تقرير...

ΩÉ©∏d á«Hô©dG á«fÉ°ùfE’G ᫪æàdG ôjô≤J 2003 »FɉE’G IóëàŸG ·C’G èeÉfôH »YɪàL’Gh …OÉ°üàb’G AɉEÓd »Hô©dG ¥hóæ°üdG á«Hô©dG á«fÉ°ùfE’G ᫪æàdG ôjô≤J ΩÉ©∏d 2003 áaô©ŸG ™ªà› áeÉbEG ƒëf ''á«Hô©dG á«fÉ°ùfE’G ᫪æàdG ôjô≤J'' ™°Vh 2002 ¢übGƒf RhÉŒ ‘ πãªàj kÉjôgƒL kÉjó– ,áeC’G ∫ɪYCG ∫hóL ≈∏Y .AÉ°ùædG Úµ“h ,ájô◊Gh ,áaô©ŸG ‘ :çÓK ᫪æàdG … q ó– ¿CG ¤EG ∫hC’G ôjô≤àdG ≈∏Y πª©dG AÉ¡àfG òæe á«fÉ°ùfE’G ᫪æàdG äGQƒ£J á©LGôe ÉfOƒ≤Jh á°UÉN ,IQƒ£N …óëàdG OGORG ÉÃQ πH .Ò£N q óL ∫GR Ée ∫hC’G ôjô≤àdG ¬©°Vh …òdG á«Hô©dG ¿Gó∏ÑdG ‘ á«fÉ°ùfE’G .»Hô©dG øWƒdG ‘ á«fÉ°ùfE’G ᫪æà∏d á«JGƒe ÒZ á«∏fih ᫪«∏bEGh á«ŸÉY äGQ q ƒ£J ÖÑ°ùH ,äÉjô◊G Qɪ°†e ‘ ∞©°V ¤EG Gòg ÊÉãdG ôjô≤àdG ¢ü∏îj ,øjô°û©dGh …OÉ◊G ¿ô≤dG äÉjGóH ‘ áaô©ŸG ÜÉ°ùàcG ∫ÉëH π°üàj ɪ«a Iôjɨe ±hôX ‘ ¬æµÁh ,º¡e »HôY …ô°ûH ∫Ée ¢SCGQ OƒLh øe ºZôdG ≈∏Y á«Hô©dG ¿Gó∏ÑdG ‘ áaô©ŸG êÉàfEGh ô°ûf .á«aô©e á°†¡f ΩÉ«≤d ájƒb á«°SÉ°SCG á«æH ¿ q ƒµj ¿CG :á°ùªN ¿ÉcQCG ∫ƒM º¶àæJ á«Hô©dG ¿Gó∏ÑdG ‘ áaô©ŸG ™ªà› áeÉbE’ á«é«JGΰSG ájDhQ ¤EG ôjô≤àdG »¡àæjh 1 - .ídÉ°üdG ºµ◊ÉH É¡fɪ°Vh ,º«¶æàdGh ÒÑ©àdGh …CGôdG äÉjôM ¥ÓWEG 2 - .IÉ«◊G ióe ôªà°ùŸG º∏©à∏dh ,»ª«∏©àdG π°üàŸG ‘ô£d á°UÉN ájÉæY AÓjEG ™e á«YƒædG »bGQ º«∏©à∏d πeɵdG ô°ûædG 3 - .á«©ªàÛG äÉWÉ°ûædG ™«ªL ‘ ÊÉ≤àdG ôjƒ£àdGh åëÑdG ‘ á«JGP IQób AÉæHh º∏©dG ÚWƒJ 4 - .á«Hô©dG ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«YɪàLE’G á«æÑdG ‘ áaô©ŸG êÉàfEG §‰ ƒëf å«ã◊G ∫ƒëàdG 5 - øe ¬°ü«∏îJh øjódG í«ë°U ¤EG IOƒ©dG :≈∏Y Ωƒ≤j Òæà°ùeh ,íàØæe ,π«°UCG ,ΩÉY »HôY ‘ô©e êPƒ‰ ¢ù«°SCÉJ ;»Hô©dG ‘ô©ŸG çGÎdG äGAÉ°VEG QÉ°†ëà°SG ;á«Hô©dG á¨∏dÉH ¢Vƒ¡ædG ;¬ÁôµJh OÉ¡àL’G õØMh ,¢Vô¨ŸG ∞«XƒàdG .iôNC’G á«fÉ°ùfE’G äÉaÉ≤ãdG ≈∏Y ìÉàØf’G ;¬H AÉØàM’Gh ,¬ªYOh ,áeC’G πNGO ‘É≤ãdG ´ƒæàdG AGôKEG áeC’ Iõ©dG OGQCG øeh .¿B’G Üô©dG áeCG ‘ áÑFɨdG á°†jôØdG ¿ƒµJ OɵJ áaô©ŸG ¿CG ¤EG ôjô≤àdG ¢ü∏îj ,kÉeÉàN .áaÉc »Hô©dG øWƒdG ´ƒHQ ‘ áaô©ŸG ™ªà› áeÉbEG ‘ ,kGó¡à›h kÉ°ü∏fl ,º¡°ù«∏a »JB’G ô°ü©dG ‘ Üô©dG á«©°Vh ≈æH ’EG πFÉM áaô©ŸG ¿hO Ωƒ≤j ’h .áaô©ŸG ≈∏Y ¢†– πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ ìÓØdGh ïjQÉàdGh áaÉ≤ãdGh øjódÉa ≈æÑdG √òg Gƒë∏°üj ¿CG Ωƒ«dG Üô©dÉH ≥«∏Nh .á°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ A»°T πc πÑbh ,OÉ°üàb’Gh ´ÉªàL’G ‘ ,ô°ûÑdG ™æ°U øe .áaô©ŸG á«ØdCG ¿ÉHEG ⁄É©dG ‘ ≥ëà°ùJ »àdG áfɵŸG º¡àeCG CGƒÑàJ ≈àM Sales No.: A.03.III.B.9 ISBN: 92-1-626000-9

Transcript of تقرير...

  • d

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    dG

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    2003

    FEG IG CG efHYLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG

    HdG ffEG dG jJd2003

    aG ebEG f

    ''HdG ffEG dG jJ'' Vh2002bGf Rh j kjgL kj ,eCG YCG hL Y.AdG h ,jGh ,aG :K

    dG q CG EG hCG jdG Y dG AfG e ffEG dG GQJ LGe fOJhUN ,IQN dG OGORG Q H .N qL GR e hCG jdG Vh dG HdG GdG ffEG

    .HdG WdG ffEG d JGe Z h bEGh Y GQ qJ H ,jG Qe

    V EG Gg dG jdG j ,jdGh OG dG jGH aG cG H j aIje hX h ,e HY H e SCGQ OLh e ZdG Y HdG GdG aG fEGh f

    .ae f d jb SSCG H qj CG

    :N cQCG M J HdG GdG aG ebE JGSG jDhQ EG jdG jh

    1 -.ddG H fVh ,dGh dGh CGdG jM WEG2 -.IG ie G dh ,dG G d UN jY AjEG e YdG bGQ d edG dG3 -.G WdG L dG jdGh dG JGP IQb AHh dG WJ4 -.HdG jObGh YLEG dG aG fEG f G dG5 -e Jh jdG U EG IOdG :Y j eh ,e ,UCG ,Y HY e P SCJ

    ;HdG G GdG GAVEG QSG ;HdG dH VdG ;Jh OLG Mh ,VG XdG.iNCG ffEG adG Y fG ;H AMGh ,YOh ,eCG NGO dG dG AGKEG

    eC IdG OGQCG eh .BG dG eCG FdG jdG J OJ aG CG EG jdG j ,keN.ac HdG WdG HQ aG ebEG ,kGh k ,a JBG dG dG

    Vh H EG FM aG hO j h .aG Y G dGh jQdGh adGh jdadG g Gj CG dG dH Nh .SdG AT c bh ,ObGh LG ,dG U e

    .aG dCG HEG dG J dG fG eCG CGJ M

    Sales No.: A.03.III.B.9ISBN: 92-1-626000-9

  • ffEG dG jJd HdG2003

    aG ebEG f

    HdG hd bEG G

    FEG IG CG efH

    YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG

  • dG M2003FEG IG CG efH ,HdG hd bEG d Xfi

    One UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

    f a jJ hCG QG Gg e AL qCG SG Rj h ,Xfi dG M L,dH hCG FdG dH hCG ,dBG hCG fc fhdEG ,Sh jCH hCG T iCH f hCG LSG

    .FEG IG CG efH e e PEG Y G hH ,iNCG Sh CH hCG :dG bQA.03.III.B.9

    ISBN 92-1-626000-9

    TdG fOQCG G W

    qS eCe :dG J.fe ,&jcQCG Ja ed Xfi dG M .GdG ,if e qSf SCGd dG Y IQdG

    TdG fOQCG G - `` qY ,cS :dG GNEGh NGdG dGTdG fOQCG G - `` qY ,qWdG G :YW

    efH AGQBG Y IQhdH j SdG CH UJ eh e jdG Gg Oj e.a AYG hdG hCG ,dG hCG ,FEG IG CG

  • CG

    jJ

    FEG IG CG efd `dG jG

    hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ QGUEG c,jG H Ie IgX VG dG f e e cCG SG dP Y jhjdG CG c .ffEG Y eb G jdG jd bdGe bGh G e Le SGM Y LCG dG h HdG hdG djdG J b gGdG g EG H .AGSeh QKCG da .oKCGh obh M e MgG e gGe Le e j GREG YGh FG YGPEG GXG EGd j ,dP e HCG g eh HdG dGfCH nJ CG EG ''J'' YO dG dG

