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Transcript of 信息处理技术. 2Chapter 3: Computer Software 111Chapter 4: File Management, Virus Protection,...
信息处理技术信息处理技术
2Chapter 3: Computer Software 111Chapter 4: File Management, Virus Protection, and Backup
1Chapter 1: Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics
3Chapter 3: Computer Software
After this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the components of a typical software
package– Trace the development of a computer program– Describe the differences between system
software and application software– Describe the way an operating system manages
each computer resource– Identify operating systems for personal
computers, PDAs, and servers
Chapter 3 Preview
4Chapter 3: Computer Software
学习完本章应该能够 :–描述典型软件包的构成描述典型软件包的构成–了解计算机程序的发展了解计算机程序的发展–描述系统软件与应用软件的不同描述系统软件与应用软件的不同–描述操作系统管理计算机资源的方式描述操作系统管理计算机资源的方式–识别识别 PCPC 机、机、 PDAPDA 、服务器的操作系统、服务器的操作系统
第三章预览第三章预览
5Chapter 3: Computer Software
After this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe key and features of database and
spreadsheet software – List types of software available– Explain how to install and uninstall software– Describe the differences among new software
versions, software patches, and service packs– Describe rights associated with software: for
users and programmers
Chapter 3 Preview
6Chapter 3: Computer Software
–描述数据库和表格制作软件的基本特性 描述数据库和表格制作软件的基本特性 –列举典型的有用软件列举典型的有用软件–解释如何安装及卸载软件解释如何安装及卸载软件–描述软件新版本、软件补丁、服务包之间描述软件新版本、软件补丁、服务包之间的不同的不同
–描述软件用户与软件开发者之间的联系描述软件用户与软件开发者之间的联系
第三章预览第三章预览
7Chapter 3: Computer Software
Chapter 3 Outline
• Section A– Software Basics 软件基础
• Section B– Computer Operating Systems 操作系统
• Section C– Application Software 应用软件
• Section D– Software Installation and Copyrights –软件安装及版权
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Chapter 3Computer Software
计算机软件Section A: Software Basics
软件基础
9Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Consists of computer programs and data files that work together to provide a computer with the instructions and data necessary for carrying out a specific type of task
What is software?
Page 116
10Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Software includes– A computer program is a set of
instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task
– Executable files– Support modules– Data files
What kinds of files are included in a typical software product?
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11Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Computer programmers write the instructions for the computer programs
• Software publishers distribute the software– They specialize in packaging, marketing,
and selling commercial software
Programmers and Programming Languages: Who creates computer software?
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12Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Most software is designed to provide a task-related environment
• Programmer defines the properties for each element in the environment– Height– Label– What happens when you click it
• A computer language provides the tools that a programmer uses to create software– High-level languages– Source code
How does a programmer “write” software?
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13Chapter 3: Computer Software
How does a programmer “write” software?
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14Chapter 3: Computer Software
• A compiler translates all of the high-level instructions in a program as a single batch (of 1s and 0s)
• The resulting machine language instructions are called the object code
How are instructions converted to machine language?
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15Chapter 3: Computer Software
• An alternative to a compiler is an interpreter, that converts one instruction at a time while a program is running
How are instructions converted to machine language?
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16Chapter 3: Computer Software
So how does software work?
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17Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Software is categorized as either application software or system software– Application software is designed to be
used for a purpose – System software is designed to help the
computer carry out the basic operating functions
• Operating systems, utilities, and drivers
Application Software and System Software: How is software categorized?
Page 120
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Chapter 3Computer Software
Section B: Personal Computer Operating Systems
19Chapter 3: Computer Software
• The master controller for all of the activities that take place within a computer– E.g Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS,
Linux, UNIX
• Controls and manages all of the resources on a computer– Memory, hard drives, printers, etc.
• Interacts with the application software
Operating System Overview: What does an operating system do?
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20Chapter 3: Computer Software
What does an operating system do?
Page 122
21Chapter 3: Computer Software
Why does an operating system manage memory?
• Must ensure that instructions and data from one area of memory don’t “leak” into an area allocated to another program
• If it fails, data can get corrupted, programs can “crash”
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22Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Acts as a filing clerk
• Remembers the names and locations of all your files
• Keeps track of empty spaces where new files can be stored
How does the OS keep track of storage resources?
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23Chapter 3: Computer Software
• To ensure that they function correctly, using drivers (code that know how to talk to specific hardware, each type of printer must be spoken to differently)
• To ensure input and output proceeds in an orderly fashion
Why does the operating system get involved with peripheral devices?
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24Chapter 3: Computer Software
• A user interface can be defined as the combination of hardware and software that helps people and computers communicate with each other– Graphical user interface (GUI)– Command-line user interface
How does the operating system affect the user interface?
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25Chapter 3: Computer Software
• The OS’s small bootstrap program resides in ROM and supplies the instructions to load the core parts into memory when system boots
• This component is called the kernel
Where is the operating system stored?
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26Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Yes, typically through helpful tools called utilities– Launch programs– Manage files– Get help– Customize the user interface– Configure equipment
Do I ever interact directly with the OS?
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27Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Single-user operating system
• Multiuser operating system
• Network operating system
• Multitasking operating system
• Desktop operating system
Are different operating systems needed for different computing tasks?
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28Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Developed several years before windows, it still has a GUI interface
• Both have windows, icons, menus and pointers
Is Mac OS similar to Windows?
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29Chapter 3: Computer Software
Is Mac OS similar to Windows?
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30Chapter 3: Computer Software
• UNIX was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs
• Linux was developed in 1991– Is distributed under the terms of a General
Public License (GPL)• Mandrakelinux, Linspire, College Linux, and
Xandros Desktop
Are UNIX and Linux the same?
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31Chapter 3: Computer Software
Are UNIX and Linux the same?
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32Chapter 3: Computer Software
• First operating system that most people have used
• DOS (Disk Operating System) was developed by Microsoft
• Part of the kernel of Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME
Why do I keep hearing about DOS?
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33Chapter 3: Computer Software
What are the options for handheld operating systems?
• Palm OS
• Windows Mobile OS
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Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Chapter 3Computer Software
Section C: Application Software
35Chapter 3: Computer Software
Document Production Software: How can my computer help me with my writing?
• Word processing software• Desktop publishing software • Web authoring software
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36Chapter 3: Computer Software
How does document production software help me turn my ideas into sentences and paragraphs?
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37Chapter 3: Computer Software
• The format for a document refers to the way that all the elements of a document are arranged on the page– Font– Point size– Paragraph style– Paragraph alignment– Line spacing (leading)– Style
How do I get my documents to look good?
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38Chapter 3: Computer Software
How do I get my documents to look good?
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39Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Page Layout refers to the physical position of each element on a page– Headers and footers– Page numbers– Graphical elements– Tables
How do I get my documents to look good?
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40Chapter 3: Computer Software
How do I get my documents to look good?
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41Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Mail Merge - process of creating a series of personalized letters by combining information in a mailing list with a blank form letter
• Some additional capabilities– Automatically generating a table of contents and
index– Automatically numbering footnotes and positioning
them– Providing document templates– Exporting a document into HTML format
Does document production software increase productivity?
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42Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Spreadsheet - numerical model or representation of a real situation– Checkbook
• To use spreadsheet software, you:– Enter numbers– Row & Column labels– Indicate how the computer should manipulate
those numbers
• Particularly useful for what-if analysis
Spreadsheet Software: What is a spreadsheet?
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43Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Worksheets– An on-screen spreadsheet– Based on grid of columns and rows
• Cell - intersection of columns and rows• A cell can contain
– Numbers (values)– Labels– Formulas (tells computer how to calculate)
What does a computerized spreadsheet look like?
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44Chapter 3: Computer Software
What does a computerized spreadsheet look like?
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45Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Cell reference - unique address given to cell– A1 = column A, row 1
• You can modify a spreadsheet by– Changing text, numbers, formulas– Inserting rows and columns– Deleting rows and columns
• Formulas can contain– Cell references– Mathematical operators– Numbers
How does spreadsheet software work?
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46Chapter 3: Computer Software
How does spreadsheet software work?
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47Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Automatic recalculation – recalculates all formulas whenever contents of any cell are changed
• Relative reference - cell reference
• Absolute reference - never changes when you insert rows or move formulas
What happens when I modify a worksheet?
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48Chapter 3: Computer Software
What happens when I modify a worksheet?
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49Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Statistical software
• Mathematical modeling software
• Money management software– Personal finance software
• Tax preparation software
Aside from spreadsheets, what other “number crunching” software is available?
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50Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Database software helps you to enter, find, organize, update and report information stored in a database
Database Software: What is database software?
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51Chapter 3: Computer Software
What is database software?
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52Chapter 3: Computer Software
How do I create records?
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53Chapter 3: Computer Software
• A query language is a set of command words to direct the computer to:
– Locate information
– Sort records
– Change data in records
• SQL ( Structured Query Language)
• Some software even allows a natural language query
How do I locate specific data?
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54Chapter 3: Computer Software
How do I locate specific data?
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55Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Print reports
• Export data to other programs
• Convert the data to other formats
• Transmit data to other computers
How can I use search results?
