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Transcript of © 2013 Cengage Learning. Outline Cultural Psychology – Psychology with a Cultural Perspective ...
© 2013 Cengage Learning
OutlineOutline
Cultural Psychology – Psychology with a Cultural Perspective The Goals of Psychology Cultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Research The Contribution of the Study of Culture on
Psychological Truths The Contribution of the Study of Culture in Our Own
Lives The Growth of Cultural Psychology and Cross-
Cultural Research
Outline (cont'd.)Outline (cont'd.)
What Is Culture? Where Does Culture Come From? A Definition of Culture Is Culture a Uniquely Human Product? The Difference Between "Society" and "Culture" Groups That Have Cultures Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Popular
Culture
Outline (cont'd.)Outline (cont'd.)
The Contents of Culture Objective Elements Subjective Elements
How Does Culture Influence Human Behaviors and Mental Processes? Understanding Culture In Perspective: Universals and
Culture-Specifics Etics and Emics Changing Culture
The Goal of This Book
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY – PSYCHOLOGY WITH A – PSYCHOLOGY WITH A
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
The Goals of PsychologyThe Goals of Psychology
Psychology is well-equipped to meet the challenge of cultural diversity First goal: build body of knowledge about people Second goal: take body of knowledge and apply it to
intervene in people's lives
Applied psychologists engage in lifelong learning process to help intervene in people's lives
Theories tested for validity both in science and on streets
Cultural Psychology and Cultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural ResearchCross-Cultural Research
WEIRDOS (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic cultures) are not representative of all humans
Is what we know about human behavior true for all people?
Cross-cultural research: tests cultural parameters of psychological knowledge Involves inclusion of people of different cultural
backgrounds
Cultural psychology: phenomenon of understanding cultural influences on behavior
The Contribution of the Study of The Contribution of the Study of Culture On Psychological TruthsCulture On Psychological Truths
Important to incorporate a cultural perspective in mainstream psychology
Knowledge created in psychology should be accurate and descriptive of all people
Cross-cultural research tests whether what is true for some is also true for others
Cultural diversity in findings and cultural differences in research are widespread
Multicultural psychology incorporates psychologies of cultures around world
The Contribution of the Study of The Contribution of the Study of Culture In Our Own LivesCulture In Our Own Lives
Practicing cultural psychology is an exercise in critical thinking: Is what we know true for all people regardless of their
cultural backgrounds? Under what conditions do differences occur, and
why? What is it about culture that produces such
differences? What factors other than culture contribute to these
differences?
The Growth of Cultural Psychology The Growth of Cultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Researchand Cross-Cultural Research
Cultural psychology has made substantial impact in psychology worldwide
Popularity of cultural psychology due to importance of culture on behavior
Intercultural conflicts led to much interest in cross-cultural research
Theoretical models are increasingly incorporating culture
Increased interest in cultural psychology is a normal and healthy development
WHAT IS CULTURE?WHAT IS CULTURE?
What is Culture?What is Culture?
Many people use culture, race, nationality, and ethnicity interchangeably
Culture: Describes activities or behaviors Refers to heritage or tradition Describes rules and norms Describes learning or problem solving Defines organization of group Refers to origins of a group
Where Does Culture Come From?Where Does Culture Come From?
Ecology: types of places where people live has major impact on how they live
Resources: natural and monetary affect culture People: group living, needs, and motives
influence culture Universal psychological toolkit: aptitude and
cognitive abilities help people adapt to environment
Individuals differ in how much they have or use their toolkits, but all have similar toolkits
A Definition of Culture A Definition of Culture
Function of culture: Provides guidelines or roadmaps on what to do, how
to think, and what to feel Ways of living take advantage of toolkits to meet
basic human needs
Definition of culture: Unique information system, shared by group, and
transmitted across generations Allows group to meet basic needs, pursue well-being,
and derive meaning from life
CultureCulture
Culture is the human-made part of the environment.
Plus a process for transmitting it to future Generations
Culture is to society what memory is to individuals
Therefore - Culture is a shared pattern of beliefs, attitudes, norms, role perceptions, and values
Material and SubjectiveMaterial and Subjective
Material culture – Objects: clothes, food, houses, highways, tools, and machines.
Subjective culture – Rules: how to live properly, how to
behave in relation to objects and people.
Subjective cultureSubjective culture
Language and economic, educational, political, legal, philosophical and religious systems are important elements of culture.
Ideas about aesthetics, and people should value and how they should live
Some Elements of CultureSome Elements of Culture
Norms - ideas about behavior expected of members of a group Tight culture - people are expected to behave exactly
as specified by norms, are interdependent and supervised closely
Loose cultures - one can deviate from norms.
Roles – Norms for correct behavior of people who hold a position in a social group.
Values – Guide behaviors and desirable states of affairs.
ValuesValues 1. Self-direction: creativity, freedom, choosing own goals,
curious 2. Stimulation: a varied life, an exciting life, daring 3. Hedonism: pleasure, enjoying life. 4. Achievement: ambitious, successful, capable 5. Power: authority, wealth, social recognition 6. Security: social order, clean, health, sense of belonging 7. Conformity: obedient, self-disciplined, politeness 8. Tradition: respect for tradition, humble, devout 9. Benevolence: helpful, loyal, forgiving 10. Universalism: broadminded, social justice, world of beauty
Is Culture a Uniquely Human Is Culture a Uniquely Human Product?Product?
Many animals are social In animal societies, clear social networks and
hierarchies exist Many animals invent and use tools Many animals communicate with each other Characteristics of human life that differentiates it
from those of animals: complexity, differentiation, and institutionalization
The Difference Between "Society" The Difference Between "Society" and "Culture"and "Culture"
Society: system of interrelationships among people
Human societies are complex Culture: meanings and information that are
associated with social networks Human cultures give concept of family own
unique meaning Different human cultures assign different
meanings to family
Groups That Have CulturesGroups That Have Cultures
Nationality Language Ethnicity Gender Disability Sexual orientation
Contrasting Culture, Race, Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Popular CulturePersonality, and Popular Culture
Race is more of social construction than biological essential
“Racial" differences are of little scientific or practical use
Personality: unique constellation of traits, attributes, qualities, and characteristics
Culture is relatively stable across individuals, whereas personality is vastly different
Popular culture does not involve sharing a wide range of psychological attributes
THE CONTENTS OF THE CONTENTS OF CULTURECULTURE
The Contents of Culture The Contents of Culture
Objective elements Architecture, clothes, foods, art, and eating utensils Mass media, music, Facebook, and Twitter
Subjective elements Values and beliefs
Norms: generally accepted standards of behavior for cultural group
Attitudes: evaluations of things occurring in ongoing thoughts
Worldviews: belief systems about world
HOW DOES CULTURE HOW DOES CULTURE INFLUENCE HUMAN INFLUENCE HUMAN
BEHAVIORS AND MENTAL BEHAVIORS AND MENTAL PROCESSES?PROCESSES?
How Does Culture Influence Human How Does Culture Influence Human Behaviors And Mental Processes? Behaviors And Mental Processes?
Culture influences psychological processes Enculturation: process of learning about one’s
culture beginning at birth Culture, situational context, and individual
factors influence mental processes System by which culture influences mental
processes is dynamic Relationship between culture and individual
behaviors is a reciprocal, dynamic one
Understanding Culture in Perspective: Understanding Culture in Perspective: Universals and Culture-SpecificsUniversals and Culture-Specifics
There are many psychological processes in which all humans engage
Attributions: ability to recognize others as intentional agents while drawing inferences
Because human cultures exist in unique environments, differences exist among cultures
Making attributions is universal, but people may differ in the way they make them
Same psychological process may be done differently when comparing human cultures
Etics and EmicsEtics and Emics
Etics: universal psychological processes Emics: culture-specific processes Each culture has had different combinations of
geography, climate, resources, precious culture, and contact with other cultures
People are very similar in their basic needs Cultures have long histories of having worked
for many generations
The Goal of This BookThe Goal of This Book
Raise questions about traditional, mainstream knowledge of human behavior
Determine if human behavior is applicable to people of all cultural backgrounds
Find better ways to understand differences Impart flavor of evolution in science and
knowledge Understand, appreciate, respect, and feel
cultural diversity and its influence on human behavior