    Y f e gCG.2002KCG Gg dGhjQG Id EG .gCG jZ dh HIG IFGdG SGQdG J kIja kISAGGh MdG e OY Vh dG dT ddG RCdG e Me AKCG dG.SdGh YLGh jObG GCG hCG jdG VhCG dG dSdG iahdG jQCG e GPEG fCGh ,QhV UEG.NGdG e j CG j fEa ,d edGhYGhO e c jdG dP YO Ea g eh

    .FEG IG CG efH RGYG

    JG ,eG GT Y KEG Nhjd d ke mGN HY hO IYVdG CG H .QhU Y jdG MW dGJ JT rKM AGqL e GJ OGORGVGQCG GdG GMG gh ,IdG.Gd ddG Gb hZh ,G dGhCG HdG ffEG dG jJ bhOT eY ,kac SdG dG GdCG jCHj dG QdGh dG LhCG e KK YICGG Mh jG :HdG dG eWGdG gCG Y cCG c .aGh.bGdG g d G e GAL gQYHGdG KG jg AGREG dG OhOQ CG Zie d J G qdG VGQCGhM dhdG YG ShCG Ga .UEG Y H S dG ''dG''

    ShCG H ,HdG dG ZCG fj dG dG Ea ,dG dG CGdGeh .WGdG dG EG aCG dGdG jdG Gg OG cCdG c gjdG IOQGdG jgG AiOG MCG Yd HdG dG FGdG UEG EG :hCG

    .NGdG e EG JCj

    EG jdG dDe gj ,dG ghUEd dN e dG dG JMGh AGREG j CG e e HdG.aG Qb gh ,idG KdG jdG e SM Y Hj dDG CG ZGYH jdG j PEG ,INCG GMCG IOe Z IQH VZ QGbEGh - jUdG aVEG jdH - IG CG FKhUEG Y Va b GMCG g CG hjj :S EG dP Ojh .G GGN e dDG H j e e hCGOM b fj dG GMCG C ,eCG WGdG UEG EG NGdG Ha dG dG eCG .pQe Y GdG jdG Gd IG UG dGdDG e Gd VGh CG e Jb jVh a .IG CG edG jOdG,jRQdG dG jG e lja njdG Gg.hCG G HY QL EG H GLJhH d IG CG eb dG YdG chCG d c e H GYGh CGd ejdG gGf CG H .dP H H GjLh Y j fCG f bdG J IQM fhRe AGQBG Y ,fCG gf,G GHh .dhO fe Xe H j ,JU aj fC ,d qcf fEa dN NH ,dG QJ e

    .eCGh dG H

    gGYd VY ,dDG CG ZfH HdG d jgG dehhcDj ,dG aG He UdHhCG EG .dH JQH VGdG RG eGdG

  • Vj EG ,d hj a ,LQG dGfEa ,G g e h .kjY ongEG .aGh ad dP j Y dAjdh ,UdG EG IYdG g dSQ iafj e dPh .dGh GG aj aG d eT J ej eYY Luj K ,gGdG HdG G,gfh HcG hO dG bGhj dG dG GSG EG gH jhcG adG Ib g dGh dG a

    .G ObGh YLG GHEd

    feEG HdG GdG id CG jdG ijhe H - aG JQe jd Fg,a oH sj H SCGQ e jdqpojh .kqjK jah jdh aK KGJ d C HddG jHdG dG j CH jdG,S GeCG j d G OQGG dGc j C idG IQhdG Y j fCG ZS ,NBG jH aGh ObG eEG .ffEG dG EG J N H:g dG HdG hdG eCG SG QGqfCG hCG HjEG hH jG dG GcGhCG e aj dHh .AGQh S,LQG GKCdG H QdG JaH jIYe J b fd IYdG g Ea

    .UCG jdG e cCG d

    d HdG ffEG dG jJ EG2003.jW MQ fdG IG g

    GNBG GjJ eOdG dG QajdG gh ,ICGG h jG YfEGh .G LGj GdG GNBG GdGGg CH ,OYG fQhjh ,eCG fhdgd IYe pppHc S dG jdGdG Lh e fL CG eh .d GQehefH SS IQhdH j g IOQGdGWJQH hQa fEa ,FEG IG CGjL N W IYHh IQOG HdGh HdG G ALQCG SdG MdG LRCG CG OdG Gg OhCGh .SCH,dG jG Ye ,dG N Q edd bEG jG H ,fc dGAGQh pG IdG g ,HdG hd bEG

    .G jdG Gg

    hGH de QeFEG IG CG efd dG jG

  • jJ

    HdG hd bEG G -bEG jG

    Y hCG HdG ffEG dG ojJ sWCG,pdM prS qa ,nc Y HdG bGdGQ J LGh , pbGf pJhG feEG e oAGj e EG e fGMd oj eh ,JGQbh HdGnAH CG EG jdG noNh .HdG dLCGkKK Lj HdG WdG ffEG dGd WdG oGMG g ,idG G e;ddG G peeh ffEG jGhe mQWEG JbW ojh HdG ICGG ohcG ojJh ,fEGh dGh IGhG

    .ac G fCG XJh aG

    OhOQ e aGh H jdG M bhgCG ShCG dM obGG JhJh .dGEG MGdG de YG e a ;CGdGEG dG Y NCG e eh ,GdG rnL qMH .LEGh dG Lh Y HdG bGdG,dCG dAe Y JQbh jupH hNBG sfbh .G EG jdG SQ YThJEG dH QGM WEG oAGQBG g SCG,HdG hdG ffEG dG RCe MHQe J Y dG WGG a QTY ,gG g h .bGeh,LJh nbGe e Y fG e NGY Ir n`Z e Y qY ,jdG sc tof

    .edG HdG G

    ,SdG Z HG Y QGG j hQGdG nUCGh HdG eG nH EG H,fMCG dH ;dGh dH dhJIdG T bh .iNCG kfMCG IOTEHhe mOY mGREG jdG Qhd MdGUHh ,JUJ e TJ HdG GdGcQe IOjRh ICGG U YJ ,dG ,jdG Gg Kjh .SdGdG GQd He Ve GREGmbNEG kjCG Kj fCG EG .G ffEGN nG gGO a .IjL mjhrofGh ,L lSc lGMCG JGP IdG M UHh ,bMh HdG WGG jM

    jdG OGYEG e AfEG oa .e jJe MG IOYEH FGSEG eb hCGdP Y lY j h .dG WG-jeG MG Rj GdG c M VCG ,GQdG g X h .jH,GZh ,IQN cCG HdG ffEG dG AH

    .ke TCG ,jQ h

    QGUEG QGSG ihL dG Whg HdG ffEG dG jJ S.UG HdG jQdG e LG MG,H id kfSGh kSCj OOdG Gg YhSG e NBG dG id kaJh kUMhd e pb e jj dG TGh jdGGg AHCG e J QBeh aGhO

    .WdG

    feEG jdG ja H Y j ha b e dSQ jJh jdG SGVQJ ,NGO gZh ,HdG WdG QNnYdG CG EG .HY IU e eg jNBd IQOG eR nJ qCG fc SGdGY FdG JGdG nUEG CGh ,IQN TCGojdG g Gd RGeh UQh jU mfIOYEG ,MdG j EG ,dG,HdG qjodG ZU IOYEG H ,G J,Y dGh Gh da .LQN ee j e g ,d dGh J

    .ke eCG

    W dG njdG Qf fEa ,g eh o oS M dN HY QGM J EGGg AHCGh pd q f f fEGe dG dG IqG nIG ,HdG WdGQGG Gg oe jh .dEG j GadG nUEG CG g ,Y n dG ,FG

    .NGO e EG JCj eCG nde j

    AH nVe dG jdG oja QNG bhKK e MGh gh ,d kGQ aG dG JGSG aJ UY

  • ocoCG JDJh ,HdG WdG ffEG ,gj e CG REG dGh .iOGa PEG .iNCG e GSEG ,jQIOSG Qj b c , ICGG Vf jjJ Ve ,ddG G ebEGh jG ,ddG ''HdG ffEG dG''

    .aG a oJ

    ,aG Ea ,jdG Gg j che Z b ,XJh LfEGh HcGdG SdG g jdGh OG dGa .jOe L ffEG dG HH ,dGh IQdG H OhG SJ e kdZIhdG Hh ,VGh dG H ,gdGh G

    .dGh

    ne gLh L oaG fc bhf jdG ja Ea .G jdG dGd cCJh ,kLfEGh kGf aG M hCGHY H e SCGQ OLh CG dGh dHdc jdG ja fh .nV r ekVM gLa ,adG G Hj a .Fd jb kIcQh ad kSeCGh paG nUf CGj C kjQJ nG JeR fEG H ,a mhd nJQe njjQdG sb aGM d SCG gOUjOG ,jG j c PEG ,of

    .GhCNCG dh ,YGh

    adG dG jdG oja Lh e dYLGh jObG dG aGOM lgJ eb M ,HdG SdGhjG hCG aG de eN Y dG Hnf uj FY J UCGh ,ICGG hCGLG qCG jdG ja ijh .LfEGh aGg Z b SGdGh dG UEG j EG

    .kMEG cCG

    Yd G eGdG J Hh,e hG GHCG Y ojdG qY ;aGN cQCG GP JGSG jDhQ kMeqd HdG nG gDj oSDJnS Qj qY J dG IdG aGjM nWEG J cQCG gh .aG,bGdG dG nJh ,dGh dGh CGdG aG fEG nSCJh ,dG nWJhcdG eCG .HdG YLGh jObG dG

    ,UCG HY e P oSCJ a eG e nOLG j eh ,ehGh IOG FG d G SGndG jh ,HdG dH jh ,IdGCGe Y jh ,H jh eCG NGO dGiNCG ffEG adG Y fG

