© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9.

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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9

Transcript of © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9.

Page 1: © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9.

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 9

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Drugs that alters a person’s experiences or consciousness

Can cause intoxicationsA state in which sometimes unpredictable physical

and emotional changes occur

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Addictive behaviors are habits that have gotten out of control, with resulting negative effects on a person’s health

Addiction is a psychological or physical dependence on a substance or behavior

Dependence defined by four key characteristics:1. Compulsive desire for a drug2. Need to increase the dosage3. Harmful effects to the individual4. Harm to society

Tolerance3

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ReinforcementCompulsion or cravingLoss of controlEscalationNegative consequences

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Often starts when a person does something to bring pleasure or to avoid pain

Eventually, the behavior no longer brings pleasure, but it is necessary to avoid the pain of going without it

Examples of addictive behaviors: Gambling Compulsive Exercising Work Addiction Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction

Characteristics of people with addiction5

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Commonly referred to as addictsSubstance or activity used as substitute for

coping strategiesMay have trouble dealing with stress or

emotionsMay have a genetic predisposition to a

particular substanceMay have problems with impulse control

or self-regulationTend to be risk-takers

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Eating Watching TV Playing video games Gambling Compulsive exercising Work preoccupation Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet usage

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Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the bodyPrescription medicines Antibiotics AntidepressantsOver-the-counter substances

Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine

Illegal substances LSD Heroin

The drug tradition

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The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference

AbuseSubstance abuse:

Failure to fulfill major responsibilitiesDrug use in situations that are hazardousDrug related legal problemsDrug use despite persistent social or interpersonal

problemsPhysical dependence may or may not be

present9

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Substance dependence1. Developing tolerance to the substance2. Experiencing withdrawal3. Taking in larger amounts4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down5. Spending great deal of time getting the

substance6. Giving up or reducing important activities7. Continuing usage even with recognition of

a problemConsidered physically dependent if

experiences either tolerance or withdrawal10

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All income and education levelsAll ethnic groupsAll agesIncreased risk from: Being young Being male Being a troubled adolescent Being a thrill-seeker Being in a dysfunctional family Being in a peer group that accepts drug use Being poor Dating young

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ExcitingIllegalCuriousWant to escapeRebelliousVulnerable to peer pressureSeeking a spiritual experienceExperimentCope with difficulties

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Combination of three types of risk factors:PhysicalPsychologicalSocial

Physical risksBrain chemistryMetabolismExposed to drugs in womb

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Psychological risksDifficulty in controlling impulsesStrong need for excitementFeelings of rejectionHostility or aggressionAnxiety or depressionMental illnessDual (co-occurring) disorders

Social FactorsGrowing up in a family with drug abusePeer group approvalPovertyHealth care professionals

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IntoxicationUnexpected side effectsUnknown drug constituentsRisks associated with injection drug useLegal consequences

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Changes in brain chemistry Neurotransmitters

Drug factors: Pharmacological properties Dose-response function Time-action function Drug use history Method of use

User Factors Social Factors

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Chapter NinePsychoactive Drugs 18

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Opioids (narcotics)Natural or synthetic

Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanyl

Relieve painCause drowsinessInduce euphoriaMethods of administration

Injection, absorbed, snorting, sniffing, smokingSymptoms of overdose

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Also known as sedative-hypnoticsSlow down the overall activity of the CNSTypesEffects

Effects on the bodyMedical usesFrom use to abuseOverdosing

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Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular systemCocaine

Methods of useEffectsAbuse and dependenceUse during pregnancy

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Amphetamines Effects From use to abuse

State dependence Dependence

PsychosisRitalinEphedrineCaffeine

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Cannabis sativaTHC (tetrahydrocannabinol)Short-term effects and uses

DepersonalizationLong-term effects and uses

Respiratory damageDependence

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Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust)

SynesthesiaFlashbacks

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Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics and slow down the body’s functions

Several major groupsVolatile solventsAerosolsNitritesAnestheticsMethods of use

SniffingSnorting“Bagging”“Huffing”

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Drug researchDrugs, society, and familiesLegalizing DrugsDrug Testing

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Medication-assisted treatmentDrug substitution

Treatment centersSelf-help groups and peer counseling

AANA

Harm reduction strategiesCodependency

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Governmental attemptsAnti-drug education programsIndirect approaches

Young people’s self-esteemImprove academic skillsIncrease recreational opportunities

Direct approachesInformation about the adverse effectsPeer pressure resistance

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