mis afeTqebas. pirvelyofili

religia "iSinaurebs" Zaladobas, reglamentSi svams, awesrigebs da

saWiro mimarTulebiT warmarTavs. aqedan gamomdinare, ritualuri

msxverplSewirvisas daRvrili sisxli wmindaa, araritualurisas

_ uwminduri.

msxverplSewirvis swori funqcionirebisTvis saWiroa 2 piroba:

1. gamijvna Sesawir msxverplsa da Semwirvel koleqtivs Soris

unda iyos absoluturi. 2. amasTan, unda iyos garkveuli garegnuli

msgavseba msxverplsa da mis mier Canacvlebul obieqts Soris. Tu

es pirobebi ar Sesrulda, msxverpli ver miizidavs Zaladobas

Tavisken da ver Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias. rodesac msxver-

plSewirvisas ikargeba gansxvaveba uwmindur da ganmwmend Zala-

dobas Soris, iwyeba e.w. "msxverplSewirvis ideis krizisi". es ki,

martivad rom vTqvaT, gansxvavebaTa moSlis krizisia; e.i. kultu-

ruli wesrigis rRvevis dasawyisi. erTi sityviT, sakmarisia, dair-

Rves msxverplSewirvis ZiriTadi principi, rom saSiSroeba daemu-

qreba mTavar faseulobebs, romlebzec damokidebulia sazogadoeb-

is wonasworoba.

pirvelyofil religigiasa da antikur tragediaSi moqmedebs

erTi da igive principi, romelic arasdros ar xmovandeba, magram

yovelTvis movlenaTa centrSia: wesrigi, mSvidoba da keTildReoba

efuZneba mkafiod gamijnul opoziciebs: sufTa _ arasufTa; keTili

_ boroti da a. S. omebs, dapirispirebebsa da mtrobas iwvevs ara

am opoziciaTa arseboba (rodesac opoziciis orive mxare arsebobs,

isini awonasworeben erTmaneTs), aramed am gansxvavebaTa dakargva.3

"samsxverplo krizisebi" miTebis saTavea. miTebi am krizisebis

retrospeqciuli transfiguraciebia. tragedia efuZneba miTs, mi-

Tis safuZvelSi Cadebul Zaladobas, amitom "tragedia samsxverplo

krizisis qaliSvilia." tragedia eZiebs samsxverplo krizisidan

gamosavals. es gamosavali gantevebis vacia. Jirari am konteqst-

Si ganixilavs ramdenime ZvelberZnul tragedias da gantevebis va-

cis modelad oidiposs miiCnevs. ra azria Cadebuli gantevebis

3 samsxverplo krizisis magaliTad Jirars mohyavs j. henris dakvirveba indielebis

erT-erT tomze. am tomma daiviwya Tavisi miTebi, kultura rogorc religiuri,

ise teqnikuri. isini mTlianad moicva sisxlis aRebis jaWvurma reaqciam.

erTaderTi, rac maT axsovdaT da yvebodnen, iyo uzustesi ambebi SurisZiebis

ciklebze. e. i. sakuTari tomis ganadgurebis istoria. am tomSi msxverplSewirvis

idea sisxlis aRebad gadaiqca, ramac mTeli tomi socialuri TviTmkvlelobis

zRurblamde miiyvana. (Jirari: 2000:68-69).

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vacSi? Zaladobas imdenad intensiuri mimetikuroba axasiaTebs, rom

Tu is erTxel moxvda sazogadoebaSi, TavisiT gaqroba aRar Seu-

Zlia. Zaladobis Sekruli wridan gamosasvlelad didi Zalisxmevaa

saWiro. saWiroa, yvelam daijeros, rom mxolod erTs ekisreba

mTeli pasuxismgebloba yvelaferze. Tu ipovian am "wambilwvels",

anadgureben. gantevebis vacis ganadgurebiT sociumi ijerebs, rom

ganTavisufldeba wambilwveli borotebisagan. gmiri Tavisken iz-

idavs Zaladobas, romelic eufleba an emuqreba sazogadoebas. gmiris

SebrZoleba ZaladobasTan da am orTabrZolaSi sikvdili an gamar-

jveba, gardasaxavs Zaladobas.

Tavdapirveli Zaladoba unikaluri da spontanuria. ritu-

aluri msxverplSewirvebi, piriqiT, mravali. maT usasrulod imeo-

reben. ritualis mizania Tavdapirveli Zaladobidan gadmoiRos ka-

Tartikuli molmobierebis teqnika. ritualur msxverplSewirvas

aqvs profilaqtikuri funqcia da ara ganmkurnveli, amitom misi

"muSaoba" mwvave krizisis dros nakleb efeqturia. ritualuri

msxverplSewirva dafuZnebulia ormag Senacvlebaze: pirveli yovelTvis

SeumCneveli rCeba. es principia sazogadoebis yvela wevris Secvla

erTiT, anu "gantevebis vacis" meqanizmis amoqmedeba. meorea sakuTriv

ritualuri, romelic zed efineba pirvels: gantevebis vaci enacvle-

ba Tavdapirvel msxverpls (in illo tempore Sewiruls). am aspeqtiT

msxverplSewirvas aqvs mimetikuri xasiaTi Tavdapirvel ZaladobasTan

mimarTebiT. Tu ritualur imitacias ara aqvs naTlad Secnobili,

kerZod ris imitacias akeTebs( anu Tavdapirveli saidumlo mis-

Tvis miuwvdomelia), es niSnavs, rom ritualSi CarTulia Seucnob-

lis garkveuli forma. es Seucnobeli verc Semdgomi epoqebis

azrovnebam amoxsna, da albaT, verc momavalSi amoixsneba. es vergage-

ba (verCawvdoma) aris kidevac religiis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti.

am vergagebis safuZvelSi gantevebis vacia, romlis saidumlo ara-

sodes gamodis dRis sinaTleze, arasodes cxaddeba.

Jiraris azriT, gantevebis vacis meqanizmi xsnis ara mxolod

miTebis genezissa da struqturas, aramed ritualsa da religias.

mas yvela saxis msxverplSewirva gantevebis vacidan gamohyavs. r.

Jirari gaakritika m. detienma. detienisTvis miuRebelia qristian-

Ta RmerTis CarTva msxverplSewirvaTa im konteqstSi, romelzec

saubroben Jirari da religiis sxva istorikosebi robertson-

smitidan diurkheimamde da kasireramde. ar SeiZleba qristes jvarcma

ase xelaRebiT daukavSirdes msxverplSewirvis warmarTul ritu-

als (detieni 1979: 26-27).

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r. Jiraris Teorias gamoexmaura warmarTuli religiebis

cnobili mkvlevari v. burkerti. igi iziarebs Jiraris pozicias,

rom msxverplSewirvas safuZvlad udevs Zaladoba (aqve unda aRin-

iSnos, rom burkerti Zaladobas aRiarebs da ara agresias. saqme

isaa, rom Jiraris naSromSi es ori termini xSirad aRreulia),

magram saeWvod miaCnia misi formulireba, rom agresia "gantevebis

vacisa" da dionisuri sparagmo~-is naerTia. rogorc aRiniSna,

burkertic msxverplSewirvis ritualis aRmocenebas Zaladobas

ukavSirebs, oRond amosavals pirvelyofili samonadireo sazoga-

doebebis cxovrebis wesSi xedavs (burkerti 1972).

Cven ganvixileT ramdenime Tvalsazrisi agresiis bunebisa da

warmoSobis Sesaxeb, magram, vfiqrob, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, ras

fiqrobdnen am sakiTxze antikuri epoqis moazrovneni da rogor

aisaxa agresiis fenomeni antikur miTosSi. agresia/risxva arqauli

miToritualuri universaliaa. rogorc iTqva, igi Sedis opozici-

uri wyvilebis (dRe _ Rame; sicocxle _ sikvdili... risxva _

ganurisxveloba) pirvel aTeulSi. bunebis Tavzardamcemi movlenebi

(quxili, setyva, gvalva, wyaldidoba, epidemiebi) uZvelesi droidan

aRiqmeboda, rogorc zebunebriv ZalTa risxvis gamovlineba. risxva

axasiaTebs msoflios yvela xalxebis personificirebul da arap-

ersonificirebul RvTaebriv Zalebs. RvTaebriv ZalebTan misadage-

biT risxva adamianTa xasiaTis erT-erT mTavar Strixad war-

mogvidgeba. rac ufro Zlieria gmiri, miT ufro sastikia misi

risxva. amisi damadsturebeli magaliTebis moZieba yvela xalxisa

da sxvadasxva epoqebis zepir Tu mxatvrul literaturaSi Segvi-

Zlia.

berZeni da romaeli moazrovneebi jer kidev antikurobaSi

dainteresdnen risxvis esTetikuri aspeqtiT. medikosebi akvirde-

bodnen risxvis gavlenas adamianis fiziologiaze, filosofosebi

swavlobdnen risxvis zneobriv mxares. Sexedulebebi aRniSul sa-

kiTxze ciceronis ekleqtikur filosofiur swavlebaSi asea for-

mulirebuli: yvelaferi 4 elementisgan Sedgeba: cecxlis, wylis,

haerisa da miwisgan. isini erTmaneTs warmoSoben da erTmaneTSi

gardaisaxebian: eTeri (cecxli) _> haeri _> wyali _> miwa. am

elementebis sxvadasxva doziT Sereva warmoSobs samyaros mraval-

ferovnebas. es aris adamianTa xasiaTebis nairgvarobis mizezic.

rac ufro meti cecxlia adamianSi, miT ufro feTqebadia igi da

midrekilia ganrisxebisaken (ciceroni 1985: 33, 84 ).

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risxvas saintereso traqtati miuZRvna lucius aneus senekam.

mecnirebs uWirT gaarkvion, ramdenad originaluria traqtatSi

gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, radgan senekas winamorbedTa naSromebi ar

Semonaxula. arc seneka asaxelebs Tanamoazreebs; igi wers: yvela

azri, romelsac veTanxmebi, Cemic ariso. am da sxva wyaroebis mixed-

viT cxadia, rom risxvaze TavianTi mosazrebebi gamouTqvamT swav-

lulebs aristoteledan sotionamde ( seneka 2000:8).

traqtatSi "risxvis Sesaxeb" seneka ekamaTeba aristotelesa

da peripaTetikosebs. faqtobrivad, Cven saSualeba gveZleva, gavec-

noT or mecnierul Tvalsazriss risxvis Taobaze. aristoteles

mixedviT, vnebebi (paTos) adamianis sulSi bunebrivad aRmocendeba.

isini ar SeiZleba iyvnen "kargebi" an "cudebi", radgan ar arian

Seqmnilni. gakicxvas an Seqebas imsaxurebs Cveni damokidebuleba

maT mimarT. rac Seexeba risxvas, garkveulwilad kargicaa, radgan

igi "avsebs" suls. risxvis gareSe adamiani modunebulia, moSvebuli.

risxva gansakuTrebiT saWiroa meomrebisaTvis, radgan suls aRag-

znebs. risxvis gareSe yvelaze mamacic ver Caidens gmirobas omSi.

risxva SeiZleba garkveul CarCoebSi moaqcio, magram sul ar unda

aRmofxvra ("nikomaxes eTika" 1108a, 3). ufro metic, risxvis gareSe

verc erT oms ver moigeb. risxvam unda aavsos da aanTos suli.

magram, risxva unda gamoviyenoT rogorc "jariskaci" da ara _

"mxedarTmTavari" (seneka: 2000:110).

risxva aCens SurisZiebis survils. traqtqtSi "sulis Sesax-

eb" aristotele wers, rom risxva aris survili, miagos tkiviliT

tkivilze (aristotele 1961, 403a 30). "nikomaxes eTikaSi" vkiTx-ulobT, rom berZnebi ganarCeven risxvis sxvadasxva saxes da yvela

"risxvas" Tavis saxels arqmeven.

aristotele da misi mimdevrebi risxvas adamianisTvis damaxa-

siaTebel Tvisebad Tvlidnen. isini msjelobdnen am Tvisebis dadeb-

iT da uaryofiT mxareebze.

seneka (iseve, rogorc stoikosebi) Tvlis, rom risxva araa

adamianis bunebrivi Tviseba (amave azrs aviTarebs budisturi swav-

leba); es aris simaxinje, romelsac unda vebrZoloT da Casax-

visTanave amovZirkvoT Cveni sulidan. seneka ar eTanxmeba aristote-

les da miaCnia, rom risxva umarTavia; igi ar eqceva CarCoebSi. ar

aris saWiro "risxviT aivso guli" diadi saqmeebis sakeTeblad,

Tundac omSi wasvlisas. gana monadire mrisxanebs nadirze, romel-

sac mosaklavad misdevs? gamarjveba gonebiT miiRweva. risxva

xels uSlis adamians marTebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. risx-

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vis uaryofa sulac ar niSnavs dausjelobas. seneka imowmebs pla-

tonis mosazrebas, rom dasja mxolod maSin aRwevs mizans, Tu is

SurisZiebis grZnobiT ar aris nakarnaxevi. damnaSavis dasja orien-

tirebuli unda iyos momavalze. dasjilis magaliTze sxvebma unda

iswavlon, raTa danaSauli momavalSi ar ganmeordes (platoni:

1971. XI 934A.). risxva ki mimarTulia warsulisaken da moiTxovs

SurisZiebas. e. i. SurisZieba da dasja sxvadasxva azrobrivi

datvirTvis mqone cnebebia.

seneka xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom RmerTebs ar axasiaTebT risxva.

maT arc vnebis miyeneba SeuZliaT adamianebisaTvis. RmerTebi bunebiT

mSvidobismoyvareni da keTilmosurneni arian. cdebian isini, rom-

lebic RmerTebs sxvadasxva stiqiur ubedurebaTa mizezebad war-

mogvidgenen (seneka 2000: 139-140). Znelia dabejiTebiT iTqvas, am

traqtatSi seneka "filosofosi" sWarbobs, Tu seneka _ moralisti,

neronis pedagogi. cxadia mxolod erTi _ antikurobaSive risxvas

araerTgvarovan Sefasebas aZlevdnen da mis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs

gamoyofdnen.

warmarTuli religiebis saerTo kanonis mixedviT, rac ufro

arqaulia RmerTi, miT ufro ambivalenturia _ keTilicaa da mrisx-

anec; aSenebs da angrevs, qmnis da klavs, wyalobs da anadgurebs.

homerosis eposSi aSkarad Cndeba tendencia, romelsac RmerTebi

sxva sibrtyeze ahyavs. mecnierTa did nawils miaCnia, rom homerosis

RmerTebi TandaTan emijnebian risxvas. titanomaqia, gigantomaqia da

sxva sisxliani epizodebi, romelTac axlda risxva da sisastike,

warsuls Cabarda; Tumca arerTi epizodis moxmoba SeiZleba, rom-

lebSic warmogvidggebian ganrisxebuli RmerTebi. magaliTad, "ili-

adaSi" vkiTxulobT: heras neba rom iyos, "siamovnebiT STanTqavda

priamossasc da mis naSierebsac" (Il. IV,35). aTenas mrisxanebasasaxavs "iliadis" IV,23; VIII, 413. taepebi. mrisxanebs zevsic (Il.VIII, 358). afroditec sastikia mrisxanebisas (Il. III, 413). is, romrisxva "iliadis" erT-erTi umTavresi Temaa, poemis dasawyisidanve

Cans: "Mhnin a[eide, qeav ..."(risxvas umRere, qalRmerTo). am poemaSi

mrisxaneben RmerTebic da gmirebic. Tavad poeti gamoarCevs aqi-

levss, romlis erT-erTi mudmivi epiTetia "RvTaebrivi". aqilevsi

qalRmerTis Zea, mouwyvladi (Tu ar CavTvliT qusls). Cemi azriT,

aqilevsi gamorCeuli da RvTaebrivi gmiria ara imitom, rom "saSine-

li" risxva aReZra gulSi (romelsac SeeZlo mTeli berZnuli armia

daeRupa), aramed imitom, rom man risxvis daokeba SeZlo. aqilevss,

RmerTebis darad, binaruli opoziciis (risxva _ ganurisxveloba)

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orive elementi aqvs. igi WeSmarit gmirad mas Semdeg gadaiqca, rac

risxva daTrguna.

gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian xTonizmiT "damZimebuli" RmerTebi,

ufro ki qalRmerTebi. am mxriv berZnul tragediaSi friad sain-

tereso suraTi ikveTeba. aq olimpieli RmerTebi sabolood iZenen

"olimpiur" Tvisebebs _ isini adamianTa Soris uzenaesi samarTliano-

bisa da kanonierebis damkvidrebas eswrafvian. saWiroebis SemTx-

vevaSi sjian. rac Seexeba risxvas, igi adamianebSi "mZvinvarebs" (risxva/

agresia/Zaladoba adamianebis/socialuri sazogadoebis maxasiaTebe-

li gaxda). antikuri eposisa da tragediebis gmirebi wyenas ki ar

iviwyeben, aramed suls "ivseben" braziT, "aZliereben" risxvas, mudmi-

vad ixseneben Seuracxyofas da sul ukan iyurebian _ SurisZiebaze

fiqroben.

Seuracxyofis ardaviwyebasa da risxvis ganxorcielebaSi trage-

diebis gmirebs exmarebian xTonuri bunebis RmerTebi. rogorc aRvniS-

neT, "xTonuri warsuli" zogjer olompiel RmerTebSic "iRviZebs",

Tumca isini axerxeben TavianTi emociebis marTvas.

cnobilma Sumerologma a. kifiSinma safuZvlianad gamoikvlia

risxvis miTo-ritualuri modeli. misi azriT, RvTaebrivi risxvis

Tavdapirveli idea ukavSirdeba mdedr RvTaebas _ qalRmerT dedas.

sxva yvela "risxva" am modelis modifikaciebia. qalRmerTis risxva

Tavs atydeba mis partniors, rasac mosdevs dasja, danawevreba da

aRdgoma (kifiSini 2000:160-162). mkvlevaris daskvniT, versiebisa

da variantebis siWrelis miuxedavad, es modeli universaluria. a.

kifiSinma axsna isic, Tu ratom mrisxaneben e.w. qalwuli RvTaebebi.

"qalwuloba" aris udidesi kosmiuri qalRmerTis myofobis erT-

erTi forma. qalwuloba qalRmerTi dedis androginul mdgomare-

obas gulisxmobs. qalwuli RmerTebis risxvis mizezi SeiZleba

gaxdes maTi "mTlianobis" darRvevis mcdeloba. sakralur doneze

es ukavSirdeba pirveli mTlianobis _ qaosis _ gayofas or po-

larul opoziciad, romelTagan erTi mamria, meore _ mdedri. an-

droginebi kosmiuri Zalauflebis mflobelebi, yovlisSemZleni arian;

Tavis TavSi "atareben" qmarsac da Svilsac. amitom "gayofa" maT-

Tvis am uflebis nawilis dakargvas niSnavs. androginebs ar surT

TavianTi "harmoniis" daTmoba. androginuli mTlianobis darRvevis

Semdeg gamoyofili mdedri RvTaebebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

xdeba "dakarguli" mamri nawilis dapatroneba, masze erTpirovnuli

uflebis dakanoneba. ase rom, mdedri qalRmerTis risxvis mTavari

mizezi mamri partnioris arasasurveli saqcielia.

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mamri RvTaebebis risxvis motivi uTuod gviandelia. igi qal-

RmerTi dedis risxvis analogiiT unda iyos damkvidrebuli (ki-

fiSini 2000:167). "risxvaTa" "gadanacvleba" im bunebrivma procesma

warmoSva, romelic warmarTul religiebSi mamris prioritetis

damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba (antikurobaSi es procesi xTonuri re-

ligiis olimpiuriT SecvlasTanaa asocirebuli. aRmosavlurSi _

lunaruli da solaruli kultebis dapirispirebiT). bolos da

bolos, warmarTul religiebSi Camoyalibda saxe-simboloTa siste-

mebi. am sistemebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia

RvTaebaTa gamijvna mdedrebad da mamrebad (Tumca bevri maTganis

saxeSi SeiZleba androginuli warsulis amokiTxva). magaliTad,

demetres eriniasac uwodeben (Paus. VIII, 25, 5-7). igi risxvisasdaundobelia. demetres risxva bunebis kvdomas (zamTars) iwvevs.

risxvis gavlis Semdgom mas SeuZlia ganibanos mdinareSi da isev

gulmowyale qalRmerTad iqces. saerTo suraTi aseTia: risxvis

mizezia _ w a r T m e v a, Sedegi _ k v d o m a, risxvis gavlis

Semdgom _ g a n a x l e b a (reinkarnacia).

axla mivubrundeT risxvis fenomenis mimarTebas msxver-

plSewirvis ritualTan. rogorc aRvniSne, am sakiTxze mecnierTa

azri iyofa. zogi miiCnevs, rom msxverplSewirvis Tavdapirvel mod-

elSi (mag., "vedebis" mixedviT, puruSas, iranuli haiomartis, "edas"

imiris, Zvelegvipturi ptaxis, CinelTa pan-gus da sxvaTa danaw-

evrebebSi) risxva saerTod ar figurirebs. zogis azriT, msxver-

plSewirvis idea risxvas ukavSirdeba (Sumerul-babilonuri an-

droginuli RvTaebis danawevrebisa da didi dedis risxvis mode-

li). orive mosazreba argumentirebulia. axla SevecdebiT am ori

gansxvavebuli modelis mTavari dapirispirebis axsnas: puruSa, imi-

ri, pan-gu da sxva am tipis pirveladamianebi samyaros demiurgebi

arian. swored maTi danawevrebis Sedegad Seiqmna yvelaferi: dedamiwa,

mTebi, mdinareebi, mnaTobebi da a. S. es iyo pirveli sakraluri

msxverplSewirva danawevrebiTurT _ samyaros Sesaqmes dasabami. aq

ar arsebobs agresiis safuZveli, radgan ar arsebobs dapirispireba

"risxva _ganurisxveloba". rac Seexeba meore Tvalsazriss: Cveni

azriT, warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis am etapze (es ki udavod,

Sesaqmes Semdgomi etapia) arqauli RmerTebi TavianT TavSi atareben

da "marTaven" binarul opozicias (risxva _ ganurisxveloba). aqedan

gamomdinare, ver gaviziarebT a.kifiSinis mosazrebas, rom androginu-

li RvTaebebis mTavari mamoZravebeli aris mxolod risxva. saqme

isaa, rom arqauli RvTaebebi icaven garkveul balanss, riTac uzrun-

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velyofen sicocxlis gagrZelebas dedamiwaze. amitom, maTi RvTae-

brivi risxva sasjelia (zogjer amouxsnelic mokvdavTaTvis), romel-

sac enacvleba simSvide (ganurisxveloba). saboloo jamSi, aRdgeba

RvTaebrivi samarTlianoba. am diadi saidumlos amoxsnas adamianTa

goneba bolomde ver wvdeba (swored am saidumlos amosaxsnelad

Seiqmna uamravi mistikuri swavleba Zvel aRmosavleTsa da antikur

saberZneTSi). amitom, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben RvTaebis funq-

cia Seasrulon, mwared cdebian. risxviT Sepyrobili adamianebi

kargaven binaruli opoziciis II elements _risxvis daokebis unars

(ganurisxvelobas), ris Sedegadac irRveva wonasworoba.

yvelaze "mSvidobiani" msxverplSewirvis ritualic, adamianTa

arastandartul, uCveulo gancdas iwvevs. am "ritualur ganwyobas",

romelic, Tavis mxriv, gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagania, araferi

aqvs saerTo risxvasTan.

amrigad, Cven Zalian mkafiod ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisagan yovel-

gvari risxvis gareSe Catarebul e. w. "dagegmil" ritualur msxver-

plSewirvebs da SurisZiebas risxvis/agresiis safuZvelze (e.i.

rodesac xorcieldeba principi _ sisxli sisxlis wil), rodesac

msxverlplis "Semwirvelebs" miaCniaT, rom maTi risxva kanonieria

da SurisZieba motivirebulia samarTlianobis aRdgeniT. savsebiT

naTelia, rom risxvis/ agresiis CarTva msxverplSewirvaSi iwvevs am

ritualis Tavdapirveli arsis transformirebas. risxva, faqto-

brivad, axali tipis profanirebuli "fsevdo" msxverplSewirvis

safuZveli xdeba. SurisZiebis niadagze Cadenili "msxverplSewirva"

ukve sxva sociokulturuli fenomenia.

literatura

Jirari 2000: Æèðàð Ð. Íàñèëèå è ñâÿùåííîå. Ïåð. ñ ôðàíö.

Ìîñêâà.

redklif-brauni 1965: Radcliffe-Brawn. Structure and Function in Prim-itive Society.

detieni 1979: Detienne M. Pratiques culinaires et esprit de sacrifice. InLa cuisine du sacrifice.

burkerti 1972: Burkert W. Homo Necans. Berlin, New York . ciceroni 1985: Öèöåðîí. Î ïðèðîäå áîãîâ. Â êí. Ôèëîñîôñêèå

òðàêòàòû. Ìîñêâà.

rusudan canava

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seneka 2000: Ñåíåêà. Î ãíåâå. Ôèëîñîôñêèå òðàêòàòû. Ïåð.

ñ ëàò. ÑÏÁ.

aristotele 1961: Aristoteles, De anima. Ed. W.D. Ross. Oxford . platoni 1971: Ïëàòîí. Çàêîíû. Ñî÷èíåíèÿ â òðåõ òîìàõ. Ò.

Ø. Ìîñêâà.

kifiSini 2000: Êèôèøèí À. Ã. "Ñòàøíûé ãíåâ" áîãîâ è

"èñõîä íàðîäà". Ê ðåêîíñòðóêöèè îäíîãî ðèòóàëüíîãî

ìèôà. Â ñá. . Æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèå. Ìîñêâà.

canava 2003: canava r. totemizmis Suq-Crdilebi, weliwdeuli

elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, Tbilisi.

Rusudan Tsanava

Aggression and Ritual

The nature and genesis of aggression is studied by researchers of many vari-ous fields: physiologists, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, and literarycritics. It is clear that aggression as a phenomenon belongs to the field of culturalstudies and its analysis requires a manifold approach. Aggression/ rage is a con-stituent element of a binary opposition (rage/ none-rage), and correspondingly, itacquires a certain meaning in the context of sign-systems as well; consequently,the phenomenon can also be treated in semiotic terms. The aim of the article is toidentify how active the function of aggression is in ritual. This question is consid-ered on the example of the universal offering ritual.