    .e YdGh

    h .N g e jdG CG f fhEG Yf H .aG QMG hCG dG d YfQj e g c GPEG JG b kaNG ,QGGQeCG e G f f eYh .dPfh ,dG SCG f kjS fN b ff bEG QGe Y HdG WdG Vh

    .ffEG dGh jGh aG

    HCG CG j ,dG G Gg eCGh,kVh REG QT e d ,adG YeHdG hdG EGh ,kGjh ,kIQSGhQGSG Y YLGh ObG AEd

    .hdG Gd YdG

    eGdG f EG ,kjL , Thb g jdG GN jdG dGjdG ja EGh ,UN WCG gfRHCGYCG CG jh .G gL Y cGQOf QcdG jdG Fd UN eG Y hDhdG Lh G eSE ,LaaGh dGh .jdG OGYEG MGe Le nn dG QSG jd UehQj CG jdG Gd j e LdGh odG

    .kUQh kY ,fhO

    CG EG jdG Gg N j hde Qe dG EG dG jH LJCGFG IG CG efd dG jG ,hGHjQJ d YdG IfG UGe Y

    .HdG GdG ffEG dG

    dG N QIG Cd dG eCG Ye

    bEG jG-HdG hd bEG G FEG IG CG efH

  • ffEG dG Y dG jdG g GgjQdG e S QWEG qHdG hdG,jS gQGUEG IQhV DJQG ,dG e Oq fH e MGh qc qjqffEG dG jJ H ,qffEG dG

    .qYGh qOdG jG Y qHdG

    dG jJ CG T e g dh d hCG qHdG ffEG2002GL c

    e e AGS ,LhCG qac e Ge qffEG d qdG VhCd JjdGh a QdG LhCGh qHdG WdGe jd H VdG FShh H dGe jdG b e M e hCG ,qHdG fEGc dh .beh L e QKCG eh gGhj eL qHY jJ qhCG jdG GgqHdG fEd qdG VhCG Y bdGEG qUJh ,e jJh ,Vf FShhIc qeYEG M bJ ,qe LSGH SGh qjK L QKCGh ,qdhOh qHY qG e gZh dG LQh GqY a h ,G YEG FShjdG b qN Y Ghfh ,IqOeqJG ge Y qdG qHh ,Y dGhj CG e q a ,a AL NGhiqJ dG qjgG jdG M qM TfW H a IOQGdG AGQBG YG c ,ddOh ,qHY He qMUEG qLd ALqJGdG dG Y qHdG hdG IQb Y qe

    .AqdG

    qffEG dG qgCG Y jdG qcCG aeG edG dG UCG cIhdG g jdG dh qG qSDddG CG jdG VhCG c ,Cd qGH dG GQN SJ g qffEGd qCG PEG ,SCG qffEG jdG dG dG kUCG kqM GH fc OqjqG qjce Y jdG qcCGh .jeh jOee qSh c ,qffEG dG e qOG qdG e Rhd fEG adGqffEG IGh qjG fGd dh qSdG qjH dG e dGUdG aGJh qYLGh qjObGhSGh GHEGh fEGh aG c

    .GdG h qffEG eGdGh H

    hCG qHdG ffEG dG jJ qH dOY Rhd qSSCG qjdhCG JLSG QWEG e f EG j H ,gGdG bGdG e g LCG bh ,qffEG dG LCGd WdG GMG ,dhCG :K bGfqHdG ICGG ,fKh ,qffEG qjGhqG J qUN ,d UdG L MJEG YcG jJ ,dKh ,qffEG JQb AddG LhCG L qdH XJh aGCG dG jdG ja iCJQG bh .qObGad ,d GQ aG AH Ve jd dH qQ QhOh jY bY eqffEG G MCG fCh ,qffEGf eV EG Gfh ,d qSSCG qHdG hdG qffEG qaG IQdGQb dP qjh .aG ac Yqj ,AGS qM Y LfEGh HcGjJh ,Rhh QdG Gd qdG IQhVAH qdH XJh ,aG cGfCG L IAH qjdG GQdGANdG ie J LCG e , qYLG

    .qHdG hdG qfEG

    qSSCG H aG QNG q qc Gdh,dG qHdG ffEG dG jd VcFSdG jh , qSe J dXJh ,Jjqh Jb qe qd eRdGAH Ya H qHdG qjdG GQdG,aG ee J Gfh .aG e SCGQ EG aG IhdG jH dJGh IjL Qe fEG edG dG dP G,GOBGh dGh ,qffEGh ,YLGhjJ Ea ,YLG fCG U hj dG dG qHdG qffEG dGM Y j S ,J gGdG GQ qJ Ujh ,qHdG hdG aG

    dG e qHdG GdG qffEG2001.GQ qJh kKGMCGh mjq qK CG jdG qjhH bMCG b ,qdhOh bEG ,qegQ qJ Y Ic lO d j S ,qHdGjdG Rjh .qHdG hdG qffEG dGqdG VGQCG M e qUN H

    J

    YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG

  • AH CG CdG Gg Vjh .GdGh qGH dG dG g qHdG qJGdG IQdG

    .G jqdG g

    H ,f bdG jdG hjhqj e e ,He Ic mYVe , qSeqdG dGh ,YEG FShh dHaG fEGh ,eG Th JddG dGh ,qHdG hdG SbhqG dG dch ,aG cKCdG bYh ,HcG qKDG qSdGhqYLGh qjObG dG H OGQb CG jdG Vjh .aG hV FY qj ,qHdG hdG aGOG dG jqd LGe jW YjObG G c jdGhcG hH h .qSdGh qYLGhSJ dG qfdG GQdGh aGqHdG hdG q CG jG dG ehb H ,jdG LCG Se qFEG GREGqEG .H Z QGc EG H dP qODjRdG RhdG U g aG cG jJG qffEG dG eRCG qddG GhOCG qgCG e aG C ,qHdGG ebEG LCG e dP c AGS ,qffEGe qe fEG hCG ,qdG V hCG ,ddGPEG .qLfEG e aQh ,qGh qOG adGfEG UY e qgL Y aG qCG

    .qadG IQdGh ,qLfEd qSSCG qOh

    qffEG dG AH qCG EG jdG jhAf EG qODj qYLG GHEG nYEG qjbdG WEG Y J q cMIAH XJh G bG qjdGeG jdG Sjh .qffEG dG AdAd qJGSG jDhQ qj CG qFdGjDhQ ,qG GHEG h qffEG dGc qG dG UEG J,JGP aG cG ee jJh ,aG.qHdG hdG aG ebE Uh

    mfeEG qHdG GdG id qCG jdG ijhe jd qaG JGQb jd Fg

    e jd e Hh ,qe Z qjH feEGg WEG CG ij c .qdh K hQeWdG Y qffEG f AHh feEGWEG SCGQ Y :N cQCH gQ HdGG qjG gh ,dGh CGdG qjMdG jh ;qjG U edG qUN jY AjEGh dH VdGh qjHdGAHh dG WJh ;qdG sG dL jdGh dG qJGdG IQdG EG qdGh ;qG dG GMhObG'' ibCG OLh d aG fEGqY qHY qe P SCJh ;''jG

    .eh e UCGh

    qObG AEd qHdG hdG EGe j IG CG efHh ,qYLGhQGG IQKEG jdG Gg QGUEG fhJ AGQh MhG qedG jdG e OY MjqdG gCG J gGh jdG,aG qHdG hdG LGJ dGY Yj H VdG FSh GbGhWdG Y XJh aG cG jJqHdG hdG J CG c eCGh .HdGf IOjd eRdG FSdH qUN jYG L XJh LfEGh aGAJQGh ,qSdGh qYLGh qjObGid CG jh .qHdG qffEG dG id eRdG feEG sc qHdG hdG

    .dP

    dH qJCG CG EG j ,jdG hOGYEG gSh QT e qc EG jGdh d jYd IG CG EGh ,jdG.qG dG Gg Y QGUEG hG dG

    G Sj dG YIQGOEG FQ / dG jG

    YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG

  • jdG OGYEG cQG(FdG hG M)

    QSE jdG

    ,Sj dG ,G HCG c MCG,e L ,G cJ ,Z gHN Q ,TZ aQ ,TGQ TQS ,ja OjR ,)FdG( dGY ,Ub WY ,c gW ,dGhU( QGf HCG G Y ,QdG dGjRQ gdG Y ,)d IG CGYLEGh jObEG dG(Ija ,jdG T fY ,)jaCHY ,Oe ac ,bdGHdG hdG( hH ae ,HGOe ,)YLGh ObG AEdf ,)G H( La QOf ,MjObGh YLG dG( GdG

    .)SBG Hd

    cG jdG

    ,Ub WY ,)FdG( La QOf.IdG ig ,YL a ,H Ija

    jdG ja

    .U ja :HdG dGjc ,L gR :EG dG

    .Qg

    GQhCG he) cQG dDG (G

    bH ,MR GfCG ,d gdG,G aJ ,Z gH ,QdGjO ,S IdN ,Y gGHEG QMZBG dGS ,G bQ ,LGGbT ,jU S ,dG S ,dG,c gW ,dG QW ,L,SGM GY ,Ub WY

    OY ,dG jY ,jdG T fY,dG a ,ReQCG hY ,ed ,Oe ac ,dNHCG jRa,G ,dR RhQ Qe ,GY ,eCG M ,IOGH e ,e ,eEG Og ,Y f ,QH e ,dG

    .L

    eh FEG IG CG efHjQG e IG CG

    ,GZ cL ,fGQJ jffa QShGM ,Y jO ,jQ L,L gR ,L IfQ ,ecY ,QOQdG dG Y ,GQGO Ta````a ,ja Z ,YdG,Uf jhe ,Se Ve ,```fH,jQO e ,)jdG e( Q`dG e

