© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.1a Organs of the urinary system. Hepatic veins (cut)...

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 15.1a Organs of the urinary system.

Hepatic veins (cut)

Inferior vena cava

Adrenal gland

Aorta

Iliac crest

Rectum (cut)

Uterus (partof femalereproductivesystem)

(a)

Renal arteryRenal hilumRenal vein

Kidney

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra


Figure 15.1b Organs of the urinary system.

12th rib

(b)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Kidney

Renalpelvis

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Figure 24.18 Pyelogram.


Figure 15.7 Position and shape of a distended and an empty urinary bladder in an adult man.

Umbilicus

Superior wallof distended bladder

Superior wallof empty bladder

Pubicsymphysis


Peritoneum

Ureter

Rugae

Detrusor

Adventitia

Ureteric orifices

Trigone of bladder

Bladder neck

Internal urethralsphincter

Prostate

Prostatic urethra

Intermediate partof the urethra

External urethralsphincter

Urogenital diaphragm

Trigone

Urethra

External urethralorifice

Female.

Spongyurethra

Erectile tissueof penis

External urethralorifice

Male. The long male urethra has three regions: prostatic, intermediate, and spongy.

Figure 24.20 Structure of the urinary bladder and urethra.


Figure 15.2a Internal anatomy of the kidney.

Renal column

Renal cortex

Major calyx

(a)

Minor calyx

Renalpyramid


Figure 15.2b Internal anatomy of the kidney.

Renal column

Renal cortex

(b)

Minor calyx

Fibrous capsule

Renalpyramid

Cortical radiate vein

Cortical radiate artery

Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Interlobar vein

Interlobar artery

Segmental arteries

Renal vein

Renal artery

Renal pelvis

Major calyxUreter


Homeostatic Imbalance 15.3 A urogram of a 35-year-old man after an injection of 80 ml of iodized contrast medium.


Figure 15.3c Structure of the nephron.

PCTGlomerularcapsular space

Glomerular capillarycovered by podocytes

Efferent arteriole

Afferentarteriole

(c)


Figure 24.7b Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.

Peritubularcapillary bed

Glomerulus

Efferentarteriole

Afferentarteriole


Figure 15.3d Structure of the nephron.

Filtration slits

Podocytecell body

Footprocesses

(d)


Figure 15.4 The kidney depicted schematically as a single large, uncoiled nephron.

3

1

2

1

3

2

Afferent arterioleGlomerularcapillaries

Efferentarteriole

Glomerularcapsule

Rest ofrenal tubulecontainingfiltrate

Peritubularcapillary

To corticalradiate vein

Urine

Corticalradiateartery

Three majorrenal processes:

Glomerular filtration: Water andsolutes smaller than proteins areforced through the capillary wallsand pores of the glomerular capsuleinto the renal tubule.

Tubular reabsorption: Water, glucose, amino acids, and neededions are transported out of thefiltrate into the tubule cells andthen enter the capillary blood.

Tubular secretion: H+, K+,creatinine, and drugs are removedfrom the peritubular blood andsecreted by the tubule cells intothe filtrate.


Figure 15.4 The kidney depicted schematically as a single large, uncoiled nephron (1 of 2).

3

2

1

Afferent arterioleGlomerularcapillaries

Efferentarteriole

Glomerularcapsule

Rest ofrenal tubulecontainingfiltrate

Peritubularcapillary

To corticalradiate vein

Urine

Corticalradiateartery


Figure 15.4 The kidney depicted schematically as a single large, uncoiled nephron (2 of 2).

1

Three majorrenal processes:

Glomerular filtration: Water andsolutes smaller than proteins areforced through the capillary wallsand pores of the glomerular capsuleinto the renal tubule.

Tubular reabsorption: Water, glucose, amino acids, and neededions are transported out of thefiltrate into the tubule cells andthen enter the capillary blood.

Tubular secretion: H+, K+,creatinine, and drugs are removedfrom the peritubular blood andsecreted by the tubule cells intothe filtrate.

2

3


Figure 15.5 Sites of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in a nephron.

Filtrate

Blood

Cortex

Medulla

H2OSalts (NaCl, etc.)HCO3− (bicarbonate)H+

UreaGlucose; amino acidsSome drugs

Reabsorption

Active transport

Passive transportSecretion

(active transport)

Nephronloop

H2O

NaCl

NaCl

H2O

NaCl

K+

H2O

Urea

Urine(to renal pelvis)

K+ andsomedrugs

Collectingduct

H+Some drugsand poisons

Glomerularcapsule

Proximal tubule Distal tubule

NaClNaClGlucose andamino acids

HCO3−

H2O


Table 15.1 Abnormal Urinary Constituents.


A Closer Look 15.1 Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney.


Figure 15.8 The major fluid compartments of the body.

Volume = 40 LTotal body water

Volume = 12 L Volume = 25 L

60% body weight

40% body weight 80% of ECF

20% body weightVolume = 15 L

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Interstitialfluid (IF)

Vo

lum

e = 3 L

, 20% o

f EC

F

Pla

sma


Figure 15.9 The continuous mixing of body fluids.

Lungs Gastrointestinaltract

Kidneys

Bloodplasma

Interstitialfluid

Intracellularfluid in tissue cells

O2 CO2 Nutrients

O2 CO2 Nutrients

H2O,Ions

H2O

H2O,Ions

Ions

Nitrogenouswastes

Nitrogenouswastes


Figure 15.10 Water intake and output.

Metabolism10%

Foods30%

Beverages60%

Feces 4%

Sweat 8%Insensiblelosses viaskin andlungs 28%

Urine 60%

Average intakeper day

Average outputper day

1500 ml1500 ml

750 ml 700 ml

200 ml

100 ml250 ml

250

0 m

l


Figure 15.11 The thirst mechanism for regulating water intake.

Plasma solutes

Saliva

Dry mouth

Osmoreceptorsin hypothalamus

Hypothalamicthirst center

Sensation ofthirst; persontakes a drink

Water moistensmouth, throat;stretches stomach,intestine

Water absorbedfrom GI tract

Plasmasolutes

Initial stimulus

KEY:

Physiological response

Result

Increases, stimulatesReduces, inhibits


Figure 15.12 Flowchart of mechanisms regulating sodium and water balance to help maintain blood pressure homeostasis.

Falling systemic blood pressure/volume

Reduced filtrate volumeor solute content inrenal tubules

JG cells of kidneys

Release

(+)(+)

Renin

Leads to

(+)

(+)

Inhibits baroreceptorsin blood vessels

Sympathetic nervoussystem

Systemic arterioles

Causes

Vasoconstriction

Results in

Peripheral resistanceAngiotensin II

formed in blood(+)

(+)(+)

Causes

Results in

Systemic arterioles Adrenal cortex

Secretes

Targets

Aldosterone

Kidney tubules

Vasoconstriction

Peripheral resistance

Na+ reabsorption (andH2O absorption)

Causes

Results in

Blood volume

Rising blood pressure

(+)

(+)

(+)

Causes

Release

(+)

Hypothalamicosmoreceptors

Posterior pituitary

ADH (antidiuretichormone)

Collecting ductsof kidneys

H2O reabsorption

= stimulates

Renin-angiotensin system

Neural regulation (sympatheticnervous system effects)

Effects of ADH release

KEY:


Figure 15.13 Dissociation of strong and weak acids in water.

HCl H2CO3

H2CO3

H2CO3

H2CO3

H2CO3 HCO3−

HCO3−H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+H+Cl−

Cl− Cl−

Cl−

Cl− Cl−

Cl−

(a) A strong acidsuch as HCldissociatescompletelyinto its ions.

(b) A weak acid suchas H2CO3 doesnot dissociatecompletely.


Figure 15.13a Dissociation of strong and weak acids in water.

HCl

H+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+H+Cl−

Cl− Cl−

Cl−

Cl− Cl−

Cl−

(a) A strong acidsuch as HCldissociatescompletelyinto its ions.


Figure 15.13b Dissociation of strong and weak acids in water.

H2CO3

H2CO3

H2CO3

H2CO3

H2CO3 HCO3−

HCO3−

H+

H+

(b) A weak acid suchas H2CO3 doesnot dissociatecompletely.


Focus on Careers, Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN).


Systems in Sync 15.1 Homeostatic Relationships Between the Urinary System and Other Body Systems.

Endocrine System

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Digestive System

Urinary System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Cardiovascular System

Reproductive System

Skeletal System

Integumentary System

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes;maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-basebalance of blood; produce the hormoneerythropoietin; renal regulation of Na+ andwater balance essential for blood pressurehomeostasis and hormone transport in the blood

• ADH, aldosterone, ANP, and other hormones helpregulate renal reabsorption of water andelectrolytes

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood

• By returning leaked plasma fluid tocardiovascular system, lymphatic vessels helpmaintain normal systemic blood pressureneeded for kidney function; immune cellsprotect urinary organs from infection, cancer,and other foreign substances

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood; also, metabolizevitamin D to the active form needed forcalcium absorption

• Digestive organs provide nutrients needed for kidneycell health; liver synthesizes most urea, a nitrogenouswaste that must be excreted by the kidneys

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood; renal regulation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ content inECF crucial for muscle activity

• Muscles of pelvic diaphragm and external urethralsphincter function in voluntary control ofmicturition; creatinine is a nitrogenous wasteproduct of muscle metabolism that must beexcreted by the kidneys

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood; renalregulation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ content in ECFessential for normal neural function

• Neural controls involved in micturition; sympatheticnervous system activity triggers the renin-angiotensinmechanism


• Respiratory system provides oxygen required bykidney cells; disposes of carbon dioxide; cells inthe lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood;renal regulation of Na+ and water balance essentialfor blood pressure homeostasis. Na+, K+, and Ca2+

regulation help maintain normal heart function• Systemic arterial blood pressure is the driving

force for glomerular filtration; heart secretes atrialnatriuretic peptide; blood vessels transportnutrients, oxygen, etc. to urinary organs



• Skin provides external protective barrier; serves as sitefor vitamin D synthesis and water loss (via perspiration)


• Bones of rib cage provide some protection to kidneys

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.1a Organs of the urinary system. Hepatic veins (cut)...

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Transcript of © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.1a Organs of the urinary system. Hepatic veins (cut)...