© 2011 The Ohio State University Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation, Architecture, and Impact...
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Transcript of © 2011 The Ohio State University Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation, Architecture, and Impact...
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation, Architecture, and Impact
Shawn Midlam-Mohler, PhD, PEAssistant Professor of Practice
Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering
andOhio State University Center for Automotive Research
© 2011 The Ohio State University2
Introduction
• Motivation for PEVs
• PEV Technology
• Well-to-Wheels Impact
• Grid Impact
© 2011 The Ohio State University
World Oil Supply
3“Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios - The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert”, John H. Wood, Gary R. Long, David F. Morehouse, DOE/EIA Report, August, 2004.
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Importance of Petroleum in the U.S.
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~70% for transportation
“State and U.S. Historical Data”, US Report DOE/EIA, January 2007 NGPL = Natural Gas Plant Liquids
© 2011 The Ohio State University
World Oil Supply Estimates
5“Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios - The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert”, John H. Wood, Gary R. Long, David F. Morehouse, DOE/EIA Report, August, 2004.
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Energy Use and Per Capita GDP
© 2011 The Ohio State University
EV AND PHEV TECHNOLOGY
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Fueling the Future:An Early Perspective
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"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today, but such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time.“ - Rudolph Diesel, 1912
"The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumac out by the road, or from apples, weeds, sawdust - almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable matter that can be fermented. There's enough alcohol in one year's yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machinery necessary to cultivate the fields for a hundred years.“ - Henry Ford, 1925
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Electrified Vehicles: Then and Now
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1917 Woods Dual Power 2010 Chevy Volt
1914 Detroit Electric Model 47 2010 Nissan Leaf
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
ElectricVehicles
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Plugging-in .. how many PEVs??
Based on the historical rate of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) growth as a benchmark for the first 10 years, and realistic technology sales growth projections by 2020 based on known technical and infrastructure challenges
Courtesy of California Air
Resources Board
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Where does the Energy Go?
In urban driving, how much fuel energy is actually used propel a conventional vehicle?a) 6% b) 13%c) 23% d) 31%
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?%
?%
?%
?%
?%
?%
?%?%?%
Dissipation of kinetic energy
Overcoming tire rolling resistance
Overcoming aerodynamic
drag
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Where does the Energy Go?
In urban driving, how much fuel energy is actually used propel a conventional vehicle?a) 6% b) 13%c) 23% d) 31%
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?%?%
Dissipation of kinetic energy
Overcoming tire rolling resistance
Overcoming aerodynamic
drag
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Conventional Vehicle
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Engine
Transmission
Fuel Tank
• Efficiency improvements hard fought – usually focusing on the engine, driveline, and accessories
• Advanced engine technology (Diesel, variable valve timing, etc.) are all part of the solution
• Reduced vehicle size is one of the most reliable means of reducing fuel economy
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Mild Hybrid
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Engine
Transmission
BSA
Battery Pack
Fuel Tank
• A Belted Starter Alternator (BSA) is a small electric motor coupled to the engine in place of the alternator
• The motor allows the engine to be restarted rapidly, which reduces idle time (i.e. standby losses)
• The small battery pack for the BSA allows electrification of accessories
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Full Hybrid
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Engine
Transmission
Battery Pack
Fuel Tank
EM
EM
• A hybrid vehicle contains at least one large electric motor, usually two in today’s production vehicles
• The motors allow engine stop-start and downsizing of the engine for more efficient operation
• More aggressive regenerative braking is also possible as are electric accessories
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Hybrid Fuel Economy Comparison
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City Fuel Economy: ~50% better for HEVHighway Fuel Economy: ~10% better for HEV
Five cars with conventional and hybrid models:1. Honda Civic2. Nissan Altima3. Ford Escape4. Toyota Highlander5. Chevy Tahoe
