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GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW 2013

Scientific Journal :

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FOUNDER:

State Budgetary Institution Shigabutdin Marjani Institute of History of Academy of Sciences

of the Republic of TatarstanUsmanov Center for Studiesof the Golden Horde History

Journal was founded in April 2013

Certificate of registration in the mass media 77-54682 given by Roskomnadzor

on 9 July 2013

Published 4 times a year

Editor in chief I.M. Mirgaleev

English texts editor

Roman Hautala (Oulu, Finland)

Executive editors: R.S. Khakimov (chairman),

V.V. Trepavlov, I.V. Zaytsev, P.N. Petrov, E.G. Sayfetdinova (secretary)

Editorial board:

D.V. Koodziejczyk (Warsaw, Poland)M.G. Kramarovsky (St. Petersburg)Istvn Vsry (Hungary, Budapest)

A.L. Ponomarev (Moscow), D.M. IskhV.N. Nastich (Moscow), V.L. Myc (St. Petersburg)

Judith Kolbas (Cambridge, UK)R.Yu. Pochekaev (St. Petersburg),

K.Z. Uskenbay (Almaty, Kazakhstan)B.V. Cherkas (Kiev, Ukraine)

Ilyas Kemalolu (Istanbul, Turkey)G.V. Vladimirov (Sofia, Bulgaria)

Aleksandar Uzelac (Belgrade, Serbia)

Technical editor: L.S. Giniyatullina

Editorial Office Address

420014, Kazan, Kremlin, entrance 5Tel./Fax (843) 292 84 82 (reception), 292

E-mail: [email protected]

. . , 2013 . .. , 2013

, 2013

ISSN 2308-152X

1 2013

State Budgetary Institution Shigabutdin Marjani Institute of History of Academy of Sciences

of the Republic of Tatarstan Studies

of the Golden Horde History

founded in April 2013

Certificate of registration in the mass media 54682 given by Roskomnadzor

Published 4 times a year

Roman Hautala (Oulu, Finland)

akimov (chairman), tsev, P.N. Petrov,

E.G. Sayfetdinova (secretary)

.V. Koodziejczyk (Warsaw, Poland), (St. Petersburg),

Istvn Vsry (Hungary, Budapest), hakov (Kazan),

V.N. Nastich (Moscow), V.L. Myc (St. Petersburg), Judith Kolbas (Cambridge, UK),

u. Pochekaev (St. Petersburg), (Almaty, Kazakhstan),

B.V. Cherkas (Kiev, Ukraine), Ilyas Kemalolu (Istanbul, Turkey),

Bulgaria), Aleksandar Uzelac (Belgrade, Serbia)

Editorial Office Address: 420014, Kazan, Kremlin, entrance 5

(843) 292 84 82 (reception), 292 00 19

. 1. 2013

2

.................................................................................................... 4

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Roman Hautala. Russian Chronicles on the Submission of the Kievan Rus to the Mongol Empire .................................................... 207

.. . ............................................................................ 222

........................................................................................... 225

. .. ............................................. 226 .......................................................................................... 228 Instructions to authors ........................................................................................... 230

GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. 1. 2013

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CONTENTS

From the Editors .................................................................................................... 4

Articles in English

R.S. Khakimov. The Long Middle Ages of the Golden Horde ........................... 5 S.G. Klyashtorny. The Ancient Tatar States in Central Asia ............................... 22 Shagdar Bira. The Mongolian Ideology of Tenggerism and Khubilai Khan ....... 36 T.N. Jackson. On the Navigation from India to Denmark and on Menelaus,

Konung of the Tattararkah: Geographic Descriptions in the Icelandic-Norwegian Chronicles and Sagas ......................................... 45

I.. Mirgaleev. Rashid al-Dins Shuab-i Pandjghana: Research Perspectives ..................................................................................... 57

A.A. Gorsky. Russia and the Horde in the 15th Century ....................................... 65 Istvn Vsry. The Tatar Ruling Houses in Russian Genealogical Sources ........ 73 I.K. Fomenko. The Legacy of the Golden Horde

in European Cartography of the 15th18th Centuries (1) ................................. 82 R.Yu. Pochekaev. The Impact of Religious Factors on the Legitimation

of Power in the Golden Horde and Late Medieval Turkic-Mongol States of the 15th18th Centuries ............................................ 96

V.P. Gulevych. Northern Black Sea Region from 14001442 and the Origin of the Crimean Khanate ........................................................ 110

Halil nalck. Crimea under the Rule of the Ottomans and the Dispute over Conclusion of the Agreement: Based on New Documents (1) .............. 147

Tasin Gemil. The Tatars of Dobruja and Budjak ................................................ 164 P.N. Petrov. Some Aspects of Medieval Oriental Numismatics

as a Historical Source (1) .............................................................................. 177

Articles in English

Roman Hautala. Russian Chronicles on the Submission of the Kievan Rus to the Mongol Empire .................................................... 207

Chronicle

E.G. Sayfetdinova. The Third Golden Horde International Forum .................... 222

List of abbreviations ............................................................................................ 225 New publications of the Usmanov Center for Studies

of Golden Horde History .............................................................................. 226 Instructions to authors (in Russian) ..................................................................... 228 Instructions to authors (in English) ...................................................................... 230

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__________________________

THE LONG MIDDLE AGES OF THE GOLDEN HORDE

R.S. Khakimov (Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

The article emphasizes the importance for studing Golden Horde theme in order to un-derstand the history of the Tatars, Russia, and Eastern Europe. The author argues that both the Golden Horde and the whole Tatar factor cannot be considered as an occasional episode in the medieval history of Russia, but emerged from their own background of Turkic tradi-tions. The category of the Long Middle Ages is analyzed by applying it to the history of the Tatars.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Middle Ages, Russia, Tatars, Eastern Europe.

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About the author: Rafael Sibgatovich Khakimov director, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (AS RT), vice-president of AS RT, academician of AS RT, Doctor of historical sciences (Kazan, Russian Federation); [email protected]

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33 .. VI VII .

. , 1980. . 145. 34

(18771927). - - ( [] - [] - (1127)) .. [, 1975, . 5152].

35 Czegldy K. Gardizi on the history of Central Asia. Acta Orientalia Hungarica,

t. XXVII, fasc. 3, 1973. . 257267. 36

.. -. , . VIII. ., 1973. . 4344.

37 . .. IXXI . . -

, 1972. 38

, XXII . - (. -) ( . ) [, 1975, . 51]. , , -, - - .

39 .. . . . V. ., 1968. . 559.

40 - , -

, . [Hambis, 1970, . 125133]. 41

Mahmud al-Kasgari. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects. Edited and Translated by R. Dankoff and J. Kelly. Pt I. 1982 (Harvard University Sources of Oriental Languages and Lit-eratures, 7). . 159.

.. .

31

, , , , . , , , , 42.

- 842 ., - , , IXX . -, , , .

1. .. -. , . VIII. ., 1973. . 4344.

2. .. . . . V. ., 1968. . 559. 3. - // : .. -

. .-., 1959. . 34. 4. ..

-. . . 10. , 1963. . 4145. 5. .. . .,

1983. 6. .. . . -

- . 1968. ., 1971. . 23. 7. .. . .

1987. . 1. . 3336. 8. .. . -

1975. ., 1978. . 154. 9. .. ( -

). Turcologica: .. . ., 1976. . 258267.

10. - // : .. - . . .-., 1951.

11. .. IXXI . . -, 1972.

42

. , , , - , - -. , -: (-) , [] ( - ). (-). - [, 1975, . 123]. . , 12111212 ., . , [Franke, 1981, . 170 .]. , - -. , , - (- -), , [, 1975, . 53]. -, , , -, . , , - , [, 1975, . 135].

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32

12. .. - ( ). . 1987. . 1. . 2122.

13. .. VI VII . . , 1980.

14. .. . . , 1990. . 1024.

15. .. - XII . - : . , 1986. . 97.

16. .. . ., 1968. . 134. 17. .. IXXII . ,

1974. 18. .. IXXII . , 1983. 19. - - // . , ., . . .. .

., 1975 ( . XXVI). 20. -. . . I, . 1. .-., 1952. . 103. 21. . . -

. . . . . . . . I. . 1. 1963. . 6769. 22. . . . -

. ., 1974. . 243. 23. .. .

., 1984. . 264. 24. .. . . . IX.

1961. . 238241. 25. , 1964. erbak A. Linscription runique dOust-Elgueste (Touva).

UAJ. 1964, vol. 35. 26. Bailey H.W. A Khotanese Text Concerning the Turks in Kantson. Asia Major.

New Series. Vol. 1. 1949, t. 1, 49 p. 27. Bailey H.W. Turks in Khotanese Texts. JRAS. 1937, pt. I. 28. Browne E.C. The Lubabu l-Albab of Muhammad Awfi. London-Leiden, 1906.

PP. 166, 169, 202. 29. Czegldy K. Gardizi on the Hhistory of Central Asia. Acta Orientalia Hun-

garica, Vol. XXVII, fasc. 3, 1973, pp. 257267. 30. Franke H. Sung Embassy of 12111212: The Shih-Chin-lu of Cheng Cho.

BEFEO. 1981, Vol. LXIX. 31. Geley J.-Ph. Lethnonyme mongol lpoque preinggisqanide (XIIe s.). Etude

dethnologie politique du nomadisme. Etudes Mongoles. Cahier 10. P., 1979, 73 p. 32. Hambis L. Lhistoire des Mongols avant Gengis-khan daprs les Sources

chinoises et mongoles, et la documentation conserve par Rasdu-d-Dn. CAJ. 1970, vol. XIV, pp. 125133.

33. Hamilton J.R. Les Ouighours lpoque des Cing dynasties kaprs les documents chinois. P., 1955, pp. 8990.

34. Mahmud al-Kasgari. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects. Edited and Translated by R. Dankoff and J. Kelly. Pt. I. 1982 (Harvard University Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7). 159 p.

35. Minorsky V. Hudud al-lam. The Regions of the World. A Persian Geography 372 A. H. 982 A. D. L., 1937. 47 p.

36. Mller F.W.K. Ein Doppelblatt aus einem manichischen Hymnenbuch (Mahrnmag). B., 1913.

37. Pelliot P. Ldition collective des oeuvres de Wang Kuo-wei. Toung Pao (TP). Leiden, 1929, vol. 26, pp. 125126.

38. Pelliot P. Notes sur dhistoire de la Horde dOr. P., 1949 (Oeuvres posthumes de Paul Pelliot, II), pp. 232233.

39. Pinks E. Die Uiguren von Kan-chou in der frhen Sung-Zeit. Wiesbaden, 1968.

.. .

33

40. Ramstedt G.J. Zwei uigurische Runeninschriften in der Nord-Mongolei. JSFOu. 1913, vol. XXX, no. 3. 17 p.

41. Tsai Wen-shen. Li T-y nn mektuplarina gre uygurlar (840900). Taipei, 1967, 148 p.

: - - , , (-, ); [email protected]

__________________________

THE ANCIENT TATAR STATES IN CENTRAL ASIA

S.G. Klyashtorny (St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies,

Russian Academy of Sciences)

The article examines the earliest stages of the history of the Tatars. The origins of the Tatars are traced from the collapse of both the Han Empire and the Empire of Xiongnu and are considered during the subsequent periods preceding the emergence of the empire of Genghis Khan. The author argues that the Tatar state appeared long before the Mongol era, providing information on the resettlement of the Tatars in the 9th and 10th centuries, which explains why a century later the Mongols, who occupied the same space, were called the Tatars in the Turkic and Muslim environment, as well as in China. This Turkic desig-nation of the Mongols took root not only in Central Asia and the Middle East but also in Russia and Western Europe.

Keywords: ancient history of Central Asia, origin of the Tatars, criticism of historio-graphical concepts, Chinese sources, Rashid al-Din.

REFERENSES

1. Bartol'd V.V. Izvlechenija iz sochinenija Gardizi Zajn al-ahbar Sochinenija [Ex-cerpts from the Writings of Gardizi Zayn al-Akhbar Essays]. Vol. VIII. Moscow, 1973, pp. 4344.

2. Bartol'd V.V. Tatary. Sochinenija [Tatars. Essays] Vol. V. Moscow, 1968, 559 p.

3. BKb Bol'shaya nadpis' v chest' Bil'ge-kagana [BKb Large Inscription in Honor of Bilge Khagan]. Tekst po: Malov S.E. Pamyatniki drevnetyurkskoy pis'mennosti Mongolii i Kirgizii [Text by: Malov S.E. The Monuments of Ancient Writing of Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan]. Moscow, Leningrad, 1959, 34 p.

4. Vajnshtejn S.I. Kurgany i stely s drevnetjurkskoj nadpis'ju v urochishhe Herbis-Baary [The Burial Mounds and Steles with the Ancient Turkic Inscription in the Tract of Herbis-Baari]. UZTNIIJaLI Proceedings of the Tuva Research Institute of Language, Literature and History. Kyzyl, 1963, no. 10, pp. 4145.

5. Vasil'ev D.D. Korpus tjurkskih runicheskih nadpisej bassejna Eniseja [Collection of the Turkic Runic Inscriptions from the Yenisei Basin]. Leningrad, 1983.

6. Vorozhejkina Z.N. Divan Manuchihri [Diwan of Manuchihri]. Pis'mennye pamjatniki Vostoka. Istoriko-filologicheskie issledovanija [Written Monuments of the Ori-ent. Historico-philological Studies]. Ezhegodnik 1968. Moscow, 1971, 26 p.

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7. Klyashtorny S.G. Devyataya nadpis Uybata [The Ninth Inscription from Uibat]. ST. 1987, no 1, pp 3336.

8. Klyashtorny S.G. Naskal'nye runicheskie nadpisi Mongolii [The Petroglyphic Runic Inscriptions of Mongolia]. Tjurkologicheskij sbornik 1975 Turkological Collection 1975. Moscow, 1978, 154 p.

9. Klyashtorny S.G. Stely Zolotogo ozera (K datirovke enisejskih runicheskih pa-mjatnikov) [The Steles of the Golden Lake (On the Dating of the Yenisei Runic Monu-ments)]. Turcologica: K semidesjatiletiju akademika A.N. Kononova. Leningrad, 1976, pp. 258267.

10. KTb Bol'shaya nadpis' v chest' Kyul'-tegina [KTb Large Inscription in Honor of Cul-Tegin]. Tekst po: Malov S.E. Pamyatniki drevnetyurkskoy pis'mennosti. Teksty i issledovaniya [Text by: Malov S.E. The Monuments of Ancient Turkic Writing. Texts and Studies]. Moscow, Leningrad, 1951.

11. Kumekov B.E. Gosudarstvo kimakov IXXI vv. po arabskim istochnikam [The Kimek State in the 10th11th Centuries according to Arab Sources]. Alma-Ata, 1972.

12. Kyzlasov I.L. Zemledel'cheskoe zhertvoprinoshenie drevnehakasskoj obshhiny (Novyj runicheskij pamjatnik na Srednem Enisee) [Agricultural Sacrifice of the Ancient Khakas Community (New Runic Monument in the Middle Yenisei)]. ST. 1987, no 1, pp. 2122.

13. Kychanov E.I. Mongoly v VI pervoy polovine VII v. Dal'nij Vostok i sosednie territorii v srednie veka [The Mongols in the 6th first half of the 7th Century. Far East and the Neighboring Territories in the Middle Ages]. Novosibirsk, 1980.

14. Kychanov E.I. O rannej gosudarstvennosti u kidanej. Central'naja Azija i sosednie territorii v srednie veka [On the Early Statehood of the Khitans. Central Asia and the Neighboring Territories in the Middle Ages]. Novosibirsk, 1990, pp. 1024.

15. Kychanov E.I. O tataro-mongol'skom uluse XII v. Vostochnaja Azija i sosednie territorii v srednie veka: Istorija i kul'tura narodov Azii [On the Tatar- Mongol Ulus in the 12th Century. East Asia and the Neighboring Territories in the Middle Ages: The History and Culture of Asian Peoples]. Novosibirsk, 1986, 97 p.

16. Kychanov E.I. Ocherk istorii tangutskogo gosudarstva [Essay on the History of the Tangut State]. Moscow, 1968, 134 p.

17. Maljavkin A.G. Materialy po istorii ujgurov v IXXII vv. [Materials on the History of the Uighurs in 9th12th Centuries]. Novosibirsk, 1974.

18. Maljavkin A.G. Ujgurskie gosudarstva v IXXII vv. [Uighur States in the 9th12th Centuries]. Novosibirsk, 1983.

19. Men-da bey-lu. Rus. ed. N.C. Munkuev [Mengda beilu]. Moscow, 1975 (Pamjatniki pis'mennosti Vostoka. XXVI [Eastern Written Monuments. XXVI]).

20. Rashid ad-din. Sbornik letopisej [Rashid al -Din. Compendium of Chronicles] Vol. I, book. 1. Moscow-Leningrad, 1952, 103 p.

21. Suprunenko G.P. Dokumenty ob otnoshenijah Kitaja s yeniseyskimi kyrgyzami [Documents on the Relations of China with the Yenisei Kirgizs]. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR. Series of Social Sciences. Vol. I. Is. 1. 1963, pp. 6769.

22. Suprunenko G. P. Nekotorye istochniki po drevnej istorii kyrgyzov. Istorija i kul'tura Kitaja [Some Sources on the Ancient History of the Kyrgyzs. The History and Culture of China]. Moscow, 1974, 243 p.

23. Taskin V.S. Materialy po istorii drevnih kochevyh narodov gruppy dunhu [Materials on the History of the Ancient Nomadic Peoples of the Donghu Group]. Moscow, 1984, 264 p.

24. Shherbak A.I. Novaja runicheskaja nadpis' na kamne [The New Runic Inscription on the Stone]. UZTNIIJaLI Proceedings of the Tuva Research Institute of Language, Lit-erature and History. Iss. IX. 1961, pp. 238241.

25. erbak A. Linscription runique dOust-Elgueste (Touva). UAJ. 1964, vol. 35. 26. Bailey H.W. A Khotanese Text Concerning the Turks in Kantson. Asia Major.

New Series. Vol. 1. 1949, Vol. 1, 49 p. 27. Bailey H.W. Turks in Khotanese Texts. JRAS. 1937, pt. I.

.. .

35

28. Browne E.C. The Lubabu l-Albab of Muhammad Awfi. London-Leiden, 1906, pp. 166, 169, 202.

29. Czegldy K. Gardizi on the History of Central Asia. Acta Orientalia Hunga-rica, Vol. XXVII, fasc. 3, 1973, pp. 257267.

30. Franke H. Sung Embassy of 12111212: The Shih-Chin-lu of Cheng Cho. BEFEO. 1981, vol. LXIX.

31. Geley J.-Ph. Lethnonyme mongol lpoque preinggisqanide (XIIe s.). Etude dethnologie politique du nomadisme. Etudes Mongoles. Cahier 10. P., 1979, 73 p.

32. Hambis L. Lhistoire des Mongols avant Gengis-khan daprs les Sources chinoises et mongoles, et la documentation conserve par Rasdu-d-Dn. CAJ. 1970, vol. XIV, pp. 125133.

33. Hamilton J.R. Les Ouighours lpoque des Cing dynasties kaprs les documents chinois. P., 1955, pp. 8990.

34. Mahmud al-Kasgari. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects. Rus. ed. R. Dankoff and J. Kelly. Pt I. 1982 (Harvard University Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7), 159 p.

35. Minorsky V. Hudud al-lam. The Regions of the World. A Persian Geography 372 A. H. 982 A. D. L., 1937, 47 p.

36. Mller F.W.K. Ein Doppelblatt aus einem manichischen Hymnenbuch (Mahrnmag). B., 1913.

37. Pelliot P. Ldition collective des oeuvres de Wang Kuo-wei. TP. 1929, vol. 26, pp. 125126.

38. Pelliot P. Notes sur dhistoire de la Horde dOr. P., 1949 (Oeuvres posthumes de Paul Pelliot, II), pp. 232233.

39. Pinks E. Die Uiguren von Kan-chou in der frhen Sung-Zeit. Wiesbaden, 1968. 40. Ramstedt G.J. Zwei uigurische Runeninschriften in der Nord-Mongolei. JSFOu.