I draw a sharp line between the so-called ‘planned’ ritual performed withoutany instance of fury and the vengeance motivated by rage/ aggression (followingthe principle ‘blood for blood’). In the second case the performers of sacrificebelieve that their wrath is fair, and that a desire to restore justice underlies thevengeance. The inclusion of rage/ aggression in sacrifice entails transformation ofthe initial essence of the sacral ritual. In fact, rage becomes the foundation for anew type of profaned ‘pseudo’ ritual. An act of sacrifice motivated by vengeancebecomes a new socio-cultural phenomenon.

agresia da rituali

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s e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i a

d a T e o r i ad a T e o r i ad a T e o r i ad a T e o r i ad a T e o r i a

mamuka biWaSvili

M

rolan bartis semiologiurikoncefciisaTvis

poststruqturalistebis banakSi fu-

kos, lakanis, deridas da sxvaTa gverdiT,

barts yovelTvis hqonda gamokveTili adg-

ili da Sesabamisi kvlevis sfero. garda

wminda semiotikuri sakiTxebisa, rasac yve-

la es avtori ikvlevda, barts ZiriTadad

miTologia, moda da literatura aintere-

sebda. literaturis kvlevisas barti Sesa-

bamisi sferos enasac ikvlevda, Tumca misi

interesi sakuTriv enis mimarT yovelTvis

gaSualebuli iyo niSanTa TeoriiT: barti

enas ikvlevda imdenad, ramdenadac ena niSan-

Ta zogadi Teoriis erT sistemas warmoad-

gens.

Cveni daintereseba bartis niSanTa

TeoriiT savsebiT konkretuli mimarTulebis

mqonea. statiis zogadi saxelwodebis mi-

uxedavad, Cven aq ar SevecdebiT bartis Sexed-

ulebaTa Tanmimdevrul gadmocemas. Cven ufro

misi adreuli semiologiuri koncefcia gvain-

teresebs, rodesac barti Tanamedrove poli-

tikur miTebs aanalizebda eweoda da am kon-

teqstSi ikvlevda rogorc Riad gamoTqmul,

aseve “nagulisxmeb” debulebebsac. cnobil-

ia, rom yoveli winadadeba, Cveulebriv, garda

gadmocemuli uSualo Sinaarsisa, gulisx-

mobs Sinaarsebis Zalze farTo konotaciur

filosofiis mecniereba-

Ta doqtori, ivane jav-

axiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis filosofiis

fakultetis profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

sametyvelo moqmedebis

analitikuri Teoria

(1994); instrumentarie-

bi firosmanis naratiu-

li diskursisaTvis

( 1999) ; laib nicis

metafizika da enis

filosofia (2005); po-

litikuri Teoria (2006).

interesTa sfero: enis

filosofia, politikuri

filosofia.

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vels. magaliTad, Tu aviRebT politikuri partiebis iseT wina-

saarCevno devizebs, rogoricaa “saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe” an

“saqarTvelo upirveles yovlisa”, TiToeuli maTgani gamoxatavs

ara imdenad arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebis ocnebas Tu survils,

aramed erT winadadebaSi dateul mTel samoqmedo programas, rac,

Tu mxolod winadadebis zedapirul Sinaarsze viqnebiT koncentr-

irebulni, misgan ar amoikiTxeba. bartis semiologiuri koncefcia

Cven swored am kuTxiT gvainteresebs: flobs Tu ara bartis semi-

ologia saTanado saSualebebs agvixsnas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba

implicituri Sinaarsebis kiTxva da gageba iseve, rogorc agvixsnas

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mTeli rigi.

miTi da misi elementebi

barti iyenebs ara termin semiotikas, aramed “semiologias”.

“semiologia - wers igi erTgan – romelic ar scildeba sakuTar

sazRvrebs, ar warmoadgens metafizikur mxares. is iseTive mecniere-

baa, rogorc nebismieri sxva” (1.75). Cvenc Sesabamisad moviqceviT,

avtors gavyvebiT da “semiotikis” nacvlad “semiologiaze” vi-

saubrebT.

“miTi” bartis TeoriaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa da ar

emTxveva am terminis Cveulebriv gamoyenebas. miTi bartisaTvis war-

moadgens ara Zvel Tqmulebebs samyarosa da RmerTebis Sesaxeb,

aramed ufro Cveni dRevandeli socialuri yofis Sinaarseul mx-

ares. isev bartisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, miTi misTvis aris

aRmniSvnelTa farTo konotaciuri veli, romelSiac moiniSneba dis-

kursis latenturi, ideologiuri done. funqciurad miTis daniS-

nuleba realobis deformaciaSi mdgomareobs. miTi cdilobs war-

moadginos RirebulebaTa iseTi sistema, rogorsac misgan moelian

da romlis aRsaqmeladac mzad aris komunikaciaSi Cabmuli indivi-

di. am mniSvnelobiT gagebuli miTi yovelTvis cdilobs Tavi gaasa-

Ros ara kulturis produqtad, aramed bunebis movlenad. barti

erT-erTi pirveli iyo gasul saukuneSi, vinc detalurad daamuSava

politikuri miTebis struqtura da Semadgeneli elementebis Tan-

mimdevruli analizi warmogvidgina. bartma Tavisi semiologia gam-

oiyena socialuri kritikis mimarTulebiT.

rolan bartis semiologiuri koncefciisaTvis

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yoveli semiologiuri sistema Sedgeba sami elementisagan, aRm-

niSvnelis, aRsaniSnisa da niSnisagan. TiToeuli am elementis

daniSnuleba kargadaa cnobili yvelasaTvis, vinc semiotikur sak-

iTxebSi erkveva. specifikuri elementi bartis semiologiaSi aris

niSani, romelic pirveli oris relacias warmoadgens. aRmniSvneli

bartis TeoriaSi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri sagani. sakiTxi imis

Sesaxeb, subieqturi movlenebis aRniSvna xdeba Tu obieqturis, kon-

venciurad gairkveva. magaliTad, xangrZlivi zari saswavlo dawese-

bulebaSi swavlis dawyebis niSania da gasagebia, rom rogorc zari,

aseve swavlis procesi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukide-

blad arsebobdnen manamde, vidre isini mesame elementad, niSnad gaer-

Tiandebodnen. TavisTavad aRmniSvneli moklebulia Sinaarss. misgan

gansxvavebiT, niSani yovelTvis Sinaarsis mflobelia da atarebs

garkveul mniSvnelobas. semiologiuri elementebis damoukidebeli

da manamdeli arseboba, vidre es saSualebebi amoqmeddebodnen, miTis

semiologiis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia. amgvarad interpretirebuli

miTis semiologiis specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom niSani, romel-

ic manamdel enobriv sistemaSi warmoadgenda aRmniSvnelis da aR-

saniSnis asociacias anu SemoTavazebuli daxasiaTebiT niSans, miTis

semiologiur struqturaSi Semodis, rogorc _ aRmniSvneli. igi

erTdroulad aRmniSvnelicaa (rogorc miTis elementi) da niSanic

(rogorc pirveladi semiologiuri sistemis, vTqvaT, enis elementi).

miTSi Setyobinebas axorcieleben iseTi materialuri saSualebebi,

rogoricaa ena, fotografia, ferwera, reklama, rituali, Cveulebrivi

sagnebi da a.S. rogori gansxvavebulic unda iyvnen isini TavisTavad,

rogorc ki miTis Semadgenel elementebad iqceviad, maSinve daiyv-

anebian aRmniSvnelis funqciaze. yvela maTgani mxolod amosaval

masalas warmoadgens miTis agebisas (1.78). is, rac wina, pirveladi

semiologiuri sistemis mesame elementi, niSani iyo, SemdgomSi

gadaiqceva im sistemis pirvel niSnad, rasac miTi daaSenebs pirve-

lad sistemaze. aqedan cxadi xdeba, rom miTSi erTi enobrivi siste-

ma daSenebulia meore enobriv sistemaze. swored amitom barti

pirvels _ ena obieqts uwodebs, xolo meores _ metaenas.

ori magaliTi

imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT bartis mier SemoTavazebuli

semiologiuri modeli, upriani iqneboda mogveyvana is magaliTebi,

mamuka biWaSvili

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romelsac barti araerTxel iyenebs Tavisi Sexedulebebis naTel-

sayofad.

pirveli magaliTi warmoadgens laTinuri gramatikis saxelmZR-

vaneloSi gamoyenebul frazas ezopes igavebidan “qua ergo nominorleo”. am frazas avtoris mixedviT orazrovneba axasiaTebs. erTimxriv, misi mniSvneloba savsebiT gasagebia (“imitom, rom lomad

viwodebi”), magram, meore mxriv, fraza saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanilia

imitom, rom raRac sruliad sxva gvamcnos. sinamdvileSi is sulac

ar isaxavs miznad lomis Sesaxeb raimes uwyebas. is cdilobs, Cveni

yuradReba miapyros sityvaTxmarebis garkveul tips. kerZod, fra-

za moswavles eubneba: me var magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba

daukavSirdes zedsarTavi saxeli qvemdebares. amave dros, barti-

saTvis es moyvanili magaliTi aris nimuSi imisa, Tu rogor daSen-

deba meoradi enobrivi struqtura pirveladze.

axla aviRoT meore magaliTi, _ “pari matCis” furclebze

gamosaxuli frangul samxedro formaSi gamowyobili axalgazrda

afrikeli meomari, romlis Tavze safrangeTis alami frialebs. rogo-

ria gamosaxulebis sazrisi? safrangeTi didi imperiaa, romlis

Svilebs, sul erTia, ra feris kani aqvT, erTgulad emsaxurebian mas.

es suraTi saukeTeso saSualebaa koloniuri sistemis kritiki-

saTvis – axalgazrda afrikeli TavdadebiT emsaxureba Tavis

mCagvrelebs. aqac, iseve rogorc wina magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, kargad

Cans ena obieqtis da metaenis struqturebi.

aqedan barti ayalibebs axal terminologias, romelic ufro

moqnili unda iyos srulyofili analizisaTvis. kerZod, ormagi

elementi, romelzedac zemoT ukve visaubreT, e.i. niSani pirveladi

sistemisaTvis da aRmniSvneli meoredi sistemisaTvis axal sqemaSi

gansxvavebulad transformirdeba. es semiologiuri elementi pirve-

ladi sistemisaTvis iwodeba sazrisad, xolo meorad, e.w. miTis

sistemaSi ki warmogvidgeba, rogorc forma. aRsaniSni miTis plastSi

aris koncepti, xolo bolo elementi ki _ mniSvneloba. ganvix-

iloT axla es elementebi ufro dawvrilebiT, rac mogvcems saSu-

alebas SevavsoT Cveni Tvalsazrisi miTis funqciuri mxareebis

Sesaxeb.

forma da koncepti

formis anu miTis aRmniSvnelis analizisas unda gaviTval-

iswinoT is, rom miTis aRmniSvneli orsaxovania. is erTdroulad

rolan bartis semiologiuri koncefciisaTvis

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formacaa da sazrisic anu carielicaa da Sevsebulic. specifikas

aq is qmnis, rom aRmniSvneli moyvanil magaliTebSi ar aris mTlad

Sinaarsisagan daclili, rogorc es Cveulebriv moeTxoveba aRmniS-

vnels. rogorc pirveladi sistemis elementi, forma garkveuli

Sinaarsis matarebelia. aseTia afrikeli jariskacis misalmeba. ra

xdeba mas Semdeg, rac pirveladi sistemis niSani formad gadaiqce-

va? bartis mixedviT, savsebiT konkretuli Sinaarsis matarebeli

pirveladi sistemis niSani miTSi parazitul formad mogvevlineba.

saqme isaa, rom formis Tanmxleb konkretul Sinaarss yovelTvis

Tan sdevs konkretuli codna warsulis, ideebis, faqtebis, gadaw-

yvetilebebis da sxva movlenebis Sesaxeb. miTis struqturaSi Ses-

vla sazriss konkretul Sinaarss moaklebs, gaaRaribebs mas. Sede-

gad _ istoria amotrialdeba da xelSi mxolod sityvieri masala

gvrCeba. am dros konkretuli Sinaarsis denotatebidan formas

TiTqos mxolod bundovani masala rCeba. faqtobrivad dakargulia

(Tu gramatikis saxelmZRvanelos magaliTs aviRebT) sazrisebis

mTeli sistema istoriidan, geografiidan, zoologiidan da a.S. kiTxvis

procesSi xorcieldeba erTgvari gadaadgileba, xdeba enobrivi sazri-

sis regresia formisaken, anu xdeba enobrivi niSnis transformacia

miTis aRmniSvnelad (1.82).

miTSi pirdapir da TavisTavad mocemuli forma garkveuli

vrceulobis mflobelia. Tu miTi zepiri metyvelebis saxiT gad-

moicema, maSin formas xazobrivi struqtura aqvs. miTis enobrivi

formiT gadmocemisas konceptis elementebi asociaciurad ukav-

Sirdebian erTmaneTs. maTi kavSiri siRrmiseulia. amisgan gansxvave-

biT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miTi vizualuri xatis formiT gadmoicema,

maSin mis vrceulobas mravalganzomilebiani saxe aqvs. aseTia, ma-

galiTad, afrikeli jariskacis SemTxveva, rodesac centrSi Cven

vxedavT mundirs, zemoT Sav saxes, marcxniv samxedro misalmebi-

saTvis gawvdil xels da a.S. yvela am elements erTmaneTis mimarT

garkveuli pozicia aqvs dakavebuli. maTi urTierTganlageba monacv-

leobiTia. formis manifestaciis saxe am SemTxvevaSi sivrciseulia.

SemoTavazebul aRwerebSi bartisaTvis mTavari isaa, rom forma

ar spobs Sinaarss, aramed mxolod ukana planze gadaadgilebs mas.

gadaadgileba ar niSnavs mospobas. aris momentebi, rodesac pirve-

ladi enobrivi sistemis Sinaarsi mainc warmoCndeba miTSi da for-

mis da Sinaarsis es TamaSi miTis arsebas Seadgens.

formaze saubrisas igi unda gavmijnoT simbolosagan. afrike-

li jariskaci ar aris safrangeTis imperiis simbolo. saamisod is

mamuka biWaSvili

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metismetad realuria. fotoze jariskaci mTeli Tavisi cxovelmy-

oflobiT warmogvidgeba, magram misi realoba mainc meoradia, ukan

daweulia moaxloebuli konceptis, “safrangeTis imperiis” fonze

da realoba dasesxebulad gamoiyureba.

Tu formidan axla konceptisaken gadavinacvlebT, pirvel rig-

Si aRsaniSnavia misi mizanmimarTuli xasiaTi. gramatikis saxelmZR-

vanelos koncepti moswavleebisaTvisaa gamiznuli, xolo afrikeli

jariskacis suraTi ki _ mosaxleobisaTvis. Cven ukve viciT, rom

kiTxvis procesSi miTis siRrmidan gamomziral istorias mTlianad

Seisrutavs koncepti. meore magaliTis konceptia “safrangeTis

imperia”. swored isaa mizezi miTis arsebobisa. konceptis saSu-

alebiT, romelic formisagan gansxvavebiT arasdros aris abstraqtuli,

miTSi Semodis axali viTarebebi. miTSi formis gaRaribebis dros

konceptis – safrangeTis imperiis – saSualebiT forma kvlav

axerxebs daukavSirdes realur samyaros, mis movlenebs. kerZod,

safrangeTis istorias mTeli misi koloniuri avantiurebiT.

sazrisidan formaze gadasvlisas – wers barti, – gamosaxuleba

kargavs codnis garkveul raodenobas, magram samagierod ivseba im

codniT, romelic arsebobs konceptSi (1.84). Tumca, ar unda davivi-

wyoT, rom miTis konceptebi moklebulni arian simyares: isini iqm-

nebiad, icvlebian, iSlebian da bolos, sruliad qrebian maTi isto-

riuli xasiaTis gamo, radgan istorias iolad SeuZlia maTi Camow-

era.

SeiZleba miTis koncepti uamravi aRmniSvneliT iyos aRniSnu-

li. xSirad Cven saqme gvaqvs konceptebTan, romelTac aRmniSvneleb-

is mTeli rigi gaaCniaT. aseT dros xdeba erTi da igive konceptis

sxvadasxva formiT ganmeoreba. am viTarebas, bartis azriT, inter-

pretatorisTvis mxolod sargeblobis motana SeuZlia, radgan

reprezentaciebis ganmeorebebi, qcevis mdgradobas rom adasturebs,

miTis intenciebze migviTiTebs da amiT miTis gaSifvraSi gvexmareba

(1.85).

aranakleb arsebiTia bartis TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelobis

elementi. SeiZleba isic ki iTqvas, rom swored mniSvnelobaa sakuTriv

miTi. Cven ukve viciT, rom mniSvneloba warmoadgens formis da

konceptis relacias. barti aq miuTiTebs froidze da SeniSnavs,

rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc froidis koncefciis mixedviT qcevis

latenturi sazrisi axdens namdvili sazrisis deformacias, aseve

axdens miTSi sazrisis deformacias koncepti (1.87). aq laparakia

swored deformaciaze da ara damalvaze, radgan, rogori paradoqsu-

rolan bartis semiologiuri koncefciisaTvis

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lic unda iyos, miTi arafers malavs; misi funqcia deformaciaSia

da ara damalvaSi, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi sametyvelo enisgan, sa-

dac sruliad sxva viTareba gvaqvs.

Tu Sesamowmeblad iseT ubralo sistemas aviRebT, rogoric

Cveni yoveldRiuri sametyvelo enaa, aSkara gaxdeba, rom aRsaniSns aq

arafris deformacia ar SeuZlia, radgan mTlianad konvenciuri da

TviTneburi aRmniSvneli sruliad moklebulia winaaRmdegobis un-

ars. amisagan gansxvavebiT, miTSi sruliad sxva viTareba gvaqvs.

miTSi aRmniSvnels ori mxare gaaCnia: erTi Sinaarsobrivia (sazrisi

– lomTan da afrikel jariskacTan dakavSirebuli ambebi), xolo

meore ki _ Sinaarss moklebuli. es meore elementi, rogorc viciT,

aris forma, romlis deformaciis mizezebze ukve visaubreT. amasTan,

rogorc barti gvafrTxilebs, aseT deformacias sazrisis srul

gaqrobasTan rodi mivyavarT: rogorc lomi, aseve jariskaci miTSi

rCebian, radgan isini sWirdeba koncepts. iqmneba situacia, romlis

drosac TiTqos maT mexsierebas arTmeven, magram ar arTmeven arse-

bobas. barti amaze wers: “isini jiutad duman da imavdroulad

mravasityvaoben. maTi ena mTlianad konceptis samsaxurSia. koncep-

ti axdens sazrisis deformirebas, Tumca ar xsnis mas; es winaaRm-

degoba SeiZleba gamoixatos erTi formuliT – koncepti axdens

sazrisis gaucxoebas” (1.88).

enobrivi niSani, Cveulebriv, aramotivirebulia. is nebismieria.

ar arsebobs araviTari aucilebloba imisa, rom, vTqvaT, sityva “xe”

raimeTi hgavdes im obieqts, romlis aRsaniSnadac is gamoiyeneba.

niSnisagan gansxvavebiT, misi mniSvneloba arasdros ar aris nebis-

mieri. is nawilobriv mainc motivirebulia da umetes SemTxvevaSi

analogiiT aigeba. ase, magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom laTinuri enis sax-

elmZRvaneloSi moyvanili magaliTi SexebaSi movides cxovelis

lomad wodebis faqtTan, saWiroa analogia: predikatis qvemdebar-

esTan SeerTeba. msgavsadve, imisaTvis, rom “safrangeTis imperiis”

konceptisaTvis afrikeli jariskacis saxe adekvaturi gamodges,

saWiroa garkveuli msgavseba afrikeli jariskacis misalmebasa da

frangi jariskacis misalmebas Soris. motivireba miTis orsax-

ovnebis aucilebeli pirobaa. ar arsebobs miTi motivirebuli formis

gareSe. miTSi unda gaTamaSdes analogia sazrissa da formas Soris.

aRniSnuli viTareba SesaZloa ufro naTeli gamodges sxva

magaliTis SemTxvevaSi. warmovidginoT nebismier saganTa simravle.

aq Tavmoyrilia sagnebi, romelTac araferi aqvT erTmaneTTan saer-

To. erTi SexedviT, SeuZlebelia raime sazrisi vipovoT maTi er-

mamuka biWaSvili

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TianobisaTvis. Cans, rom formis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelic

manamde garkveuli sazrisiT iqneboda mosili, Cven verc raime ana-

logias aRmovaCenT saganTa Soris. Sedegad, sruliad gaugebaria, Tu

ra principis mixedviTaa SerCeuli saganTa es simravle. es ki

winapirobaa imisa, rom arsebul viTarebaSi ver gaCndeba veraviTari

miTi. miuxedavad am TvalsaCino viTarebisa, saganTa aseTi uwesrigo

Tavyriloba mainc iZleva saSualebas, amovikiTxoT masSi raRac da

es raRac aris uwesrigoba. am ukanasknels SeuZlia mniSvneloba

mianiWos absurdsac da misgan miTi Seqmnas. ase xdeba xolme, rode-

sac siurealisturi nawarmoebi miTologizdeba saRi azris pozicie-

bidan. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac motivebis ararseboba sulac ar

xdeba xelisSemSlel pirobad miTis Sesaqmnelad, radgan ase, drois

motivebis ararseboba Tavad iqceva motivad da xdeba miTis kon-

struireba. am dros adgili aqvs sazrissa da formas Soris naw-

ilobriv analogias. forma ukuagdebs analogiebis mTel simravles

da mxolod zogierTs SeinarCunebs. mTliani xati gamoricxavs mi-

Tis gaCenas, anda axdens mxolod TviT mTlianobis miTologizebas.

yoveli motivacia miiReba movlenebis mTeli rigidan. sadavo ar

aris, rom koncepti “safrangeTis imperia” SeiZleba gadmocemuliyo

sul sxva aRmniSvnelebis saSualebiT da ara mainc da mainc afrike-

li jariskaciT. miTi wminda saxiT warmodgenili ideografiuli

sistemaa, romelSiac forma motivirebulia im konceptiT, romlis

reprezentaciasac is axorcielebs, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom amiT ar

amoiwureba yvela SesaZlo reprezentacia.

wakiTxva da interpretacia

sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aRiqmeba miTi, damokidebulia

kvlav forma-konceptis urTierTobaze. Tu Cven mxolod formas

mivapyrobT yuradRebas kiTxvis procesSi, gansxvavebuli Sedegi gveqneba

imisagan, rodesac mxolod konceptis ZiebiT varT dakavebulni, iseve,

rodesac imisagan, rodesac viTvaliswinebT rogorc koncepts, aseve

_ formas. aqedan gamomdinare, barti ganasxvavebs miTis wakiTxvis

sam tips:

1. rodesac mxolod aRmniSvnelze vaCerebT yuradRebas

da koncepti calsaxad Seavsebs miTis formas. aseT SemTxveva-

Si Cven miviRebT martiv sistemas, romelSiac mniSvneloba pirda-

pir gaigeba.

rolan bartis semiologiuri koncefciisaTvis

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2. rodesac Cven umeteswilad koncentrirebulni varT

formis mier sazrisis madeformirebel zegavlenaze. aseTi

zegavlena angrevs mniSvnelobas da miTic Sesabamisad gaigeba,

rogorc _ tyuili.

3. dabolos, Tuki miTis aRmniSvnels gavigebT, rogorc

sazrisisa da formis mouwyvetel erTianobas, maSin mniSvnelo-

ba orsaxovani gaxdeba da Cven ki miTis yvelaze ufro adekva-

turi interpretatorebi: afrikeli jariskacis saxe aRarc

simboloa safrangeTis imperiisa da aRarc nimuSi. igi mis

pirdapir prezentacias warmoadgens.

miTis wakiTxvis pirveli ori tipi analitikuria da, imavdrou-

lad _ statikuri. isini angreven imiT, rom saaSkaraoze gamoitanen

miTis intencias. miTis wakiTxvis sami tipidan pirveli ori Tavad

miTs emuqreba. am dros xdeba konceptis an mimalva an misgan niRbis

Camogleja. pirvel midgomas barti cinikurs uwodebs, xolo me-

ores miTis demistifikaciis amocanas akisrebs. maTgan gansxvavebiT,

miTis aRqmis mesame, dinamikuri tipi gulisxmobs miTis im mizneb-

isaTvis gamoyenebas, romlisaTvisac Seiqmna igi. mesame gza miTis

SenarCunebis saSualebas warmoadgens. igi konceptis naturaliza-

cias cdilobs imis nacvlad, rom mospos is an gaaSiSvlos. Tavis

mxriv, es imas niSnavs, rom aq yvelaze ufro adekvaturad gaiSleba

miTis arsi, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom istoria bunebis qm-

nilebad aqcios. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom xati bunebrivad axdens

konceptis producirebas ise, TiTqos aRsaniSni aRmniSvnelis safuZveli

iyos; miTi iqmneba maSin, rodesac safrangeTis imperia aRiqmeba, rogorc

bunebrivi movlena (1.96).E

konkretuli magaliTi

axla Cven sakmaod varT aRWurvilni imisaTvis, rom bartis

sqemis saqmeSi gamoyeneba vcadoT. mis mier moyvanili magaliTi

SevgiZlia SevanacvloT qarTuli presidan aRebuli nimuSiT. avi-

RoT erT-erTi statiis saTauri gazeT “axali Taobidan”: “meriam

naxagurelebs avtobusebi dauniSna”. moyvanili magaliTi warmoad-

gens gamoTqmas, romlis pirveladi sistema wminda enobrivia. meora-

di sistemis aRmniSvnelSi figurirebs iseTi frazebi, rogorebicaa

“meria”, “avtobusis daniSvna”. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT gamoyeneb-

uli topografiuli xerxebi: saTauri gamotanilia pirvel gverdze,

mamuka biWaSvili

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257

meris fotosuraTis gverdiT, Tumca Tavad statia ganTavsebulia.

magaliTSi aRsaniSni anu koncepti Tbilisis meriaa. meria war-

mogvidgeba rogorc efeqtianobis matarebeli subieqti. saTauriT

SemoTavazebuli miTis konceptia – Tbilisis meria zrunavs mosax-

leobaze.

warmodgenil analizSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mniSvnelo-

bis Sinaarsi. is, uwinares yovlisa, mimarTulia sazogadoebis men-

talitetSi gamjdar stereotipebze, romelTac aqvT ara raciona-

luri, aramed iracionaluri xasiaTi. saTaurma swored masze unda

moaxdinos zegavlena, radgan miCneulia, rom iracionalur Sreebze

zegavlena ufro meti Sedegis momtania, vidre statiaSi gadmocemu-

li ambebis racionaluri analizi.

aris Tu ara konceptiT SemoTavazebuli Sinaarsi misi erTad-

erTi SesaZlo interpretaciis Sedegi? pasuxi am kiTxvaze didadaa

damokidebuli imaze, is subieqtur mniSvnelobas daesmis, Tu obieq-

turs. subieqturi mniSvnelobis qveS aq gvesmis Tavad statiis

avtoris mier rogorc mTlianad statiaSi, aseve mis saTaurSi Cade-

buli intencia. magram ramdenadac sityvebi TavisTavad raRacas

aRniSnaven, amdenad, isini TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis matareblebic

unda iyvnen da Tu subieqturi mniSvneloba Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi

erTaderTia, obieqturi mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT kanon-

zomierad SegviZlia visaubroT mniSvnelobaTa mravalgvarobaze.

swored mniSvnelobaTa es mravalgvaroba iZleva statiis teqstis

araerTgvarovani interpretaciis SesaZleblobas. aq swored rom

droa, gaviTvaliswinoT bartis sazrisTa mravalgvarobis Tezisi.

sazrisTa es mravalgvaroba ar aris relativizmis Sedegi. marTalia,

sazrisTa mravalgvarobaze barti pirvel rigSi literaturul nawar-

moebebTan dakavSirebiT saubrobda, magram ver vxedavT mizezs, Tu

ratom ar SegviZlia Tezisi gavavrceloT presisa da saerTod

masmediis enis mimarT. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom statiis av-

tori dasaTaurebaSi mxolod erT koncepts debda, zemoT dasmul

kiTxvaze uaryofiTi pasuxi unda gavceT: SesaZlebelia werilis

mravalgvari interpretacia da, rac mTavaria, Tu davuSvebT, rom

Tavidanaa acilebuli Secdomebi, arc erTi maTgani ar iqneba miuRe-

beli.

rolan bartis semiologiuri koncefciisaTvis

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literatura

barti 1989: Áàðò Ð. Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû. Ñåìèîòèêà, ïîýòèêà.

Ì. «Ïðîãðåññ».

bredixini...1989: Áðåäèõèí Ð.Â. Ðîëëàí Áàðò î òðàíñôîðìàöèè

çíàêà â èäåîëîãèè. www.irbis. asu.ru

p a vlova 2000 : Ïàâëîâà Í.Ä. (Ðåä.) Ñëîâî â äåéñòâèè.

Èíòåíòàíàëèç ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî äèñêóðñà. Èçä. «Àëåòåèÿ».

Ñïá.

gazeTi `axali Taoba~, 5 marti, 2008.

Mamuka Bichashvili

Rolan Bart’s Semiological Conception

A language is a social institution and a system of values. As a social institu-tion, it is by no means an act, and it is not subject to any premeditation. It is thesocial part of language, the individual cannot by himself either create or modify it;it is essentially a collective contract which one must accept in its entirety if onewishes to communicate. An article deals with Roland Barthes’ early conceptionof contemporary myths and explores linguistic means and technics that can beused in political contexts. Contemporary myths are analysed in terms of theoryof signs. An autor finds the study of signs, useful in these interrogations.

mamuka biWaSvili

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259

levan cagareli

interteqstualoba,rogorc fiqcionalobis

signali

frank cipfeli CvenTvis cnobili erTa-

derTi mkvlevaria, romelic fiqcionalobis

signalebs Soris interteqstualobasac ax-

senebs. Tumca amas erTob zedapirulad akeTebs

da mxolod struqturuli interteqstua-

lobis fenomeniT Semoifargleba (cipfeli

2001:237). sinamdvileSi interteqstobriv

mimarTebaTa sxva formebic SeiZleba miuTiTeb-

des teqstis fiqcionalobaze. Cveni mosazre-

bis dasasabuTeblad marTebuli iqneba mok-

led ganvixiloT interteqstualobis Teor-

ia da sagangebod SeviswavloT teqstebs Soris

mimarTebis is formebi, romlebsac fiqciona-

lobis dadgenisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

termini “interteqstualoba” XX s-is

60-iani wlebis literaturis TeoriaSi

daamkvidra frangma mkvlevarma iulia kriste-

vam. i. kristevam sakuTari Teoriis Se-

muSavebisas mimarTa jer kidev rusi for-

malistis – mixail baxtinis mier SemoRe-

bul cnebas – “dialoguroba” (baxtini 1975).

m. baxtinis azriT, yvela gamonaTqvami, romel-

ic literaturul teqstSi gvxvdeba, uSua-

lo kavSirSia dialogsa da citatTan, masSi

ismis erTgvari eqo sxva gamonaTqvamebisa.

radganac ena socialuri fenomenia, Cvens mier

xmarebuli sityvebi gajerebulia sxva moubar-

Ta intenciebiTa da aqcentebiT. gamonaTqva-

mis mniSvneloba warmoiqmneba ucxo sityveb-

isa da Rirebulebebis, sxvadasxva social-

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis humanitaruli

fakultetis dasavleT

evropis enebis da lite-

raturis mimarTulebis

asistent-profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

“Die Besonderheiten derRealitätskonstruktion inArno Schmidts Abend mitGoldrand“ (Literatur imUnterricht. Texte der Mo-derne und Postmoderne inder Schule. 3, Wissenschaft-licher Verlag Trier 2006);“fiqcia, fantastika, ara-

sando Txroba” (monogra-

fia, Tbilisi, 2006 w.); „av-

gust strindbergi, ro-

gorc arasando mTxrobeli

(„jojoxeTis” naratolo-

giuri analizi) da sxv.

amJamad muSaobs sadoqto-

ro disertaciaze (“arno

Smitis gviandeli proza

– rogorc metafiqcia”).

interesis sfero:

XX s-is germanuli lite-

ratura da literaturis

Teoria.

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260

uri da profesiuli enebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad.

terminis aRorZineba da gadaazreba iulia kristevas mier ganx-

orcielda poststruqturalizmis, rogorc filosofiuri da lit-

eraturaTmcodneobiTi mimarTulebis, Camoyalibebis procesSi. post-

struqturalizms safuZvlad udevs debuleba, romlis mixedviTac,

teqsti, rogorc dasrulebuli erTeuli ar arsebobs, TiToeuli

teqsti sxva teqstebs ukavSirdeba da warmoadgens “teqstebis

kosmosis” – “globaluri teqstis” (texte général) nawils. es uka-

naskneli moicavs ara mxolod fiqcionalur, aramed yvela SesaZlo

teqsts, radgan TviT sinamdvilec (Jak deridas mosazrebiT) mx-

olod teqstis saxiT arsebobs. swored am Teoriulma garemocvam

ganapiroba interteqstualobis cnebis abstraqtuloba. iulia

kristevas Teoriis mixedviT (kristeva 1972), teqsti warmoadgens

citatebis mozaikas, TiToeuli teqsti sxva teqstebis STanTqmisa

da transformaciis safuZvelze iqmneba. i. kristevas koncefciaSi

sruliad ugulebelyofilia avtoris intencia, komunikantebs Soris

dialogs enacvleba dialogi teqstebs Soris da interteqstualo-

ba gvevlineba yvela teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebad.

faqtobrivad, i. kristevas xazs agrZelebs harold blumic

(blumi 1995). Tumca igi interteqstualobis fenomens calkeul

pirovnebebs ukavSirebs, ris gamoc misi koncefcia ufro person-

alur xasiaTs atarebs. h. blumis SexedulebiT, ar arsebobs te-

qstebi, arsebobs mxolod teqstebs Soris mimarTeba. calkeuli

teqsti ki sxva araferia, Tu ara erTgvari brZolis veli, romelzec

avtori oidiposis msgavsad ebrZvis winareteqstebsa da “mamebis”

gavlenas.

interteqstualobis am erTob farTo cnebisgan sagrZnoblad

gansxvavdeba misi meore modeli. interteqstualoba viwro gagebiT

gulisxmobs Segnebul, winaswar ganzraxul da markirebul mimarTe-

baTa erTobliobas erT teqstsa da winareteqstebs an teqstTa

jgufebs Soris. winamdebare naSromSi interteqstualoba swored

am viwro gagebiT iqneba gamoyenebuli, e.i. rogorc garkveuli te-

qstebis (an teqstTa jgufebis) gansakuTrebuli Tviseba.

amJamad mogvepoveba teqstebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis

araerTi klasifikacia. germaneli literaturaTmcodne, renate lax-

mani ganarCevs dialogurobis ramdenime formas: dialoguroba, rogorc

“teqstebis saerTo ganzomileba”, dialoguroba, “rogorc teqsteb-

Si azris gadmocemis gansakuTrebuli forma”, rogorc “dialogi

sxva teqstebTan (interteqstualoba), dialogi mocemul kultu-

levan cagareli

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rul konteqstSi dapirispirebul sxvadasxva socialur dialeqt-

Tan (metyvelebis mravalferovneba) da dialogi ucxo mosazre-

basTan, rac orxmovani sityvis~ saxiT mJRavndeba da ori metyveli

instanciis dapirispirebas gulisxmobs (dialoguroba pirveladi

gagebiT). (laxmani 1982:8)

interteqstualobis formebis yvelaze sistematuri tipolo-

gia Jerar Jenetma SeimuSava. Tavis cnobil wignSi palimfsestebi

man Tavi mouyara teqstobriv mimarTebaTa yvela SesaZlo formas

erTi terminis – transteqstualobis farglebSi (Jeneti 1993). am

ukanasknels igi xuT kategoriad yofs: 1. interteqstualoba anu

ori an meti teqstis Tanaarseboba, romlis drosac erTi teqstis

elementebi TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli meoreSi (citati, miniSneba, pla-

giati da sxv.); 2. parateqstualoba anu mimarTeba teqstsa da

saTaurs, winaTqmas, bolosityvasa da sxv. Soris; 3. metateqstua-

loba, romlis SemTxvevaSic erTi teqsti moicavs winareteqstis

komentarsa da kritikas; 4. hiperteqstualoba anu winareteqstis

transformacia, romlis drosac erTi mTliani teqsti udevs safuZ-

vlad meores (imitacia, gagrZeleba, parodia da a.S.); 5. arqiteqstu-

aloba, romelic gulisxmobs teqstis Janrobriv kavSirs teqstebis

garkveul jgufTan. J. Jenetis tipologia, marTalia, amomwuravi

Cans, magram mas garkveuli xarvezebic aRmoaCnda: (1) literaturul

praqtikaSi interteqstualobas, metateqstualobasa da hiperteqs-

tualobas Soris sazRvari iSleba; (2) parateqstualoba ki sruliad

sxva rigis fenomenia, igi ar scildeba erTi teqstis farglebs; (3)

J.Jenetis tipologias ar moepoveba klasifikaciis erTiani krite-

riumebi: Tu interteqstualobis cnebas markirebis kriteriumi udevs

safuZvlad, metateqstualoba dialogurobis (e.i. normatiuli Tanx-

vedris) kriteriums efuZneba, hiperteqstualoba da arqiteqstua-

loba ki sruliad sxva saxis mimarTebebs moicavs, kerZod, mimarTe-

bebs teqstsa da sxva teqstebis struqturas an sistemebs (ro-

foricaa Janrobrivi, medialuri da sxv. sistema) Soris. J. Jenetis

klasifikaciaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, ramdenad aucilebelia inter-

teqstualobis sistematizaciisTvis garkveuli kriteriumebis Se-

muSaveba, rogorc amas ulrih broihi da manfred pfisteri cdi-

loben TavianT krebulSi.

interteqstobrivi elementi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc

inteqsti, romelic ucxo winareteqstSi (igive prototeqstSi)

warmoiqmna da Semdeg Sevida axali (feno)teqstis SemadgenlobaSi.

imis mixedviT, ramdenad gamokveTili da mkafioa interteqstobrivi

interteqstualoba, rogorc fiqcionalobis signali

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miTiTeba, SesaZlebelia moxdes mTliani winarekonteqstis aqtual-

izeba fenoteqstis recefciis dros.

imisTvis, rom raime elementi interteqstobriv erTeulad miv-

iCnioT, saWiroa igi akmayofilebdes garkveul pirobebs, saxeldobr,

interteqstobrivia winareteqstidan gadmoRebuli mxolod iseTi

elementebi, romlebic avtorma Segnebulad, gamiznulad da gamokve-

Tilad CarTo Tavis teqstSi da romlebsac didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba am ukanasknelis Setyobinebis gadmocemaSi. xolo SemTxvevi-

Ti interteqstualobis iseTi saxesxvaobebi, rogoricaa plagiati,

gavlena da epigonoba, moklebulia komunikaciur Rirebulebas.

manfred pfisteri gamoyofs interteqstualobis Semdeg kri-

teriumebs: referentuloba, komunikaciuroba (igive gamiznuloba),

avtorefleqsiuroba (romelic, vfiqrob, markirebulobis erTgvari

saxea), struqturuloba, seleqciuroba da dialoguroba.

referentulobis kriteriumi gulisxmobs ucxo teqstis Tem-

atizebas: yovelTvis, rodesac fenoteqsti raime winareteqsts ukav-

Sirdeba, xorcieldeba am ukanasknelis komentireba, Sefaseba da in-

terpretacia. esaa Jenetiseuli metateqstualobis erTgvari nair-

saxeoba. referentuloba yovelTvis gansxvavebuli saxiT vlindeba,

rac xSirad winareteqstis Taviseburebebze, fenoteqstSi interte-

qstobrivi elementebis raodenobasa da gavrcelebis arezea damok-

idebuli. dubravka oraiC toliCi Tavis klasifikaciaSi winarete-

qstis ragvarobis mixedviT gamoyofs interteqstualobis Semdeg

tipebs (oraiC toliCi 1995:40-41):

1. Sidaliteraturuli interteqstualoba. am SemTxvevaSi ucxo

elementi literaturuli warmoSobisaa;

2. intermedialuri interteqstualoba. am SemTxvevaSi ucxo

elementi sxva fiqcionaluri sistemebidan (mediebidan, rogor-

icaa saxviTi xelovneba, musika, kinematografia) aris nasesx-

ebi;

3. transsemiotikuri interteqstualoba. am SemTxvevaSi inter-

teqstobrivi elementi faqtualuri (arafiqcionaluri)

teqstidan aris aRebuli.

Sidaliteraturuli interteqstualoba moicavs teqstobriv

da sistemur referentulobas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi teqsti ukav-

Sirdeba erT an ramdenime winareteqsts (mag. citati, epigrafi, cen-

to, Targmani, gadamuSaveba, imitacia, parafrazi, reziume, kontrafaq-

tura); sistemuri referentuloba ki gulisxmobs “kavSirs eno-

briv kodebsa da teqstualobis normatiul sistemebTan, rac mx-

levan cagareli

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olod am kodis darRvevisa da normidan gadaxvevis SemTxvevaSi

aSkaravdeba” (broixi 1985:52). rogorc teqstobrivi, ise siste-

muri referentuloba SeiZleba iyos kontaminatoruli an anagramu-

li imis mixedviT, interteqstobrivi elementebi ramdenime sxva-

dasxva winareteqstidan Janrobrivi sistemidan aris aRebuli Tu

erTi winareteqstidan an Janrobrivi sistemidan. amasTan, winarete-

qstebis urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba iyos homogenuri an hetero-

genuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tavs iCens perspeqtiuli Tanxvedra,

meore SemTxvevaSi ki perspeqtiuli wyveta (lindneri 1985).

struqturulobis kriteriumis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gam-

ovyoT elementaruli da struqturuli (mimarTebiTi) interteqs-

tualoba1. elementaruli interteqstualobis SemTxvevaSi winarete-

qstis calkeuli elementebia (moqmedi pirebi, motivebi, Temebi) gad-

moRebuli, xolo struqturuli interteqstualobis dros calkeul

elementebs Soris mimarTebebi meordeba. Teoriulad dasaSvebia am

orTave xerxis kombinirebac.

seleqciurobis kriteriumi gansazRvravs, ramdenad mkafiodaa

gamokveTili interteqstobrivi elementi. mogvepoveba interteqs-

tualobis eqsplicituri da implicituri signalebi. eqsplici-

turi signalebia, magaliTad, markirebuli pauza, inquit-formula,

citirebisas gansxvavebuli Sriftis gamoyeneba, gamotovebuli xazi,

garkveuli sakuTari saxelebi, zusti miTiTebebi winareteqstze.

markirebis ukiduresi SemTxvevebi gvxvdeba sqolioSi, saTaursa da

qvesaTaurSi (arqiteqstualoba), winaTqmasa da bolosityvaSi. im-

plicitur signalebs ganekuTvneba winareteqstis saTaurisa da

winareteqstis avtoris saxelis miTiTeba, winareteqstis person-

aJebis, motivebisa da stilisturi xerxebis gameoreba fenoteqstSi,

winareteqstis arseboba Sida fiqcionalur doneze raime nivTis

(mag. ,wignis) saxiT, fenoteqstis mxatvrul samyaroSi gamarTuli

saubari ucxo teqstis Sesaxeb an misi wakiTxva romelime moqmedi

piris mier, aluziebi, enobrivi kodis cvla da Sesabamisi interfer-

enciebi (amasTan, rac ufro ucxoa winareteqstis enobrivi kodi

fenoteqstisTvis, miT ufro mkafiodaa markirebuli CarTuli seg-

mentis interteqstobrivi xasiaTi) (pleti 1985). yvelaze mkafiod

interteqstualobis markireba xorcieldeba citatis SemTxvevaSi:

1 Sdr. kareri 1985. laxmani interteqstualobis imave formebs moixseniebs

rogorc Tanxvedrisa (Kontiguitätsrelation) da msgavsebis mimarTebebs (Similaritätsre-lation). Sdr. laxmani 1984:136; mimarTebiTi interteqstualobis Sesaxeb ix.

agreTve Svanici 1983

interteqstualoba, rogorc fiqcionalobis signali

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fenoteqstis garkveuli monakveTi gardaiqmneba da Canacvldeba seg-

mentiT ucxo teqstidan. implicituri (agreTve Sifrirebuli) in-

terteqstualobis dros ki – piriqiT: gardaqmnas ganicdis wina-

reteqsti, romlis elementebic sxvadasxva ritorikuli operaciis

(damateba, Canacvleba, Sekveca, gardaqmna, gameoreba) gavlis Semdeg

saxes icvlis da swored aseTi saxecvlili formiT Sedis fenote-

qstis SemadgenlobaSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi srul citatebTan gvaqvs

saqme, meoreSi ki – nawilobrivTan. garda amisa, moipoveba e.w.

vakanturi, anu carieli citatebi. dubravka oraiC toliCi gamoyofs

vakanturi citatis or saxeobas: fsevdocitati da paracitati.

fsevdocitati qmnis iluzias, rom fenoteqstsa da preteqsts Soris

arsebobs kavSiri, sinamdvileSi ki amgvari kavSiri ar arsebobs.

paracitatis SemTvxvevaSi ki winareteqsti saerTod ar arsebobs.

orive fenomeni ganekuTvneba fsevdo-interteqstualobis sferos,

romelSic teqstebs Soris kavSiri ubralo simulaciaa.

dialogurobis kriteriumi ki gulisxmobs pirvelad da axal

konteqsts Soris arsebuli semantikuri da ideologiuri daZabu-

lobis siZlieres. interteqstobrivi elementis SemTxvevaSi te-

qstebs Soris yovelTvis imarTeba erTgvari dialogi, romlis dro-

sac erT-erTi (winare an feno-teqsti) damatebiT azrs iZens. mocemul

kriteriums gansakuTrebiT mWidrod ukavSirdeba interteqstobrivi

mimarTebebis daniSnulebis sakiTxi. semantikuri daniSnulebis mixedviT,

romelsac interteqstobrivi elementebi teqstis farglebSi as-

rulebs, isini SeiZleba iyos referencialuri an avtoreferencial-

uri. (1) referencialuri inteqstebi orientirebulia winarete-

qstze: am ukanasknelis mniSvneloba icvleba an dasturdeba. amrigad,

winareteqsti gvevlineba fenoteqstis erTgvar azrobriv sayrde-

nad. avtoreferencialuri inteqstebi mimarTulia fenoteqstis

sazrisze, maTi meSveobiT informacia lakoniurad gadmoicema da

xdeba teqstis sazrisis Camoyalibeba. SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT te-

qstebs Soris normatiuli mimarTebis dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da

SedarebiTi formebi: dadebiTi mimarTeba (2) gulisxmobs winarete-

qstis normebTan Tanxmobas, maT damtkicebasa da gadaWarbebas. win-

areteqstis elementebis integracia aq azrobrivi horizontis ga-

farToebas emsaxureba. uaryofiTi mimarTebis (3) dros fenoteqs-

ti uaryofs, asustebs da aukuRmarTebs winareteqstis normebs,

riTac preteqstis mimarT azrobriv kontrasts warmoqmnis. Sedar-

ebiTi mimarTeba (4) ki gamoricxavs raime koherentuli fokusisa

Tu normatiuli aTvlis wertilis arsebobas (mag. citatebis kola-

levan cagareli

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265

JSi). mkvlevrebi gamoyofen damatebiT or funqcias: (5) damatebiTi

kodireba SeiZleba ganicados erTdroulad winareteqstmac da

fenoteqstmac, ris Sedegadac orive maTganis sazrisi Seicvleba.

amgvari mimarTeba miznad isaxavs modelebis SepirispirebiT erTg-

vari normatiuli sinTezis, mesame alternatiuli modelis Seqmnas,

an sulac yovelgvari azrobrivi modelis uaryofas. (6) teqsts

agreTve SeiZleba mieniWos damatebiTi kodi meta-doneze, Tu Tavad

interteqstobrivi miTiTebis xerxebi da daniSnuleba moeqceva yura-

dRebis centrSi (SulTe-midelihi 1985).

SesaZlebelia teqstebs Soris normatiuli mimarTebebis difer-

encireba enobrivi da araenobrivi aspeqtebis mixedviT: 1. teqstis

TiToeuli Semadgeneli elementis norma SenarCunebulia, aseve Se-

narCunebulia enobrivi normac (ganmeorebiTi gamocema, plagiati, firze

aRbeWdva, epigonoba); 2. enobrivi norma SenarCunebulia, xolo teqs-

tis danarCeni Semadgeneli nawilebis norma sagrZnoblad Secvlil-

ia (mag. parodia, cento); 3. enobrivi norma Secvlilia, danarCeni

teqstobrivi maCveneblebi ki SenarCunebulia (Targmani, travestia);

4. Tanabrad icvleba teqstis rogorc enobrivi, ise araenobrivi

normebi (pleti 1985:94).

zogadad inteqstebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas

Semdegi: referencialuri inteqstebi umeteswilad samecniero dis-

kursSi gvxvdeba, xolo avtorefleqsiuri inteqstebi xelovnebis

prerogativaa. teqstebs Soris dadebiTi mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs imitaciasTan, uaryofiTi mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi – po-

lemikasTan, xolo orTave teqstisTvis damatebiTi kodirebis mini-

Webis dros mkafiod ikveTeba interteqstobrivi dialogis niSne-

bi2.

safuZvlianad ganvixiloT interteqstualobis is saxesxvaobebi,

romlebic sagulisxmoa fiqcionalobis markirebis TvalsazrisiT.

imisTvis, rom interteqstobrivma elementma teqstis fiqcio-

nalobaze mianiSnos, saWiroa misi wyaro (winareteqsti) Tavad iyos

fiqcionaluri. magram fiqcionaluri warmoSobis inteqstebi gvx-

vdeba faqtualur (mag. literaturaTmcodneobiT) teqstebSic da

amrigad, zemoT moyvanili winapiroba dazustebas saWiroebs: fiq-

cionalobis signalad SeiZleba miviCnioT interteqstualobisa da

intermedialobis mxolod is formebi, romlebic struqturebisa

2 cnebebi imitacia, polemika da dialogi ganmartebuli aqvs oraiC toliCs

1995:68.

interteqstualoba, rogorc fiqcionalobis signali

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266

da elementebis gadmoReba-gameorebas efuZneba. gansakuTrebiT Tval-

saCinoa teqstis fiqcionaloba, roca masSi Sifrirebuli inteqste-

bi moipoveba: mag. Tu winare nawarmoebis moqmedi piri fenoteqstis

mxatvrul samyaroSi gamoCndeba, es fiqcionalobis utyuari signa-

lia. mxatvruli teqstis fiqcionalur xasiaTs agreTve aZlierebs

literaturuli citatebi. gansakuTrebiT iseTi inteqstebi, rogoricaa

citirebuli citati an citati citatSi, aorkeceben poeturi war-

monaqmnis avtorefleqsiurobas; “literaturaSi sinamdvilis Zieb-

isas mkiTxveli kvlav da kvlav mxolod literaturas awydeba.”

(pleti, 1985:90).

teqstis fiqcionalobaze miuTiTebs agreTve sistemuri ref-

erentuloba. rodesac erTi teqsti (metwilad ama Tu im Tval-

sazrisiT homogenuri) winareteqstebis konvenciebs ukavSirdeba, maT

aqtualizebas axdens an arRvevs maT, amiT igi Tavisive konvenciebs

aaSkaravebs. sistemurad referentulia arsebiTad yoveli fiqcio-

naluri teqsti. Tumca es mJRavndeba mxolod maSin, rodesac igi

Tavis gansxvavebulobas eqspliciturad gamokveTs da damkvidrebul

literaturul konvenciebs arRvevs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amg-

vari konvenciebi literaturuli diskursis Semadgeneli nawilia,

maTi aqtualizeba an darRveva isev da isev fenoteqstis fiqciona-

lur xasiaTs cxadyofs.

fiqcionalobis gansakuTrebiT mkafio signals warmoadgens

avtorefleqsiuri interteqstualoba. manfred pfisteris azriT,

interteqstobrivi elementi avtorefleqsiuria, Tu teqstis in-

terteqstobrivi datvirTva masSivea gansjis sagnad qceuli, e.i.

interteqstualoba ara mxolod markirebulia, aramed Tematizebu-

lic da problematizebulic (pfisteri 1985:27-28). avtorefleq-

sia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc meta-doneze, rogorc es bernd

Sulte-midelixma aCvena Tavis interteqstualobis funqciaTa tip-

ologiaSi, ise raime sxva saxiTac, mag. avtocitatebis saxiT, rom-

lebic gamoirCeva sixSiriTa da gamneorebadobiT (mag. laitmotivi)

da mxolod fiqcionalur teqstSi gvxvdeba. rac ufro moculobi-

Tia interteqstobrivi segmenti, miT ufro uaxlovdeba igi avtore-

fleqsiuri Txrobis fenomens rogorc formalurad, ise Sinaarso-

brivad.

fsevdointerteqstualobis nebismieri saxesxvaoba (rogorc

fsevdo- ise paracitati), Cveni azriT, agreTve avtorefleqsiuri

potencialis mqonea da interteqstualobaze yuradRebis gamax-

vilebiT teqstis fiqcionalobaze miuTiTebs. fsevdointerteqstu-

levan cagareli

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alobis dros winareteqsti ar arsebobs, mxolod fiqciaa, anda

interteqstobrivi kavSiri Tavad warmogvidgeba fiqciad. orTave

SemTxvevaSi realurad xelSesaxebi rCeba mxolod interteqstua-

lobis fenomeni, romlis ukanac araviTari prototeqsti ar dgas.

interteqstualobis ukanasknel saxesxvaobebs aerTianebT Ta-

vad interteqstualobis fenomenis Tematizebis unari. amgvari av-

torefleqsiis “Sedegia, rom teqsts yuradReba gadaaqvs cxovrebi-

seuli sinamdvilis SesaZlebeli modelidan Tavis Tavze, rogorc

sxva teqstebiT ganpirobebul konstruqciaze.” (lindneri 1985:130).

dasasrul unda aRiniSnos, rom intermedialobamac SeiZleba

Seasrulos fiqcionalobis signalis funqcia, radgan raime sxva

fiqcionalur sistemaze (mediumze) miTiTebis an am ukanasknelis

teqstSi integraciisas ikvreba iseTive avtorefleqsiuri wredi,

rogorc interteqstualobis zemoT ganxilul saxesvaobebTan. amg-

var intermedialur mimarTebas safuZvlad udevs kodis cvla: sxva

mediumSi (saxviTi xelovneba, musika, kinematografia) warmomdgari

elementi kargavs Tavis materialur Tvisebebs (formas, fers, JRera-

dobas) da ganicdis verbalizebas, gardaiqmneba sityvebisgan Semdgar

personaJad, mxatvrul motivad an raime sxva verbalur struq-

turad da mxolod amis Semdeg xorcieldeba misi integracia

literaturul fiqciaSi. Tu amgvari elementi eqspliciturad mian-

iSnebs Tavis winarekonteqstze, amiT igi Tavs fiqcionaluri dis-

kursis Semadgenel nawilad warmoaCens da amasTan, aaSkaravebs mim-

Rebi, literaturuli mediumis fiqcionalur xasiaTs.

literatura:

baxtini 1975: Áàõòèí, Ìèõàèë: Âîïðîñû ëèòåðàòóðû è

ýñòåòèêè. Ìîñêâà,

broixi 1985 (1): Broich, Ulrich/Pfister, Manfred (Hgg.): Intertextu-alität: Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. Unter Mitar-beit von Bernd Schulte-Middelich. Tübingen: Niemeyer 1985 (Konzepteder Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft; 35)

broixi 1985 (2) :

Broich, Ulrich: Formen der Markierung von Intertextualität. In: Ders.,Manfred Pfister (Hgg.): Intertextualität, S. 31-47

interteqstualoba, rogorc fiqcionalobis signali

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broixi 1985 (3): Broich, Ulrich/Pfister, Manfred: Bezugsfelder der In-tertextualität. In: Dies. (Hgg.): Intertextualität, S. 48-58

Jeneti 1993: Genette, Gérard: Palimpseste: die Literatur auf zweiterStufe. Aus dem Franz. Von Wolfram Bayer u. Dieter Hornig. Frankfurta.M.: Suhrkamp 1993

kristeva 1972: Kristeva, Julia: Bachtin, das Wort, der Dialog und der Ro-man. In: Jens Ihwe (Hg.): Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik III.Frankfurt/M., 1972, S. 345-375

laxmani 1982:Lachmann, Renate (Hg.): Dialogizität, Theorie und Geschich-te der Literatur und der schönen Künste. Reihe A, Bd. 1, München1982

laxmani 1984: Lachmann, Renate: Ebenen des Intertextualitätbegriffs. In:Karlheinz Stierle, Rainer Warning: Das Gespräch. München: Fink 1984,(Poetik und Hermeneutik, 11) S. 113-138

lindneri 1985: Lindner; Monika: Integrationsformen der Intertextualität.In: Broich/Pfister (Hgg.): Intertextualität. S. 116-135

oraiC toliCi 1995:Orai Toli, Dubravka: Zitat in Literatur und Kunst:Versuch einer Theorie. Wien: Böhlau 1995

pleti 1985: Plett, Heinrich F.: Sprachliche Konstituenten einer intertextu-ellen Poetik. In: Broich/Pfister (Hgg.): Intertextualität. S. 78-98

pfisteri 1985: Pfister, Manfred: Skalierung der Intertextualität. In: Broich/Pfister (Hgg.): Intertextualität. S. S. 25-30

SulTe-midelihi 985: Schulte-Middelich, Bernd: Funktionen intertextuel-ler Textkonstitution. In: Broich/Pfister (Hgg.): Intertextualität. S. 197-242

ci pfeli 2001: Zipfel, Frank: Fiktion, Fiktivität, Fiktionalität: Analys-en zur Fiktion in der Literatur und zum Fiktionsbegriff in der Lit-eraturwissenschaft. Berlin: Schmidt 2001

levan cagareli

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Levan Tsagareli

Intertextuality as a signal of the fictionality

Several forms of intertextuality can point to the fictionality of a peace of theliterary work it appears in. However there is a number of conditions which are tobe fulfilled in order to enable a certain intertextual element to point to the entiretext’s fictionality. These conditions are: 1. The prae-text must be fictional itself; 2.The intertextual relation must be based on structural or element similarity. Fur-thermore some kinds of intertextuality are especially assignated for the functionsmentioned above. Such are: 1. Cited citation; 2. System reference; 3. Selfcon-scious intertextuality; 4. All kinds of pseudo-intertextuality; 5. Intermediality.

interteqstualoba, rogorc fiqcionalobis signali

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gia joxaZe

rolan barti da qarTuliistoriuli diskursi

yvela istoriuli narkvevi gulisxmobs

kategoriaTa erTgvar sistemas, romelic ade-

kvaturi iqneba aRwerili faqtebis warmo-

sadgenad. yvela dadgenili faqti terminebSi

ganefineba, maTi SemweobiT warmodgeba da ase

vTqvaT, “faqtdeba”. istoriuli faqti Tvi-

Tonaa terminTa erTgvari urTierToba. is-

toriuli diskursi, rogorc faqtebis er-

Toblioba, ase Tu ise adgens am terminTa

gamoyenebis sazRvrebs da erT mTlianobad

warmogvidgens maT urTierTdamokidebulebas.

diskursadac is konstruqcia unda miviCni-

oT, romelsac pretenzia aqvs amgvar mTlianoba-

ze (gutneri).

diskursi mxolod JanrTa sistema an

gansazRvrul subieqtze gamonaTqvamTa kor-

pusi rodia. is avtors aqcevs kulturuli

cvlilebebis monawile subieqtadac. zogjer

istorikosi is ar aris, vinc warsulze gve-

saubreba; xandaxan is TviTon qmnis gamoTqmebs,

romelTac saWirod miiCnevs. avtoroba, wer-

ilobiTi diskursis monawileoba, rogorc

pirovnuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili

da idiomebisa da individualobis urT-

ierTqmedeba _ ai, ra aris yvelaze saintereso

istoriul diskursSi (prixodko 2005: 1-

11).

am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresod

gveCvena rolan bartis Sexedulebebi isto-

riul diskursze (barti 2003: 512).

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, ilia WavWava-

Zis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa da kultu-

ris kvlevebis fakul-

tetis asistent-profe-

sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

“XIII_XIV saukuneebis

saqarTvelos istoriidan”,

“avgustineseuli provi-

dencializmi da JamTa-

aRmwerlis religiuri

msoflmxedveloba” da

“istoriuli esseebi”.

interesebis sfero:

eklesiisa da religiis

istoria da istoriuli

anTropologiis proble-

mebi.

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271

Tumc vidre sakuTriv bartis debulebebs ganvixilavdeT, SevTanxm-

deT, rom lingvistikaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma aucilebeli gaxada

istoriul mecnierebaSic davkvirvebodiT sityvaTa zefrazul ko-

mpleqsebs, gadagvexeda diskursTa tradiciuli tipologiisaTvis

da dagvesva kiTxvebi: marTlac arsebobs antagonizmi poetur da

romanul diskurss, gamogonil da istoriul ambavs Soris? ramde-

nad niSandoblivia warsulis ambisa da mis Sesaxeb TxrobisaTvis

epoepis, romanis, dramis Tvisebebi? ramdenad emorCileba istoria

realobis imperativs, racionaluri Txrobis principebs, ramdenad

gamoirCeva struqturuli TanmimdevrobiTa da mowesrigebulobiT?

ra sityvebiT operirebs istorikosi Tavis diskursSi?

istoriuli diskursi Seicavs konstantaTa or tips.

pirvelia e.w. mosmena, gagoneba. istorikosi ambobs, rom rome-

liRac ambavze “smenia”, raRac “gaugonia”, raRacisTvis “yuri moukravs”.

es sqema SesaZloa ase warmovidginoT: Txrobisas dikursSi moxse-

niebulia istorikosisTvis informaciis mimwodebeli, romelsac

mivyavarT Txrobis subieqtTan anu istorikosTan. herodote iy-

enebs aseT formebs: “rogorc miTxres”, “rogorc CvenTvis cnobili

gaxda...”

qarTuli istoriul diskursSic gvxvdeba amgvari gamoTqmebi:

“ityvian” (igulisxme: amboben...) (JamTaaRmwereli, 1982: 295), “brZen-

Ta da gonierTa kacTagan masmian...” (istoriani da azmani Saravand-

edTani 1982:162), “xolo iTqva eseca” (JamTaaRmwereli, 1982: 289),

“Tqmul ars eseca...” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, 1982:219,

JamTaaRmwereli 354), “viTarca gvesma” (basili ezosmoZRvari, 1982:

261) da sxva mravali. yvela narativisTvis niSandoblivi es kon-

struqciebi win uZRvis avtoris diskurss, romelSic axali de-

bulebebi unda gaxmiandes. mas yuradRebis gamaxvilebis, aqcentireb-

is funqcia aqvs. istoriografis samreklodan ki msgavsi gamoTqme-

bi sandoobis xarisxis asamaRleblad moixmareba. didi misnoba ar

sWirdeba imis mixvedras, rom “msmenia”, “gamigonia”,”rogorc miTxres”

da a.S. SeuZlebelia istoriuli teqstis specifikad miviCnioT _

amgvar frazebs ufro yoveldRiur saubarSi da romanuli Txrobi-

sas vxvdebiT.

SesaZloa, Txrobis subieqti TviTon “SeiWras” teqstSi, Txro-

ba awmyoSi gadmoitanos, TviTon “miiRos monawileoba” mis mierve

aRweril romelime movlenaSi, ramenairad gamoxatos sakuTari

gamocdileba...

qarTuli istoriuli diskursi amgvar SemTxvevebsac icnobs:

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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272

“TvaliTa CveniTa vixileT” (cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi

1982: 119); sxvaTaSoris, es gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva gvgonia da

yuradRebis odnav met koncentrirebas moiTxovs: mTxrobeli rom

sakuTar gamocdilebas gviziarebs, cxadia, es suraTis fersavseobas

da amiT _ Txrobis metad gamZafrebas emsaxureba, xolo istori-

ografis poziciidan meti damajereblobisTvis gamoyenebuli xerx-

ia. aq naratorisa da istorikosis intencia SesaZloa erTmaneTs

emTxveodes. magram saqme mxolod es ar aris: daviT aRmaSeneblis

istorikosi ganagrZobs: Cveni TvaliT vnaxeT “da friad ufros amaT

warmoTqmulTasao”. anu rac vnaxeT (mtris Semoseva da qveynis

daqceva) bevrad metia (“friad ufros”), vidre is, ris Tqmac si-

tyviT SevZeliTo. xom ar sWvivis am literaturul xerxSi isic,

rom sityvas (Tqmas, Txrobas, “warmoTqmuls”) ar ZaluZs srulad

imis gadmocema, rac sinamdvileSi momxdara?! xom ar ambobs aq

istorikosi (Tundac uneblieT) imas, rom es mxolod ambavia,

moTxrobaa da ara _ eWvSeuvali mtkiceba?! xom ar krTeba aq is

debuleba, romlis mtkicebasac “analTa” skolis fuZemdebelTa Semo-

qmedeba mieZRvna?!

Txrobis subieqtis teqstSi “SeWris” sxva magaliTebis ganx-

ilvac SesaZlebelia: daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi aRwers yve-

lasaTvis kargad nacnob erT epizods, roca Cauqad mebrZol daviTs

sartyeli Seuxsnia da Sededebuli sisxli gadmoqceula: “TviT

misgan vgonebdiT gamosrulado” (cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi 1982:

123), “TviT me minaxavs” (JamTaaRmwereli 1982: 339) da sxva mrava-

li.

konstantaTa meore tipSi erTiandeba mkafio niSnebi, romelTa

meSveobiTac Txrobis subieqti ayalibebs sakuTar diskurss, Txro-

bisas ambavs asworebs, xvews, cvlis, SeniSnavs, dasZens da a.S es

SesaZloa ganiWvritebodes Txrobis sagnisaken svlad. radgan yovel-

gvari “svla” mimarTulebasac (aqeT, iqiT, zemoT, qvemoT...) gulisx-

mobs, Txrobac mis mixedviT ganefineba.

Txrobisas subieqti SesaZloa uZravi iyos da sakompensaciod

iyenebdes frazebs: “rogorc zemoT giTxariT”, “rogorc ukve giTx-

ariT...”

qarTuli istoriuli diskursic xsenebul mdgomareobaSi amg-

vari frazebiT operirebs: “viTarca zemoT vTqviT” (cxovreba mefeT-

mefe daviTisi, 1982: 122), “vina zemove vTqu” (basili ezosmoZRvari,

1982: 258), “viTarca miTquams”, “viTar zemore vTqviT”, “zemore

gia joxaZe

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273

agviweria”, “viTar zemoTqmul ars” (JamTaaRmwereli, 1982: 363, 369,

376, 382) da sxva misTanani.

aseT SemTxvevaSi mTxrobeli aqtiuri aRar aris, yovel SemTx-

vevaSi aRar apirebs Txrobis aqtis ganxorcielebas. motivi Sei-

Zleba erTi iyos: mTxrobeli dros zogavs da endoba msmenelis

mexsierebas;

Txrobis subieqts zemoT mivyavarT konstantiT: “zemoT naTq-

vams gavimeoreb”.

qarTuli istoriuli diskursisTvis esec cnobilia: “rameTu

zemoT datevebuli ambavi aRmarT ambijebelTa kvalad viwyoT”, “xolo

Cven zemoxsenebulisa ... mimarT aRvideT”, “... pirvelive gza aRvloT”,

“... pirvelsave sityvasa aRvideT”, “...”pirvelsave sityvasa zeda mov-

ideT” da sxv. (JamTaaRmwereli, 1982: 303, 382, 391, 403, 420; matiane

qarTlisa, 1982: 102); “zemoT” am SemTxvevebSi “ukves” konteqstiT

ixmareba; mimarTulebazec migviTiTebs, magram qarTuli istoriuli

diskursisTvis arc esaa sakmarisi: is ufro amkveTrebs mimarTulebis

konteqsts da iyenebs sityvebs: “aRmarT”, “aRvideT”, “aRvloT” “aR-

marT ambijebelTa”... Tu zedmet skrupulozurobad ar CamogverTme-

va, vityviT, rom Cveni azriT, zogan semantikuri dualizmic krTeba:

aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, “pirvelsa sityvasa” mosvla an asvla,

zemonaTqvamTan dabrunebaa, Txrobis gangrZobis xerxia _ aq “zemoT”

da “pirvelsa” identuri Sinaarsisad aRiqmeba. magram xom ar krTis

aq Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciac da mTxrobelic kidev erTxel xom

ar axsenebs logoss _ “pirvelsa sityvas” _ raTa man xeli moumar-

Tos TxrobaSi? (Sdr: “dasawyisSi iyo sityva; da sityva iyo Rm-

erTTan; da sityva iyo RmerTi”; “Tavdapirvelad iyo sityva” da a.S,

ioanes saxareba). Tu es frTxili varaudi odnav mainc axlos dgas

simarTlesTan, is kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom “saistorio wyaroe-

bis” saxiT saqme gvaqvs “moTxrobasTan” da termin “istoriis”

erT-erTi mniSvneloba _ moTxroba _ xelmeoredaa gulisxmasayofi.

Txrobis subieqti yovndeba konstantiT: “amaze mets aras

getyviT...”

qarTuli istoriuli diskursi amgvar SemTxvevaSi iyenebs

frazebs: “raTa ara ganvagrZoT sityva” (cxovreba mefeT-mefisa dav-

iTisi, 1982: 118), “radRa saxmar ars Tqma”, “sawyen same iqmnas aRw-

erili gangrZobiTa saTqmelTaTa”, ”... kma viyo Tqmad”, “kvalad meneba

dumili”, “da raRa grZel sityva saxmar ars?” (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani, 1982: 142, 143, 150), “rasaRa mravalsa vityodiT?”, “...

da rasa mravalsa vityodi?”, “radRa saxmar ars Tqmad...”, “davxSi

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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sityvisa wyoba”, “dumiliT... davidumoT” (basili ezosmoZRvari, 1982:

1250, 258, 275, 279), “ara ars Jami aRwerad”, “TviToeulad warmoTq-

ma grZel ars”, “ujero ars aw Tqma”, “ese aqamomde iyavn”, “aqa

megulebis dadumebad”, “ara ars Jami Tqmad”, “ara ars Jami moTxro-

bad”, “aqaca vinebe dumili” (JamTaaRmwereli, 1982: 285, 286, 288, 289,

300, 305, 314, 317) da mravali sxva.

yvela am frazis gamoyenebas erTi mravalsaxa motivi aqvs:

isedac yvelaferi cxadia da mTxrobeli uxvsityvaobas da

drois xarjvas erideba;

suliT xorcamde SeZrulia momxdariT da laparaki aRar ZaluZs;

sityvis gangrZobiT suraTi kidev ufro Camuqdeboda;

gmiris “saqmeTa sagmiroTa” aRwera sityviT SeuZlebelia, du-

mili sjobs;

egeb, sxvas Seewios RmerTi da sxvam SeiZlos Tqma;

mefeze augis Tqma qristians ekrZaleba;

Txrobis sagnad mxolod naratoris azriT mniSvnelovani ambe-

bia SerCeuli da sxv.

is, rom es frazebi wminda literaturuli xerxebia imiTac

mtkicdeba, rom “sulSeZruli” Tu “drois damzogveli” istoriko-

si, romelic dadumebas gvpirdeboda, mainc aRwers ambavs da arc Tu

kondensirebulad.

Txrobis subieqti winaswar gvatyobinebs aRsawer ambavs da

iyenebs konstantas: “axla imaze giambobT...”

qarTuli istoriuli diskursi am “winasityvaobas” Tu “winaTq-

mas” amgvarad gadmogvcems: “viTarca winamdebare sityvaman cxady-

os...”, “viTarca aw iTqvas”, “xolo ismendi...”, “ismineT...”(cxovreba

mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1982: 120, 124, 138, 147), “aw viwyo...”, “...vTq-

vaT...”, “qvemore sityvaman sacnaur hyos...”, “Tu rani da raoden iqmnes,

winamdebarisagan euwyen msmenelTa”, “... me eseca gauwyo sabralo da

saZnauri saqme”, “... xams ... gagoneba”, “davhyoT Tvali...”, “eseca uwy-

odiT Tqven, msmenelTa:” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, 1982:

163, 177, 185, 187, 188, 200, 206), “aw jer ars moxsenebad”, “jer ars ...

moxseneba”, “jer ars... Tqma”, “megulvebis aw warmoTqma...” (basili

ezosmoZRvari, 1982: 255, 267, 272) da mravali sxva.

aq ramdenime droiTi ganzomileba Tanaarsebobs, ufro zustad

_ Tanamxebobs: dro, roca ambavi xdeba da dro, roca ambavi gamoiTq-

mis. Txrobis subieqti awmyoSia, ambavi _ warsulSi, magram radgan

jer ar uambiaT, momavladac aRiqmeba. aseTi urTierTmxeboba warmo-

qmnis istoriuli diskursis sam aspeqts:

gia joxaZe

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1) zogi movlenis gadmocema istorias aCqarebs: Txrobis aqtSi

moqceulia drois sxvadasxva an sxvadasxva drois monakveTebi (sauku-

neebi, wlebi, dReebi)... istorikosi rac metad uaxlovdeba Tavis

dros, miT ufro neldeba istoriis svla, misi wrfivi ganviTareba;

aq SesaZloa istoriuli teqsti sxva teqstebs “gaesaubros” da

axali logika Camoayalibos.

2) Txroba istoriuli drois siRrmisken miemarTeba: rome-

lime axali personaJis Semoyvanisas Txrobis subieqti ixsenebs mis

winaprebs, Semdeg kvlav sawyis wertils ubrundeba, mere isev isto-

riul droSi mogzaurobs da a.S.

pirveli or aspeqti qarTul istoriul diskursSi isea in-

terpretirebuli, rom iolad emorCileba gamoTqmebs: “Semdgomad

amissa”, “amis Semdgomad” (matiane qarTlisa, 1982: 91, 92, 93, 94), “ama

viTarebasa Sina”, “amas Jamsa”, “amaT Tana...” (cxovreba mefeT-mefisa

daviTisi, 1982: 120, 121, 143) da sxv. am da sxva konstruqciebis

wiaRSi gadis dro: xan erTi Tu ori, xanac _ ramdenime weli. amitom

istorikosi “drois aCqarebis”, gabmuli Txrobis ritmis Secvlis

Semdeg qoronikons axsenebs, wels miuTiTebs, rac wrfivi ganviTare-

bis adgenis cdad unda miviCnioT. cxadia, “drois aCqarebis” lit-

eraturuli xerxi aq imis SesaniRbad gamoiyeneba, rom istoriko-

sisTvis mniSvnelovani ambebi xsenebul droSi “ar momxdara”.

“axali personaJis Semoyvanisa” da aqedan gamomdinare “droSi

mogzaurobis” aspeqtis damadasturebel pasaJTagan, Cveni azriT, yve-

laze saxieria JamTaaRmwerlis teqsti: laSa-giorgi zeobis aRwer-

is Semdeg, roca Txroba TiTqos rusudanis mmarTvelobiT unda

gagrZelebuliyo, teqstualur scenaze Semodian mongolebi da Cin-

giz yaeni: mongolTa tomis istoria dasabamidan iwyeba da Cingiz

yaenis gamoCenamde aRwevs. am ukanasknelis daxasiaTebis Semdeg aRw-

erilia misi gza yaenis taxtamde. Txrobis subieqti arc Cingizis

Svilebs da colebs iviwyebs. amiT Txrobis subieqti yuradRebis

koncentrirebas im obieqtze axdens, romelic Semdgomi Txrobis

procesSic gamoadgeba. amdenad, “droSi mogzauroba” qarTuli is-

toriuli diskursis niSandoblivi Tvisebaa.

arsebobs istoriuli diskursis kidev erTi aspeqti:

3) qronikaluri istoriuli dro irRveva, roca subieqti mi-

marTavs Sesaval konstruqciebs: aq Tanaarsebobs movlenis dasawyi-

sica da winaswarTqmis aqtic. istoriuli diskursi icnobs per-

formatul, sazeimo Sesavals, da winasityvaobas, roca sagangebod

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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xazgasmulia aRsaweri movlenis mniSvneloba, winaswar iTqmis is,

rac moxdeba, roca movlena Sefasebulia;

qarTuli istoriuli diskursisaTvis aseTi aspeqtis momar-

jveba ucxo ar aris, Tumc erTgvar saerTo niSnad unda miviCnioT is

garemoeba, rom Sesavlis, winaTqmis formas istorikosTa umravle-

soba Txzulebis TavSi ki ar mimarTavs, aramed _ eqspoziciisas;

ufro zustad _ maSin, roca Txrobam Txzulebis protagonists an

romelime “mniSvnelovan” movlenas unda uwinamZRvros. cxadia,

gasaTvaliswinebelia is mosazrebac, rom Cvenamde moRweuli narati-

uli wyaroebi usrulia, naklulia da SesaZloa, aseTi “dasawyisebi”

dakarguliyo an “qarTlis cxovrebis” erTian teqstad qcevisas

redaqtorebs ukuegdoT.

SeuZlebelia, winaTqmad ar aRiqvas mkiTxvelma istorikosis

pasaJi, romliTac bibliuri daviTis “samocdameTvramete” Svilis

_P daviT aRmaSeneblis _ didi cxovreba iwyeba: “... amieriTgan iwyes

niavTa cxovrebisTa mobervad da RrubelTa macxovarebisaTa aR-

moWvirobad, vinaTgan aTormet wel amaT TviTosaxeTa WirTa gangr-

ZobiTa bnelsa ukunsa Sina iwyo aRmociskrebad mzeman yovelTa

mefobaTaman, didman saxeliTa da udidesman saqmiTa”... (cxovreba

mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, gv. 119) da a.S.

albaT performatuli Sesavlis magaliTad unda miviRoT dav-

iTis istorikosisave pasaJi, romelSic vaebis Rirsad miiCnevs hom-

eross, aristoteles, ioseb flaviuss, romelTac sakmarisi safuZve-

li ar hqondaT, TavianTi gmirebis ”saqmeni sagmironi” aReweraT da

sruliad sxvagvarad gairjebodnen, daviTi rom hyolodaT “Tval-

win” (cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi, gv. 133);

an “istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis” winaTqma, romelSic

“avtori” uricxvi bibliuri magaliTis moyvaniT enamWevrobas Txovs

ufals Tamaris cxovrebis aRsawerad (istoriani da azmani Sara-

vandedTani, gv. 161); an rad Rirs es pasaJi Tamaris gansadideblad

(igulisxme: imis winaswarsacnobad, Tu rogor ifaravs qarTvel

dedofals uflis xeli): “oi gansakrTomeli simxne da siqvele da

xeli sauflo! viTar romelTa wyobaTa Sina smenil ars, gina ZvelTa,

gina axalTa, esreT uvnebeloba ugrZneulad damsxmelobasa Sina!”

(iqve, gv. 171) da a.S;

Tamari “samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad” SesavalSi, roca

naratori amaze sasaubrod “emzadeba” (iqve, gv. 179);

gia joxaZe

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istorikosi “iZulebulia” Tamaris mama-dedaTa xotbidan Tam-

aris “saqmeTa sagmiroTaTvis” moamzados mkiTxveli (basili ezos-

moZRvari, gv. 248);

es Sesavalic am rigs ganekuTvneba: “xolo amieriTgan viwyo

wyobad, brZolad gonebisad mimzidavman, da mkveTebelman msgavsad

qvisa da rkinisaman aRmovSobo cecxli siyvarulisa da qebisa da

survilisa, aRvatyino da aRvamaRlo saxmili camdin, mun Sigan aRmo-

vaCino eTerica cecxlisa da qveyana cecxlTagan mleveli urCTa da

cecxlebr Rone da moxmarebuli megobarTa da moyvareTa” (istori-

ani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 179); mTxrobeli Zvel aRTqmaSi

“mogzaurobs” da imis niSnad, rom mahmadianTa “oqros xana” mTavrdeba

da qristianTa (igulisxme: qarTvelTa) aRmavloba iwyeba, ambobs: “...

me aqa amisaTvis winasityva vyof, rameTu moakldeboda Zalsa mohm-

adianTasa, da mcemelica ebansa, rameTu qristianeTa orRanoni xmo-

vanobdes kidiT kidedmde” (iqve, gv. 261) da a.S.; mTxroblis “mx-

iarulad ambisagan metyveli piri aw mwuxarebisa mimarT miiqcevis”,

radgan “yovlisa soflisa saglovelisa ambisa” warmoTqma egulve-

bis (iqve, gv. 272) da a.S.

“qarTlis cxovrebas” amSvenebs giorgi V brwyinvalis zeobis

dasawyisad moazrebuli fragmenti: “da iwyo mTiebman aRmoWvirvebad,

xolo me ena ver miZravs sakvirvelisa da saSinelisa Tqmad...”

(JamTaaRmwereli, gv. 429).

aseT SemTxvevebSi Txrobis aqti teqstSi iWreba da aq mTavari

istorikosis “subieqturoba” ki ar aris, aramed _ istoriis qron-

ikaluri drois “garTuleba”, misi Sejaxeba drosTan (“wignis

drosTan”), roca diskursi gamoiTqmis. amis Sedegad viRebT deqro-

nologizebul istoriul movlenaTa jaWvs, reminiscencias, nostal-

gias, ara wrfiv, aramed _ miTur, uZveles kosmologiaTa dros, romelic

aseve arsebiTad ukavSirdeboda poetisa Tu winaswarmzraxvelis

Txrobas: amiT istorikosi xdeba winaswarmetyveli, miTis mTxzveli

_ man icis is, rac jer ar gacnaurebula.

istoriuli diskursisTvis niSandoblivia sityvebi, romlebi-

Tac gamoixateba ara mxolod Txrobis aqti, aramed _ e.w. mkiTxveli

subieqti.

qarTul istoriul diskursSi “avtori” “mkiTxvelad” sax-

eldebul obieqts uSualod iSviaTad exmianeba (Cvens mier ganxi-

lul wyaroebSi _ sul erTxel _ “nu amas eZieb, mkiTxvelo, Tu

viTar iqmneboda ese...” (cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi, gv. 144);

erTxelac obieqts “msmenelad” moixseniebs (“xolo eseca uwyodiT

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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Tqven, msmenelTa...”, istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 206), rac

imave “mkiTxvelad” unda miviCnioT. Tumc danarCen SemTxvevebSic

swored mkiTxvel subieqts mimarTaven: “xolo ismendi...”, “...uwyi

yovelTa”, “ganicadeTRa Cemdad...”, “garna ismineT...” (cxovreba mefeT-

mefisa daviTisi, gv. 138, 139, 140, 147) da a.S.

gvxvdeba konstruqciebi, romlebiTac mkiTxvelis darwmuneba an

gadarwmuneba ganuzraxavT: “nuukve hgono”, “nu metyvi”, “nu iyofin ese,

warved!”, “ara, esreT ara!” (iqve, gv. 139, 142, 144, 1470), “Tu visme

nebavs amisganca, ixilen...”, “ismineniT” (istoriani da azmani Sara-

vandedTani, gv. 228), “... esreT ganigone ...”, “... ismine ...” (cxovreba

mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, gv. 259, 260) da sxva mravali.

sainteresoa, rom aseTi sqema SeiZleba gaiSifros RmerTis

mimarTvad xalxisadmi, romelsac amgvari istoria uZRvna. am dros

istorikosi RvTisa da xalxis Suamavalia. is gamgzavnia, mkiTxveli

_ mimRebi.

istoriul diskurss axasiaTebs SemTxvevebi, roca gamoTq-

mis subieqti cdilobs, gamoeTiSos Tavis diskurss, ar Caerios,

monawileoba ar miiRos masSi. am dros diskursSi ver vxvdebiT

istoriografiuli Semtyobineblis niSnebs _ istoria TiTqos Tavis-

iT moiTxroba. sinamdvileSi gamgzavni aq mxolod sakuTar emociur

pirovnebas gamodevnis da mas “obieqturi” pirovnebiT anacvlebs.

subieqti SenarCunebulia, oRond rogorc _ “obieqturi” subieqti.

istorikosi ise iqceva, TiTqos TviT referents alaparakebso; ara-

da, niSnis ararseboba ukve TavisTavadaa raRacis niSani. qarTul

saistorio sivrceSi zemoTqmulis dadasturebad unda miviCnioT

“matiane qarTlisa”, romelic Tu oriod SemTxvevas ar gaviTval-

iswinebT, obieqturi Txrobis asociacias aRgviZravs.

istoriul diskursSi uyuradRebod ar unda dagvrCes

wminda Sinaarsobrivi erTeulebi, aRsaniSnebi, romlebzec gviambobs

istoria. es erTgvari koleqciaa, romlis komponentebic meordebian,

Tumc ki mravalferovan nazavs warmoqmnian. eseni SeiZleba iyos

dinastiebi, mmarTvelebi, mxedarTmTavrebi da a.S. maT predikatebad

gvevlineba qmedebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmebi: “daarbia”, “SeierTa”,

“ilaSqra”, “imefa” da sxva misTanani. SesaZlebelia yovelive amis

struqturirebac, rac konkretul istorikoszea xolme damokide-

buli. zogi mTlianad sabrZolo leqsikoniT sargeblobs; zogi

didebasa da ayvavebas ugalobs; zogisTvis miRweulis SenarCunebaa

mTavari da a.S.

gia joxaZe

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qarTul istoriul diskursSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde an

e.w. “aqtiuri Tavdacvis” fazaSi ZiriTadad omis leqsikoniT sarge-

bloben (“matiane qarTlisa”, “cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi”...);

leqsikoni icvleba qveynis gaerTianebis Semdeg. aq organulad aRiqmeba

saubari qveynis aRvsebaze, aRSenebaze, mSvidobaze, warmatebaze, Rmr-

Tivdaculobaze, gansvenebasa da a.S.

mongolTa Semosevebi da Semdgomi movlenebi diametrulad cv-

lis leqsikons.

istoriuli diskursis statusi yovelTvis da yvelgan mtki-

cebiTia. istoriuli faqti sargeblobs myofobis lingvisturi

privilegiiT: imaze gviambobs, rac iyo da, ara imaze, rac ar yofila

an saeWvod miaCnia. istoriuli diskursi TiTqmis ar icnobs uary-

ofas. es garemoeba gamoTqmis subieqts amsgavsebs fsiqoziT daa-

vadebuls, romelsac ama Tu im gamoTqmis uaryofiT formaSi gaday-

vana ar ZaluZs.

am sagangebod utrirebuli Sefasebis miuxedavad qarTuli is-

toriuli diskursisTvis es debuleba ZiriTadad misaRebad unda

miviCnioT.

oriod sityva vTqvaT Sinaarsobriv erTeulTa klasebsa da maT

Tanmimdevrul SeerTebaze. pirveli klasi moicavs diskursis yvela

segments, romlebic metaforulad erT implicitur aRsaniSnTan

gvagzavnian. maT indeqsebi an niSnebi vuwodoT.

qarTul istoriul diskursSi, vTqvaT, JamTaaRmwerlis Txzu-

lebaSi, sityvebi: “nayrovaneba”, “Wama-sma”, “gaZRoma”, “gasuqeba” Tavi-

anTi pirvandeli mniSvnelobiT arc gamoiyeneba. isini, bibliur ma-

galiTTa fonze, gvgzavnis rogorc materialur, ise (SesaZloa, upi-

ratesadac ki) _ sulier dacemasTan. amgvar nimuSTa moZieba Zneli

ar aris.

meore klasSi pirobiTad erTiandeba fragmentebi, romelTac

msjelobis, silogizmebis, entimemebis forma aqvT.

qarTul istoriul diskursSi ZiriTadad kategoriuli si-

logizmebi gvxvdeba. aq istoriuli diskursi, rogorc wesi, saRvTis-

metyvelo diskurss erwymis: “arave damSvidna qveyana, arca ra iqmna

lxineba kacTa ukeTurebisaTvis mkvidrTa misTasa”, vinaidan “yovel-

man asakman da yovelman pativman Sescodes RmerTsa”, saidanac gamom-

dinareobs, rom “eri, romeli savse ars usjuloebiTa... ara ars mas

Sina sicocxle” (cxovreba mefeT-mefe daviTisi, gv. 118); radgan ar

SevinaneT, “arca gulisxma vyavT, arca jerovnad moviqeciT gzaTa

mimarT”, “amisTvisca qveyaniT mavalTa borotTa zeda sxvanica saSinele-

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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bani zegardamoni, RmrTisa mier movlinebulni gvemani moiwivnes qvey-

anasa Cvensa zeda”, raTa aravis Seeparos eWvi da darwmundes, rom es

risxva RvTisganaa da ara _ ubralo damTxveva (iqve, 119) da mrava-

li sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom silogizmebi istoriul diskursSi

specifikurad ar iTvleba. maT ufro romanebSi vxvdebiT, sadac

siuJetis mkveTri cvla mkiTxvelis TvalSi marTldeba silogis-

turi tipis fsevdomsjelobebiT.

Sinaarsobriv erTeulTa klass axasiaTebs mTxrobelobiTi

funqcia anu siuJetis gardamtexi momenti, roca siuJeturi xazis

ganviTareba dilemis winaSe dgeba. xSirad es funqciebi erT dax-

Sul seriad, erT epizodad gadaiqceva xolme. SesaZloa isini dayos

am epizodTan sruliad dacilebulma erTeulma, sxva epizodis el-

ementebma an meorexarisxovanma damatebebma.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia JamTaaRmwerlis

diskursi:

qarTvelebi umefod darCnen. alamutis cixisaTvis maTi laSqari

mongolTa mxardamxar ibrZvis. mulidebma RamiT mzinare CaRata

noini mokles. mongolebma qarTvelebs daabrales, “amas yovelni

ucilod daamtkicebdis”. aRSfoTebuli mongolebi qarvelTa ba-

nakis darbevas izraxaven. qarTvelebi mcireni arian da brZolas

amaod miiCneven. RvTismSobels SesTxoven Svelas. “moaxloebul iyvnes

barbarozni igi, uwyalod mspolavni qarTvelTa”. maSin gamodis

mulidi da CaRatas mokvlas aRiarebs, RvTismSobelma Camagona sima-

rTlis Tqmao. morali erTia: qristes sjulis Seuryevlad dacva

yvelaze kritikul momentSic ki xsnis garantiaa. am fragmentiT,

romelic mravalTagan erT-erTia, xazi esmeba qarTuli istoriuli

diskursis mniSvnelobis or dones: gadmocemuli masalis imanentur

dones, romelic gulisxmobs yvela mniSvnelobas, romelTac istori-

kosi faqts miawers (vTqvaT, moralur-politikuri Segonebani) da

dones, romelsac mivyavarT istoriis iseT filosofiasTan, sadac

adamianTa samyaro RvTis kanons emorCileba (JamTaaRmwerelTan es

“kanoni” providencializmia).

istoriul diskursSi mniSvnelobis moZiebis procesi yovelTvis

miemarTeba istoriis sazrisis gafarToebas, Sevsebas: istorikosi

agrovebs ara imdenad faqtebs, aramed _ maT aRmniSvnelT, cdilobs

miakvlios romelime pozitiur mniSvnelobas da seriulobis sica-

riele Seavsos.

istoriuli diskursi Tavisi struqturiT, uwinaresad,

ideologiuri, ufro zustad, warmosaxviTi konstruqciaa: warmo-

gia joxaZe

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saxva is enaa, romliTac diskursis gamgzavni (wminda enobrivi arse-

ba) “avsebs” gamoTqmis subieqts (fsiqologiur-ideologiur arse-

bas). amitomac hbadebs istoriuli faqtis cneba urwmunobas. jer

kidev nicSe werda: “ar arsebobs faqti, rogorc aseTi. faqtis

gasaCenad jer misTvis raRac mniSvnelobis micemaa aucilebeli”. im

wamidan, roca saqmeSi ena erTveba, faqti mxolod tavtologiad Tu

gamogvadgeba, radgan moxseniebuli gamomdinareobs moxseniebis Rir-

si faqtidan. moxseniebis Rirsi ki mxolod RirsSesaniSnavia. esaa

paradoqsi, romliTac istoriuli dikursis mTeli sistema regu-

lirdeba: faqti mxolod enaSi arsebobs, magram yovelive ise xdeba,

TiTqos misi arseboba sadRac sxvagan arsebuli, arastruqturire-

buli sferos asli iyos.

istoriuli diskursisTvis niSandoblivia sakmaod idumali

dualizmi: jer referenti gamoeyofa diskurss da miiCneven, rom isaa

yovelives warmmarTveli; esaa res gestae _ “saqme”, “qmedeba”, maSin,roca diskursi mxolod “qmedebis aRweraa” anu Historia rerum ge-starum. Semdeg ki aRsaniSni ganidevneba da referents erwymis.

amdenad, istoriuli diskursi ar asaxavs sinamdviles, mxolod

aRniSnavs mas.

TxrobiTi istoria genetikurad ukavSirdeba beletristul

monaTxrobs. misi Zirebi Zvel literaturul nawarmoebebSi iZebne-

ba. am istoriisaTvis niSandoblivia specifikuri forma, romelic

gansakuTrebiT uaxlovdeba biografias da eyrdnoba tradiciul

metaforebs. misi struqtura anTropomorfulia, romelic metafo-

rad aqcevs sinamdviles, warmodgenils calkeuli adamianisa Tu

xalxis, saxelmwifos, institutebis, Temis bedis saxiT. mas aqvs

Tavisi dasawyisi da dasasruli, rogorc adamians, romelic ibadeba

da kvdeba. am struqturas aqvs Tavisi genezisi (Tavisi mama-papa) da

mTavari mizani _ arsi, finali. genezisis metafora fetiSad iqceva,

mizani ki _ kerpad (voicex vJozeki 1991:192; Ppomiani 1984:40).

........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Zneli saTqmelia, erT statiaSi ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli qarTu-

li istoriuli diskursis perspeqtivebis mosazRvra, magram ucil-

oa, rom Tu gvsurs, Tanamedrove humanitaruli mecnierebis cnobiere-

ba ar aRiqmebodes raRac Soreul ucxo qimerad, mis enaze laparaki

unda viswavloT, Tundac es enis adgmis mtanjvel process anu

xelmeored dabadebas udrides.

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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literatura

gutneri 2007: Ãóòíåð Ã.Á., Òåîðåòè÷åñêèé ôèëîñîôñêèé äèñêóðñ,http: // www.philosophy. ru /library/ discurs/guthner.html

prixodko 2005: Yaroslav Prykhodko, Performing the self in the discourseof History: The american Revolution and memoir writing 1770-s-1840-s, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 2005

barti 2003 ; ROLAND BARTHES THE DISCOURSE OF HISTORY,translated by Stephen Bann. Comparative Criticism, 3 (1981)

qarTuli proza 1982: w. III, Tbilisi.

voicex vJozeki 1991: Âîéöåõ Âæîçåê, Èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ êàê èãðà

ìåòàôîð: Ñóäüáû «íîâîé èñòîðè÷åñêîé íàóêè». Îäèññåé:

×åëîâåê â èñòîðèè/ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. Èí-ò âñåîáù. èñòîðèè. Ì.

Êóëüòóðíî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ ñåãîäíÿ.

pomiani 1984: Pomian K. L’ordre du temps. P.

Gia Jokhadze

Rolan Barth and the Georgian Historical Discourse

Historical discourse involves two regular types of shifters. The first typecomprises what we might call the shifters of listening. In addition to the eventreported, discourse mentions at the same time the act of the informer, and thespeech of the utterer which is related to it. This form of shifter thus designates anyreference to the historian's listening, collecting testimony from elsewhere andtelling it in his own discourse. Listening made explicit represents a choice, for it ispossible not to refer to it at all; it brings the historian closer to the anthropologist,in so far as he mentions the source of his information. The listening shifter isobviously not distinctive to historical discourse: it is found frequently in conversa-tion, and in certain expository devices used in the novel (such as anecdotes whichare taken from fictional sources of information mentioned in the text). The sec-ond type of shifter comprises all the explicit signs whereby the utterer - in thiscase, the historian - organizes his own discourse, taking up the thread or modify-ing his approach in some way in the course of narration: that is to say, where heprovides explicit points of reference in the text. This is an important type of

gia joxaZe

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shifter, and there can be many different ways of 'organizing' discourse according-ly; but these different instances can all be subsumed under the principle that eachshifter indicates a movement of the discourse in relation to its matter, or moreprecisely a movement in relation to the sequence of its matter, rather like theoperation of the temporal and locational deictics 'here is/there is'. Thus we cancite as cases where the shifter affects the flow of utterances: the effect of immo-bility, that of returning to an earlier stage, that of coming back again, that ofstopping dead, and that of announcing. The second point also reminds us, in itswe, that this type of discourse - though linear in its material form - when it is faceto face with historical time, undertakes (so it would appear the role of amplifyingthe depth of that time. We become aware of what we might call a zig-zag or saw-toothed history. Historical discourse is familiar with two general types of inaugu-ration in the first place, there is what we might call the performative opening forthe words really perform a solemn act of foundation; the model for this is poetic,the sing of the poets.

In the article we have tried to find similar positions in the Georgian histori-cal discourse.

rolan barti da qarTuli istoriuli diskursi

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s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .

naTela arvelaZe

Teatris semiotika

Teatris ena

mecnierebaTa integraciis pirobebSi neb-

ismieri dargis ganviTarebisaTvis niSan-

doblivi xdeba SesaZlebeli gaxsniloba.

humanitaruli mecnierebis erTi dargis miR-

wevebi, TiToeuli mecnieris mignebani ara

marto am mimarTulebis aRmoCena xdeba, aramed

uswrafesad zemoqmedebs sxvadasxva mecni-

er-specialistTa Ziebebze, gamohkveTs kidec

amgvar urTierTgamdidrebis mniSvnelobas

saerTod mecnieruli azrovnebis evoluci-

isTvis. humanitaruli mecnierebis dRevan-

deli etapisTvis agreTve damaxasiaTebelia

specifikuri problemebis kvleva saerTo-

globaluri miRwevebis konteqstiT, amasTanave,

specifikur sakiTxTa Seswavla, saerTo ”Semx-

ebi wertilebis” Zieba da amiT kvlevis

formaTa ganvrcoba-gaRrmaveba. amgvari midg-

oma samyaros, adamianis, sociumis, saxelmwi-

fos, kulturis da sxvaTa Semecnebisadmi

cxadyofs, ramdenad daCqarda da siRrmiseu-

li svlebiT gamoirCeva TiToeuli mima-

rTulebis mecnierTa moRvaweoba, ramac gan-

viTarebis ufro maRali faza warmoqmna da,

Tavis mxriv, gamokveTa TiToeuli dargis

miRwevaTa masStabi. informaciuli bumis

epoqam, erTsa da imave dros, gaarTula, daaC-

qara da cnobaTa simravle-siWrelem gaaio-

la TiToeuli mecnieris moRvaweoba, ramac

xelovnebis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, SoTa

rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis sruli profe-

sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

msaxiobi, reJisori, repe-

ticia (1978). Teatris

istoriis swavlebis sak-

iTxisaTvis (2002); Te-

atrmcodneobis kvlevis

formebi (speqtakl "sam-

Soblos" Seswavla rekon-

struqciis meTodiT)

(1998); Teatrze da ara

mxolod... (2006).

interesTa sfero: saTe-

atro kritikis formaTa

transformaciis proble-

ma; Teatris istoriis

Seswavla Tanamedrove mec-

nieruli mignebebis kon-

teqstiT; saTeatro sako-

munikacio enis sxvadasx-

va aspeqti; Teatris semi-

otika.

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TavisTavad wamoWra araerTi, aqamde SeuniSnavi an nakleb sagulisx-

mod miCneuli problemebi. WeSmaritebas moklebuli ar unda iyos

erTi aspeqtis miTiTebac. amJamad SeiniSneba, erTi mxriv, sakiTxTa

kompleqsuri kvlevisadmi midrekileba, informaciis simravlis mizez-

iTac ki problemis masStaburi gaazreba da, imavdroulad, viwro-

specifikur aspeqtTa Tanaarseboba. kvlevis amgvari mravalsaxeoba

amdidrebs ara marto saerTod mecnierul azrovnebas, aramed axal

Tvalsazrissac badebs TviT fundamentur problemaTa Taobazec ki,

axal midgomas ayalibebs RirebulebaTa sistemis mimarTac. am mxriv

gansakuTrebulad sagulisxmoa XX saukunis humanitarul mecniere-

baTa miRwevebi, filosofosTa, fsiqologTa, sociologTa, enaTmecni-

erTa, literaturaTmcodneTa da sxvaTa kvlevis Sedegebi. maTi naS-

romebis gacnobis Sedegad gaRrmavda da mniSvnelovnad gamdidrda

TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis formebi, gind semiotikis mignebaTa ga-

ziarebis Sedegad, gindac speqtaklis, rogorc saTeatro teqstis,

sxvadasxva aspeqtis SeswavlisaTvis.

* * *

Teatrmcodneobis, rogorc humanitaruli mecnierebis suver-

enuli Senakadis ganviTarebisaTvis udidesi roli Sesarula Teat-

ris mecnierTa germanulma skolam. maqs hermanis, artur kuCeris,

karl nisenis da sxvaTa moRvaweobis wyalobiT ganviTarebis axal

safexurze aRmoCnda Teatrmcodneoba, rogorc Teatris Semswavle-

li prioritetuli dargi (inasariZe 1995:118). dasaxelebul mecni-

erTa damsaxurebaa, rom ganisazRvra Teatrmcodneobis kvlevis amocana,

sagani, meTodi. Teatrmcodneobis kvlevis sagnad maT mier aRiarebu-

lia speqtakli da ara drama, rogorc manamde iyo umetesad miCneu-

li. nebismieri pirvelwyaro (piesa, scenari, inscenireba da a.S)

mxolod saSualebaa sasceno nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. misi Seswav-

la literaturaTmcodneTa prerogativaa, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom

nebismier mkvlevars, maT Soris, Teatrmcodnesac, aekrZalos dramis

ama Tu im aspeqtis Seswavla. aq mxolod prerogativa igulisxmeba

da ara mkacri gamijvna. dramaturgia, rogorc literaturuli Jan-

ri, Seswavlis specifikur saxeobas iTxovs, rac mkveTrad gansx-

vavdeba speqtaklis, rogorc axali mTlianobis Seswavlis formeb-

isagan. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Teatrmcodneobis kvlevis sagani speqtak-

lia, sasceno Semoqmedeba, misi struqtura, bilateraluri komuni-

Teatris ena

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286

kaciis formebia. speqtakls, rogorc vizualur-verbalur aqts aqvs

sakuTari specifikuri sakomunikacio ena, romlis saSualebiTac

amyarebs Teatri kontaqts darbazTan, am enis SemweobiT zemoqmedebs

mayurebelze da ”adamianTa am ubralo raodenobas publikad gada-

aqcevs” (streleri 1984:27). speqtaklis sakomunikacio ena ki

cocxali sasceno qmedebaa. Teatris specifikuri enis arseboba

iseTive realobaa, rogorc xelovnebis nebismieri dargisa.

Teatris specifikuri sametyvelo ena, cocxali sasceno qmedeba,

rogorc nebismieri ena, sakuTar samyaros qmnis (i. lotmani). am

samyaros SecnobiT, SemecnebiT, SeswavliT xdeba aramarto sasceno

qmnilebis Sefaseba, aramed mayurebelze zemoqmedebis koeficientis

gansazRvrac. es procesi garTulebulia Tavad kvlevis obieqtis,

speqtaklis, efemeruli bunebiT (es sakiTxis erTi mxarea, masze

amjerad ar SevCerdebi).

saTeatro xelovneba, sasceno sanaxaoba, rogorc sinTezuri

xelovneba, rogorc Senakadur sistemaTa urTierTzemoqmedebiT ar-

sebuli axali mTlianoba, universaluri sakomunikacio saSualebiT

urTierTobs sociumTan. es vizualur-verbaluri enaa da is sajar-

od xorcieldeba aseuli an aTaseuli mayureblisTvis, rogorc _

TanaSemqmnelisaTvis. es ena sayovelTaod misaRebi da gasagebia, erT-

gvari ”esperantoa”, SesaZloa, Targmans naklebad saWiroebs. amito-

macaa, rom Teatri, miT ufro dramatuli Teatri, Tavisi bunebiTa da

miswrafebiT demokratiulia, sajaroobasTan erTad, saerTo-saxalxo

dResaswaulis mfeTqavi muxtis matarebeli moculobaa (darbazis

Sinagani gaerTianeba, adamianTa erToba, am erTad yofniT mayurebelTa

suliskveTebis erTi mimarTulebiT spontanuri organizeba, adamian-

Ta reqciis urTierTze gadacemis gaZlierebiT darbazis aRtkineba,

sajarod gamoxatuli emociis azvirTeba qmnis dResaswaulis Seg-

rZnebas, romelic TavisTavad ritualia). amasTanave, speqtakli Sesa-

Zlebelia ganvixiloT, rogorc saTeatro teqsti, romlis wakiTxva,

amocnoba, gaSifrva, iseve SesaZlebelia, rogorc nebismieri teqstisa:

”teqsti aris mosazrebaTa gamoTqmis Tanmimdevroba, axdens saerTo

TemiT dakavSirebuli informaciis miwodebas, flobs simwyobrisa

da mTlianobis Tvisebebs... sityva ”teqsts” aqvs rTuli da gan-

Stoebuli etimologia (laT. textum - qsovili, tansacmeli, kavSiri,

gaerTianeba, aRnagoba, marcvali, ena, stili; textus - Cawnva, struqtura,mwyobri Txroba; texo - qsova, dawnva, SeTxzva, akinZva, Sexameba)”(rudnevi 2001:457). es ganmarteba savsebiT Seesabameba sasceno qm-

nilebasac - speqtaklsac da sruliad dasaSvebad mimaCnia amgvari

naTela arvelaZe

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cnebis damkvidreba TeatrmcodneobaSic. amdenad, mecnierebis sxva-

dasxva ganStoebaTa mignebebi SesaZlebelia da, sruliad bunebrivia,

rom saTeatro teqstis, anu sasceno sanaxaobis (speqtaklis) Ses-

wavlis erT-erT saSualebad iqces.

speqtakli, rogorc nebismieri xelovnebiseuli teqsti, daS-

ifruli koduri sistemiT arsebuli yofierebaa, romelic Semecneb-

isaTvis arsebobs. samarTlianad aRniSnavs nikolai berdiaevi, rom

”Semecneba yofierebis saidumloebaSi, cxovrebis misteriaSi garkve-

vis cdaa. Semecneba sinaTlea, romelmac yofierebidan yofierebaSi

gaibrwyina... religiuri gamocdileba niSnavs, rom yofiereba Tavs

umJRavnebs Semmecnebels...yofierebis saidumloeba misawvdomia mx-

olod adamianSi da adamianis meSveobiT, sulieri gamocdilebiTa da

sulieri cxovrebiT” (berdiaevi 2004:8). amdenad, teqstis, Cvens

SemTxvevaSi saTeatro teqstis, speqtaklis, Semecneba mis saidum-

loebaSi, _ am misteriaSi garkvevis, misi enis amokiTxvis, kodur

sistemaTa, niSanTa gaSifvris mcdelobaa. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxveva-

Sic ”teqstis gacocxleba” (barti) Tavis mniSvnelobas ar kargavs,

ufro metic, am procesis variantuloba damokidebelia teqstis

gacocxlebis dausrulebel SesaZlebobaze, rac niSanTa sistemis

gaSifvriT mimdinareobs.

speqtakli sami partituris (azrobriv, grZnobaTa, fizikur

partituraTa) erTobliobiT ganxorcielebuli vizualur-verbal-

uri aqtia. amdenad, misi Secnoba samive partituris gacnobierebiT

aris SesaZlebeli. literaturuli teqstis (dramis) Teatraluri

analizis Sedegad, damdgmeli gundi, uwinaresad, adgens azrobriv

partituras, romelic realizebulia saqcielTa rigiT, fizikuri

(plastikuri) partituriT. radganac fizikuri moqmedeba TavisTa-

vad fsiqo-fizikuri moqmedebaa, amitomac misi SemweobiT ibadeba,

vlindeba grZnobaTa bunebac. amdenad, azrobriv, grZnobaTa da fiz-

ikur moqmedebaTa erToblioba sanaxaobaSi motivirebulia da vlin-

deba fizikuri, vizualuri partituriT. es partitura, fizikur

moqmedebaTa mTliani sistema ”inaxavs”, ireklavs, warmoaCens sanax-

aobis interpretaciis mTlian speqtrs. uwinaresad, masSia kodire-

buli is motivacia, risTvisac daidga swored es piesa, Seiqmna

inscenireba, scenari da a.S. radganac speqtakli xelovnebiseuli

qmnilebaa, is mxatvruli saxeebiT, xatovani koduri sistemiT, saxi-

er niSanTa erTobliobiT arsebuli realobaa. mxatvruli gadawyve-

tis principi iZens gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas da is realizebulia

martiv, rTul, Sedgenil, mravalsaxovan, ambivalentur niSanTa siste-

Teatris ena

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miT. am niSanTa sistemis erToblioba zemoqmedebs mayurebelze da

maTi amokiTxva, amocnoba, analizi, Sefaseba iseve SesaZlebelia, rogorc

_ nebismieri teqstisa, enisa, niSanTa sistemisa.

saTeatro teqsti, niSanTa sistema garkveuli saliteraturo

teqstis qargazea amozrdili, misgan sazrdoobs da misi uaryofis

uaryofiT (sityva vizualuri partituraqmediTi sityva) xorcield-

eba, amasTanave, xdeba sibrtyeze arsebuli sityvis transformacia

sivrcobriv ganzomilebaSi, rac iwvevs sityvis axali Tvisebis war-

moCenasac. amdenad, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom darbazze zemoqmedeba

oretapuri komunikaciis saxeobacaa. rogorc aRiniSna, saTeatro

teqsti, speqtakli, vizualur-verbaluri aqtia da orive plastis

niSanTa sistemaSi, rogorc vizualuri, aseve verbaluri saxis sas-

ceno komponentebi monawieloben”. sasceno qmedebis mTlian siste-

maSi garkveuli doziT ”monawielobs” scenografia, musika, qoreografia,

butaforia, ganaTebisa da xmauris partitura da a.S. TiToeuli

komponenti misi bunebisaTvis organuli svliT ”erTveba” sasceno

qmedebis erTian procesSi. am konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiTac xdeba

gamosaxvis formaTa Secnoba-Seswavla-Sefaseba. radganac mayurebels,

umetesad, sanaxaobis scenografia ”xvdeba” da mas ”Sehyavs” darbazi

im mikrosamyaroSi, romelic didi realobis anareklia”, amitomac,

upirvelesad, reJisorisa da mxatvris erToblivi mignebis formas

ganvixilav, raTa TvalsaCino gaxdes, rom yoveli sasceno niSani,

niSanTa sistema avtonomiur mniSvnelobasTan erTad, konteqstis

SemweobiTac arsebobs scenaze da, amdenad, ambivalenturia TavisTa-

vad.