    .f e jh

    HdG d AGdG ja

    Y U YSEG ,QdG dPdG,dG Y dG Y ,M M ,dGO ,Y Y ,jQEG dG Y

    .QYa Gf ,dG eCG

    jEG d AGdG ja

    ,H L ,Qf eH ,dhQ jjEG,f Y ,aM OjR ,e OQjQ

    .Sg je ,f-ce Ofe

    LdG ja

    fGQ ,HeG AYO ,dGY dNO ,jaCG g-Qe ,jG

    .bdG

    O

  • ``jG

    FEG IG CG efd dG jG jJHdG hd bEG G - bEG jG jJ YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG J

    HdG ffEG dG jJ Le2003HdG GdG aG ebG f ````````

    : hCG dG dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001ffEG dG e :

    ( hCG HdG GdG ffEG dG jJ USEG gCG2002) dG e ffEG dG GQJ2001bEGh dG dG :

    HdG GdG ffEG d bEGh dhdG OHCG HdG GdG ffEG dG Y d FGSEG MG e

    FGSEG Md ffEG dGGdG MGHdG edG

    dhdG fdG YGb e ddG Gh jG M QJ( SdGh fG jH dG ie QJ1990-2000)

    dAGh dG GTDeYCG ee OdG Y fG TDe

    HdG GdG NGO ffEG dG Y IKDG GQdGddG G ebEGh jG f SJ

    G GICGG Vf

    aG ebEG f : qhCG AG :dG dG :hCG dGHdG GdG ;aG h ,ffEG dGh aG :G

    ?dG jd kYVe ;aG GPffEG dGh aG cG

    aGffEG dGh aG

    aG c G GOGaG

    aG cG eeaGh dG

    EG j ,h jW jQJeSEG HdG dG IQG ee gCG

    gGdG HdG G PdGHdG GdG aG Y dG

    aG Y dG YbaG Y dG GO

    1

    17

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    CG

    jG

  • HdG ffG dG jJ2003

    :dG dGqHdG GdG aG M :fdG AG:dG dGHdG GdG aG f

    dGdG

    dG YfSQG b e dG Yf

    SQG dG YfGh G VhdG dSCGh gG

    dG SSdG Yf SbdG dG Yf

    HdG eG SG Y J YfYEG FSh

    jdG YEG FShYEG FSh EG PdG

    YEG FSd MG feEGIFdG eGjQNEG dG

    eYEG G SYEG FSH G dG

    MCG YEG FShHdG hdG Jd dG dG

    JdG JG TJG fJ

    MCG YEG FSd PdGHdG YEG FSh LGJ j

    SS f CG M YEG jGHLdG

    LdG bGh

    HdG GdG aG fEG :ddG dGdG jdGh dG dG dG fEG

    dG jdGh dG dG GfdG dG

    GNG GAGHdG jdGh dG Ne

    aG fEG edG OGYEGjdGh dG edG

    fEGSDG

    YLG dGh ffEG dG fEGdGh HOCG fEGjGhdGh dG

    dG

    49

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    79

  • jG

    GSG

    aG fE c dGh dG jM

    :HGdG dGHdG GdG aG Sb

    G G SCGd GdG SdG UYHdG GdG G G SCGd aCG Sb f

    aG M M dG G H CGQ SGdG G SCGQ ,G G SCGQ Sd hCG jJ

    jdGh OG dG e M dG G SCGQ cjdG dG e dG dG jSBG QdGh HdG GdG ,jQdG QdG

    dhdG SGQdG Ff ia :dG dG YfG G SCGd cJ TDe f

    :eG dGdGaG c dGfdGh QHG f

    HdG WdG WJh JQGOEGh fdG fHdG GdG fdG SS

    HdG GdG aG fE dG dG jbLfEG YdGh dG SDe H HGhdG

    dG dG Ff jhJdG jdGh dG fEd YGdGh SdG SDG

    YCGh fdG VMh YGHEG G QhOLCG QSG

    HdG hdG fdG WJh f TG LCG QSG QhOfdGh dG SS ZUh dhdG QhO

    .ebh jb ,e HY jOU AfEG Y jdGh dG jd b YO EG LGkdhOh kHY QdGh dG SDe UGJ

    HdG iGhdG iG

    :dG dGaG cG qKDG qG dG :ddG AG:SOdG dGadG

    dG GdGLdjjCG XdGh G AdG H GdG

    ''HdG dG''HdG dG GdG eGM

    HdG d aG GdGh ,SCGaG h dG GdG

    jdGdGh ,fdGh jdG

    HdG dGaG h HdG dG

    HdG dG eRCG

    80

    80

    81

    85

    85

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    86

    87

    90

    90

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    111

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  • HdG ffG dG jJ2003

    HdG dH VdGdGh dG

    aG QOe EG PdGh dGaG SGh dGaG XJh dG

    aG dJh dGG dGh dG jdG

    dG adGJGh GHEG H dG adG

    n pGdG adH YdG IU

    dG YdG

    :HdG dGjObGh YLG dG

    jObG dGfEG

    G OGG SEG Y OYGdhCG fCG fEG cJ

    idGh IdG YhG ZIdGh SG cdG IQf

    aG VNdG jRJh LfEGh dG

    ObG dGLfEG

    NdG jRJdG dG

    G aGG fIdG

    :edG dGSdG dGfdGh G

    aG c SdG dGHdG WdG G dGh SdG fCG

    HdG WdG gfh aG fEG d FGLEG JG Y SdG SG Y :aG fEG be

    aG M SDG SG QhOaG ebEG SSCG :WGdGh dG J

    aG eN SS M LCG egfh LfEGh aG c fdG dG

    fdG AdG fG YTh Ya Z fGb

    AdG SDe da LGJfdG dG H dGh CGdGh dG jM

    jd ffdG jG

    122

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  • jG

    jG SQ HGVjG j ffdGh SdG fdH NEG

    cG eh jG bjdG G :adG jH G YdG jG jM

    dGh HdG dG

    JGSG jDhQ :HGdG AG :dG dGG aG cQCG ;JGSG jDhQ :SdG dG

    gGdG VdG QGSG eh ,HdG GdG aG MaG cQCG

    bCG If ;aG cQCGddG H fVh ,dGh dGh CGdG jM WEG

    aGh jGIG ie G dh ,dG G W EG UN jY AjEG e ,YdG bGQ d edG dG

    IG ddG Me d jdhCG AjEGbCG Y U Id eCG dWEG e ,d SSCG dG J

    IG ie e ,QdG d SDe f GSGdG MGe L YdG IOL bJ

    dG dH Vd UN jY AjEGJQGOEGh dG dG M

    dG dGH UEGdG dG f

    dG dG YH AJQGG fCG L dG jdGh dG JGP IQb AHh dG WJ

    eG H dGHdG jObGh YLG dG aG fEG EG G dG

    eh ,e ,UCG Y HY e P SCJJh OLG Mh SdG XdG e Jh jdG U EG IOdG

    HdG dH VdGHdG G PdG J HdG G GdG GAVEG QSG

    H AMGh ,YOh ,eCG NGO dG dG AGKEGiNCG ffEG adG Y fG

    iNCG dG EG LdGh jdG MHdG Z jQG FGhdG e cdG GZG

    dG dG UEGh dhdGh bEG G e IOSG J

    LGGHdH

    fdGh jEH bQ e1 :G GQhCG Fb bQ e2 :dG dG SD jQdG g AYCG CGQ SG J

    qHdG GdG aG Y qFMEG hGL

    WCG FbQWEG1?''jdG'' hCG ,''ffEG'' dG

    151

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    159

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    17

  • HdG ffG dG jJ2003

    QWEG2.fEG :edG QfCG dW HCG H IHdG T QWEG3''KdG bGdG'' dG j GPe QWEG4 fj/GjM M ,ffEG Y hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ be GAMEG2003 QWEG5.j SL :g M QWEG6fEG H VCG gQEG V G :fEG IG CG Ve

    .dG Y AdG bJ EG OCGh QWEG7 ,fEG M bGe jJ2002L ,jaCG Th ShCG dG e e QWEG8 jHEG FGhCG M( eY e bCG FGSEG Md jdG jdG2003) QWEG9 jHEG FGhCG M( GT Y J FGSEG Md jOG FG2003) QWEG1-1aG c :S OQGhOEG QWEG1-2gGdG VdG jJ hCG ,G G SCGQ J S G dG QWEG1-3ad jObG FG QWEG1-4ad JH SEG QWEG1-5IjL fEG d f :G HCG c MCG QWEG2-1jdGh aG bYEG eCG QhO ,dG jdG Y QWEG2-2aG cG M HQe GQTEG :G QWEG2-3HdG GdG dGh VjdG JO dG Yf J he QWEG2-4HdG dG c a YGHEG dG SCG GSG QWEG2-5Ld HdG G QWEG3-1dG jdG Y H QWEG3-2.ae d dG jQJ gCG :as ne e Y QWEG3-3dGh dG M dG dG g :jdG QWEG3-4jOhO aQ -HdG WdG GHEG W QWEG3-5dG N a -HdG dG QfG be QWEG5-1gCG jdG GQOd FGQ e - qdG HCd jdG e QWEG5-2dG d j dh :LddGh dG d HdG hdG QWEG5-3HdG WdG jdGh dG Yd gCG IQOe :LddGh d HdG SDG QWEG5-4dG dGh LddGh d HdG OcCG QWEG6-1FdG L e d dG CG :hN HG QWEG6-2aG h HdG WdG jOCG ZJ :M Oe QWEG6-3dGh OGSG :cGdG QWEG6-4dGh BGdG dG QWEG6-5dG dG ,SG dG aGh dG QWEG6-6eSEG HdG IQG fdG QWEG6-7dG Y Gdb QWEG6-8dG FK dTEG - HdG jaCG T QWEG6-9dG jM :e eCG QWEG7-1HdG GdG HCG G QWEG7-2OGSG FW :cGdG QWEG8-1`G `c`G `Sh `eCG :aCG jdG L QWEG8-2 HdG dG Gh aG :jJ Z QWEG8-3dGh dGdG :Y eEG QWEG8-4 dG SSh jdG G M eO :jdG G M QWEG8-5dG U Y jRdGh dG Y dG QKBG :OfhCG QWEG8-6e dGR e ''jH'' de ,dGh dG IQdG :dGh IQd IdG CG De