1913, vol. XXX, no 3, 17 p. 41. Tsai Wen-shen. Li T-y nn mektuplarina gre uygurlar (840900). Taipei, 1967,

148 p.

About the author: Sergey Grigor'evich Klyashtorny head of the Department of Tur-kic and Mongolian Studies, St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Rus-sian Academy of Sciences, professor, Kandidat nauk (scientific degree) in historical scien-ces (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation); [email protected]

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239

-*

( )

. , () -, . , - , . - . --, -, - - ( , ) - . , , , .

: , -, , , -.

, ( ) XIII XIV , , - , .

. , - 1206 . . - -. , -. -, . , - , .

1.

* : Shagdaryn Bira. The Mongolian ideology of tenggerism and Khubilai Khan // Mongolian culture and society in the age of globalization: proceedings of an internation-al research conference, Western Washington University, August 56, 2005 / Edited by Henry G. Schwarz. Bellingham, Wash.: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington Universi-ty, 2006. . . .

1 Sh. ir, "ngolian nggerism nd dern Globalism: Retrospective utlk n

Globalism", Journal f the Rl siatic Society 14 (2004), 312.

. -

37

. , - 35- -. . , () . , , . - , .. , , . - - (12011274). , - . 1267 - - - , . , -. (12311316) - , .

, , -, - --, . - . - . - , - . , , , , - . 1307 , , - - ijing ( ) . . - , . - XIV .

- , , - , (1d=ulad). - . , , -. . - -, . , . , ,

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38

, 2.

. , . , , , , . , , - , - , -, - .

- - . , , , - - , , , - . - : , . -, , (). , , , 3.

, , , - . - -, . , , - . , - . , - -, . , , -. , , , - -, ng-mchod (ng-bdag-mchod gn; -: gli-g-in ejn, takil-un run) , , , (): .

, , ng-mchod . -

2 homas . llsen, ulture nd nquest in Mongol urasia (mbridge: mbridg

University rss, 2002), 7980. 3 A.C. Moule, Marco Polo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), 201.

. -

39

, - . , - . - - , . - , , - . .

- - . , - . - (1264) (hjah-sa mo-tig-ma). , 4 (suu jali), :

-, , . . -, , . (dbang, bisheka) , , ()5.

- , - - . : , .

--. -, - . . , - . , , - -, , -, - , , , , - (), . ,

4 "I hav reconstructed the ngolian riginal from the ibetan: ts-ring gnam-gyi ...".

5 . "Zltoi knige" Sh.Ddina (Ulnbtr: Izd-v dmii nauk

NR, 1964), 7374.

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40

, , - 6.

, , -. , - . , - , , - . , - .

, - , - - - -. Shes-bya rb-gsal - , -. -, - (1278). , - (-: khor los sgyur-'ba' i rgyalbo).

. , . , , (, ) - . - , - - , , .

, - -, -, . , - , -, -. - - - , -(), . , , - -

6 Cf. gb Lm-in tuguji (kgta: br ngol-un rd-un blel-n Qori-,

1992), 4356.

. -

41

- 7. - , , - 8.

- - - -, , , 9. - , , . - , - , , . , -- , , , , - .

- - , (bisheka, -: dbang) - . 1253 , , , 1260 1270 . , , - (-: (dges- rdorje), (i-dam). , - (-: mGon-). - , .

, - - , - - . , , - . - , . , , , (, slde) -.

1270 ., - -, , , -, . , , - , -. . - , , -

7 hhgs- bl-m, rGl- l gdms-'i rb-du bd- (S-sk bkh-hbum), Vl.

, ff. l / 34437/ 430. 8 S-sk bkh-hbum, Vl. V, ff. 3/ 390b.

9 Pagba lama-yin tuguji, Coyiji., ed. (Kokeqota: Obor Monggol-un Arad-un Keblel-un

Qoriy-a, 1992), 53.

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, . , , - , . - , , - .

- (13051321) , ( ), , , , , , , , , a , (dvaja) . . , . , , , .

, -, -, - , - (gdugs-dkr). 1270 . -, - . - . , , , - () - . , , -, - ( ), , - - 1206 .

, . (, yi-dam), . , . () . . , , , , . , , 10.

10 Rasissereng, Monggol Ganjuur daki Burqan-u burin iji korug jirug; Degedii

(Kokeqota: Obor Mongol-un Arad-un Keblel-un Qoriy-a, 2002), 78.

. -

43

, , - -, , - -. - , 1270 . , - , . , , . 11.

, -, , - . - - .

, - . , , , -, , - , , , - , , , , .

, . - - - , , , . , - .

: - , , , - (, ); [email protected]

11 rbert Frank, Frm ribal hieftain to Universal mperor and God: h lgitimation

of the Yan Dynasty (nchen: Verlag der BAW, 1978), 6062; iji, nggl-un burqan-u ssin-u tk. k nggl ulus-un y-e, 12061271 (Kkeqota: br Monggol-un rd-un blel-n Qori-, 1998), 283284.

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THE MONGOLIAN IDEOLOGY OF TENGGERISM AND KHUBILAI KHAN

Shagdar Bira (International Association of Mongolian Studies)

The article examines the main stages in the development of the Mongolian ideology of Tenggerism. The author proves that the final (Third) stage of Tenggerism began with the reign of Khubilai Khan who completed the creation of a world empire by the conquest of the whole of China. Unlike his predecessors, Khubilai Khan was less engaged in the con-quests than in solving the problems of pacification and consolidation of a world empire. As a result, the Mongolian ideology of Tenggerism underwent great changes through the im-pulse of the Buddhist religious and political philosophy. The enhanced cult of the imperial court and the colorful ceremonies of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tantric deities (such as Mahakala and Sitapatra), introduced by Khubilai Khan at the initiative of 'Phags-pa Bla-ma, contained a demonstration of Buddhist god-like nature of a worldwide empire. If Tenggerism had legalized the world conquests of the Mongols, then Buddhism in its Tibet-an form of Lamaism was subsequently revered in order to consecrate the peaceful domina-tion of the thin Mongolian elites over the entire world.

Keywords: Mongolian ideology of world domination, Khubilai Khan, international cultural exchanges, political pragmatism, Buddhist universalism.

REFERENCES

1. Bir Sh. Mongolian Tenggerism nd dern Globalism: Retrospective utlk n Globalism, Journal f the Rl siatic Society 14 (2004), pp. 312.