* * *

xe da misi variaciebi. speqtaklebi: ”in’tiranos” (Sileris

”yaCaRebi”, rusTavelis Teatri, reJisori aleqsandre axmeteli, mx-

atvari irakli gamrekeli, 1933 weli); ”godos molodini” (semuel

beketi ”godos molodini”, rusTavelis Teatri, reJisori robert

sturua, mxatvari mirian SveliZe, 2002 weli).

rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, niSanTa universaluri sta-

tusis erT-erTi matarebelia xe: sicocxlis xe, samoTxis xexecno-

badisa, samyaros RerZis mimaniSnebeli xe, (misi kosmologiuri azriT),

da a.S. mas xSirad mimarTaven reJisorebi da mxatvrebi, qmnian erT-

gvar miTosur, sakralur, ritualur niSans, romelic scenaze ara

naTela arvelaZe

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marto ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad arsebobs, aramed masSi kodirebulia

azrobrivi partituris mniSvnelovani informaciac, interpretaciis

arsic, igi zogjer biZgs aZlevs saxieri plastikuri monaxazis

dabadebasac ki (magaliTad, sofiko Wiaurelis personaJis cekva,

misi rolis plastikuri monaxazi aRmocenda reJisorisa da mx-

atvris mier mignebuli euli, gadazneqili, caSi atyorcnili to-

tiani xis figurisagan, perialisi, ”bafTiani gogona”, marjaniSvilis

Teatri, reJisori anzor quTaTelaZe, mxatvari oTar liTaniSvili,

1962 weli). rogorc aRvniSne, scenaze xe, misi forma msaxiobis

gamomsaxvel saSualebaTaTvis biZgis mimcemia, zogjer sociumis zneo-

brivi atmosferos mimaTiTebeli detalia, zogjer dekoris, an, ubralod,

CuqurTmis saxeoba, zogjer personaJTa bunebrivi urTierTobisa da

grZnobaTa sisavsis TanamgrZnobi mocemuloba (magaliTad, ana kareni-

nasa da vronskis gaseirneba xasxasa mwvaniT SefeTqil baRSi, rom-

lis iluzias xis totebi qmnian, isini TiTqos TanaugrZnoben da

mfarveloben mis idumal ganmartoebas. lev tolstois ”ana karen-

ina” mixeil TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa Teatri, re-

Jisori giorgi sixaruliZe, mxatvari daviT afciauri, ana - nineli

WankvetaZe, vronski - giorgi pipinaSvili, 2001 weli). yovel

calkeul SemTxvevaSi xe mxatvruli gadawyvetis nawilia, zogjer -

dominanturi, zogjer - marginaluri, magram yovelTvis konteqstiT

aRsaqmeli, zusti informaciis matarebeli da ambivalenturi.

aleqsandre axmetelma Sileris ”yaCaRebi” misi qvesaTauriT

dadga - ”in’tiranos!” tiraniis winaaRmdeg! warmodgenis saTauri

TavisTavad miuTiTebs aqtiur moqmedebaze, gulisxmobs dapirispire-

bulTa brZolas, urTierTgamomricxav sawyisTa arsebobas da a.S.

aSkarad antifeodaluri piesa erTgvarad agvirgvinebs feodaluri

aristokratiis uflebaTa SezRudva-nivelirebis im brZolas,

aRorZinebis epoqis gariJraJze rom wamoiwyes progresulad

moazrovne humanistebma da ganmanaTlebobis epoqaSi axal fazaSi

rom aRmoCnda. tiraniis winaaRmdeg amboxebul studentTa ambavi XX

saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gaTamaSda, rogorc epoqis suliskveTebis

wiaRidan aRmocenebuli siuJeti. rogorc dokumenturi masala gvi-

dasturebs, axmetelisaTvis umTavresi aRmoCnda ori dapirispire-

buli mxaris ideologiis, azrovnebis sistemis, cxovrebis wesis,

zneobrivi sawyaos urTierTgamomricxavi arseboba. personaJebis

poziciaTa dapirispirebis warmoCeniT, reJisori modernuli epoqis

umTavres konfliqts agnebda (masze agebda piesis interpretaciis

Teatris ena

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saxeobas), romelmac Semdgom mkafiod gansazRvra kidec inteleqtu-

aluri dramis, inteleqtualuri Teatris TvisebaTa sawyao.

speqtaklis moqmedeba mimdinareobda moorebis sasaxleSi, tav-

ernasa da tyeSi, sadac amboxebuli studentoba gaixizna. tye gamo-

saxuli gaxldaT didi, maRali, ganStoebuli, fesvebgadaxsnili, fes-

vebdakoJrili, fuRuroebiT daserili, Sinaganad gamofituli, uZve-

lesi xiT. igi mTel sasceno sivrces avsebda. xe, erTi mxriv, tyis

asociacias qmnida, meore mxriv ki, miuTiTebda im samyaros, im siste-

mis moZvelebul, gamofitul, degradirebul arsebobaze, romlis adepta-

dac is axla moiazreboda. tyis niSani-simbolo da siZvelis, Sina-

ganad gamompali realobis niSani-simbolo iqca am speqtaklis mx-

atvruli gadawyvetis, interpretaciis, TamaSis wesis gamomxatvel

mignebad (aRaras vambob wminda esTetikur Rirebulebaze).

xis maRali, ganieri fuRuroebiT daserili tani cnobiswadil-

iT aRavsebda darbazs da, amavdroulad, idumal ganwyobasac badebda.

am fuRuroebidan amoxtebodnen xolme amboxebuli axalgazrdebi,

zogis farTofarflebiani qudi Canda, zogis mxolod qsoviliT

gadaxveuli Tavi ilandeboda, zogi mTliani torsiT amosxlteboda,

zogic haerSi mklavgaSliT avlenda amboxebis Jins. vizualurad

zustad gaTvlili da sivrceSi gantotvili amboxebulTa figurebi

eqspresiis siSmagiT, temperamentiTa da kiJiniT gamoxatavdnen gare

sivrcesTan, gare samyarosTan dapirispirebis garduvalobas, maT

Seurigeblobas, brZolisaTvis maT mzadyofnas. Sinaganad gamompali

xis fuRuroebis binadari axalgazrdoba asocirdeboda feodalTa

saukunovani privilegiebiT, wodebrivi cenzis upiratesobiT SezRudu-

li sociumis im fenasTan, romelsac aRar surda am kontrastis

daSveba, am realobis miReba. "daCaCanakebuli", saukunovani yofiT

gamofituli xe da energiiT, brZolis JiniT, dauokebeli tempera-

mentiT aboboqrebuli axalgazrdoba – es kontrasti TvalSisacemi

gaxldaT. aq xe subieqtis mniSvnelobas iZenda, is garkveuli ierar-

qiis gamomxatvelic xdeboda, amasTanave, vizualurad dasturdeboda

siZvelisagan moryeulis, rogorc dabrkolebis arseboba, rac cik-

luri ganviTarebis Semaferxebel realobas mianiSnebda. niSani-sim-

bolo adamianTa am eqspresiis, siuJeturi qargis konteqstiT ukve

metaforis rangSi maRldeboda da garkveuli urTierTobis, warsu-

li-awmyo-momavlis Sepirispirebis SinaarsiT, damdgmeli gundis

erTiani poziciis gamomxatveli xdeboda. informaciis sizuste

gaTvlili gaxldaT. sanaxaobis mxatvruli gadawyvetis principi

aq akumulirebuli iyo adamianTa jgufisa da xis, rogorc maTi

naTela arvelaZe

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energiis Semakavebel winaaRmdegobaze (ukve uniaTo, ganwirul winaaRm-

degobaze!). guSindeli da xvalindeli samyaro dRes amgvari dapir-

ispirebis fazaSi imyofeboda! is Tavis TavSi (fuRuroebi!) atareb-

da lpobis, gardacvalebis, ganridebis muxts. tiraniis winaaRmdeg

amxedrebuli axalagazrdebi am Sinaganad dauZlurebuli, uperspeq-

tivo arsebobisaTvis ganwiruli xis fuRuroebidan, rogorc dax-

Suli wridan, Caketili sivrcidan, sibnelidan iswrafodnen simaRl-

isaken, gaSlili sivrcisaken, sinaTlisaken – Tavisuflebisaken. ma-

Joruli intonacia modernuli epoqis suliskveTebiT suldgmu-

lobda.

robert sturuas speqtaklSic Cndeba xe da igi, umetesad,

unayofo, ganZarcvuli, stiqiis Semotevisagan foToldacvenilia, euli

arsebobisaTvis ganwirulia. Tumca, rampasTan misi arseboba, erTgvarad,

dominantis rangs ganusazRvravs da ironiasTan erTad SeSfoTebis

mauwyebelic xdeba. aseTi gaxlavT xe speqtaklebSi: "Ralati", "mere

ra, rom svelia sveli iasamani" (am warmodgenebSi maT funqciur

datvirTvaze amjerad ar SevCerdebi). metad sainteresoa xe

speqtaklSi "godos molodini". Mmarcxniv, scenis Suaxazze gayuCebulia

StoebiT daxunZluli xe. mimqrali ferebiT xelovnurad aWrelebuli

xe emijneba kidec sicocxlis xes, radganac SeuniRbavad, aSkarad

xelovnuria. amasTanave, saaxalwlo naZvis xesaviT morTulis

STabeWdilebas axdens, erTgvarad, stilizebul natvris xedac aRiqmeba.

(naZvis xe xom molodinTan, axali wlis, ukeTesi wlis, Svebis momgvreli

momavlis arsebobasTan asocirdeba). erTsa da imave dros es aris

biologiuri xec da xazgasmiT gamogonilic, arabunebrivic, magram am

sasicocxlo sivrceSi realurad arsebuli. Ppedalizebulad

xelovnuri xe raRac idumalis, miraJis, miRmuri samyaros asociacias

iwvevs, misi avtonomiuri arseboba mainc azrobrivi partituris

nivTmtkicebad gvevlineba. misi Sinagani Tviseba (endogenuri) da

garegnuli (ekzogenuri) warmomavloba asociaciiT bibliuri xiskenac

"agzavnis" mayureblis gonebas. mimqrali SuqiT ganaTebuli, xis totebSi

Camaluli, mravalferovani "vitraJebiT" aWrelebuli, moxdenili,

gantotvili xe mainc unayofod gamoiyureba. amdenad, igi codviT

dacemis miTosuri ambis sawyisad ver gamodgeba. xe iseTive miraJia,

rogorc _ godos molodini, is iseTive mSvenieri zmanebaa, rogorc

godos molodini, is iseTive unayofo da fuWia, rogorc _ godos

molodini, iseTive miuwvdomelia, rogorc Tavad godo. realurisa

da irealuris mijnaze arsebuli xe TavisTvad miTis, SeTxzulis

grafikuli gamosaxvis mcdelobacaa.

Teatris ena

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xelovnurad aWrelebuli da farTod gantotvili, aqoCrili

xe misi Tandayolili arsisagan (bunebrivi) gaucxoebisa da

gamousadegari sibrZnis (nayofi irealuria) simbiozadac SeiZleba

miviCnioT. ekleqtika zedapirze Zevs, rogorc _ postmodernizmis

"nivTmtkiceba". sasceno qmedebis procesSi xe aqtiurad ar

"monawileobs", ar "erTveba" sasceno TxrobaSi, is arsebobs TavisTvad,

avtonomiurad, rogorc dekori, CuqurTma, sxva realobis gancdisaTvis

Seqmnili kulturuli gamocdileba, informaciis damatebiTi wyaro.

Tandayolili da warmoqmnili ideebis (nativizmisa da empiriulis)

TanaarsebobiT, dakavSirebiT, bunebriobisagan gaucxoebiT Seqmnilia,

realobis mkacri usulgulobis, imedgacruebis SemaSfoTebeli suraTi.

maJorul intonacias Seenacvla daeWvebis, ganxibvlis tonaloba.

piesa iSva im epoqaSi, roca gaCnda ara bzari adamianis miswrafebasa

da realobas Soris, aramed _ ufskruli. inteleqtualurma adamianma

sevdisa da tkivilis nazaviT amoikvnesa: "RmerTebs sZinavT!" "RmerTi

mokvda!" Tayvaniscema sayvedurma Secvala, imedianobas daeWveba

Seenacvla. speqtakli am intonaciis matarebeli realobaa (rudnevi

2001:166).

pirvel SemTxvevaSi aleqsandre axmetelma brZolis JiniT,

realobis Secvlis imediani suliskveTebis warmoCeniT, kacobriobis

im nawilis pozicia gamoxata, romelsac unari da survili hqonda

samyaros saxecvlileba ara evoluciis, aramed revoluciis gziT

ganexorcielebina. es svla kraxiT damTavrda, istoriulma

gamocdilebam es kidev erTxel daadastura. meore SemTxvevaSi, mikro

da globaluri movlenebis Semyure, 37 wlis represiebis, meore

msoflio omis kataklizmebis, daxuruli sazogadoebis Rirsebis

Semlaxavi yofis gamocdilebiT "SeiaraRebuli" reJisori robert

sturua daeWvebisa da ironiis intonaciaTa siWarbiT axdens

postmodernuli samyaros ganwyobaTa adaptacias sasceno ficarnagze.

orive SemTxvevaSi moarul ideaTa, ganwyobaTa sasceno adaptacia

ganxorcielda saliteraturo teqstis Teatraluri analizisa da

"teqstis gacocxlebis", Tavisufali interpretaciis SemweobiT,

Teatris sametyvelo enis gamdidrebiT, niSanTa sistemis gabeduli

transformaciiT. am procesidan, am "wiaRidan" iSva aRniSnuli

speqtaklebis scenografia da, Tavis mxriv, am niSanTa sistemiT,

mxatvruli "detalebiTac" xdeba saTeatro teqstis wakiTxva, niSanTa

sistemis amocnoba-amokiTxva, interpretaciisa da damdgmeli gundis

poziciis Semecneba.

naTela arvelaZe

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* * *

axla vnaxoT speqtaklis kidev erTi vizualuri plasti _

mizanscena rogor itevs da gamoxatavs azrobrivi partituris

pirvelsawyiss.

daviT kldiaSvilis "darispanis gasaWiri". darispani-karoJnas

tandemis erTi aspeqti, rusTavelis Teatris mcire scena, reJisori

– mixeil TumaniSvili, darispani – sergo zaqariaZe. karoJna –

naTela goderZiSvili, 1964 weli. rusTavelis Teatris didi scena;

reJisori robert sturua, darispani – zaza papuaSvili; karoJna –

qeTevan xitiri; 2006 weli;

1958 wels mixeil TumaniSvilis telespeqtakli "darispanis

gasaWiri" kldiaSvilis TeatrisaTvis axali etapis mauwyebeli dadgma

aRmoCnda. Semdeg, rusTavelis Teatris mcire scenaze ganxorcielebuli

warmodgena am ZiebaTa ganvrcobis damadasturebel sanaxaobad SeiZleba

miviCnioT. orive SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri siduxWire reJisorisaTvis

mxolod kritikuli viTarebis TvalsaCino gamZafrebis saSualebas

warmoadgenda da ara umTavres mocemul pirobas. ZiriTadi mocemuli

piroba zneobrivi moryeva gaxldaT, realuri viTarebis Seufasebloba

da TamaSisadmi (ara TamaSis, rogorc aseTis, aramed, Tundac, sakuTari

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gadafasebisa da sxvaTa Tvalis asaxvevad

sakuTari, ararealuri mdgomareobis warmoCenis mcdeloba) midrekileba,

romlis SemweobiTac kldiaSvilis nacnobi personaJebi aqamde ucnobi

feriT, intonaciiT, ritmiTa da kulturis SleifiT warmoCndnen.

personaJi – niRbebi zneobrivi sawyaos moryevis simZimils daufaravad

amxeldnen, damdgmeli gundi amas miiCnevda im periodis sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis mTavar problemad.

scenaze darispani daRlili, magram mainc welgamarTuli

Semodioda. simxneves moCvenebiTi dajerebiT warmoaCenda da

Tavdapirvelad "dardimanduli" simsubuqiT cdilobda marTas winaSe

TamaSs, TandaTan sifrTxile xelidan ecleboda da Tavdacvis

garegnuli niuansebisgan ganZarcvuli, gaSiSvlebuli wardgeboda

Soreuli naTesavis winaSe. siWarmage, mamis pasuxismgebloba, siduxWire,

perspeqtivis ganWvretis unari – darispans modunebis, simSvidis,

waTvlemisa da dasvenebis uflebas ar aZlevda. mas uzenaesis winaSe

valdebuleba hqonda Sesasrulebeli da Zalumad ganicdida morig

imedgacruebas. darispani –zaqariaZe, uwinaresad, mama iyo, soflidan

Teatris ena

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sofelSi sasiZos maZiebeli mSobeli, romelsac qaliSvilis

caluRelad datoveba pirovnul tragediad miaCnda. Aase TamaSobda

msaxiobi darispan qarsiZes. karoJna, er|Ti SexedviT, uiniciativo

ymawyvil qalad Canda. uwinaresad, is qristiani gaxldaT.

gansakuTrebiT, mexuTe mcnebis upirobo Semsrulebeli, magram Zalze

moridebuli qaliSvilis gamoxedva aSkarad avlenda, rom mas Rirsebis

grZnoba ar asvenebda, masSi Sinagani protesti mwifdeboda. ase

TamaSobda msaxiobi karoJna qarsiZes.

Rirsebis Semlaxavi peripetiebis gadatanis Semdgom, marTas

sastumro oTaxSi gasamagzavreblad, morigi sasiZos saZebnelad,

emzadeboda mama-Svili. karoJna Coxa-axaluxs usworebda mamas, yabalaxs

ver amCnevda, cremlnarevi, sevdiani sayveduriT eubneboda: "miagdeb

yovelTvis sadme". mere nela gadioda kulisebSi, fiqrSi CaZiruli

brundeboda, kaeSnian mzeras miapyrobda mdumare da tkiviliT gaTangul

mamas, saqmiani moZraobiT yabalaxs beWebze moaxvevda, Seusworebda

da idga ase garindebuli. Ddarispanis saxeze uxerxuloba, tkivili,

SfoTva, mkrTali imedianoba erTmaneTs Cawvnoda da gadaxlarToda.

xmaSi bzari da TrTola Cadgomoda, mSvidi sayveduriTa da TanagrZnobis

mkrTali gaelvebiT, madlierebis sanacvlod, imedgacruebulis

sacodaobiT gaTanguli, cremliani sayveduriT mimarTavda Svils:

"Sen migagdebde sadme, Svilo, ramenairad da amisTana yabalaxs, Tu

ginda, aTaasss Wiri mouWamia..." (kldiaSvili 1961:416) darispani

win, sivrces gascqeroda, TiTqos, sayvedurs umxelda mas, vis winaSe

valdebulebac aiZulebda Saragzaze xetialiT ezida Tavisi, mZime

jvari. Svilis "dabinaveba" Rirsebis saqmec gaxldaT! NnaTesav-

megobrisgan mitovebuli, misi RalatiT gaognebuli darispani, isev

misgan eloda Semweobas. Tanac, bodiSsac ixdida imis gamo, rom

daundobloba gamoiCina da xmamaRla aRmoTqva gaugonari sayveduri.

mis bageTagan dasxletili – Sen migagdebde sadme, Svilo, -

avismomaswavebel bediswerad JRerda, uneburad, mas isev abrunebda

wreze da mZime jvris satareblad mis mzadyofnasac amxelda, isic

aSkara xdeboda, "rogor funqcionirebs sityva admianis socialur

qcevaSi" (vigotski). vizualuri da verbaluri gamosaxvis mravalSriani,

mravalferovani, polifunqciuri formebi niSanTa erTiani da logikuri

kavSiriT arsebuli sistemiT zemoqmedebda mayurebelze, asociaciuri

nakadis warmoqmniT, scenaze nanaxsa da realobaSi gancdils bunebrivad

ukavSirebda. qarTul sinamdvileSi mama-Svilis, winapari-STamomavlis

urTierToba mkacri reviziis, ironiuli Sefasebisa da SemaSfoTebeli

cinizmis jer kidev obieqti ar gaxldaT.

naTela arvelaZe

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robert sturuas speqtaklSi darispani-karoJnas tandemi

postmodernuli epoqis eqod aRiqmeba. winapari-STamomavlis ierarqiis

damxoba, gaugonari agresia, Ria dapirispireba, sitlanqe, quCis realizmi,

aSkara ironia, qcevaTa naturalizmi – am sanaxaobis azrobrivi

partituris Sesabamisi vizualur-verbaluri partitura gaxlavT.

darispani-karoJna erTgvarad meqanizebuli, unificirebuli, aSkara

agresiuli sistemaa. scenaze kulisebidan nela Cndeba mrgvali sagani.

sibneleSi Zlivs arCev natvris xesTan Semdgar "sferos", mrgvali

sagani "Semogorda" scenaze. TandaTan Tvali eCveva mimqral sinaTles

da sivrceSi gamoikveTa simZimisgan welSi moxrili, tvirTmokidebuli,

Saosani mamakaci. mere naTdeba scena, ixsneba saburveli (rogorc

Zegls Camoxsnian xolme qsovils) da mayureblis Tvalwin warmodgeba,

ufro sworad, irRveva es wre, es erTiani sistema da Cans mamis

zurgs misvenebuli karoJna, romelic Semdeg mamis mxrebze wamoskupul

Jinian asulad gadaiqceva da damoukidebel arsebobas iwyebs. erT

arsebad, erT sferod, erTian sistemad qceuli winapari-STamomavlis

mTlianoba mayureblis Tvalwin iSleba or figurad, or nawilad –

mama calke da Svili – calke. Tavdapirvelad es erTiani sistema

uswormasworo, maram mainc sferos Camohgavda da erTian samyaro

niSan-simbolod aRiqmeboda. mama-Svili, mSobeli-STamomavali, Sinagani

arsiT dakavSirebuli sawyisi da misi gavrcobili saxeoba, sawyisidan

Sobili da sasrulisken mimarTuli es erTianoba gulisxmobs ara

sawyissa da sasruls, aramed maradiuli droiT, sivrciT, moZraobiT

(Canacvleba – kvdoma – dabadebiT), kulturuli konteqstiT,

usasrulo dinamiuri monacvleobiT arsebul mTlianobas. finalSi

karoJna isev miesveneba mamis zurgs da is da tvirTis simZimiT

daoTxili darispani isev erTian sferos qmnian. amasTanave, ritualis

idumalebiT arsebuli es mTlianoba, imavdroulad, maradiuli,

Seuqcevadi, bunebrivi gaxleCisaTvis, gancalkevebisaTvis, gayofisaTvis

"ganwiruli" erTobaa. es kavSiri motivirebulia, idumalia,

ritualuria, TviT danawevrebis procesSic da Semdegac ar wydeba

miziduloba, erTsa da imave dros, farulica da xilulic. msgavseba-

gansxvavebis zRvarze arsebuli es kavSiri, TavisTavad, aris niSani-

simbolo samyaros mTlianobisa, feriscvalebisa da cxovelmyoflobisa.

ramdenime Srisagan Semdgari realoba TandaTan uamrav informacias

awvdis mayurebels. Tanac, erTgvar miTosad yalibdeba Cvens

sasicocxlo sivrceSi (drama imdenjer gamoica, daidga, imdenjer

daiwera masze, rom TavisTavad qarTul miTosad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

Ees Zalze saintereso aspeqtia da calke Seswavlas iTxovs).

Teatris ena

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I Sre – erTiani figura, mrgvali sfero, uswormasworo rkaliT

SemosazRvruli konfiguracia. pirveladi aRqma – moZravi samyaro,

romelic ikargeba dabnelebul sivrceSi, ufro zustad, sibnelidan

(qaosidan), wiaRidan iSva. Semdeg iyo sinaTle. moZravi sfero amorful

konfiguraciad iqca. sibnelidan iSva samyaro erTiani, magram

asimetriuli. pirveli informacia damafiqrebelia.

II Sre – iSva sinaTle. mayureblis winaSe saswauli xdeba:

sferos saburveli Camoexsneba da vxedavT daoTxil mamakacs, tvirTis

simZimes welSi rom gauwyvetia. meore informacia Sokismomgvrelia.