    17

    19

    20

    21

    23

    24

    25

    26

    35

    36

    38

    43

    45

    51

    53

    56

    56

    67

    69

    69

    72

    77

    82

    105

    106

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    107

    114

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    140

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    156

  • QWEG9-1G EG jdG :KZdG e QWEG9-2AdG Y dG M :LG jdG Y H Y VdG QWEG9-3?JGh eG fd e e ;d QWEG9-4OLG Y j FCG QWEG9-5jdG UEG EG LG :cGdG QWEG9-6! HdH dG J QWEG9-7CG dG :RhQdCG H QWEG9-8AedG OL e IOSG IQhV :TQ HG QWEG9-9QG Y dG H G SG :dG QWEG9-10QG bdG e je HG

    TCG Fb T1M f aCG WGdG T2dG G aQ T3dG dG YdG H IGhG T4dG Ua YdG H IGhG T 5 ,dG fQe Weh HdG G ,dG OH kLe ,jG TDe b Se1990-2000 T6 ,dG fQe Weh HdG G ,dAGh dG GTDe b Se

    97/ 1998 h2000/2001 T7 NGdG HdG GdG be kVe ,dhdG adG SDe M YCG ee OdG Y fG TDe

    ,dG a1998 h2000 T1-1aG cG SCG dG Y aG Ia d VJ Pf T1-2aG e VJ Pf T1-3 ,fQe iNCGh HY GH ,gQfG ieh ffEG J H bdG2002 T1-4 dGh hdG e GHh HdG GdG ,gQfG i ffEG Jh ,dG SGG aGJ fQe

    ,SBG Th2001 T2-1LEG IOG TDe M dG G eG jRJ T2-2dG dG je b Se T2-3 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d edG dG1998 T2-4 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d jG ILCG2000 T2-5 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d RdG ILCG2000 T2-6 ,dG We )dG e dCG d( FdG JdG N OY1990-2000 T2-7 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d dG SG ILCG2000 T2-8 ,)%( dG e eG f ,HdG GdG ffEG QfG ie2001 T2-9 ,hdG e OH fQe )dG e e d( HdG WdG LG dG OY1981-1985 T3-1 ,HG jQch IQ HY GH ,dG dG dG hdH G f1990-1995 T3-2 ,dG We )dG e e d( jdGh dH edG SGh AdG OY1999-2000 T3-3 ,dG Weh HdG WdG ,dG e e d - LJh dCJ - GQGUEG OY1991 T3-4 ,dG h HY GH IY ,G M G d dG jRdG1996 T3-5jdG dG J e dG dG ,HG jQch IQ HY GH ,f dCG d dG Ye OY T4-1dG M ,)%( HdG GdG aG cG Y fGL J T4-2dG dG M,)%( HdG GdG aG cG Y fGL J T4-3aG c gM ieh aG ee jH dG ie T4-4( dG GS Se15 edG ,fQe Weh GHh HY GH ,)cCa S1990 h2000 T4-5( dG GS Se25 ,fQe Weh GHh HY GH ,)cCa S1960-2000

    162

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    19

    19

    19

    19

    29

    29

    30

    40

    42

    47

    47

    57

    58

    59

    59

    59

    63

    63

    64

    67

    71

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    78

    78

    80

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    88

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    90

    92

    jG

  • T4-6( dG GS Se15 Weh GHh HdG GdG ,dG dG LQH kLe )cCa S edG ,fQe1990 h2000

    T4-7 dG M ,G G SCGd cdG TDG Y ,fQe Weh GHh ,HdG GdG JJ2000 T4-8 dG GTDe Hh aG JGG GTDeh G G SCGQ GTDe H JQG ee T5-1QHG f T5-2 ,HdG GdG H QSG e J1999 T5-3HdG GdG Y jdGh dG HdG-HhQhCG hdG Yhe jRJ T5-4jdGh dG Y HdG-HhQhCG hdG Yhe jRJ T7-1 ,HdG GdG dG fEG LGSG YdG ge2001 T7-2dG We GQOU g T7-3 Weh ''jaCG Th ShCG dG'' e ,)%( Od LEG G dG dG dG e

    ,IQe1970-2000 T7-4 ,jaCG Th ShCG dG e ,)%( ed LEG G d dG dG e1965-1993 T7-5 ,LQCGh HG jQch HdG GdG ,)QhO dCH( ed LEG edG dG1997 T7-6HdG GdG jdG dG J dG QfG ie GjJ T7-7 ,e ,)%( LEG G dG e edG jJ f QJ1974-1993

    hGG Fb hL1 S GMCG Hh b IG jdG HdG hdG H e dG OY2001 hL3-1 IdG N HY Zh HY GH e ceCG IG jdG G GNG GAGH OY1980 -

    1999/2000 hL3-2 ,dG hO e OY jdGh dG j QOeh ,LEG edG NdG e c fEG e1990-1995 hL3-3HdG GdG )eG QN( dG dG cGe OY hL3-4 OYh dG M HdG QbCG )eG QN( fdGh dG dG cGe OY

    a IOLG HdG QbCG hL4-1 Th HdG GdG ,)%( G GdG IgG dG EG kHe ,Od G LEG G dG

    ,SBG1970 h2001 hL5-1 HdG GdG H TG LCG QSG U M2000 /2001)GQhdG je(

    HdG GdG aG Y FMEG hGL( hL1 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e hCG b iG ,adG dG e1999/2000( hL2 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e hCG iG ,adG dG e2000/1999( hL3:) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e fdG iG ,adG dG e2000/1999( hL4 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e ddG iG ,dLEG dG e2000/1999( hL5 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG iG M ,SQd edG OY2000/1999( hL6 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,LEG edG NdG e c dG Y dG fEG2000/1999( hL7 :) GHh HdG GdG ,dG dG j hdG dG M )%( dG dG d dG jRdG

    ,fQe2000/1999( hL8 :) GHh HdG GdG ,dG dG j hdG dG M )%( dG dG W H fEG f

    ,fQe2000/1999( hL9 :) ddG dG( dG GS Se25 ,jSBG Q KKh HY GH ,dG M )cCa keY1960-2000( hL10 :) G G SCGQ GTDe b109 dG M ,dG GH e2000( hL11 :) G G SCGQ GTD Gh UCG dG109 dG M ,dG GH e2000( hL12 :) JJ109 dG M ,G G SCGQ GTDe Y dG GH e2000( hL13 :) dG GTDe Hh aG JGG GTDe b109 dG M ,dG GH e2000

    93

    93

    95

    97

    102

    108

    108

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    134

    136

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    70

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    73

    74

    91

    102

    188

    188

    189

    189

    190

    190

    191

    191

    192

    193

    196

    197

    200

    HdG ffG dG jJ2003

  • jG

  • HdG ffEG dG'' jJ VqJ22000022''GdG LGJ dG jdG jdG gCGg jh .ddG dCG de HdGdGh bdH IG ,dG ,jdG AH ,jdG g e mMGd G

    .HdG GdG aG

    ffEG dG'' jJ S fc h ffEG dG AH J g ''HdGh UQ j ,HdG WdG ffEG dG GAa GQdGVY j jdG Gg Ea ,HdG GdGdG Ie Y IKDG GQdG RHC m HjdG Y ,HdG WdG ffEGe AfG e IdG NGdGh LQGe AfG Mh ,HdG jdG OGYEGbH UGj snK eh .G jdG ZUbGdG MC fCe SGQO Y MQ jdGeG SSCG VH kGAH ,aG :KdGjdG ijh .aG h aG FdG jhGdG M g aG CG dGdG GQN Sd lIGOCG a - ffEGAdh OG eG Y dh ,JGQbh.jdGh OG dG IgOG G,aG cG M J EG jdG hdG de HdG GdG ,LfEGh GfdG S sK eh ,jdGh OGG aG cG Y KDG GadG Qh Y ,jQJ e G g g eh .SdGh LGh ObGhgh jdG e NCG AG JCj MdGaG ebE JGSG jDhQ JG UEG d FdG G J

    aG ebEH J CG dG.HdG GdG

    ffEG dG GQJe AfG e HdG GdG

    ffEG dG jJ'' OGYEGhCG ''HdG

    SfG :Y ffEG dGUEG jGHh

    bEGh dG GQdG LGe JdG jJ'' Y dG AfG e Gh

    HdG ffEG2002,dG CG EG ''aG KdG bGdG Rh keH .N L GR e ,AdG h jGhQe UN ,IQN dG OGORG Q

    .GQdG g H ,jG

    S e Y OG GMCG H2001 kbN jH GhQCG e gRCG eh eGdGFGdG AT c bh VdG fGdGGAGLEG hdG e OY JG ,jhdG

    HdG ffEG dG jJ Le2003HdG GdG aG ebEG f

    dG jJ'' bO dG SG dPh ...''Yh ,dG S Y O bh ,''HdG ffEGc bO e AGUCG j AL ,gZ e e,Yh ae EG IYO :JM SGLCG,G MH d INCG UH kfYEGhjdhC jdG aEH kALQh ,dG EG kAGfhe j GPEG -gGO H kGQGfEG kGNCGh ,FQWY Qf H jG QdG C ,eCG j

    ''!Jh dJ CG Th

    qj lSL :g M

    e IG jdG eM S EG ...''11M O bQe ,G Ic ,c SH e pofG d .dhdGh jeCG ,fEG.''pgoCG hCG ,dG Y SCJ dG ddG OG

    .fEG )jeCG( eG

    ,IQG e Y e fG jG a IOYEG11S

    IG CG Ve ''e O Ga LS'' ijQKBG gQEG Y d c'' fCG fEG ''dG Y fEG M GMG Y IQV

    .dG AdG bJh

    fEG IG CG Ve

    LG1

    LGe J

    dG GQdG

    Gh bEGh

    dG AfG e

    jJ'' Y

    ffEG dG

    HdG2002EG ''

    ,dG CG

    Rh ke

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    ,IQN OGORG

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    .jG

  • HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 2

    S e QWEG eGdG dH SShSdG g CG EG .''gQEG Y G''EG ODd UCG ag Rh GAGLEGhIjY mQbCG SdGh fG jG cBJ ,IG jdG UHh ,dG edG aQ e UG Lh Y fGHcG Ua e qVh ,a Gh

    .eh a ad

    g Y JJ dG QKBG hCG e chdG OGYCG dG VfG GAGLEGM IG jdG SQj jdG dGCG HdG dG e Od IaGG bQCG JdG dG OGYCG VfG f Se

    H jeCG 30 eY H %1999h.2002

    Y dG GAGLE bGdG NhCG dhH dG CG eG hdG jGfGb d NBG kGQe Lh HdG GdG.SdGh fG jG e qM IjL sSoe jJ HdG hdG J cdG Y SDe GJ JG gQEd.''gQEG a HdG G'' HdGfEG M FGhO d G Gg VJhjdG Gg e CG QYH dhdGh HdGb e ,GSEG IASE dG j SG,ffEG EG UdG Jh ,HbdH dG,uj fd aVEG ,dGh YdG JhfCG c .jdG hCG QqG Z RMG ,MGU,RMG ffb Y VGYd S j e fPEG j fC UG jG j h.YGh OGaCG Y dG Vd AdG

    VGQCG MG FGSEG OYCGhGG e GgCG gAGQh dGe Je ,SDGh jdG jdGh OGbM e CGQ M FGH Uh

    Y e S/jCG eh .HZ2000Mh Y e jHCG/f T2003,Gb b

    FGSEG MG2405,ka kWGe

    MLh41000b e eh .NBG WGe(85( eg fh ,fG e )%20e )%

    CG fdG e QJh .WCG7000e HGh .GML b WCG2500T

    e FGO gH500.W

    fjHh IG jdG JOb d bh ,dMGh GdG hH AcdG e H ef e eCG ,Gh ,GdG T VhdG H EG e hG jLYdG ah SSCG bM e bGdGJGhK IOSGh MG e QdH dhdGL dU M f ebEG EG aVEGAH IOYEG Y j kS k bGdG

    .ffEG dG Qe GdG

    G J IOYEG W LGe hdG jJ'' S J ,QG e HdGJGSG jDhQ M EG ''HdG ffEGGHEG Y Y ,HdG dG gQJe G J IOYEG NJ ,Wh GL a .a fEG d eN NGdGf Y SCG ,NGdG e UEG CG g LG dG jdG g ,Gd UQ

    .WG

    GdG NGdG GQdG U Y eCGICGG Vf Qe J a ,HdG OGa .dG cQG Me H h dhDe Ue h fdG H ICGGHdG GdG e OY Th ,jdG dG.OY e hCG Id H ,fH HfGIQhH YdG jGd ee ,M EG ,HhbNEG GREG g e b dh .UEG

    .dGh CGdG jM UHh iNCG

    Gc j HdG edG M a ehffEG dG jJ SCG qY BG M

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    aG ebEG fHdG GdG

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    j dG G dP g aG EGXJh ,LfEGh aG f Y SSCG:G dG L IAHIGh ,SdGh G Gh ObGffEG dH AJQd Uh ,UG

    dG G H CG Y b dO g''CG ,''L'' IN cfG J KJ

    ''.M FGL JQG

    fEG M bGe jJ2002:L ,FGSEG adG L Y

    S OQGhOEGcG MS g gGdG edG'':''.MS g aGh

    SdG Rh

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    UCG ag

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  • LG3

    dG h .ffEG dG ebEG CG ,OGWHaG CG dG ,jdG QJ e gGdGbNCG ffEG jdG H S g.ffEG eGdGh dGdGh ,jG :YCGkc ,IjGe IQH ,aG UCG bhKh .YLGh jObG d kjbLfEG IQdGh aG cG H jb HGQ gQU LCH dG g Jh .dddG aG dG GP LfEG fCGaJ Oh aG adG Y J dGaG M dh .dG dG Y dhdGS dG jdG HdG GdG gh aG cG e FdG fG

    .HdG GdG LfEGh aG f

    GAVEGh DhdG J J :aG fJ h ZQ eYEG

    HdG GdG aG f Y J,YEGh ,dGh ,dG( J qT gCG e IjY HU )LdGh,SDdh SCGh OGaCd MG feEGdP Ff e ch .fCG Y dGhG J Y G g da Qb

    .aG fE eRdG Gh G

    dG dSCG cCG CG EG SGQdG JdG dSCG g HdG ISCG GQfGIQH KDj IFGdG jGh HdGhdH dGh SG Y SEG SCG Gg ODjh .YLG IAdGh QGdG PJG GQe Vh dG IOjRM ,dG jW EGh ,a dGDhdG c Y dG e dG O q oj

    .IQOGh cGh

    dG GREG e Zda ,dG Y eCG dG dG SdG EG ,jdG dG e e HdG GdGfQe VGe GR d dG VdG CG,edG dG GH M iNCG hO GREH

    .ffEG dG LMH fQe cCdHh

    Ue dG dG SdG GRaH UN ,eCG e JQG H

    ,fEG Hh GQJ bCG HdG GdG M e WCG H eM QGSGhMGH dG f Jh ,SSCG dGhdH fQe edG dG e YCGe UN dG Y fEG bJh ,eG

    Y.1985

    HdG GdG dG e NCG qEGe kGMGh Vj e dPh ,Yf OJ Jgh ,ffEG d SSCG GgCGIQdG AGKEGh d IG Yf Lh IN j dP jh .d KDJ dG HdG d FdG fGSdG fG g Jh .HdG Yf,HG Y hTh ,SQGh ,dG

    .dG eh SGQdG gGh

    f dBG gCG e YEG FSh JhFShh ,HdG YEG GR e dh .aGj ,feh dG Hh ,dEG PdG ie hO j ,Y H dG dG OY j PEG .aG AH

    e bCG EG HdG GdG53 d1000 e fQe T285 d U1000

    ZCG adGh .eG hdG TdH J H e HdG GdG.CGdG Y dGh adG j jdGhdG e jdG dG SQG JhAGS jG d Ie cfG Y HdGhCG JQOeh V hCG dG H ZEHhdG e c dG Vjh .Jjb HdG Jh ,d HdGeh .G SQ Y jEGh ,dGh CGdGa UN ,FdG g dhdG e GR

    .jdGh YGPEG j

    Se cM GT jNCG edG CG EG QGSG Za .HdG eYEG IG

    Y MGdG CGdG P SdG YEG gCGdG d SfG ,eYEG MdGHdG YEG FSh NO ,MGdG SdGd aG H J IjL MeQMH jW YEG FShhHY Gb UCGh .HdG gGh QdGSDG YCG ae Y IQOb UN,IQdGh G Y dG dG fjdG,HdG TdG IjL hQ H Yhe c ,HY Fa Gb L gSch HJdG AGOQ N f J ,SQ eMcG g jGe gCG eh .MGdG CGdG ObWJh HdG dG J fCG eYEG

    CG e e CG YSG GR eh''V eCG e BG GY J Y jedGh VGdG eCG j CGh ,e CGdG jd he c Lh kGS hd

    ''.adGh

    aG bYEG eCG QhO :dG jdG Y

    Y J

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    J

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    ,YEGh ,dGh

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    .fCG

  • HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 4

    eG J

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    f

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    H ,HdG

    GH hCG Te

    SQ ,Fe Z

    AGG G

    dG d

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    .qYLG

    .dG WGG e ShCG jdG dH

    a MCG JG FSd dH eCG H SCH kWT HdG hdG H bJ dh ,G Gg dG H jJY fOCG GTDG IQ edG dGJdG N OY j a .dG iGhdG f N EG HdG hdG

    e bCG OLhh .eG18 d SM1000dG SG e fQe ,G T

    gh78,3 d SM1000QbGh ,T Y ffEG ee OY1,6e a %

    fG f j OdH HdG WdG S .aG d IGOCc JeG GS

    d edG GdG e LdG JhcM CG EG .dG e UGdGh aGOcdH J dGR e HdG GdG LdGd LG dG Se a .VdGhGdG HdG WdG dG e e

    fdG e hCG G4,4bCG CG( c,)dG e e d dG MGh c e

    H H519h G Hc920 Hc.dG e e d fSEG

    H YGdG gG EG dG h dG G aEGh ,dGh YdG,dGh ,dG CG ,G aG fG JG g ,LdGh ,YEGh

    .HdG GdG aG f d

    GHEG ehh q odG H :aG fEG

    e SCGQ EG aG IhdG j j IjL Qe fEG ,eYLGh dG dG :aGdG Uh GOBGh dGh ffEGhHdG dG aGj M h .ac GIU M Y QOb e H SCGQ YH Jh J b IhG g Ea ,aed JGDe Z SDe H hCG ,e mSSSS e H hCG ,HdG jdGh dG

    .dGh dG jd he

    mOcQ Y jdG eG eG Jh UHh aG fEG e mOY T EG aVEa .dG dG f GdG dG dG j ,a fEG,SSCG dG mV e HdGfJ e eG G mZ ThdG jh .FG LddGh eG

    fEG VfG e HdG GdG dGY gGdG bdG dhdG fEG CG PEG( ,YLEG e H KG Rhj jdGh dGj c .)JGhc ZCG ajh ,G NdGdG aGJ Yh ,d SDG YdG Z eEG aVEG ,Jh dG d JGGOY jj a .a d gDG OGYCG VfG jdGh dH edG SGh AdG

    Y HdG GdG371,dG e e d ddG dG G e H bCG gh979d

    f J ,Y LHh .dG e eL dG dG dG hH GGe gf GH fQH ,HdG GdGJ ,OQCG EGh ,jQc e aG

    .QG Gg HdG GdG H ,FGG

    dGh ffEG dG fEG eCGOb EG HdG dG a YLGLfE jQ dG dG ja .IchCG dG dG Mhe g cCGH ,VG W H dPh ,fdGSdG qNJh .MU hCG dG WGH hCG Te H ,H G fGdGhd AGG G SQ ,Fe ZhQe g kaVEG dPh ,G Gg dG

    .aK YLG OhM e eh

    HdG G fEG H kfQe JUh ,dG jdGh dGHOCG GHEH HdG G NJ ,ffEGd FdG dG j Qh .e ahGHEG hd gL NG bQGdG GHEG hT Y dGh HOCGM a j dG bdG a .jdGhhO e AjdG Hf IFL Y HY YJd ,h Oeh SDe YOGOBG Hf IFL Y G HY FGhQLj c .YdG Gg e Z e ZdH.G HOCG GHEGh ANdG H WT JQGhdG CG ,MCG H fEG HJ b SdGh jdG jdGh dG JGP GHEG CG ZQh .HOCG GHEd GaMGHEG f Uh CG EG ,bQ Y ijj YEG FShh dG N e Sd

    .jG Z e

    e j UH HOCG fEG dhH ,AGdG OY b gCG FQ j,HdG GdG H eCG e JQGjh .HdG Qd FGdG idG VhdG G dG OGYCG kL Gg

  • LG5

    OY Rhj

    HOCG dG

    IQOdG dGh

    HdG GdG

    1945Y Hc

    1996

    0,8e a %

    gh ,dG fEG

    fCG bCG

    cJ e dhO

    ij dG

    S HQ fS

    .HdG GdG

    OdG Gg Rhj M HdG1,1e % f j dG CG ZQ ,dG fEG5e %

    dGh HOCG dG fEG CG c .dG SHOCG dG Oa .dG iG e VCG jRhj HdG GdG IQOdG dGh

    1945 Y Hc1996 0,8a %e dhO fCG bCG gh ,dG fEG eGdG S HQ fS ij dG cJGdG dG fEG j ,Y Hh .HdG f Th ,jdG G IQGH HdG

    f jdG dG h .iNCG G17%H ,HdG GdG IQOdG dG OY e

    e cCG dG g RhJ 5dG e %.iNCG dG We IQOdG

    GdG aG fEG M qjh,e HY H e SCGQ OLh Y HdGSSh H e JaEG BG jH qj CG JGe hX h ;Iue

    .ae f d jb SSCG

    Shh jZ :aG JGG

    AYCG e qY CGQ jdG ja SGY bh .qHdG eG jQdG gM Y gVQ Y Y ,Y LH ,GVdG LQO Se( gOH aG cG

    38cG eN ie Y gVQ EG H ,)%Se( b bCG c ffEG d aG

    VdG LQO35J J ,T ,gh .)%aG cG IjT LM QSG Y

    .HdG GdG

    ,aG ee J haG c kGM qbG CG cQG Lh

    e bCG( FGh YG YGPEG fc30)%,jG e e i jCGQ J dGdGh dG dG jdGh dG EG aVEG ,jG e f YCG QH jCGQ j

    .jh J e OLH Mj

    GdG G G SCGQ Sb Hh ,iNCG dG hO e fQH HdGGTDe IY e cJ TDe GSGG SCGd fGH J J

    GdG CG ,g SdG dh Hh .G gdG GdG Y Gc J HdGfEG IFGdG J Y gf ,ddG dGAGS ,aG ee eG ,aGhCG YdG bGQ dG G SCGQ eG fc

    .G fEG c

    hCG GdG e S jdG f cfdG Je GQOdG( aG JGG.G G SCGQ GTD bYh ,)gZhGTDe H dG V dG qHh

    .YG

    hd cCG dG CG dG e ojhY iNCG hdH dG j HdGd dP ij H ,a aG GTDeJGG e H e G dGSDe H ebEG N e ,IQG aG,ac OQGe gJ ILf SS IOGQEG IQHh

    .edG dG Y S

    oJ S :IOQG fdG sWoJ lae

    WJh f HdG GdG H EG,ILG fdG dG aG/fdG.j jQSG GFY fCG cY gf ,WJ EG ODj fdG OGSa

    .gdJ hCG gjJ

    e cCG SG HdG GdG CG ZQh2500 eY H QhO H1980 h1997h ,

    Ea ,SSCG H dG dGh fG AHfG b Od LEG G dG qe GQSG a .IdG J N dHg f e C ,fd M fG EG qODJ

    .JGP fdG fEG FSh

    Y ,Gg EG OCG dG G gCG eh aG fEh QHd da f OLhJ ITQ SS Zh ,HdG GdG YGdG SDG WCGh dG UCJOYG G g e qY bh .aGN e aG AH feEH WGfEG QSG hO dG Ff OGSGdG QOGdG jJ cdGh , aG dG cGeh eG e hdG YddG N hO ,ae eG GdG

    .HY aG c jODG dG

    GdG QHd da f OLh Y EG

    gCG ,Ic Ob TdGh dDG Y VoJ'' J hCG LeCG IYGe22ODjh ,kHY kbQ

    bGSCG H HdG dG fG Y EG dP''.H dG

    .dG jTdG OG FQ Ff ,dG N a

  • HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 6

    jdG d c

    OjQ QhO HdG

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    .G FGdG

    :gRHCG e ch

    YdG jJ

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    ,jdG dG

    Y e oSh

    dG jL

    SCJh ,VjdG

    c jdG

    ebEG CG e

    .dG gdG

    OQGG jJ ,dG MdG e ,j HdGdG dG GdG g JSG dGfeh e( HdG G SCGQh YdGdG IhdH CJ dGh )Gh dBGhe d LG eCH HdG G fcQdG h ,dhCG OGG SG Z QOe.aGj CG bG e c dG YLGM f j fEG FSh QSaGQdG IOjR j H d ceGh fdIH e IOjR gh .a LfEGjQdG TdH CGJ e YS IO eRG a ,fHh fdG OJ fe ihG Y gdJ dG eGh aG Y IQOb Zh jObG MdGfEG Wf J M ,G dGjJ d eG hdG KG dG.H UG QHG f b e e J dG HdG GdG j GgheOJ c IjL LfEG GQb AGd

    . dG GQdG fJ

    J CG J HdG hdG CG cLCG GQSd e L bGedG hdG Fb Oj e Ca .ITGdG edG hdG Fb M h hCGLCG GQSd HL cCG hCG

    .ITG

    aG fEGh fdG WJh f EGkbS Yj IjL fJ dH jH HGhdG Rj ,aG fE kG kJYbh ,L e jdGh dG SDe,iNCG L e eGh LfEG G

    .QHG Y WdG GQdG jh

    cG Y KDG G dGHdG GdG aG

    dGh jdGh qdG GdG :adG

    O H ,Ga J aG EG

    CG dG Yh .UN jQJh K S PGSDj CGh ,dGh dG KGJ GhjIhQP ,SG dG QEG Gg Y GjheG dG FGhCG HdG dG QgORGCG ,dG SdG dG FGhCGh /OG YWGe T e kGZ kGOY jh jY IhYh .jQdG jdGh adG IdG OjQ QhO HdG jdG d c a dPe ch .G FGdG Vh gjdG fdG YdG jJ :gRHCGdG jL Y e oSh ,jdGCG e c jdG SCJh ,VjdG

    .dG gdG ebEG

    GO aG ee KCJg gCG eh .SSh jObGh aKpddG adG ,LH adG GOG,HdG adG S h .dG adGhodGh ,e kSSCG kfe dG GdG jjOYG neG ojdGh ,d JGOCG neG.adG g IM ouLJ dG edG FdG)SdGh YLGh bNCG( dG eCGadG ee LJh dG dG a

    .HdG

    jhCJ H ZQ aG Y j jOd Fhe

    LfEGh aH jdG bY CG T Y Oj dG H kjY kWJQG JJh .fdG e edG beh jdG gee dM f eSEG jdG )UdG(H hCG ,fdG Hh jdG H OG RGdGLdG a .INBG Hh jfdG IG YfG dG IQGh SEG Ea ,jQdGOG dH gG IQhV Y GOT YMGf L aG Y Th ,dGhdGh ,dG OCGh dG a ,IG ddG YdG Jh .VjdGh dGY UG eSEG HdG IQGdGh aG J Yh eYh fdG W