2. Bir Sh. Sh. Ddina. Ulnbtr, 1964. 3. Ciji. nggl-un burqan-u ssin-u tk. k nggl ulus-un y-e, 1206

1271. Kkeqota, br Monggol-un rd-un blel-n Qori-, 1998. 4. Hrbert Frank. Frm ribal hieftain to Universal mperor and God: h lgi-

timation of the Yan Dynasty. nchen, Verlag der BAW, 1978. 5. Moule A.C. Marco Polo. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1957. 6. Pgb Lm-in tuguji. kqta: br ngol-un rd-un blel-n Qori-, 1992. 7. Rasissereng. Monggol Ganjuur daki Burqan-u burin iji korug jirug; Degedii.

Kokeqota, Obor Mongol-un Arad-un Keblel-un Qoriy-a, 2002. 8. Thomas . Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, Camb-

ridge University Press, 2002.

About the author: Shagdar Bira honorary president of the International Association of Mongolian Studies, professor, academician of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of historical sciences (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia); [email protected]

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910.4(540:489)(26):398.22(=113.3=113.5)

, ( -

)*

.. ( )

. XIIXIV . , - , - , - , . , , , . - . -, , , , XIV ., - , .

: - , -, , , - .

XIIXIV . - , ( ), ( , , VII ., , XI .), - 1. , , - .

- , , . , - , . . XII . - , - , , -

* : Gaudeamus igitur: 60- .. . ., 2010. . 138148. .. .

1 .: .. . ,

, . ., 1986.

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2. .. , - , ( - ), ( ), ( ), (textual map) , , , , . - , , , , , , , . , - , . 1070 . , 3.

XII . (. 1170 .), - ( ), (, , , .), . - (-) , , , - , ( ):

, [] (.. . ..) , , , , . . , ! , : , , . , . , - (. ..) , (. ..) . , -, (-, , , ). - . , , (? ..), - , (?. ..), . - - , ...4.

2 .: Mortensen L.B. The Language of Geographical Description in Twelfth-Century

Scandinavian Latin // Filologia mediolatina. Vol. XII. 2005. P. 103121. 3 Ibid.

4 Historia Norwegi // Monumenta historica Norvegi. Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges

historie i middelalderen / G. Storm. Kristiania, 1880. P. 7375 ( .. : .., .. : -

.. . ...

47

XII . I5 XIV . 6. , - (. , .. )7. , - , , - .

- , , , - , , - (1152/53 .) ()8. , , - XII . , , , - , 9. - ( ) . (introductory geography). , mare nostrum ( ) 10.

XIII . ( orbis terrarum), . , , - (SnE)11 (Yngl)12 . -, , , - . , . SnE (heimsrijungar),

// : 75- .. . .-., 2000. . 122124).

5 .: .. . . 77, 79.

6 . . 159.

7 Bjrnbo A.A. Adam af Bremens Nordensopfattelse // Aarbger. 1909. R. II. B. 24.

S. 231. 8 Mortensen L.B. The Language of Geographical Description. P. 115.

9 Ibid. P. 117.

10 Mortensen L.B. Sanctified Beginnings and Mythopoietic Moments: The First Wave of

Writing on the Past in Norway, Denmark, and Hungary, c. 10001230 // The Making of Chris-tian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (c. 10001300). Copenhagen, 2006. P. 263.

11 / . .. .. -.

., 1970. . 11. 12

Snorri Sturluson. Heimskringla 1 / Bjarni Aalbjarnarson (Islenzk fornrit. B. XXVI). Reykjavk, 1941. Bls. 911.

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, , Yngl : . , XII ., , - , , . - , , . , - . (- ) , , , . Yngl - , , SnE, , 13. , Yngl, -: , . , ( ) : SnE , , , , ( ); (.. = ). ( ) - - 14. ,

13 .: Jakobsen A. Snorre og geografien // Scripta Islandica. . 39 / 198. 1988. S. 1011.

14 - -

- (, - )

.. . ...

49

(354430 .), (. 540604 .), (. 560636 .), (. . XII .), (1178 1198 .), (11901264 .), , - .

. - , , , . . , , . 15, - , - : , (HHkr 77); () - (HHkr 68); (EgS 14)16. - , - XII .17; , . HHkr 77 . Kntl 32 : - Kntl, - , ; Kntl () , - 18, , , , , , , -, . , . , - (Kntl 32) (Gngu-Hrlfs saga) (GHS 37)19. - ,

(), , - , .. (- .. // - : XXI . -. ., 2008. 359361). , .

15 Jakobsen A. Snorre og geografien. S. 311.

16 , ,

. 17

Jones G. Introduction // Egils saga / Tr. by G. Jones. N.Y., 1960. P. 45. 18

.: Bjarni Gunason. Formli // Danakonunga sgur (slenzk fornit. B. XXXV). Rey-kjavk, 1982. Bls. cxxiv.

19 .: ..

(Kntl 32 GHS 37) // . - ( ). XXI: : , , . 2009. . 100106.

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() (), - (GHS 37, 38), ; , .

, GHS. , , XIV . Sturl, YS, Kntl .20. . GHS - . , , , , . - , - . GHS 17 ( , ) . , (-. ), -, , , , - . , :

. . . . -, . - . , , . . , - , - , . , . , , - 21. ,

. , . -, , , . . , , - . , () (), , - , , , . . .

, , , -

20 Naumann H.-P. Gngu-Hrlfs saga // Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia /

Ph. Pulsiano et al. N.Y. & L., 1993 ( MSE). P. 254255. 21

Gngu-Hrlfs saga // Fornaldarsgur Norurlanda / Guni Jnsson. Reykjavk, 1950. B. III. Bls. 161280 ( GHS), k. 17.

.. . ...

51

, (TrS)22. , - . (A, XIII .; B, . 1350 .; Hauksbk, . 13061308 .) , , XIII . - - (V IV . . .) De excidio Troiae historia ( , , I . . .), - . . A, ( ) GHS, . TrS, - XIII . ( -), 23, - , , , -, TrS24. (, , , Hauksbk, - TrS.) , , , GHS 25- :

[...] , , (meistari Galterus Alexandr sgu) - (Umeris skld Trjumanna sgu), -, , , , . [...]25. TrS ,

(meistar(i) Dares). , , TrS ( XIII .) 26 (Homerus skalld) 27 (Homerus). , (Galterus de Castellione meistare Galterus), - (Alexandreis, . 1184 .), .

(Tattararki, Tartrarki, Tararia, Tartaria, Tartarara, Tartra (land), Tataria, Tattara) - ( -, , , -, , ,

22 .: Eldevik R. Trjumanna saga // MSE. P. 658659.

23 Barnes G. Elis saga ok Rsamundu // MSE. P. 162163.

24 .. . . 70, .

43; Jakob Benediktsson. Veraldar saga // MSE. P. 690. 25

GHS, k. 25. 26

Louis-Jensen J. Bretta sgur // MSE. P. 5758. 27

Wolf K. Alexanders saga // MSE. P. 78.

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, 28), XIVXV ., , , GHS, -. . , -, , 29. , -, , - GHS, , , - XIV . ( ), (. 1350 .), .