III Sre – zurgsakidebuli tvirTi ymawvili qali aRmoCnda.

utifari qali mamakacis mxrebzea wamoskupuli. mesame informacia

ironiul Rimils iwvevs. mayurebeli ukve RimiliT erTveba am "sasceno

rebusSi" da grZeldeba Semdeg SreTa amocnoba-amokiTxvis procesi.

dadgmis azrobrivi partitura am SemTxvevaSi martivi niSani-

simbolodan ufro rTulisaken gvibiZgebs, TandaTan Sehyavs mayurebeli

am martivi, rTuli, Sedgenili, ambivalenturi niSani-simboloebidan,

metaforaTa sistemidan speqtaklis samyaroSi da mayureblis gonebas

momarTavs am moculobis SemecnebisaTvis, rac, amasTanave, bilateraluri

komunikaciis saSualebasac warmoadgens.

verbalur-vizualur niSanTa sistema ara marto Tavdayira ayenebs

am piesis mimarT mayureblis damokidebulebas, ara marto mxatvruli

"teqstis gacocxlebiT" uCveulo, Tanamedrove regaliebiT daxunZlul

saTeatro teqsts qmnis, aramed ambis Rirebulebebis mimarT axal

Tvalsazriss hbadebs.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi robert sturuam mama-Svilis, winapari-

STamomavlis urTierTobaTa warmosaCenad Tavad am erTiani sistemis

SefasebaSi Seitana koreqtivi, amiT ki gamokveTa misi reviziis

SesaZleblobac. faqtia, rom winapari-STamomavlis sistemam Cvens

sinamdvileSi transformacia ganicada. Tuki TumaniSvili-zaqariaZis

tandemiT darispanis niRbis xerxemals Svilze zrunva warmoadgenda

da mamis pirovnuli mZime jvris tarebas etoleboda, sturua-

papuaSvilis tandemma jvari tvirTiT Secvala, axla mamisTvis karoJna

tvirTad iqca, ramac daamcro Tavad winapari-STamomavlis sistemac,

ramac karoJna moridebuli da moyvaruli ymawvili qalidan agresiul

Sinaberad gadaaqcia.

marTalia, mirCa eliade Samanebs, Semlocvelebsa da saidumlo

sazogadoebaTa warmomadgenlebs gulisxmobs, rodesac miTis

gadmocemasa da maT SemoqmedebiT unarze msjelobs, magram es mosazreba

SesaZlebelia gavrceldes yovel Semoqmedze, radganac, "Semoqmedi

pirovnebis roli ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre es Tavdapirvelad

naTela arvelaZe

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Canda... urTierToba tradiciul sqemebsa da individualur novatorul

gadafasebas Soris maT ar icavs axali saxecvlilebisagan. Zlieri

religiuri pirovnebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad tradiciuli qarga

ganicdis cvalebadobas" (eliade 141). mirCa eliades mosazrebaTa

mniSvneloba zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidanac dasturdeba, rac

gvafiqrebinebs, rom "darispanis gasaWiris" literaturuli teqsti,

iseve, rogorc sxva danarCeni, maradi siaxlisaTvis, axal mosazrebaTa

dabadebisaTvis, qargis cvalebadobisaTvis aris gamiznuli. es procesi

dausrulebelia, imdeni transformaciis SesaZleblobas flobs, ramdeni

Zlieri Semoqmedi-pirovnebac moindomebs mis sasceno adaptacias.

amrigad, saTeatro sakomunikacio ena, misi gamosaxvis formebi,

niSani-simboloebi, metaforaTa sistema da a.S. ara marto saTeatro

teqstis Semecnebis saSualebaa, aramed maTSi kodirebulia damdgmeli

gundis poziciac, msoflSegrZnebac, epoqis Taviseburebac.

literatura

berdiaevi 2004: berdiaevi n. adamiani, RmerTi, Tavisufleba, Tbilisi.

inasariZe 1995: inasariZe k. Teatrismetyveleba, miunxeni.

kldiaSvili 1961: kldiaSvili d. Cveni saukune, qarTuli mwerloba

oc tomad, t. XIV, Tbilisi.

ilini 1998: Èëüèí È., Ïîñòìîäåðíèçì îò èñòîêîâ äî êîíöà

ñòîëåòèÿ. Ìîñêâà.

rudnevi 2001: Â. Ðóäíåâ, Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü êóëüòóðû

XX âåêà, Ìîñêâà.

streleri 1984: Ñòðåëåð Äæ. Òåàòð äëÿ ìîäåé. Ìîñêâà.

eliade: Ýëèàäå Ì. Àñïåêòû ìèôà, Ìîñêâà.

Natela Arveladze

The Expressive Language of the Theatre

Communicative language of theatre: its expressive forms, signs and symbols,the system of metaphors, etc. is not only the means of cognition of theatrical textbut it also codifies the worldviews and characteristics of the epoch of a producinggroup.

Teatris ena

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cira barbaqaZe

semiotika da kritika

dialogSi (ga)darCenilebi*

gigi TevzaZis filosofiuri proza

`aq da yvelgan~

`yofna niSnavs iyo sxvisTvis da sxvisi

meSveobiT sakuTari TavisTvis. adamians ara

aqvs Sinagani suverenuli teritoria, is yvelgan

da yovelTvis zRvarzea... roca Tavis TavSi

ixedeba, is uyurebs TvalebSi sxvas, an im-

zireba sxvisi TvalebiT~

b a x t i n i

`vnaxoT... ~

`vnaxoT... ~ _ ase sruldeba gigi TevzaZis axali wigni _ `aq

da yvelgan~. Cven ki am fraziT SegviZlia daviwyoT:

v n a x o T :

wignis bolo Tavi (iseve, rogorc mTeli wigni) _ `dialogi~_

SegiZliaT waikiTxoT dasasrulidan dasawyisisken, Semdeg_piriqiT,

da naxavT, rom araferi ar Seicvleba. teqsti TiTqos spiralia, ara

aqvs dasasruli da arc dasawyisi. nebismieri frazidan iq mixvalT,

sadac unda mixvideT, radgan is, rac aqaa~, amave dros yvelganaa~,

teqsti `Riaa~ mkiTxvelis molodinSi, oRond iseTi mkiTxvelis

molodinSi, romelmac Sesvlamde dainaxa, rom kari Riaa.

teqstis sicocxle iwyeba maSin, roca mas kiTxuloben, manmade is

ubralod mZinarea~, Tvlems~... ra Tqma unda, isic gasaTvaliswine-

belia, vin kiTxulobs da rogor kiTxulobs, ramdenad SeuZlia

mkiTxvelis cnobierebas teqstis adekvaturi asaxva, amitomac Tu

arsebobs kodireba, arsebobs dekodireba, interpretacia... reinter-

pretacia...

ratom airCia avtorma gadmocemis dialoguri forma? sulSi

dabadebul dialogs personaJebi axmovaneben, rom sabolood isev

* dabeWdilia literaturul gazeT kalmasobaSi~, 2006 weli, #6(98).

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monologad aqcion, anda, aqcion_arafrad. teqsti azris generato-

ria, moazrovne mowyobiloba, imisaTvis, rom moqmedebaSi movides,

saWiroebs Tanamosaubres. amiT gamoiTqmis cnobierebis Rrmad dia-

loguri buneba... aqtiuri muSaobisaTvis cnobiereba saWiroebs cno-

bierebas, teqsti_teqsts~. lotmanis am azrs adasturebs Cezare

brandi, romelic wers, rom `mxatvruli nawarmoebi ganixileba an

TavisTavad da TavisTvis, anda, im wamSi, rodesac mas iRebs vinmes

cnobiereba~. am yvelafers ki gigi TevzaZe ufro lakonurad da

SekumSulad ityvis: `dialogSi varT...~ mogvianebiT ganmartavs:

`mTeli dialogi aris is, rasac SeiZleba azri davarqvaT~. dialo-

gia Tavad azri, imis miuxedavad, raze saubroben personaJebi, radgan

mTavari urTierTobaa, namdvili urTierToba, sityvebi da sityvebiT

gamoTqmuli Sinaarsi mxolod saSualebaa, adamianma Caixedos jer

sakuTar TavSi da Semdeg sxvis sulSi, iseve, rogorc sakuTar sul-

Si. swored aq ikargeba zRvari da Cndeba sulisSemZvreli SegrZneba

zRvardakarguli adamianisa. analogiuri gancda kargad Cans eluar-

is erT leqsSi:

Èùó òåáÿ çà ãðàíüþ îæèäàíèÿ,

Çà ãðàíüþ ñàìîãî ñåáÿ,

ß òàê òåáÿ ëþáëþ, ÷òî óæ íå çíàþ,

Êîãî èç íàñ äâîèõ çäåñ íåò.

gigi TevzaZis filosofiuri dialogebis azric swored is

aris, rom yovelgvari asimetriuloba, semiotikuri sxvaobebi da

Tavad adamianis ambivalenturi bunebac sabolood waiSalos, gadai-

faros da erT sferoSi moeqces, raTa Svas axali realoba _ a r a

f e r i. azrovnebis aseTi meqanizmi babilonis godolis

aSeneba_rRvevis process magonebs.

roca yvavili iSleba, sityvebi wyveten arsebobas

`..azrovnebis elementaruli

aqtic ki _ es aris Targmani~

l o t m a n i

yovelgvari SinaarsiT, saboloo jamSi, azri gamoiTqmis. iqneba

es samecniero metyveleba, mxatvruli metyveleba Tu sxva. mTavaria,

mkiTxvelma swored es azri moixelTos. gigi TevzaZis TiTqmis

dialogSi (ga)darCenilebi

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mTlianad metaforuli teqsti mkiTxvelis cnobierebas biZgs aZlevs

azris ganviTarebisTvis, mere ki TiTqos gauCinardeba da bolomde

ar mihyveba, personaJi avtors amoefareba, avtori ki zogjer gmirs

aZlevs Tavisuflebas, Tavis nebaze wavides. metaforebiT gamoxatu-

li azris feradi kaleidoskopi sabolood mistiurdeba da dgeba

momenti, roca sityva kargavs formas... winadadeba da gamonaTqvami

semantikas, Semdeg yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba_ibadeba sityva Tavisi

SinaarsiT, metaforizdeba da ase usasrulod... albaT amis gamo

ambobda nicSe, rom `WeSmariteba _ es aris moZrav metaforaTa

wyeba... da rom Semecneba metaforulia da aqvs esTetikuri buneba~.

azris dabadeba yvavilis gaSlas hgavs, mouxelTebelia... yovel

gazafxulze kvirtebs rom udarajoT, mainc gageqcevaT is dro,

roca is iSleba. TiTqos es dabadeba sul sxva ganzomilebaSi xdeba,

maSin, roca adamians Zinavs(ara mxolod fizikuri, aramed metafiz-

ikuri ZiliTac) da eCveneba, rom cxovreba_sizmaria.

ratom hgavs yvavilis gaSla azris dabadebas? azris dabadebac

mouxelTebelia... Cvenma aCqarebulma epoqam ki mTlianad STanTqa

sicocxlis arsi. adamiani ki ar cxovrobs, aramed_garbis... TiTqos

cxovrebis azri maraToni iyos. iqneb Rirdes, mkiTxvelmac iswav-

los Senelebuli kadrebiT~ azrovneba? amisaTvis ki SemiZlia gigi

TevzaZis wignidan SemogTavazoT frazebi `Senelebuli kadrebiT~

azrovnebisTvis. magaliTad, ifiqreT: `ratom xdeba yvelaferi sxva,

roca masze fiqrs iwyeb?~, Cven TavisTavadgasagebTa samyaroSi vcx-

ovrobT da nebismieri cvlilebis mizani aris TavisTavadgasagebo-

bis Secvla~, bolo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamianma iseve Seqmna

buneba, rogorc qalaqi~, arada, am didi da zogjer bundovani azris

ukan dgas survili icode, Tu rogor unda moiqce am samyaroSi~...

danarCens Tavad aRmoaCenT, roca teqsts waikiTxavT!

axla isev azris dabadebas davubrundebi. roca wignis person-

aJebi `gamouTqmels~ miadgebian, TiTqos sxva sivrceSi gadadian,

romelSic sityva wyvets Tavis arsebobas, am mdgomareobas avtori

metaforulad `uTargmnelobas~ eZaxis. `uTargmnelobaSi nu

gadadixar~_eubneba tomi brigitas, anda: `isev sityvebiT TamaSi,

Targmani gaWirdeba~, sxvagan: moica, moica, veRar gvTargmnian...~ (guCa

kvaracxelias erTi leqsidan gamaxsenda erTi fraza: ar iTargmne-

ba sizmris sevda...~). bevri ram ar iTargmneba sityvebis enaze, mainc

ratom ar iTargmneba azri? urigo ar iqneba tiutCevis cnobili

leqsis Silentium-is damowmeba:

cira barbaqaZe

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Êàê ñåðäöó âûñêàçàòü ñåáÿ,

Äðóãîìó êàê ïîíÿòü òåáÿ,

Ïîéìåò ëè îí, ÷åì òû æèâåøü,

Ìûñëü èçðå÷åííàÿ åñòü ëîæü.

TiTqos paradoqsia, magram metaforebis samyaro imisTvis arse-

bobs, rom agvixsnas dapirispirebulobis arsi. Tu gamoTqmuli si-

crue da tyuilia, ratomRa gamoTqvams Semoqmedi? magram mwerali

azrs ki ar gamoTqvams, aramed gamoTqmuli garkveuli SinaarsiT

mxolod migvaniSnebs azrze da, amave dros, azris gamoTqmis SeuZle-

blobaze. teqstis Sinaarsi atarebs ideas TiToeuli ujrediT, is

ayalibebs azrs, romelic gamouTqmeli rCeba da romelsac SeuZlia

erTaderTi ram_metaforizeba. es msjeloba gvidasturebs mosazre-

bas imis Taobaze, rom tropulobis (Cven SemTxvevaSi, metaforulo-

bis) Zirebi unda veZioT TviT enis struqturis, rogorc niSanTa

sistemis, orplanianobaSi da Sinaarsisa da gamoxatvis planis asim-

ertiulobaSi.

gamoTqmulisa da nagulisxmevis asimetriulobis damadasturebe-

li mravali nimuSis moxmoba SegviZlia gigi TevzaZis nawarmoebidan.

Tundac calkeuli Tavebis saTaurebi: `siyvarulis, mecnierebis da

sxva demonebis Sesaxeb~, cxovelebi da sxva RvTiuri arsebebi~, anda,

erT-erTi personaJis azri siyvarulze, rogorc seqsualur bmaze~

da sxva. erTi SexedviT, pirdapiri wakiTxvis Sedegad, es frazebi

Sokismomgvrelia, xolo Semdeg aRmoaCenT, rom es aris reaqcia

arsebulze da sulac ar niSnavs imas, rasac avtori gulisxmobs (an

SesaZloa, sulac ar icis, rom gulisxmobs).

Cven vfiqrobT, rom raRac viciT sagnebze, rodesac vlaparakobT

xeebze, ferebze, Tovlze da yvavilebze, sinamdvileSi sagnebs mx-

olod metaforebiT vflobT~(nicSe).

am SemTxvevaSic minda avtori davimowmo dialogis formiT:

b e k i: ese igi, dialogi aris erTaderTi forma, romlidanac ar

gemuqreba arc Seni azrebis gadasxvafereba, arc raimes miwera Sen-

ze?

d i: ho, faqtiurad egrea. dialogi imitom ki ar aris dialogi,

rom ramdenime adamians Soris mimdinareobs, aramed imitom, rom es

aiZulebs avtoris warmosaxvas gadmosces mTlianad azri, yoveli

msjeloba ganixilos pro da kontrebiT da, sabolood, mogvces

mTlianad azri, Seukveceli da dauWreli~.

diax, avtori mTlianobaa, romlidanac mdinareebi iReben saTaves

da is okeanecaa, romelSic sabolood yvela mdinare Caedineba.

dialogSi (ga)darCenilebi

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mogzaurebi

`yvelaferi, rac gnebavT, _ oRond

ar uyuroT uZravad erTi da imave

sarkmlidan erTsa da imave peizaJs!~

garsia lorka

ena (Sesabamisad, azrovnebac) Tavisi bunebiT metaforulia, mx-

atvruli metyveleba, miT umetes. teqsti xan zedapirze wamoativ-

tivebs da xanac siRrmeSi malavs metaforas, romelic SesaZloa

kritikoss `gasaRebad~ gamoadges. metaforad SeiZleba ganvixiloT

leqsikuri erTeuli, winadadeba, fraza... zogjer mTeli teqstic ki.

zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari nawarmoebi ara mxolod ramdenime wakiTx-

vis, aramed ramdenime ganzomilebaSi wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas iZl-

eva. Sreebad daleqili teqstis wakiTxva erTgvar arqeologiur

samuSaos emsgavseba, yvela fenas rom Tavisi saTqmeli aqvs. gigi

TevzaZis `aq da yvelgan~ imiT aris originaluri teqsti, rom

swored amgvari wakiTxvis saSualebas iZleva.

movusminoT dialogs:

t o m i: ara mgonia, mogzaurebi yvelaze axlos iyvnen RmerTTan,

ara mgonia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yvela ara: iseTi mogzauri, romelsac

Tan daaqvs Tavisi samyaro, rogorc lokokinas niJara _ albaT ara.

sivrceSi gadaadgileba ver Seqmnis samyaroebSi mogzaurobas.

piriqiT_rac ufro migewebeba niJara, miT ufro gadaaSeneb RmerTs.

yvelaze maRali pilotaJi iqneba adamiani, romelic adgilidan ar

iZvris da ise icvlis samyaroebs... anu adgilze yofniT. SeiZleba es

adgilze yofna metafora iyos da ara lotosis pozaSi jdoma _ is

axerxebs bevr samyaroSi moxvedras, sakuTar Tavze sxvadasxva sam-

yaros aRqmis mozomebiT...~

am nawyvetis mTavari metaforaa_m o g z a u r i. avtori am

leqsemas ramdenime mniSvnelobiT iyenebs: mogzauri, rogorc mogzau-

ri, tradiciuli gagebiT; mogzauri, romelsac Tan daaqvs Tavisi

samyaro, rogorc lokokinas niJara da mogzauri, romelic adgil-

idan ar iZvris da ise icvlis samyaroebs.

mogzauris ZiriTadi, tradiciuli semantika gasagebia, ufro sain-

teresoa misi metaforuli mniSvnelobebi. vin aris mogzauri, romelsac

cira barbaqaZe

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niJarasaviT daaqvs Tavisi samyaro da ras niSnavs: rac ufro mogewebeba

niJara, miT ufro gadaaSeneb RmerTs?

farTo gagebiT, mogzauri SegviZlia gaviazroT, rogorc fizikur

samyaroSi adamianis myofobis metafora(anu adamiani mogzauria

wuTisofelSi). warmodgenil dialogSi, ra Tqma unda, niJarac

metaforaa, Tumca, konkretul konteqstSi is gamoiyeneba, rogorc

Sedareba; niJara_Caketili samyaroa, xolo adamiani, romelic lokoki-

nasaviT niJaras daatarebs, iseTi adamiania, romelic erT, erTaderT

samyaroSi cxovrobs da ar SeuZlia sxva samyaros, sxva cnobierebis

aRqma, miReba. garsia lorka swored aseT SemTxvevaze ityoda: `yve-

laferi, rac gnebavT, _ oRond ar uyuroT uZravad erTi da imave

sarkmlidan erTsa da imave peizaJs!~ aseTi adamiani xedvadabrmave-

bulia, usarkmelo, da rogorc ar unda Seicvalos samyaro mis

garSemo, amas misi suli ver ganicdis.

ratom Sordeba aseTi mogzauri_adamiani RmerTs? ieso qriste

mowafeebs Tavis samyaros atovebinebs, sxvagvarad isini ver SeZle-

ben jvris tarebas, mxolod `cariel cnobierebas~ SeuZlia raimes

miReba. Tu TasSi Rvino asxia, wyals ver Caasxam, sanam Rvinisgan ar

gaaTavisufleb~ (gurjievi). aseTi adamianis sulic gamudmebuli

dacla_avsebis procesia, romelic (ra Tqma unda, metaforulad)

Zalian hgavs mogzaurobas. cnobierebac ase muSaobs, weliwadis

droebic monacvleobiT dgeba, erTdroulad ver mova oTxive dro.

sanam adamianSi fizikuri samyaro zeobs, sulic ver izeimebs.

... da rogoria adamiani_mogzauri, romelic adgilidan ar iZvris

da ise icvlis samyaroebs? kontrastuli fonia SemecnebisTvis _

adamiani, romelic adgilidan ar iZvris, amave dros mogzauria. es

mogzauri mistikosia, romelsac avtori ase ganmartavs: `adamiani,

romelic adgilidan ar iZvris da ise icvlis samyaroebs~.

gigi TevzaZis dialogis monawileebi agrZeleben mistikaze saubars.

amave dros, grZnoben, rom es Zalze saxifaToa... SeuZlebelia mis-

tikuris sityvebiT gamoxatva, TiTqos raRac irRveva... amitom es

Tavi (`meSvide~) ase sruldeba:

t o m i: ... Cveni saubris es bolo, da albaT mTlianad saubaric,

sul advilad daiyvaneba mravalsazrisianobis da mravalinterpret-

aciis SesaZleblobis mouxeSav gamoTqmaze.

b r i g i t a: anu, arc araferi gviTqvams.

t o m i: arc vapirebdiT raimes Tqmas.~

Tasi dacarielda... SinaarsiT agebuli forma dairRva, avtori

mzad aris Seqmnas axali forma axali SinaarsiT, romelsac, savarau-

dialogSi (ga)darCenilebi

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dod, aseve daarRvevs... is miiswrafvis usasrulobisken, romelic

RmerTia, misive metaforiT Tu avxsniT, avtorma moisrola niJara, is

Tavisufali mogzauria!

`nu ambob imas, rac TavisTavad cxadia~

`v o l a n d i:... erTi ingliseli xom

Seecada, Cveni Tavisufleba sityvebis da gamoTqme-

bis analizidan gamoeyvana.

b e r l i o z i: mere gamouvida?

v o l a n d i: TiTqos ki, magram ara mgonia,

amis Semdeg Tavi ufro Tavisuflad egrZno~.

gigi TevzaZe

filosofiur teqstSi TavisTavadcxadisa da TavisTavadgasage-

bis gamotovebiT gigi TevzaZe qmnis imgvar dialogs, romelSic

bevri mkiTxveli ugzo-ukvlod daikargeba, bevri ki _ napirs miadge-

ba. ase ikargebian Tavad teqstis personaJebic, roca avtors dausx-

ltebian xelidan da mcireoden Tavisufal nebas zeimoben. didxans

ar grZeldeba maTi bedniereba... avtori (romelic ar momkvdara!),

isev Cveul ritmSi abrunebs gmirebs. teqsti emsgavseba kardio-

gramas, alag_alag `darRveuli~ ritmiT, _ es Tavad avtoris (da

personaJebis) guliscemaa, romelic ase gadamdebia mkiTxvelisTvisac.

mainc sad aris Tavisufali neba? ikvleven `dialogSi darCeni-

li~ personaJebi (sxvaTa Soris, cnobili da simboluri gmirebi _

tomi, brigita, heklberi, volandi, berliozi, beki...). sicocxliT, wesebiT,

qselebiT SemozRuduli adamianis suli sad poulobs gamosavals?

am samyaroSi, Tu am samyaros miRma(rogorc baraTaSvili: gulisTq-

ma Cemi Sens iqiTa eZiebs sadgurs, zenaarT samyofs, rom daSTos aq

amaoeba!~).

`t o m i: ... Tu adamiani istoriulad TviTonve SemoizRudavs

Tavs wesebiT, romlis mixedviTac mosalodneli qceva erTgvarovani

xdeba, maSin saxezea Tavisufali nebis da, Sesabamisad, samyaroSi

RmerTis yofnis Semcirebaze mimarTuli qmedeba.

b r i g i t a: egec marTalia, yvelaferi _ sportuli TamaSi,

saxelmwifo, ojaxi, dasasvenebeli parki, _ imas miuTiTebs, rom

Tavisufali neba lamis marto weraSi rCeba, da Tu sxva Teoriebsac

cira barbaqaZe

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gaviTvaliswinebT, iqac ar rCeba, imdenad didia gavlenebi da dub-

likaciebi~.

... da Tu Cvens enaze vTargmniT, Semoqmedeba mainc aris mcire

WuWrutana, saidanac Tavisufleba imzireba(avtorisTvis), xolo

`dialogSi darCenilebi~ gaTavisuflebas avtoris SezRudvaSi xe-

daven: saintereso paradoqsi gamodis _ iq, sadac avtori izRudeba,

personaJi Tavisufldeba~(g.T.).

postmodernistuli teqstologiis mTavari metafora avtoris

sikvdilis Sesaxeb gigi TevzaZis wigniT ar dasturdeba, piriqiT,

avtori ar momkvdara! Tu teqstSi varT, amaze laparakic ki zedme-

tia, rogori irlandiuri qelexebic ar unda gadavuxadoT

avtors.~(g.T.).

xolo, Tu dialogis monawileebi teqstis gareTac arseboben

da Tu RmerTi avtoria, m a S i n?...

es kiTxva ixileT wignis 56-e gverdze da pasuxsac aqve amoi-

kiTxavT!

wigni mawvnis rigsa da literaturul kafeze

rogor airekleba gigi TevzaZis teqsti mkiTxvelze? albaT,

gansxavebulad, imis mixedviT, visi cnobiereba rogor miiRebs azris

am erTgvar gadanergvas. es procesi magonebs saxarebidan igavs

mTesvelebze: caTa sasufevlis saidumloebani visac ar esmis, ieso

igavebiT elaparakeba: `aha, gamovida mTesveli dasaTesad. Tesvisas

zogi marcvali gzispiras davarda, mividnen frinvelebi da akenkes

igi; zogi kldovanze davarda, sadac miwa bevri ar iyo da male

aRmocenda, vinaidan niadags siRrme ar hqonda. xolo mze rom amov-

ida, daWkna da raki fesvi ar hqonda, gaxma. zogi eklebSi Cavarda,

gaizarda eklebi da moaSTo isini. zogi ki poxier miwaze davarda

da nayofi gamoiRo: zogma_asi, zogma_samoci da zogma_ocdaaTi.

visac yurni aqvs, isminos!(maTe, 13, 1-9).

gigi TevzaZis personaJebi agrZeleben dialogs, es dialogi axla,

am wamsac grZeldeba, radgan Tavad avtoris samyaroa dialogi, rogorc

`yofnis erTaderTi forma~, romelic, amave dros, arasodes srulde-

ba. teqstic spiraluria, misi aRqmac da masze werac. isev avtors

davesesxebi: `dialogi aris azris gadmocema, amitom is salapara-

kod ar gibiZgebs, is gibiZgebs fiqrisken da sakuTar TavSi dialo-

dialogSi (ga)darCenilebi

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306

gis aRmoCenisken~. am teqsts Tu waikiTxavT, albaT, damerwmunebiT,

rom SeuZlebelia misi tradiciuli ganxilva.

kiTxvaze: razea es teqsti? ver gipasuxebT, anda, Zalian bun-

dovnad, ise, rom mainc verafers gaigebT: macivarsa da leqsze, mawvnis

rigsa da literaturul kafeze, arekvlasa da asareklebze, ramden-

ime samyaroSi erTad cxovrebaze, imaze, Tu ratom ar unda daxocos

Cunis provinciis gubernatorma mglebi, teqstSi da teqstis gareT

arsebobaze, avtorsa da personaJze, aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTo-

baze, Tavisufal nebasa da yovlisdasazRvrulobaze, TavisTavadgasageb

da TavisTavadgaugebar sagnebsa da movlenebze, es wignia yvelaferze

da araferze... da, ra Tqma unda, _ metaforulad.

avtori mafrTxilebs: `aranairi ezoTerika _ struqturaa aseTi

_ teqstebs Soris mxolod dialogia iseTi, rasac ver gamoTqvam _

rom gamoTqva, sxva teqstad unda gardaqmna~.

mec, Cemi avtoriviT, axla uTargmnelobaSi~ Cavvardi, da Tu ver

gamovTqvi gamouTqmeli, dae, darCes uTqmeli!

cira barbaqaZe

Tsira Barbakadze

Escaped Thoughout the Dialogue

“Here and Everywhere” – Gigi Tevzadze’s philosophic prose – is the statementrepresented due to the dialogue form , that performs the text rhythmical anddynamical, flexibly involving the reader in it.

