© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular...

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromio-clavicularjoint Clavicle

Scapula

Articulated pectoral girdle


Figure 7.25b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Sternal (medial)end

Posterior

AnteriorAcromial (lateral)end

Right clavicle, superior view


Figure 7.26a The scapula.

AcromionSuprascapular notch

Superior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Glenoidcavity

Coracoidprocess

Lateral border

Inferior angleRight scapula, anterior aspect


Figure 7.26b The scapula.

Superiorangle

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Medial border

Suprascapular notch

Glenoidcavityat lateralangle

Lateral border

Acromion

Coracoid process

Spine

Right scapula, posterior aspect


Figure 7.26c The scapula.

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Posterior Anterior

Subscapularfossa

Acromion

Supraspinous fossa

Supraglenoidtubercle

Coracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

Spine

Infraspinousfossa

Infraglenoidtubercle

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angleRight scapula, lateral aspect


The Upper Limb

• 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb– Arm

• Humerus

– Forearm• Radius and ulna

– Hand• 8 carpal bones in the wrist• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm• 14 phalanges in the fingers


Figure 7.27 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Greatertubercle

Lessertubercle

Deltoid tuberosity

Lateralsupracondylarridge

Inter-tubercularsulcus

RadialfossaCapitulum

Head ofhumerus

Anatomicalneck

Radial groove

Medialsupracondylarridge

Coronoidfossa

OlecranonfossaMedialepicondyle

Trochlea

Greatertubercle

Surgicalneck

Deltoidtuberosity

Lateralepicondyle

Anterior view Posterior view


Radialnotch ofthe ulna

HeadNeck

Radialtuberosity

Olecranon

Trochlearnotch

Coronoid process

Proximalradioulnarjoint

Interosseousmembrane

Ulna

RadiusUlnar notchof the radius

Head of ulna

Ulnar styloid processDistalradioulnarjoint

Radial styloidprocess

Anterior view Posterior view

Radial styloidprocess

Radius

Neck ofradius

Head ofradius

Figure 7.28a–b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.


View

Olecranon

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Ulnar notch of radius

Articulationfor lunate

Articulationfor scaphoid

Radialstyloidprocess

Head ofulna

Ulnar styloidprocessView

Distal ends of the radius and ulna atthe wrist

Figure 7.28c–d Radius and ulna of the right forearm.


Humerus

Capitulum

Head ofradius

RadialtuberosityRadius

Coronoid fossa

Medialepicondyle

Trochlea

Coronoidprocess of ulnaRadial notchUlna

Humerus

Olecranon

Medialepicondyle

Ulna

Olecranonfossa

Lateralepicondyle

HeadNeck

Radius

Posterior view of extended elbow

Anterior view at the elbow region

Figure 7.27c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.


Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges

• Metacarpus (Palm)– Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5 from thumb

to little finger) form the palm

• Phalanges (Fingers)– Fingers numbered 1–5 starting at thumb

(pollex)– Digit #1 (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle

phalanx– Digits #2 – 5 have 3 bones—distal, middle,

and proximal phalanx


Figure 7.29 Bones of the right hand.

Phalanges• Distal• Middle• Proximal

Carpals• Hamate• Capitate• Pisiform• Triquetrum

Carpals

• Lunate

Ulna

Sesamoidbones

• Trapezium• Trapezoid• Scaphoid

Radius

Metacarpals• Head• Shaft• Base

Carpals• Hamate• Capitate• Triquetrum• Lunate

Ulna

Anterior view of right hand Posterior view of right hand

V IV III IIVIVIIIIII

I


Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

• Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum– Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong

ligaments– Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs– Support pelvic organs

• Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint• Three fused bones form coxal bone

– Ilium, ischium, and pubis

• Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx


Animation: Rotatable Pelvis

Figure 7.30 Pelvis.

PLAYPLAY


Figure 7.31a The hip (coxal) bones.

Anterior glutealline

Posterior gluteal line

PosteriorsuperioriIiac spine

Posterior inferioriliac spineGreater sciaticnotch

Ischial body

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischium

IschialtuberosityIschial ramus

Lateral view, right hip bone

AlaIlium

Iliac crest

Anterior superioriliac spineInferior

gluteal lineAnterior inferioriliac spine

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Pubis

Inferior pubicramus

Obturatorforamen


Figure 7.31c The hip (coxal) bones.

Anteriorgluteal line

Posteriorgluteal line

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Greatersciatic notch

Ischial bodyIschial spine

Lessersciatic notch

Ischium

Ischialtuberosity

Lateral view, right hip bone

Ischial ramus Obturatorforamen

Ilium

Anterior superioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Inferior glutealline

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Pubic tubercle

Inferior pubicramus


Figure 7.31b The hip (coxal) bones.