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56Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Graphics – refers to any picture, drawing, sketch, photograph, image or icon that appears on your computer screen
• Graphics Software– Paint software– Photo editing software– Drawing software– 3-D graphics software
Graphics Software: What kind of software do I need to work with drawings, photos, and other pictures?
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57Chapter 3: Computer Software
• CAD software (computer-aided design software)
• Presentation software– Slides– Combine images,
text, sounds,
animation, etc.
What kind of software do I need to work with drawings, photos, and other pictures?
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58Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Audio editing software lets you make your own digital voice and music recording– Ear training software– Audio encoding software
Music Software: Why would I need music software?
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59Chapter 3: Computer Software
Music Software: Why would I need music software?
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60Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Provides a set of tools for:– Transferring video footage– Clipping out unwanted footage– Assembling video segments in any sequence– Adding special visual effects– Adding a sound track
• DVD authoring software offers tools for creating DVDs with Hollywood-style menus
Video Editing Software: Is video editing software difficult to use?
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61Chapter 3: Computer Software
Software Suites: What is a software suite?
• A collection of application software sold as a single package– Microsoft Office– Star Office– Open Office– WordPerfect Office
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62Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Educational software helps you to learn and practice new skills– MindTwister Math– 3-D Froggy Phonics– SAT– GMAT– LSAT
Educational and Reference Software: How can I use my computer to learn new things?
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63Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Reference software provides a collection of information and a way to access that information– Encyclopedias
• Microsoft Encarta• Britannica
– Dictionaries
What’s reference software?
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64Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Over $6 billion of computer and video games are sold each year in the U.S. alone– 90% are people 18 and older– 13% are people over 50– About 43% are women
Entertainment Software: What’s the best-selling entertainment software?
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65Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Computer games– Role-playing– Action– Adventure– Puzzle– Simulation– Sports– Strategy
What’s the best-selling entertainment software?
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66Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Vertical market software
• Horizontal market software– Payroll software– Accounting software– Project management software
• Groupware
Business Software: Do businesses use specialized software?
Page 151
Computer Concepts 8th Edition
Chapter 3Computer Software
Section D: Software Installation and Copyrights
68Chapter 3: Computer Software
• The key ingredients necessary to install new software are the files that contain the programs and data
• Usually supplied on distribution media
Installation Basics: What’s included in a typical software package?
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69Chapter 3: Computer Software
• System requirements specify the operating system and minimum hardware requirements necessary for a software product to work correctly
How do I know if a software program will work on my computer?
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70Chapter 3: Computer Software
• When you install software, the new software files are placed in the appropriate folders on your computer’s hard disk– Copies files from distribution disk– Uncompresses files – Analyzes computer’s resources– Analyzes hardware components and peripheral
devices– Looks for any system files and players– Updates necessary system files
Why is it necessary to install most software?
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71Chapter 3: Computer Software
• A setup program guides you through the installation process
• Following the program will make installation easy
Installing from a Distribution Media: How do I install software from distribution media?
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72Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Sometimes files are zipped, so they must be unzipped
• Other types– Self-installing executable file– Self-executing zip file– Non-executing Zip file
Installing Downloaded Software: Is the installation process different for downloaded software?
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73Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Similar to installing a full version
• Update provides a setup file that checks to make sure that your computer contains a valid version of software to upgrade
• Software patches
• Service packs
Is installing a software update different from installing a the original version?
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74Chapter 3: Computer Software
Uninstalling Software: How do I get rid of software?
• Uninstall routine deletes the software’s files
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75Chapter 3: Computer Software
• A copyright is a form of legal protection
– Purchaser has right to copy software to a computer’s hard disk in order to install it
– Purchaser can make a backup copy
– Purchaser is allowed to copy and distribute sections of a software program for use in critical reviews and teaching
• Most software displays a copyright notice
Software Copyrights: Is it legal to copy software?
Page 157
76Chapter 3: Computer Software
• A software license is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use a computer program
• A shrink-wrap license goes into effect as soon as you open the packaging
Software Licenses: What is a software license?
Page 157
77Chapter 3: Computer Software
• An installation agreement is displayed on the screen when you first install the software
What is a software license?
Page 157
78Chapter 3: Computer Software
• Commercial software• Shareware • Freeware • Open source software• Public domain software
Are all software licenses similar?
Page 158
79Chapter 3: Computer Software
You should now be able to:– Describe the software components of a typical
software package– Trace the development of a computer program– Describe the way an operating system manages
each computer resource– Describe key features of popular software– List types of software available– Explain how to install and uninstall software– Describe rights associated with software: for
users and programmers
Conclusion