Gigi Tevzadze’s postmodern narrative participants discussing various peopleand different things expose their attitudes, tend immediately and simply turn roundeverything into nothing confirming the importance of “being in the dialogue” inspite of the dialogue subject, that is the participant author’s condition too as “theonly form of being”.

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levan bregaZe

semiotika yvelasaTvis

niSani da sistema

daviwyoT erTi semiotikuri anekdotiT:

mixom, mas Semdeg, rac misma aTi wlis vaJma

afTiaqis win Cavlisas pirjvari gadaiwera,

TavSi wamoartya ymawvils da datuqsa: ram-

denjer unda giTxra, sadac jvars dainaxav,

yvelgan eklesia nu ggoniao!

jvari polisemantikuri niSania: qristian-

uli sarwmunoebis simbolosac warmoadgens,

romelime SenobaSi afTiaqis arsebobazec

migvaniSnebs, mimatebis niSanic aris da sxv.

anu: erTsa da imave niSans sxvadasxva

sistemaSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva mniSvneloba

hqondes (erTi da imave niSanTa sxvadasxva

sistemebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gamoy-

enebis mizezi mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos da

axla amaze ar SevCerdebiT).

niSani rom sworad gavSifroT, unda vi-

codeT romeli sistemis nawilia is, Torem

zemoT moTxrobili anekdotis personaJis

mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndebiT.

Cveni Secdomebis mniSvnelovani nawili

swored niSanTa polisemiiT aris gamowveu-

li.

arsebobs laTinur aso-niSanTa sistema

da arsebobs rusul aso-niSanTa sistema (ki-

rilica). am ori sistemis zogi aso-niSani

erTmaneTs emTxveva grafikuladac da mniS-

vnelobiTac (A, E, M, O, T), zogi grafikulad

igivea, magram mniSvneloba sxva aqvs (X _

rusulSi gamoiTqmis rogorc x, laTinurSi

rogorc qs, P _ rusulSi r-a, laTinurSi _ p,

H _ rusulSi n-a, laTinurSi _ h).

filologiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, SoTa

rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis institu-

tis mTavari mecnieri Tan-

amSromeli, gelaTis mec-

nierebaTa akademiis wevri.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

postmodernizmi qarTul

mwerlobaSi, antimimesisis

ideologia, postsabWouri

kulturis sivrce da

literaturuli procesi,

kavkasiuri Tematika gazeT

`kaukaziSe postis~ fur-

clebze (1906-1914), fran-

guli Jurnali Tbilis-

Si, fsiqoanalizi da mx-

atvruli Semoqmedeba, re-

cefciuli esTetika, sa-

dRegrZelo da misi ko-

mpensatoruli buneba,

qarTuli Jargonis leq-

sikoni.

interesTa sfero: li-

teraturis Teoria da is-

toria, Jurnalistikis

Teoria da istoria, Targ-

manis Teoria da praqtika,

Tanamedrove literatu-

ruli procesebi, lingvis-

tika.

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308

xSirad sxvadasxva ena erTsa da imave anbans iyenebs, magram

wakiTxvis wesebia urTierTgansxvavebuli. magaliTad, laTinuri an-

banis sistemaSi gamoiyofa inglisuri, germanuli, franguli, espanuri,

italiuri, Cexuri da a. S. qvesistemebi.

axla wavikiTxoT erTi adgili a. Cexovis piesidan `sami da~:

` êàêîé-òî ñåìèíàðèè ó÷èòåëü íàïèñàë íà ñî÷èíåíèè «÷åïóõà», à ó÷åíèê

ïðî÷åë «ðåíèêñà» _ äóìàë, ÷òî ïî-ëàòûíè íàïèñàíî... (Ñìååòñÿ.) Ñìåøíî

óäèâèòåëüíî~.

marTlac, xeliT dawerili «÷åïóõà» SeiZleba reniqsad wavi-

kiTxoT, Tuki ar viciT, rom rusuli saanbano sistemis niSnebTan

gvaqvs saqme da ara _ laTinurTan.

agata kristis `aRmosavleTis eqspresSi~ gamoZieba mcdar gzas

adga manam, sanam danaSaulis adgilze napovni cxvirsaxocis kuTxeSi

amoqarguli H laTinuri saanbano sistemis niSani (h) egonaT, maSin,

rodesac rusuli n yofila.

konan doilis erT moTxrobaSi kedelze sisxliT daweril

Rache-s gamomZiebeli lestreidi inglisurad kiTxulobs da qalis

saxeli `reCel~ hgonia, romlis dasruleba (boloSi aso l-s miw-

era), misi azriT, mkvlels veRar mouswria. Serlok xolmsi xvdeba,

rom kedelze warwerili sityva inglisurad ki ara, germanulad

unda iqnes wakiTxuli _ `raxe~, rac SurisZiebas niSnavs, da amiT

gamoZiebas mcdar kvalze dadgomas aacilebs.

sxvadasxva anbanur sistemaTa aRrevis es magaliTebi mxatvruli

literaturidan moviyvaneT. axla realobaSi gadavinacvloT:

lion foixtvangeris `espanuri baladis~ qarTul TargmanSi

erTi amgvari frazaa:

`_ ra fasi aqvs Tqvens sacodav raxs, Tqvens treuga dei, TqvensuniaTo eirene! Salomi _ ai, gvirgvini, ai, namdvili netareba~.

am sityvebiT romanis erT-erTi personaJi, axalgazrda ebraeli

don beniamini, ekamaTeba araebraelebs, agresiulobaSi sdebs maT brals.

Salomi mSvidobaa ebraulad, eirene amasve niSnavs berZnulad, treugadei saRvTo zavia Sua saukuneebis laTinur enaze, magram es `raxi~

raRaa?

Tu germanul originals CavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom raxis~ adgilas

weria Pax (paqs), rac mSvidobaa laTinurad, magram misgan `raxic~

SeiZleba miviRoT, Tuki mas... rusulad wavikiTxavT. es ki im SemTx-

vevaSi SeiZleba moxdes, es laTinuri sityva rusuli sityvebis

garemocvaSi Tu aRmoCndeba.

marTlac, rusul TargmanSi es adgili asea:

levan bregaZe

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309

`×åãî ñòîèò âàø æàëêèé ðàõ, âàøà æàëêàÿ treuga dei, âàøà

æàëêàÿ eirene!~

naTelia, rom Targmani rusulidan aris Sesrulebuli da ara

germanulidan (originalidan).

yvelaze meti albaToba Secdomis daSvebisa maSin aris, roca

erTi sistemis SigniT arsebobs polisemantikuri niSani, rac bune-

briv sistemebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa (magaliTad, erTi da igive

simptomi SesaZloa ramdenime daavadebis momaswavebeli iyos). enac

bunebrivi sistemaa (Tumca xelovnuri enebic arsebobs) da masSic

mravali polisemantikuri niSania, mravali polisemantikuri sity-

vaa (ufro zustad, albaT arc arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani sityva,

oRond zogierTi sityvis polisemia aSkaraa, zogisa SeniRbulia).

ramdeni mniSvneloba aqvs zars? leqsikons CavxedoT:

1. spilenZis Senadnobisagan Camosxmuli Rru nakeToba konusis

formisa, romelsac SigniT Tavmsxvili Rero (ena) hkidia xmis gamo-

sacemad;

2. mowyobiloba bgeriTi signalisaTvis. eleqtruli zari;

3. (saub.) zaris rekvis xma. zaria, gaaRe kari!;

4. uzomo SiSiT gamowveuli SeSfoTeba, _ elda;

5. (Zv.) samgloviaro, usityvo galoba micvalebulis gasvenebi-

sas;

6. moTqmiT tirili, datireba visime;

7. (kuTx.) dawnuli sasiminde, oTx boZze mdgari (Sdr. Zari);

8. kamaTeli. zaris gagoreba.

9. gamoTqma zari da zeimi an zar-zeimi did, xmaurian zeims

niSnavs.

suramis cixis legendaSi aseTi frazaa: glovis zariT miacila

dedam Tavisi pirmSo cixemde~. germanul TargmanSi aris: `zaris

rekvis TanxlebiT (an zaris rekvis fonze _ unter Glockengelaeut)miacila dedam Tavisi vaJi cixemde~.

anu: me-5 an me-6 mniSvnelobebis nacvlad pirveli mniSvnelobiT

aris zari gadasuli TargmanSi.

axla yovlad umarTavi~ omoformic vaxsenoT, romelic ar ici

saidan gamogixteba! SeiZleba asi weli icxovro da ver SeniSno, rom

xmebi, madnebi, Zvrebi, devs, mwers, Wamde, devni, xevs, kikinebs,

ulayebs, xurda, Caica, iosebs, Telavs, madridi, banda zmnebic

aris da arsebiTi saxelebic (xmebi [Sen] _ zmnaa, xolo xmebi [xma

mravlobiT ricxvSi] _ arsebiTi saxeli. arc mniSvnelobiT, arc

niSani da sistema

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310

warmoSobiT erTmaneTTan araferi aqvT saerTo). da raoden veragebi

arian xSirad eseni!

daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikoss uweria:

`Semovida odesme qaravani didi ganZiT~.

`ganZiT~ aq niSnavs _ `ganZidan~ (ganZa qalaqia, igive ganja).

gertrud peCs, qarTlis cxovrebis~ germanulad mTargmnels ki

igi saganZurad~ esmis _ hgonia, rom ganZiT datvirTul qaravanzea

laparaki, da ase Targmnis:

`Einmal kam eine Karavane mit einem großen Schatz.aseTi polisemiis, amdeni omonimisa da omoformis pirobebSi

rogor vaxerxebT mosmenilidan da wakiTxulidan azris (umetes

SemTxvevaSi mainc!) sworad gamotanas? rogor da _ alRo da

gamocdileba gvexmareba.

alRo da gamocdileba is Tvisebebia, romlebic suldgmul-

TaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amitom advili warmosadgenia, ra

gasaWiri adgas im manqanas, internetSi ganTavsebuli teqstebis

Targmans rom vavalebT!

qarTuli literaturis institutis inglisurenovan eleqtronul

Jurnal `litinfoSi~ ganTavsebul erT-erT teqstSi or adgilas

gvxvdeba sityva figures:1) The fantastic figures by the painter-miniaturist Adelmus... (mxatvar-

miniatiurist adelmusis fantastikuri figurebi...);

2) ...enigmatic and non-realistic figures... (enigmuri da ararealis-

turi figurebi...).

rusulad mTargmneli avtomati orjerve am sityvis aseT Targ-

mans iZleva _ F8D@K, vinaidan figur inglisurSi garda figurisa,

cifrsa da ricxvsac niSnavs.

germanulad mTargmnelma avtomatma pirvel SemTxvevaSi sworad

gadmoitana figures (Figuren), meore frazaSi ki ricxvebiT~ Caanacv-

la igi (Zahlen).visac avtomaturad Targmnili teqstiT usargeblia, SeamCnevda,

raoden Sors aris mTargmneli avtomati srulyofisagan, ra didi

sifrTxilea saWiro, rom amgvarma Targmanma sargebelze meti ziani

ar mogvitanos.

mTargmneli avtomatebis srulyofa albaT SesaZlebelia, magram

es semiotikis (niSanTa Teoriis) specialistTa gareSe ver mox-

erxdeba. Tavis mxriv avtomaturad Targmnis praqtikuli moTxov-

nileba, rogorc Cans, niSanTa Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mZlavr

faqtorad mogvevlineba.

levan bregaZe

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311

Levan Bregadze

Sign and System

The paper deals with the questions of relationship between signs and thesystems of signs.

Emphasis is placed on the difficulties caused by the polysemy of signs.

niSani da sistema

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312

zaza SaTiriSvili

semiotika da poetika

qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmisxanaSi: 1859 _ 1916 ww.1

(ramdenime SeniSvna)

romantizmis epoqidan qarTul liter-

aturaSi iwyeba axali poetikisa da axali

Janruli sistemebis Camoyalibeba, romelic

XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi axali mkveTri

cvlilebebis winaSe aRmoCnda.

XIX saukunem mogvca qarTuli medit-

aciuri elegia ("14-marcvliani" sazomiT) da

10-marcvliani "universaluri leqsi". "Sai-

ri" daviwrovda da or leqss daudo safuZ-

veli _ esaa "baris" 4-terfiani qore da e.w.

8-marcvliani (5/3) "mTis" leqsi (romelic,

sinamdvileSi, 2-terfian anapests warmodgens

daqtiluri klauzuliT). pirvelis di-

dostati akaki wereTelia, meorisa _ vaJa-

fSavela.

baraTaSvilma qarTul poezias axali

Janri _ "lirikuli poema" (bedi qarTlisa)

aCuqa, romelic XIX saukunis erT-erTi cen-

traluri Janri aRmoCnda (ix: ilias, akakis,

vaJas da sxvaTa nimuSebi). XX saukuneSi es

Janri nel-nela kvdeboda, sanam besik xaranaulma

gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mas axali

suli ar STabera; galaktionis avangardis-

tuli jon ridi, samwuxarod, qarTulma

poeturma tradiciam ver aiTvisa.

filosofiis

mecnierebaTa doqtori,

Cikagos universitetis

miwveuli mecnieri.

ZiriTadi Sromebi:

gakaltionis poetika da

ritorika (2004),

narativis apologia

(2005).

interesTa sfero:

literaturis Teoria

da literaturis

istoria, kritika.

1 1859 wels peterburgSi akakim saidumlo baraTi

daiwera, xolo 1916 wels quTaisSi "cisferi yanwebis"

pirveli nomeri gamovida.

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313

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebisaTvis poeturi sistema amgvarad

gamoiyureboda: meditaciuri elegia ("14-marcvliani"), "universaluri"

10-marcvliani, romelic lirikul leqsSic gamoiyeneboda da lir-

ikul poemaSic da "Sairis" orive "STamomavali" leqsi. swored am

bolo ori sazomiTaa (e.w. "maRali" da "dabali" Sairi) dawerili

XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul leqsTa umrav-

lesoba. Janruli sistemis periferiaze qalaquri poezia imyofeba,

romelic aleqsandre WavWavaZisa da grigol orbelianis Semdeg

didi xniT "maRali poeziis" mier mitovebuli aRmoCnda.

Tematuri TvalsazrisiT, XIX saukunem ori axali poeturi

meta-toposi SemogvTavaza _ poeti-winaswarmetyvelisa da poeti-

qadagis (misanis) xatebi. mefe-poetis xati XVIII saukunis naanderZevia

("rusTaveli rogorc poetebis mefe"), xolo poeti-winaswarmetyve-

lis xati, ra Tqma unda, puSkinisa da lermontovis (ix.: orive

maTganis Ïðîðîê) gziT Semovida. ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli

sakuTar Tavs uyureben rogorc winaswarmetyvel poetebs _ eris

winamZRolebsa da RmerTTan Tu zecasTan Suamavlebs ("RmerTTan

misTvis vlparakob, / rom warvuZRve wina ersa...", "xan miwisa var, xan

_ cisa...").

rac Seexeba vaJas, is, erTi mxriv, Tavs "ubralo muSakad" ("nu

SegaSinebsT, ar gavnebsT / mTidan yvirili xarisa...") warmogvidgens

(iseve rogorc, nawilobriv, _ akaki), meore mxriv, ki _ poeti-misnis

xats mimarTavs. Tuki poeti-winaswarmetyveli bibliuri warmoSobis

xatia, poeti-misani (qadagi) antikur orakuls uaxlovdeba, romel-

ic "STagonebas" ("manias" _ muzas _ apolons _ arwivs) elodeba.

vaJam es xati, cxadia, puSkinisagan isesxa ("Ïîêà íå òðåáóåò ïîýòà

ê ñâÿùåííîé æåðòâå Àïîëëîí..."). amave dros, man evropuli "amaR-

lebulis idea" (fsevdo-longine _ bualo _ edmund berki _ kanti

_ hegeli...) imgvar "adgilobriv" da moulodnel konteqstSi moaT-

avsa, rom sruliad warmoudgeneli Sedegi miiRo _ qarTuli mTa

berZnuli eposisa da tragediis xelmeore dabadebis qronoto-

posad iqca.

sabolood, XIX saukune poetebis nusxas amgvarad anawilebs:

rusTaveli _ mefe-poetia, xolo ilia da akaki (mogvianebiT _

guramiSvili da baraTaSvili) _ winaswarmetyveli poetebi.

1916 wlisaTvis am axali nacionaluri saliteraturo kanonis

centri akakia (mxolod Semdeg _ ilia). vaJa da baraTaSvili kano-

nis periferiaze imyofebian, xolo guramiSvilis recepcia da kanon-

izeba jer kidev winaa.

qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmis xanaSi: 1859-1916 ww.

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314

romantikuli poetikis mier "didebuli warsulis" Tematize-

bam, ra Tqma unda, nacionalizmis ideis aTvisebisa da adgilobriv

niadagze nacionalur narativTa warmoqmnis safuZveli moamzada, ma-

gram, sabolood, nacionalizmis idea da nacionaluri narativebi

saqarTveloSi mxolod "Tergdaleulebis" meSveobiT mkvidrdeba.

1832 wlis SeTqmulebis marcxi swored iman gamoiwia, rom SeT-

qmulebs ar hqondaT konceptualizebuli, Tu risTvis ibrZodnen _

monarqistul-dinastiuri warmodgenebi da evropuli parlamenta-

rizmis idea (faqtobrivad, nacionalizmis idea) maT CanafiqrSi

yovelgvari Sinagani logikis gareSe iyo gadazelili.

XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi "axali inteleqtualebis"

("Tergdaleulebis") TaosnobiT nel-nela yalibdeba qarTuli na-

cionaluri narativi, romlis ZiriTadi subieqti qarTveli eria.

swored am kuTxiT unda wavikiTxoT ilia WavWavaZis cnobili

gamonaTqvmi, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTlis cxovreba _ mefeTa is-

toriaa da rom xalxi aq arsad Cans. iliasTan mefes qarTveli eri

(xalxi) anacvlebs.1

sazogadod, XIX saukunis evropul kulturaSi nacionalizmis,

nacionaluri ideologiebisa da narativebis, nacionaluri salit-

eraturo kanonebis warmoSoba-gaformebas nacionalur literatu-

raTa filologiebi aqtiurad uwyobda xels. swored am periodSi

saSualo saukuneebis qristianuli (zogjer qristianobamdeli)

teqstebi nacionaluri saliteraturo kanonis centrs ayalibebs _

franguli filologia da franguli nacionaluri kanoni simRera

rolandze–s gamocemis garSemo irazmeba, finelebi kalevalas ga-

moscemen, germanelebi _ nibelungebis eposs, rusebi _ sityvas

igoris laSqrobaze, xolo Cven _ vefxistyaosans.2 1888 wlis

vefxistyaosnis qarTveliSviliseuli gamocema, romlSic ilia

WavWavaZe da sxva qarTveli mwerlebi Tu humanitarebi monawile-

obdnen, erTdrouladaa qarTuli filologiisa da qarTuli nacio-

naluri narativis saboloo gaformebis aqti.

XX saukunis damdegisaTvis qarTul poezias sami "didi Janri"

gansazRvravs: kanonikuri nacionaluri eposi, rogorc ideali (vefx-

1 amitomac, Zalian mravlismetyvelia ivane javaxiSvilis mTavri Sromis saTauri

_ qarTveli eris istoria, romelic simetriulad upirispirdeba batoniSvil

vaxuStis mTavari naSromis saxelwodebas _ aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.

2 ix.: miSel espanis Zalian sayuradRebo statia: "filologiis kulturaTaSorisi

istoria" (http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2006/82/est2.html); agreTve: Hans UlrichGumbrecht. The Powers of Philology. Dynamics of Textual Scholarship. Urbana andChicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

zaza SaTiriSvili

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istyaosani), nacionaluri lirika/lirikuli poema (e.w. "patri-

otuli poezia") da "wminda lirika". rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT,

periferiaze myof "muxambazs" ("dabali" qalaquri poezia) sistema

"ver kiTxulobs".

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis bolos poeturi sistema ryevas

iwyebs _ cisferyanwelebi da maTi Tanamdevi "dawyevlili poetebi"

(gion saganeli, Salva karmeli, gobrom agareli da sxv.), Semdeg _

futuristebi da dadaistebi, calke mdgomi griSaSvili, romelmac

akaki da qalaquri poezia SeaduRaba, raTa Tavisi sakuTari poetika

mieRo da galaktioni arsebiTad cvlian qarTuli literaturis

poetikasa da Janrul sistemas.

1916 wels cisferyanwelebma Seuties akakis, rogorc XIX saukunis

kanonis centrs da mas vaJa daupirispires (XX saukunis 30-ian

wlebSi maT vaJas srul kanonizebasac miaRwies). magram vaJas dro-

Sa yanwelTaTvis mxolod taqtikuri ileTi iyo. isini, osip man-

delStamis zusti SeniSvniT, ufro blokis, briusovisa da andrei

belis mowafeebi iyvnen, vidre _ vaJas STamomavlebi.

aqve sruliad naTlad isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yanwelebs

bevrad ufro didi wvlili qarTuli inteleqtualuri azris gan-

viTarebis saqmeSi miuZRviT, vidre _ sakuTriv, poturi enis winaSe.

swored yanwelebma da maTma metrma grigol robaqiZem qarTul

inteleqtualur sivrceSi pirvelebma ganaxorcieles nicSesa da

XIX saukunis dasasrulis _ XX saukunis dasawyisis evropuli

(da rusuli) inteleqtualuri meinstrimis recefcia; qarTuli

inteleqtualuri ena gaamdidres axali saxelebiT (Jerar de nerva-

li, bodleri, laforgi, verleni, malarme, meterlinki, hamsuni, ander-

seni, bloki, beli, sologubi, marineti da a.S.); danerges evropuli

kulturisaTvis mniSvnelovani konceptebi ("apolonuri da dioni-

suri", "zekaci", "bogema", "dendizmi", "splini" da aS.); qarTuli kul-

tura daayenes arCevanis winaSe _ azia Tu evropa? qarTuli kultu-

ridan da literaturidan "wamowies" daviwyebuli "mcire poetebi"

_ besiki, mamia gurieli... avantiuristi aSordia qarTvel kalios-

trod aqcies; daamkvidres giorgi saakaZis "miTosi"; besikis kultTan

erTad Seqmnes firosmanis kulti; evropuli ideebis gamoyenebiT

Seqmnes axali konceptebi da konceptualuri metaforebi qarTuli

kulturis gasaazreblad ("qarTuli renesansi", "qarTuli nadimi",

"tfilisis xerxemali", "orpiris maldarori"...); dabolos, qarTul

qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmis xanaSi: 1859-1916 ww.

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poeziaSi daamkvidres sonetis forma, Semoitanes verlibri da to-

nuri sazomebi (gavixsenoT, magaliTisaTvis, tician tabiZis "or-

piris cikli").

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom swored robaqiZem da cis-

feryanwelebma qarTul kulturas axali evropuli kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTbeli ori urTierTdakavSirebuli refleqsiuri ganzom-

ileba SesZines: arqauli ganzomileba _ warsulisken mibruneba

("tradiciis aRdgena") da resentimenti-amboxi da momavlisken svla.

cxadia, es ori ganzomileba impliciturad ukve iyo _ aba, sxva ra

aris ilia WavWavaZisa da "Tergdaleulebis" liberalur-naciona-

luri amboxi monarqistul-aristokratiuli mamebis winaaRmdeg da

"axali varskvlavis" gamodevneba?

magram yanwelebma da robaqiZem am or ganzomilebas modernis-

tuli miTosi daurTes. erTi mxriv _ "Taurwyaro" _ qaldea, babiloni,

"sumeri", "kardu" _ presitoriuli aRmosavleTi, sadac ikargeba

qarTuli nacionaluri sulis dasabami _ esaa swored arqauli

ganzomileba da misi "aRdgenis survili" robaqiZis gvelisperang-

sa Tu yanwelTa "qaldeur ciklSi".

rac Seexeba momavals, yvelaze radikalurad momavlis veqtori

nikolo miwiSvilma moxaza:

beTlemis lurji varskvlavi qreba da kargavs simxurvales.

amodis sxva cexlovani varskvlavi msoflioze, romelic anaTebs

CvenTvis did SesaZleblobaTa gzebs. "Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myooba-

di... _ Cven unda vsdioT exla sxva varskvlavs". gavyveT mas.1

nikolo miwiSvili epoqis adekvaturi adamiani iyo, romelic

iliasa da bolSevizmis, nacionalizmisa da komunisturi global-

izaciis Sexamebas Seecada. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom es ideol-

ogiebi genealogiurad erTmaneTs sakmaod organulad ukavSirdeba.

miwiSvilma Tavisi droisaTvis Tamamad aRniSna, rom dgeba postqris-

tianuli era, rom beTlemis "lurj varskvlavs" komunizmis wiTeli

varskvlavi anacvlebs.

dRes miwiSvilis prognozi "Zveli epoqis" banaluri kliSea

(aseTive banaloba iyo is maSinac), xolo misi "imdroindeli adek-

vaturoba" axalma adekvaturobam Secvala. tragikuli da simboluri

1 evropa Tu azia? Tb.: literaturuli matiane, 1997, gv. 227 (nikolo miwiSvilis

es werili _ "qarTuli kulturis axali gzebi" _ pirvelad "qarTuli mwerlobis"

1926 wlis pirvel nomerSi daibeWda).

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isaa, rom TviTon nikolo miwiSvili 1937 wels swored am wiTeli

varsvlavis msxverpli gaxda sakuTari adekvaturobis miuxedavad.

qarTuli poeziis axali xanis _ "galaktionis epoqis" _ xi-

luli niSani artistuli yvavilebi (1919 w.) aRmoCnda, xolo

Tavisi 1927 wlis krebuliT qarTvel mkiTxvels galaktionmave

auwya, rom "axali rusTaveli" ukve movida.

qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmis xanaSi: 1859-1916 ww.

Zaza Shatirishvili

Georgian Verse in an Age of Nationalism: 1859 -1916

Beginning in the 1860s, different national narratives emerged in Georgianculture. The differences between these versions of the narrative of Nation canbe discerned through the way they serve as narratives of reception of the nationalepic poem Vepkhist’qaosani of the medieval Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli.Georgian romantic verse throughout an Age of Nationalism and national narrativeswas transformed into modernist (symbolist and futurist) verse at the beginning ofthe Modernist period of Georgian literature.

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