Ilium

Iliac crest

Anterior superioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Arcuateline

Superior pubicramusPubic tubercle

Articular surface ofpubis (at pubic symphysis)

Inferior pubicramus

Medial view, right hip bone

Iliacfossa

Body ofthe ilium

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Auricularsurface

Greater sciatic notch

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Obturatorforamen

Ischium

Ischial ramus


Figure 7.31d The hip (coxal) bones.

Medial view, right hip bone

Articular surface of pubis(at pubic symphysis)

Inferior pubicramus

Ischialramus

Obturatorforamen

Ischium

Lessersciatic notch

Ischial spine

Greatersciatic notch

Posterior inferioriliac spine

Posterior superioriliac spine

Auricularsurface

Iliacfossa

Ilium

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Anteriorinferioriliac spine

Superiorpubicramus

Pubictubercle

Arcuateline


Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)


Figure 7.32a–b Bones of the right knee and thigh.Neck

Apex

Anterior

Facet for lateralcondyle of femur

Facet formedialcondyleof femur

Surface forpatellarligament Posterior

Patella (kneecap) Lateralepicondyle

Patellarsurface

Anterior view

Foveacapitis

Head

Lesser trochanter

Intertrochantericline

Glutealtuberosity

Linea aspera

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Popliteal surface

Intercondylar fossa

Medial condyle

Adductortubercle

Medialepicondyle

Greatertrochanter

Inter-trochantericcrest

Lateralcondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Posterior view

Femur (thigh bone)


Figure 7.33a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.


IntercondylareminenceLateralcondyleHeadSuperiortibiofibularjoint

Fibula

InferiortibiofibularjointLateralmalleolus

Anterior view

Medialmalleolus

Inferior articular surface

Tibia

Anteriorborder

Tibialtuberosity

Medial condyle


Figure 7.33b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.


Posterior view

Medialmalleolus

Inferior articular surface

Tibia

Medialcondyle

Articular surface of medial condyle

Articularsurface oflateral condyle

Head of fibula

Fibula

Lateralmalleolus


LateralcondyleFibulaarticulateshere

Line for soleus muscle

Posterior view,proximal tibia

Anterior view,proximal tibia

Lateralcondyle

Tibialtuberosity

Figure 7.33c–d The tibia and fibula of the right leg.


Parts offracturedfibula

X ray of Pott’s fractureof the fibula

Figure 7.33e The tibia and fibula of the right leg.


Foot: Tarsus, Metatarsus, Phalanges

• Tarsus– Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot– Body weight carried primarily by talus and

calcaneus


Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges

• Metatarsals:– Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5 from hallux to little

toe) – Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms "ball of the foot"

• Phalanges– 14 bones of toes– Digit #1 (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx– Digits #2–5 have 3 bones—distal, middle, and

proximal phalanx


Figure 7.34a Bones of the right foot.

Medialcuneiform

Intermediatecuneiform

Navicular

Trochleaof talus

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal

DistalMiddle

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Superior view

I II IIIIV

V

Talus


Animation: Rotatable Bones of the Foot

Figure 7.34b Bones of the right foot.

Intermediatecuneiform

Navicular

Talus Medialmalleolarfacet

Sustentac-ulum tali (talar shelf)

CalcaneusMedialcuneiform

CalcanealtuberosityMedial view

First metatarsal

PLAYPLAY


Figure 7.34c Bones of the right foot.

Lateral view

Lateralmalleolar facet

Navicular Intermediate cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Fifth metatarsalCuboidCalcaneus

Talus


Figure 7.35a Arches of the foot.

Medial longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

Lateral longitudinal arch

Lateral aspect of right foot


Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull

• Infant skull has more bones than adult skull– Skull bones such as mandible and frontal

bones are unfused – Skull bones connected by fontanelles

• Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes• Ease birth and allow brain growth• Four fontanelles

– Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal


Figure 7.36a–b Skull of a newborn.

Frontal bone

Ossificationcenter

Posterior fontanelle

Superior view

Frontal suture

Anteriorfontanelle

Parietal bone

Occipitalbone

Frontal bone

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Parietal bone

Ossificationcenter

Posteriorfontanelle

Occipital bone

Mastoidfontanelle

Temporal bone (squamous portion)

Lateral view


Figure 7.37 A baby born with a cleft lip and palate.


Developmental Aspects: Old Age

• Intervertebral discs thin, less hydrated, and less elastic– Risk of disc herniation increases

• Several centimeter height loss common by 55 • Costal cartilages ossify

– Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange

• All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular...

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Transcript of © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular...