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Transcript of 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 인터넷응용 프로그래밍 설계과목,...
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인터넷응용 프로그래밍
• 설계과목 , 삼성트랙 과목• Term Project
– 조별 과제 – 3 명을 한 팀으로 하되 , 특별한 경우는 2 명을 허용– 중간발표 , 시스템발표 , 최종발표를 해야 함– 과제 내용은 자유지만 강의 계획서에 나온 제한조건을
따라야 함• XML 로 구현하고 , XHTML 로 변환하여 제공• 서버프로그램을 해야 함• 사용자의 사용 history 가 서버에 저장되어 추후 사용을
도와줘야 함• 사용자의 사용기록에 대한 통계가 있어야 함
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Term project 분야
• 현재 상용서비스 중인 시스템을 개선하는 아이디어나 새로운 아이디어를 사용해도 되며 , 이런 새로운 아이디어를 꼭 제시해야 함
• 예– Google Earth 를 활용한 복덕방 시스템
• 각자 다음주까지 자신이 만들고 싶은 사이트 또는 시스템을 사례연구 , 한계 , 해결방향의 측면에서 제출할 것
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팀 구성
• 2 학년과 3 학년 각 1 명씩 포함할 것– 3 학년 1 학기 실험을 한 사람이 유리할 수 있어서– 각자 역할이 명확해야 함
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Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computers and the Internet
Outline1.1 Introduction1.2 What Is a Computer?1.3 Types of Programming Languages1.4 Other High-Level Languages1.5 Structured Programming1.6 History of the Internet1.7 Personal Computing1.8 History of the World Wide Web1.9 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)1.10 Hardware Trends1.11 Key Software Trend: Object Technology1.12 JavaScript: Object-Based Scripting for the Web1.13 Browser Portability1.14 C and C++1.15 Java
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Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computers and the Internet
Outline1.16 Microsoft .NET1.17 Dynamic HTML1.18 Internet and World Wide Web How to Program1.19 Web Resources
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Objectives
• In this tutorial, you will learn:– To understand basic computing concepts.
– To become familiar with different types of programming languages.
– To understand the evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
– To understand the roles XHTML, JavaScript, JScript, Dynamic HTML, ASP.NET, Perl, PHP, ColdFusion, Python, Java servlets and JavaServer Pages have in developing distributed client/server applications for the Internet and the World Wide Web.
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1.1 Introduction
• Internet and World Wide Web How to Program: Third Edition– Effective learning tool for both novices and experienced
professionals
– Emphasizes structured programming and object-based programming
– The live-code approach• All concepts presented in full working program examples
• Examples available in CD-ROM (back cover of book) and at www.deitel.com.
– JavaScript• Introduced in earlier chapters
• Provides solid foundation for computer programming and rest of book
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1.1 Introduction
• Computer development– Computer use increasing in most fields
– Computer costs and size decreasing• Abundance of silicon drives down prices of silicon-chip
technology
• Applications of this book– Prepares for higher learning in C++ and Java as well as
object-oriented programming
– Allows development of applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
• Multimedia capabilities
• Integration with the Internet and World Wide Web
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1.1 Introduction
• Book structure– Chapters 1-20
• Covers XHTML, JavaScript, Dynamic HTML, Flash and Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• For applications running on client side (typically Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer)
– Chapters 21-38• Covers Web servers, databases, Active Server Pages,
Perl/CGI, PHP, ColdFusion, Python, Java servlets and JavaServer Pages
• For applications running on server side (complex computer systems where Web sites usually reside)
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1.2 What is a Computer?
• Computer– Device capable of
• Performing computations
• Making logical decisions
– Works billions of times faster than human beings
– Fastest supercomputers today• Perform hundreds of billions of additions per second
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• Programs– Sets of instructions that process data
– Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by computer programmers
• Computer system– Comprised of various hardware devices
• Keyboard
• Screen (monitor)
• Disks
• Memory
• Processing Units
1.2 What is a Computer?
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• Every computer divided into six units1. Input unit
• “Receiving” section of computer
• Obtains data from input devices
– Usually a keyboard, mouse, disk or scanner
• Places data at disposal of other units
2. Output unit• “Shipping” section of computer
• Puts processed info on various output devices
– Screens, paper printouts, speakers
• Makes info available outside the computer
1.2 What is a Computer?
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3. Memory unit• Rapid access, low capacity “warehouse”
• Retains information entered through input unit
• Retains info that has already been processed until can be sent to output unit
• Often called memory, primary memory, or random access memory (RAM)
4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit• “Manufacturing” section of computer
• Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)
• Contains decision mechanisms and can make comparisons
1.2 What is a Computer?
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5. Central Processing Unit (CPU)• “Administrative” section of computer
• Coordinates and supervises other sections
6. Secondary storage unit• Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse”
• Stores programs or data not currently being used by other units on secondary storage devices (like discs)
• Takes longer to access than primary memory
1.2 What is a Computer?
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1.3 Types of Programming Languages
• Computer programs – Called software
– Programmers write instructions that comprise software in various programming languages
• Three general types of programming languages– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-level languages
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1.3 Types of Programming Languages
• Machine languages– “Natural language” of a particular computer
– Defined by hardware design of computer
– Generally consists of strings of numbers
– Are machine dependent
– Cumbersome for humans• Example: Adding overtime pay to base pay and storing the result in
gross pay
+1300042774+1400593419+1200274027
– Slow and tedious for most programmers
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1.3 Types of Programming Languages
• Assembly languages– Programmers began using English-like abbreviations to
substitute for machine languages
– Represents elementary operations of computer
– Translator programs called assemblers convert assembly-language to machine-language
– Example:LOAD BASEPAYADD OVERPAYSTORE GROSSPAY
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1.3 Types of Programming Languages
• High-level languages– Developed as computer usage increased, assembly language
proved inadequate and time-consuming
– Single statements can be written to accomplish substantial tasks
– Translator programs called compilers
– Allow programmers to write instructions almost like every-day English
– Example:grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
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1.3 Types of Programming Languages
• High-level languages (II)– Much more desirable from programmer’s standpoint
– Specific languages include• C, C++, Visual Basic and Java
• Scripting languages: JavaScript, VBScript and Perl
• Among most powerful and widely used languages today
– Interpreter programs developed to execute high-level programs without compiling
• Popular in program development environments
– Once program developed, compiled version made
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1.4 Other High-Level Languages
• Hundreds developed, only few widely used– COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
• Used primarily for commercial applications that require precise and efficient manipulation of large amounts of data
• Half of all business software still programmed in COBOL
– Pascal
– BASIC• Simple language to help novices become comfortable with
programming
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1.5 Structured Programming
• 1960’s– People realized that software development far more complex
than imagined
– Resulted in evolution of structured programming• Disciplined approach to writing computer programs
• Clearer and easier to debug and modify than unstructured programs
• Pascal– Designed for teaching structured programming in an academic
environment
– Became preferred programming language in most universities
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1.5 Structured Programming
• Ada programming language– Developed under sponsorship of Dept. of Defense (DOD)
– Wanted single language to fulfill all DOD programming needs
– Based on Pascal but different in end
– Multitasking capability• Many activities can occur in parallel
• Not featured in C and C++
• Similar to Java multithreading technique
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1.6 History of the Internet
• ARPANET– Implemented in late 1960’s by ARPA (Advanced Research
Projects Agency of DOD)
– Networked computer systems of a dozen universities and institutions with 56KB communications lines
– Grandparent of today’s Internet
– Intended to allow computers to be shared
– Became clear that key benefit was allowing fast communication between researchers – electronic-mail (email)
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1.6 History of the Internet
• ARPA’s goals– Allow multiple users to send and receive info at same time
– Network operated packet switching technique• Digital data sent in small packages called packets
• Packets contained data, address info, error-control info and sequencing info
• Greatly reduced transmission costs of dedicated communications lines
– Network designed to be operated without centralized control• If portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to route
packets
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1.6 History of the Internet
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)– Name of protocols for communicating over ARPAnet
– Ensured that messages were properly routed and that they arrived intact
• Organizations implemented own networks– Used both for intra-organization and communication
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1.6 History of the Internet
• Huge variety of networking hardware and software appeared– ARPA achieved inter-communication between all platforms with
development of the IP• Internetworking Protocol
• Current architecture of Internet
– Combined set of protocols called TCP/IP
• The Internet– Limited to universities and research institutions
– Military became big user
– Next, government decided to access Internet for commercial purposes
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1.6 History of the Internet
• Internet traffic grew– Businesses spent heavily to improve Internet
• Better service their clients
– Fierce competition among communications carriers and hardware and software suppliers
– Result• Bandwidth (info carrying capacity) of Internet increased
tremendously
• Costs plummeted
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1.7 Personal Computing
• IBM– 1981, introduced IBM Personal Computer
– Made personal computing legitimate in business, industry and government organizations
– Computers were “stand-alone” units• Info only shared between computers through exchange of discs
– Machines could be linked• Over telephone lines
• Over Local Area Networks (LANs)
– Led to distributed computing
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1.7 Personal Computing
• Computers today– As powerful as million dollar machines from 20 years ago
– Workstations• Most powerful desktops today
• Provide users with enormous capabilities
– Information easily shared over networks• Networks controlled by servers
– Common programs and data used by client computers
– Popular operating systems• UNIX, Mac OS X, Windows, Windows NT, Linux
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1.8 History of the World Wide Web
• WWW– Allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based
documents
– Introduced in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee
• Internet today– Mixes computing and communications technologies
– Makes information constantly and instantly available to anyone with a connection
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1.9 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• W3C– Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee
• Devoted to developing non-proprietary and interoperable technologies for the World Wide Web and making the Web universally accessible
– Standardization• W3C Recommendations: technologies standardized by W3C
– include Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Document must pass through Working Draft, Candidate Recommendation and Proposed Recommendation phases before considered for W3C Recommendation
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1.9 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• W3C Structure– 3 Hosts
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
• European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM)
• Keio University of Japan
– 400 Members
• W3C homepage at www.w3.org• W3C Goals
– User Interface Domain
– Technology and Society Domain
– Architecture Domain and Web Accessibility Initiatives
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1.10 Hardware Trends
• Improving technologies– Internet community thrives on improvements of
• Hardware
• Software
• Communications
– Cost of products and services • Consistently dropping over the decades
– Computer capacity and speed • Doubles every two years (on average)
– Microprocessor chip• Laid groundwork in late 1970s and 1980s for productivity
improvements of the 1990s
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1.11 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
• Costs– Hardware costs dropping
– Software development costs rising • More sophisticated and powerful programs being developed
• Objects– Reusable software components that model items in the real
world
– Makes software developers more productive
– Object-oriented programs often easier to understand, correct and modify than older types of programs
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1.11 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
• Structured Programming– Led to first improvements in software technology
• Larger improvements– Only appeared with object-oriented programming in 1980s
and 1990s
• Object technology – Dates to 1960s
– C++, developed in 1980s, based on two languages• C – Developed to implement the UNIX OS in early 1970’s
• Simula 67 – Simulation programming language from 1967
– C++ absorbed capabilities of C and added Simula’s capabilities of creating and manipulating objects
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1.11 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
• Object technology– Packaging scheme that helps create meaningful software
units• Large and highly focused on particular applications areas
– Before appeared, programming languages were focused on actions (verbs) rather than on objects (nouns)
• Programmers would program primarily with verbs
• Made program awkward
• We live in a world filled with complex objects and simple actions
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1.11 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
• Object technology (continued)– Object-oriented programming
• Programmers work in manner similar to how they see the world
• More natural process• Significant productivity enhancements
– Procedural programming• Not particularly reusable• Forces programmers to constantly “re-invent the wheel”
– Wastes time and resources
– Objects• Software modules• Kept in libraries• Reusable – save time and resources
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1.12 JavaScript: Object-BasedScripting for the Web
• JavaScript– Attractive package for advancing level of programming
language education
– Object-based language
– Supports proper software engineering techniques
– Free for download in today’s most popular Web browsers• Attractive to colleges
• Bug fixes and new versions easily obtained
– Powerful scripting language• Portable
• Programs execute interpretively on client machines
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1.13 Browser Portability
• Browser portability– Great challenge
• Great diversity of client browsers in use
• Many different platforms also in use
• Difficult to– Know capabilities and features of all browsers and platforms
in use
– Find correct mix between absolute portability, complexity and usability of features
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1.14 C and C++
• History of C and C++– Evolved from B language (developed by Dennis Ritchie)
– C Implemented in 1972 as contemporary of Pascal• C++ developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980s
• C++ Initially used in Unix, today used in virtually all new operating systems
– Deitel books in early 90’s encouraged use of C over Pascal• Many believed C to be too difficult
• Advantages of C++– Extends C programming into object orientation
– Older C code may be integrated into C++
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1.15 Java
• History of Java– Project Green (1991): developed C based language (later
called Java) for intelligent consumer electronic devices• Advanced by World Wide Web explosion in 1993: potential to
create Web pages with dynamic content
• Java introduced in May of 1995
• Advantages of Java– Allows Web pages with dynamic and interactive content
– Allows Large-scale enterprise applications
– Enhances Web Servers
– Provides applications for consumer devices
– Now one of most widely implemented languages in world
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1.16 Microsoft .NET
• .NET initiative– June 2000
– Use multiple programming languages in same project
– Internet and Web development• ASP.NET allows complex Web-based client-server
applications
• Brings software reuse to Web
– .NET Framework• Framework Class Library
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1.17 Dynamic HTML
• DHTML– Two versions
• Microsoft
• Netscape
– Consists of number of technologies freely available for download
– Used for developing high-performance, Web-based applications
• Much of application’s work performed directly on client rather than on server or Internet
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1.18 Internet and World Wide Web How to Program
• Rise of electronic-commerce (e-commerce)– Reconstruction of modern business
• Internet and World Wide Web How to Program– Teaches programming languages, programming language
principles and Internet and Web-based application technologies
– Intended audiences• Introductory courses in C++, Java and Visual Basic
• Upper-level elective programming courses
• Corporate training programs for professional programmers
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1.18 Internet and World Wide Web How to Program
• Internet and World Wide Web How to Program includes treatments of 7 other popular programming languages– Microsoft Active Server Pages .NET (ASP.NET)
– Perl and Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
– PHP
– ColdFusion
– Python
– Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages
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용어들
• Proxy, DNS, Ethenet, Firewall• Wikipedia, Smantic wkiki• Second life • Elance
• 9 월 20 일 Google