GHS - , -, 30. , - XIII XIV ., XIII . II, :

, . - , -. , - -, . , . , , , 31. ( -

), , 32, - XIII .33. -, , , , - , , . , ( GHS), (, , - XIV ., . 11: , ; . 40: ; . 52: ). GHS, , , . , , GHS .

, , , (). Heinsey -

28 . : MSE. P. 154155, 526, 585, 200, 67, 583, 686687.

29 Islndische Mrchensagas. B. I (Saga Bibliothek der altnordischen Literatur / Hrg. von

K. Schier). Mnchen, 1998. S. 368. 30

Hartmann J.W. The Gngu-Hrlfssaga. N.Y., 1912. P. 5577. 31

.. . . 87 / 89. 32

. . 91, . 25. 33

.: Jackson T.N. On the Date of the First Russian-Norwegian Border Treaty // Acta Borealia. 2004. N. 2. P. 8797.

.. . ...

53

22- , ( XIII .), Kntl (. XIII .). (Heinn Hjarrandason), , SnE, , 34. IX . , - ( ). - 35 (Hithinus), - , , Hithins. , , IX XIII . - . , GHS , - , . , , - , .

GHS , , (.: ) , , , , . , , , - 36, , , - (, , Kntl, ). , - - (, )37, , , , 62 . . .38. , GHS - - , ( heimskringla II kringla heimsins )39, ( -)40, , . -

34 . . 155156.

35 Saxonis Gesta Danorum / A. Olrik, H. Rder. Hauni, 1931. P. 134.

36 Hartmann J.W. The Gngu-Hrlfssaga.

37 .: .. 62 . ..:

// . XVIII: , -. 2006. . 135138.

38 .: .. ? ( Mela,

III, 45) // . XVII: . 2005. . I. . 2933. 39

.. . . 86 / 87; Hkr 1. Bls. 9.

40 .. .

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54

GHS - 41.

1. .. (Kntl 32 GHS 37) // XXI: : , , . 2009. . 100106.

2. .., .. : - // : 75- .. . .; ., 2000. . 122124.

3. .. . , , . ., 1986.

4. .. 62 . . .: // . XVIII: , . 2006. . 135138.

5. .. ? ( Mela, III, 45) // . XVII: . 2005. . I. . 2933.

6. Barnes G. Elis saga ok Rsamundu. MSE. P. 162163. 7. Bjarni Gunason. Formli. Danakonunga sgur (slenzk fornit. B. XXXV). Rey-

kjavk, 1982. Bls. cxxiv. 8. Bjrnbo A.A. Adam af Bremens Nordensopfattelse. Aarbger. 1909. R. II. B. 24.

S. 231. 9. Eldevik R. Trjumanna saga. MSE. P. 658659. 10. Gngu-Hrlfs saga. Fornaldarsgur Norurlanda / Guni Jnsson. Reykjavk,

1950. B. III. Bls. 161280. 11. Hartmann J.W. The Gngu-Hrlfssaga. N.Y., 1912. P. 5577. 12. Islndische Mrchensagas. B. I ((Saga Bibliothek der altnordischen Literatur / Hrg.

von K. Schier). Mnchen, 1998. S. 368. 13. Jackson T.N. On the Date of the First Russian-Norwegian Border Treaty. Acta

Borealia. 2004. N. 2. P. 8797. 14. Jakob Benediktsson. Veraldar saga. MSE. P. 690. 15. Jakobsen A. Snorre og geografien. Scripta Islandica. . 39 / 198. 1988. S. 1011. 16. Jakobsen A. Snorre og geografien. S. 311. 17. Jones G. Introduction. Egils saga / Tr. by G. Jones. N.Y., 1960. P. 45. 18. Louis-Jensen J. Bretta sgur. MSE. P. 5758. 19. Mortensen L.B. Sanctified Beginnings and Mythopoietic Moments: The First

Wave of Writing on the Past in Norway, Denmark, and Hungary, c. 10001230. The Ma-king of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (c. 10001300). Copen-hagen, 2006. P. 263.

20. Mortensen L.B. The Language of Geographical Description in Twelfth-Century Scandinavian Latin. Filologia mediolatina. Vol. XII. 2005. P. 103121.

21. Mortensen L.B. The Language of Geographical Description. P. 115. 22. Naumann H.-P. Gngu-Hrlfs saga. MSE. P. 254255.

41 .

.. : .. // .., .., - .., .. : . ., 2007. . 2024; Podossinov A.V. Europe as an Island in An-cient and Medieval Geocartography // 14th International Conference of Historical Geographers. 23rd 27th August 2009, Kyoto. Kyoto University, 2009. P. 82.

.. . ...

55

23. Saxonis Gesta Danorum / A. Olrik, H. Rder. Hauni, 1931. P. 134. 24. Wolf K. Alexanders saga. MSE. P. 78.

: - , - (, ); [email protected]

__________________________

ON SAILING FROM INDIA TO DENMARK, AND ON MENELAUS, THE KING OF TATTARARKI

(GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS IN THE OLD NORSE-ICELANDIC CHRONICLES AND SAGAS)

T.N. Jackson (Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences)

The article deals with geographic descriptions in the Icelandic sagas. In the 12th through the 14th centuries Scandinavia special geographical works contained descriptions of the inhabited world based both on West-European chorographical tradition and local topographic information about Northern and Eastern Europe. At the same time we can often come across written geography in the sagas. Geographical descriptions occur in the sagas of different genres, their functions and their sources are quite varied. Different saga authors possessed different degrees of skill in inserting the geographical material into their narra-tive. The main attention in this article is paid to the geographic description that we find in the Icelandic Gngu-Hrlfs saga, relating to the sagas of ancient times and written down, probably, at the beginning of the 14th century, namely to the description of Tattararki, that is the State of the Tatars.

Keywords: Old-Norse-Icelandic Sagas, written geography, textual maps, topo-graphy of Northern and Eastern Europe, description of the State of the Tatars.

REFERENCES

1. Jackson T.N. Ob istochnike odnogo geograficheskogo opisaniya. (Kntl 32 i GHS 37) [On the source of one geographical description. (Kntl 32 and GHS 37)] (Kntl 32 i GHS 37). VEDS XXI: Avtor i ego istochnik: vospriyatiye, otnosheniye, interpretatsiya [The author and his source: perception, attitude, interpretation]. 2009, pp. 100106.

2. Jackson T.N., Podosinov A.V. Norvegiya glazami drevnikh skandinavov: k vop-rosu o spetsifike drevneskandinavskoy oriyentatsii po stranam sveta [Norway through the eyes of medieval Scandinavians: on the specific character of Old-Norse spatial orientation]. Drugiye sredniye veka: K 75-letiyu A.Ya. Gurevicha [The other Middle Ages: to the 75th anniversary of A.Yu. Gurevich]. Moscow, Saint Petersburg, 2000, pp. 122124).

3. Melnikova Ye.A. Drevneskandinavskiye geograficheskiye sochineniya. Teksty, perevod, kommentary [Old Norse geographical works. Texts, translation, commentary]. Moscow, 1986.

4. Molchanov A.A. Indiytsy na severe Yevropy v 62 g. do n. e.: rekonstruktsiya marshruta puteshestviya pri ego sokrashchennom opisanii v istochnikakh [Indians in the north of Europe in 62 BC: the reconstruction of a travel route in its abridged description in the sources]. VEDS. XVIII: Vospriyatiye, modelirovaniye i opisaniye prostranstva v

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antichnoy i srednevekovoy literature [XVIII: Perception, modeling and description of space in ancient and medieval literature]. 2006, pp. 135138.

5. Podosinov A.V. Indijtsy na severe Evropy? (Neskolko zamechany k Mela, III, 45) [Indians in the north of Europe? (Some remarks on the Mela, III, 45)] VEDS. XVII: Problemy istochnikovedeniya [XVII: Problems of source criticism]. 2005. Ch. I. SP, pp. 2933.

6. Barnes G. Elis saga ok Rsamundu. MSE. PP. 162163. 7. Bjarni Gunason. Formli. Danakonunga sgur (slenzk fornit. B. XXXV). Rey-

kjavk, 1982. Bls. cxxiv. 8. Bjrnbo A.A. Adam af Bremens Nordensopfattelse. Aarbger. 1909. R. II. B. 24.

P. 231. 9. Eldevik R. Trjumanna saga. MSE, pp. 658659. 10. Gngu-Hrlfs saga. Fornaldarsgur Norurlanda. Guni Jnsson. Reykjavk,

1950. B. III. Bls. 161280. 11. Hartmann J.W. The Gngu-Hrlfssaga. N.Y., 1912, pp. 5577. 12. Islndische Mrchensagas. B. I (Saga Bibliothek der altnordischen Literatur. Hrg.

von K. Schier). Mnchen, 1998. S. 368. 13. Jackson T.N. On the Date of the First Russian-Norwegian Border Treaty. Acta

Borealia. 2004, no. 2, pp 8797. 14. Jakob Benediktsson. Veraldar saga. MSE, p. 690. 15. Jakobsen A. Snorre og geografien. Scripta Islandica. . 39. 198. 1988, pp 1011. 16. Jakobsen A. Snorre og geografien. PP. 311. 17. Jones G. Introduction. Egils saga. Tr. by G. Jones. N.Y., 1960, pp. 45. 18. Louis-Jensen J. Bretta sgur. MSE, pp. 5758. 19. Mortensen L.B. Sanctified Beginnings and Mythopoietic Moments: The First Wave

of Writing on the Past in Norway, Denmark, and Hungary, c. 10001230. The Making of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (c. 10001300). Copenhagen, 2006, 263 p.

20. Mortensen L.B. The Language of Geographical Description in Twelfth-Century Scandinavian Latin. Filologia mediolatina. Vol. XII. 2005, pp. 103121.

21. Mortensen L.B. The Language of Geographical Description. P. 115. 22. Naumann H.-P. Gngu-Hrlfs saga. MSE, pp. 254255. 23. Saxonis Gesta Danorum. A. Olrik, H. Rder. Hauni, 1931. P. 134. 24. Wolf K. Alexanders saga. MSE, pp. 78.

About the author: Tatjana Nikolaevna Jackson chief research scientist, Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of historical sciences (Moscow, Rus-sian Federation); [email protected]

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929.522(470)"1238/1480"(093)

- -:

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1 u'b-i pengne. Topkap. Ahmet III. (A.2937) Nesebname-i Mlk, Reidddin, Acem,

Talik, 227 sayfa. 2 . : http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-

al-tawarik

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58

. , .. , . 2009 - .. - : 3. .. , . - .. ., - , .

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, - - . -

4 Togan A.Z.V. Tarihde usul, Istanbul, 1950, s. 211; .. .

. // . ., .. . . ., 1972. . 308.

5 u'b-i pengne. Topkap. Ahmet III. (A.2937) Nesebname-i Mlk, Reidddin, Acem,

Talik, 227 sayfa.

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60

, - 6.

, - , -, , . , , - , . , - - - .

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al-tawarik 7 --. . . II. .-.: - , 1960. . 65.

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17 .: 17 21 . -. . ., . .. -

. .: . (). . XVII. .: , 1971. 498 . . : http://www.vostlit.info/haupt-Dateien/index-Dateien/R.phtml?id=2057

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, - - , .

1. . . III. (- ). , 2006.

2. . . IV. , . , 2006.

3. .. - // . . XVI. .-.: - , 1958. . 352375.

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., 1972. . 306308. 8. ( - -). -

-- ( ). . ., ., ., . . .. / . . .. -. , 2011. 320 .

9. . : http://www.iranicaonline.org /articles/jame-al-tawarik

10. Esin E. Hanlar Ulaki (The Succession of the Kings). On the illustrated Genealogy, with Uygur Inscriptions, of Mongol and Timurid Dynasties, at the Topkapi Library. Gedanke und Wirkung. Festschrift zum 90. Geburstag von Nicolaus Poppe. Wiesbaden, 1989. P. 114115.

11. Quinn S.A. The Muizz al-ansab and the Shuab-i Panjganah as Sources for the Cha-ghatayid Period of History: A Comparative Analysis. Central Asiatic Journal, 33, 1989, pp. 229253.

12. u'b-i pengne. Topkap. Ahmet III. (A.2937) Nesebname-i Mlk, Reidddin, Acem, Talik, 227 sayfa. , A.III 2937

13. Togan A.Z.V. Tarihde usul, Istanbul, 1950. 14. Togan A.Z.V. The Composition of the history of the Mongols by Rashid al-din.

Central Asiatic Journal, VII/1. 1962, pp. 6072. 15. Togan A.Z.V. Umumi Turk Tarihine Giris. Cild 1: En eski devirlerden 16 asra ka-

dar. Istanbul, 1946, pp. 370371.

: . .. . . , (, ); [email protected]

__________________________

.. . - -:

63

RASHID AL-DINS SHUAB-I PANDJGHANA: RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES

I.. Mirgaleev (Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

The author of the present study describes Rashid al-Dins work Shuab-i Pandjghana obtained from the archives of the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul. The article contains a brief description of the previous study of this important work. The author presents his own version about how Shuab-i pandjghana came to Anatolia, how the latest version of Rashid al-Dins work corresponds to his famous composition Compendium of Chroni-cles, and tries to determine the date when this wide genealogy was created. The author also analyzes the information on the Shuab-i pandjghana contained in A.P.Grigoryevs study.

Keywords: Rashid al-Din, Shuab-i pandjghana, Five Genealogies, Collection of chronicles, Topkapi Palace Museum, Genghis-khan, Jochi-khan, Uzbek.

REFERENCES

1. Istoriya Kazakhstana v persidskikh istochnikakh. Vol. III. Muizz alansab (Proslavlyayushcheye genealogii) [The History of Kazakhstan in the Persian Sources. Vol. III. Mu'izz al-ansab (The Glorifiing Genealogies)]. Almaty, 2006.

2. Istoriya Kazakhstana v persidskikh istochnikakh. Vol. IV. Sbornik materialov, otnosya-shchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy [The History of Kazakhstan in the Persian Sources. Vol. IV. The Collection of Materials Relating to the History of the Golden Horde]. Almaty, 2006.

3. Muginov A.M. Persidskaya unikalnaya rukopis Rashid ad-dina [The Persian Unique Manuscript of Rashid al-Din]. Uchenye zapiski Instituta Vostokovedeniya. Vol. XVI [Proceedings of the Institute of Oriental Studies. Vol. XVI]. Moscow, Len-ingrad: Publ. AN SSSR, 1958, pp. 352375.

4. Petrushevsky I.P. Rashid-ad-Din i ego istorichesky trud [Rashid ad-Din and His Historical Work]. Rashid-ad-Din. Sbornik letopisey. Tom 1. Kn. 1 [Rashid-ad-Din. Com-pendium of Chronicles. Volume 1. Book 1]. Moscow, Leningrad: Publ. AN SSSR, 1952, pp. 737.

5. Rashid ad-din. Perepiska. Per., vvedeniye i komment. A.I. Falinoy [The Corres-pondence. Trans., introduction and commentary by A.I. Falina] Ser.: Pamyatniki pismen-nosti Vostoka. (PPV). Is. XVII [Ser.: Written Oriental Monuments. Iss. XVII] Moscow: Nauka, 1971. 498 p.

6. Rashid-ad-din. Sbornik letopisey. Tom. II [Compendium of Chronicles. Vol. II]. Moscow, Leningrad: Publ. AN SSSR, 1960.

7. Storey Ch.A. Persidskaya literatura: bio-bibliografichesky obzor. Gl. 12 [Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey. Ch 12]. Moscow, 1972, pp. 306308.

8. Khafiz Abru (Shikhab ad-Din Abdallakh ibn Lutfullakh al-Khavafi). Zayl-i Dzhami at-tavarikh-i Rashidi (Dopolneniye k sobraniyu istory Rashida). Per. s pers., pre-disl., komment., prim. i ukaz. E.R. Talyshkhanova [Zayl-I Jami al-tavarikh-i Rashidi ("Supplement to the Rashid al-Dins Compendium of Chronicles"). Trans. from Pers., foreword, comments, approx. and notes by E.R. Talyshhanova]. Otv. red. I.M. Mirgaleyev [Executive ed. I.M. Mirgaleyev.]. Kazan, 2011. 320 p.

9. Entsiklopediya Iranika [Encyclopedia Iranica]. Access mode: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik

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10. Esin E. Hanlar Ulaki (The Succession of the Kings). On the Illustrated Genealogy, with Uygur Inscriptions, of Mongol and Timurid Dynasties, at the Topkapi Library. Gedanke und Wirkung. Festschrift zum 90. Geburstag von Nicolaus Poppe. Wiesbaden, 1989, pp. 114115.

11. Quinn S.A. The Muizz al-ansab and the Shuab-i Panjganah as Sources for the Chaghatayid Period of History: A Comparative Analysis. Central Asiatic Journal, 33, 1989, pp. 229253.

12. u'b-i pengne. Topkap. Ahmet III. (A.2937) Nesebname-i Mlk, Reidddin, Acem, Talik, 227 sayfa. Tupkapu Saraye Muzeye Kitapkhanese, shifr A.III 2937.

13. Togan A.Z.V. Tarihde usul [The Method in History]. Istanbul, 1950. 14. Togan A.Z.V. The Composition of the History of the Mongols by Rashid al-din.

Central Asiatic Journal, VII/1. 1962, pp. 6072. 15. Togan A.Z.V. Umumi Turk Tarihine Giris. Cild 1: En eski devirlerden 16 asra ka-

dar [Introduction to the General History of Turks. Vol. 1: From Ancient Times to the 16th Century]. Istanbul, 1946, pp 370371.

About the author: Il'nur Midkhatovich Mirgaleev chief, Usmanov Center for Stu-dies of Golden Horde History, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kandidat nauk (scientific degree) in historical sciences (Kazan, Rus-sian Federation); [email protected]

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94(470)"1238/1480"

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. 273275, 293; . i i . , 1998. . 5861.

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RUSSIA AND THE HORDE IN THE 15TH CENTURY

A.A. Gorsky (Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences)

The article considers the dynamics of relations between Russia and the Horde during the 15th century. These relations were determined by the gradual disintegration of the Horde and the parallel strengthening of the Moscow principality. The author defines the main at-tributes of the Russian political dependence on the Horde in the 14th century (the practice of granting the yarlyk's authorizing the rule of the Russian princes and their obligation to pay an exit fee), which had a direct influence on the nature of mutual relations. The article traces both the persistent attempts of the Moscow princes to free themselves from vassalage during periods of political instability in the Horde and the constant tendency to recognize subordination in the periods of the strengthening of the khans' power. The author points to a significant activation of the foreign policy of the Moscow princes over a few decades prior to the approval of Russian independence. This tendency had determined the subsequent foreign policy of the Muscovite tzars after the collapse of the Horde at the beginning of the 16th century.

Keywords: disintegration of the Golden Horde, Russian principalities, foreign rela-tions, Russian chronicles, documentary sources, Tatar states after the collapse of the Horde.

REFERENSES

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2. Alekseev Ju.G. Pohody russkih vojsk pri Ivane III [The Military Campaigns of the Russian Forces under the Reign of Ivan III]. Saint Petersburg, 2007.

3. Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova [The Charters of the Great Novgorod and Pskov]. Moscow-Leningrad, 1949.

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4. Gorskij A.A. Moskva i Orda [Moscow and the Horde]. Moscow, 2000. 5. Gorskij A.A. Rus': Ot slavjanskogo Rasselenija do Moskovskogo tcarstva [From

the Resettlement of the Slavic People to the Realm of Moscow]. Moscow, 2004. 6. Gorskij A.A. Ot zemel' k velikim knjazhenijam: primysly russkih knjazej vtoroj

poloviny XIII XV v. [From Lands to the Great Principalities: The "Primysly" of Russian Princes in the Second Half of 13th 15th Centuries]. Moscow, 2010.

7. Gorskij A.A. Jarlyk Ahmata Ivanu III [The Ahmads Yarlyk to Ivan III]. Drevnjaja Rus': voprosy medievistiki [Ancient Russia: Aspects of Medieval Studies]. 2012, no. 2 (

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