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Electric Vehicle
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Electric Motor
Transmission
Battery Pack
• Vehicle is independent of petroleum and zero emissions
• Typically reduced range (<100 miles) and long recharge times (several hours)
• Well-to-Wheel analysis is critical
© 2011 The Ohio State University18
Sample EV Window Sticker
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Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
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Engine
Transmission
Battery Pack
Fuel Tank
EM
EM
• Cross between HEV and Electric Vehicle– In vehicles like the Chevy Volt, the vehicle
can go 30 miles using only electricity– After which, it operates like a
conventional HEV• For many drivers, functions as an EV during
daily commute
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Sample PHEV Window Sticker
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Technology Summary
• Technologies Discussed:– Mild Hybrids, Full Hybrids, Electric Vehicles, Plug-In Hybrids
• PHEVs a good compromise between EV and HEV• Other Technologies can come to bear on the issue:
– Fuel Cells– Alternative Fuels– Alternative Combustion Modes– Waste Heat Recovery– Many others
• Current designs are largely no-compromise designs
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
WELL-TO-WHEELS ANALYSIS
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Types of Vehicles
• Charge Sustaining Electric Drive Vehicles:– Today’s HEVs– No ability to connect to grid– All energy comes from on-board chemical fuel
• Charge Depleting Electric Drive Vehicles:– PHEVs and EVs– Require or expected to be connected to grid– For PHEVs, energy is mix between on-board chemical fuel and
electricity
• The latter category requires a more in-depth approach for evaluating the impact
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Timing of Charging Matters for PEVs
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Location of Charging Matters for PEVs
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Usage Patterns Matter for PEVs
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Well-to-Wheel Analysis
• For advanced technology vehicles and alternative fuels, a well-to-wheel analysis is vital
• There are no emissions from an electric vehicle directly – but where does the fuel come from?
• For biomass based fuels, there is considerable debate on the true life-cycle cost of the fuels
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Zero Emissions, High Efficiency
Regulated Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, High Energy Conversion Losses
(Chemical->Mechanical->Electrical)
© 2011 The Ohio State University
Well-to-Wheel Petroleum Usage
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Well-to-Wheel GHG Emissions
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Well-to-Wheel NOx Emissions
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Well-to-Wheel SOx Emissions
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© 2011 The Ohio State University
Well-to-Wheels Conclusions
• Charge depleting electric drive vehicles can offer major gains in petroleum usage and greenhouse gas emissions– Certain regulated emissions can increase from
conventional vehicles– Generation mix, time of charging events, and vehicle
driving patterns all impact environmental impact
• Charge sustaining electric drive vehicles (i.e. today’s conventional HEVs) offer more modest improvements in petroleum and GHG with no increase in regulated emissions
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© 2011 The Ohio State University33
WHAT IS OSU DOING IN THIS AREA?
© 2011 The Ohio State University34
OSU PEV Activities
• Education at undergraduate and graduate level (GATE Program)
• Privately funded research in the area of batteries, PEV control, advanced vehicle lubricants, and much more
• Consortium funded research in many areas through SMART@CAR Consortium
• Student motorsports projects:– Electric Motorcycle– Buckeye Bullet 3– EcoCAR 2
© 2011 The Ohio State University35
What is EcoCAR 2?
• A three year student vehicle competition:– 15 top schools selected in
competitive entry process– Engineering, business, and
communications focus
• Students focus on:– Improving efficiency– Reducing emissions– Reducing petroleum usage– Improving stock performance
and consumer features
• GM provides a 2013 Chevy Malibu at the start of Year 2
© 2011 The Ohio State University
OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Components
1.8L E85 Engine
A123 Systems Battery Pack
Parker-Hannifin Electric Machine and
GM 6-Speed Automated Manual Transmission
Parker-Hannifin Electric Machine
and BorgWarner Single Speed
Gearbox
© 2011 The Ohio State University37
Charge-Depleting
Front
OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes
© 2011 The Ohio State University38
Charge-Sustaining Series
Front
OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes
© 2011 The Ohio State University39
Charge-Sustaining Parallel
Front
OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes
© 2011 The Ohio State University40
Year 1 Results
Second Place Overall
© 2011 The Ohio State University41
Questions?