CHAPTER © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Principles of Pharmacology.
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Pharmacology: An Introduction...
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Transcript of © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Pharmacology: An Introduction...
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1Pharmacology: An Introduction
CHAPTER
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes
1.1 Define pharmacology and its major subdivisions.
1.2 Describe what a drug is, and explain the differences between a therapeutic effect, side effect, and toxic effect.
1.3 Explain the terms site of action, mechanism of action, receptor site, agonist, and antagonist.
1-2
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes
1.4 Explain the relationship between drug dosage and drug response, and the relationship between drug response and time.
1.5 Recall the guidelines for drug safety and drug approval by the FDA.
1.6 Identify drug nomenclature and the different terminology used in naming drugs.
1-3
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes
1.7 Recognize the drug references, and understand the information they provide.
1-4
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Major Areas of Pharmacology
• Pharmacodynamics– The study of the action of drugs on living
tissue
• Pharmacokinetics – The study of the processes of drug
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
1-5
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Major Areas of Pharmacology
• Pharmacotherapeutics – The study of the use of drugs in treating
disease
• Pharmacy – The science of preparing and dispensing
medicines
1-6
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Major Areas of Pharmacology
• Posology – The study of the amount of drug that is
required to produce therapeutic effects
• Toxicology – The study of the harmful effects of drugs on
living tissue
1-7
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Sources
• Where do drugs come from?
– Plants
– Animals
– Synthesized in a Lab
• Chemistry
• Biotechnology
1-8
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Effects
1-9
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology
• Site of Action– Location where drug exerts its effect
• Mechanism of Action– How a drug produces its effects
1-10
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology
• Receptor Site– Site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects
• Agonists produce drug action.• Antagonists inhibit drug action.
1-11
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology
Dose-Response Curve
• Shows response of drug proportional to dose
Time-Plasma Drug Concentration Curve
• Shows relationship of time and drug concentration
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© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Safety
• Medications must be proven safe and effective
– Therapeutic Index• The ratio of LD50 to ED50• Gives an estimate of relative safety
– Adverse Drug Effects• May be dose dependant or dose independent
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© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Nomenclature
• Drugs have three different names:– Chemical– Generic– Brand or Trade
• Drugs are also divided into the following classifications:– Prescription– Nonprescription (OTC)
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© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug References
• There are several drug reference books that provide information on medications:
– United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary
– Physicians’ Desk Reference
– Drug Facts and Comparisons
– United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information
– Drug InformationSAmerican Hospital Formulary
Service
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