    .dTCG H

    Gh ,UG HdG dG QJ djObGh YLGh SdGh edGkGQKBG N ,SG GS e CGW dGdGh aG VhCG L YjdG ch .HdG GdG adGhLdG MCG H JG FdGh GQdGhaCG a .QdG GH KCJ dG SSCGe a e jdG G fCG H d

    j CG IG CG Y j''dG jQH Je aK ddG JM EG ... a dGdG EG LH e IGh IdG c Ve a .eRdG HGdGh

    cf K jNBG Qe fh V U hO FYYH a ;VQCH MGjZ , jZ LCG

    ''.g jZ ,JH

    ase e Y:.ae d dG jQJ gCG

  • LG7

    jdG VJ

    Y eSEG

    OG GMCG

    S e Y

    dG e2001EG

    e Sb Le

    jdG

    jdGh

    dGh dGh

    Y L Y J

    e c

    AGaGh MCG

    MCG jU

    .iNCG

    jhCJ EG aG eSEG jdG AYd Fhe dh d eON ,SEddG jH j a UN ,ffEGAdG cQeh d SdG dAeh OLGhdG Y dG CG c .edG IG aO b HdG GdG e Ic SdGCCGh ,VQCG eSEG U GP GQHh .SEH HdG EG SS GQJ Had ,da dh ,S SS GQe ZdG Y HdG bGdG FdG GH afG ,dGh bEGh jdGEG jdH G SdG YGSh dG OYGh IOe jhCH dGid AGdG Gf dGh ,SdG dHdG GdG gG SdGSEd AGdG H ,AGS M Y ,''QZCd''hGdG IJh JQG EG dP aCG bh .JGPHh ,''QZCG'' h dhdGh G e GdGhLh Y )dG( e ''LGG''h ''HdG'' dMe Y OG GMCG IGZ gTCG UG

    dG e S2001VJ dG Gg h .e Sb Le EG f eSEG jdGY J dGh dGh jdGh jdG jU AGaGh MCG e c Y L

    .iNCG MCG

    jhCdG g e CG EG jdG jhU e VQdG Y J aG,G NGO bdG J fCG H ,jdG

    .aG e Y kGH H h

    OJQG Y j jdG U CG GL h a dh ,aG ebEGh dGQgORG Y dh .e CG e VQj,jdG H b QRBH JG dGh HdG dGL e dGh ,L e SEG k

    .dP Y dO ,iNCG

    eRCGh IhKh GJ ,HdG dG

    SSCG fC ,gL aG dG QhOg JH adG Ch ,adG SCG e FQY a QhJ dG SSCG QGadG ee jQ dGh .dGHJh GHEGh a e Jfe H WJQHdG dG d .Geh npbh GJh YEGhaG GHCG Y ,dG LGJ:M eRCGh Sb j ,GhkeGSGh ,keh ,kGfh ,kJh ,kGJg eRCG ge EGh .kGfh ,kYGHEGh ,kKJh,eG fJ gJ dG jdG J

    SGH dBG dG G jdG gh.SG

    aG H HdG dG bY Jb eJ IY jb Y HSGhdG jJ :g HGdG JjT jQjJ b EG .HdG dG Jh ,eGd kSSCG kWT JH eG dGGh gdG GQdG Jh dG GhOCGYQG aG SG Y a ,YGHEG dG jJ Y Ea g eh .IOGH UGdG QL ebEG jW Yg dG CG dP .G dG dGCG EG .ffEG aG ee dG HGQiRGJ CG kjCG j aG ee jJjQJ hG G IOjR e jdG OL

    .d LCG dG

    e kjCG g a HdG dG J eCGge h dG IOG i IOM eRCGVGYCG RHCG e dh .AGS M Y jQdGGSG XdG fG gEG eRCG gIG jdG GQG J Yh dGfL hO HdG fL Y QbGh ,dGJ h .YGHEG GQdG J IAGdGHdG dG Vh Y HdG dG J efCG dG g bGhh .dG Lh Y dGIAGdG d g EGh ''dG d'' d dGej jdG OcCGh G dh HdGhdPh .GVG FGQBG hCG aQe MdG d d dG HdG dG CG jWdGh YGh fGh dG QG

    .Gh GdG cGh edG

    dG QhdG e UCG Gg AV YjJh Hd jdG hQdG jJ Y HS cDJ dG dGh JGdG FGLddG GQdG q Y JQbh dG

    ''jT OL'' j SEG ONh''GHEGh OdG Y JQb j EGh,dTCG Jh IG cM IbJ gh G dUCGhY bfGh SdG FS Y dYZ QS H j e IRM fCG

    SdH JG J EGh ,H P-dP N -gOGeEGh e dGhJ dG idG OGh dG dHDhHh jTh SEG IY Y

    ''.bNCG

    IjL qfEG d f :G HCG c MCG

    SEGh G H jG g EG''e IMd LP J HdG WdG dG SCG MCG gh .dG N

    N e bdG EG jdH aJ dGh''.aG cG

    aGh HdG WdG jOCG ZJ :qM Oe

  • HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 8

    Hh H bdG WJ Y a ,JeGhjQhdG hdG aJh ,dG dGIRG dGh jObGh jG feEGh

    .YGHEG Jh HdG ad

    GHEGh qJG H dG adG

    e kV kYOe dG adG JSCG dG YGHEG GOLG eh IGfGLdGh dG IG AGKEG JhPEG ,Jc Z gh .kL Sd cdGhdGh GGh aG Y J g.YdG QGh GOdGh fdGh NCGhYG e jd Qe dG adGhSGh dG KG dGdG GdG hj kfMCG a .OCGhkGQU hCG kTCG hCG J dSCG hCG a kMe fLh AGOCG fj YGHEG

    .dG hdG e

    dG adG f qe VSG GPEGh:JU Y qoj e J fCG S HdG,Oe g e JG Y qj YqJEG mUY jh bGdG dA Yj YGHEG UhadG Ea dP eh .aG e IOGSGdG h .aG e kdN d dGffEGh aGGh jQdG aH keJ Ve g dG dG G GdGhY dG adG g OOJh .Wh MhdG YG YLGh QSCG GhdGhCG jQdG aG OJ EG S ab e ch .GYCH G MCG.G Y ejh ''eG'' b e ojdG G AHCG jj dG bdGhj ,bQh Y kW HdG OLh OSQh aH dG adG AMG ie

    .JGhOCHh

    YdG EG IcG e ,dG fG G

    H HdG adG J kehO Y EGh ,ke kaK kef jQdGY IQb Y idG jQdG UG a .GdG Rhh AdGh fG YaQe Oh iNCG CG GNjdGh NG S ZH ,JMh fh

    .HQh CG J Y g dG

    e dG jdG jQdG JGhY EG e hCG LJ adG g H

    ffdG IQH AdGh dG jhdG- gOGSGh dG g Wh H - eYh/Id HGdGh ddG fdG UHh

    .OG TdGh SdG

    AdG IGZ idG fdG IG fc KfGh HdG fH jG HdG dGHdG adG Lh Lh GOBGh dG YM fch .Y SdG dG de eHdG dG GdG kGjh kGO dPNBG ,G Y G ,VG e QG,L QGbCH jdGh KGG SCG edGh aG Yb L kZ kLfEGh

    .dGh GOBGh dGh

    e dP e ,HdG adG CG HLGe , BG f adG e gZadG OJh fdG adG IMdG eNBGh GdG eh ,adG dGhc Gg Ke eh ''jQG dG'' ehLGdH J ge hCG e e.FHCG Sf J dG WGh hGhDhJ hCG ,adG hCG dG VGfG LGaVJ NT LGg JH ,gOJ hCG jdG

    .HdG adGh HdG dG Y f

    EG HdG adG eCG S fCG GhfdG HdG g jL e VJ CGJGP Y fG J a .IjGKhQG adGh VGh jQdG e AGZGhcQCG c IadG Gb J Y adGh aG TCG T Jh dGCG T .YGh YGh IGhSS j adG g jK GQdG He AGdGh fGh gdGh adGSQh QaCGh b e fdG adG H ,LdG H e Z qj e dd j bhEG EG J d dG ''YJdG'' SS CGEG ,dDhJh HdG adG dG V

    .Fh jJ

    gLh fdG ad CG dP EG jdZEG dG dGh dGh aGk ,adG g Lh e YdGh .gh

    e UCG

    dG QhdG

    jJ Y H

    jdG hQdG

    jJh Hd

    JGdG FG

    cDJ dG dGh

    dG S

    q Y JQbh

    GQdG

    LddG

    a ,JeGh

    bdG WJ Y

    dG Hh H

    aJh ,dG

    jQhdG hdG

    jG feEGh

    jObGh

    IRG dGh

    HdG ad

    Jh

    .YGHEG

    aG GL dh ,LdH SdG j ''eSEG G g fc H ...dEG GaVCGh-aGh dGh ,jOCGh ,ad JH ,HiNCG Y qKCGh Y GQM CfCG M

    ''.dG M jaCG e

    .jQjL JQa

  • LG9

    CG EG ,kah kGfh LGeh kHSGhG fEG SCG e kM kS jYb L e eCG Ggh .YGHEGhdG OL Ea .IUG HdG adGg M T YGHEG QdGh adGYdG Y jODJ dG QhdH J adG Y gh .fEGh dG dGHdGh FGdGh G bG c ZQEG J dG dhdG SdGh LQGGdG jW QJ dG hCG ,edG dGQGGh gdG jW e H GdGh

    .hGdGh hdGh

    CG HdG adG ee jj CG ,K dCG Y G ggLM c ,ddG dCG aG ebEGdCG jGHh hCG dCG jf QGbH gZh HdG adG fe EG H .fdGe edG HdG G IQb GRj CG

    .aQG dG GQJ

    OQGG SG e :jObG dG aG fEG EG

    FdG fEG d FdG dG e,aG cG Y KCG GP ,HdG GdGYh G OGG SG Y dG OYGObG H j e gh ;dG SCGQe IG GSG dG Gg ujjh .jdGObG jQ QJ Ydh dd ,QGdG VEG EG j ,XJ Y LfEG Ua Qjh aG Y GCG c .ObG dG dH XJh cj ObG dG e kGc kGALh ,FGH toLh ,YGQdG e dhCG WdG,cSG dG fE G YdGe fEG NoQ Y c M EG J dGf f bdG Ajh .LCG cTIG Jh dSCGdG dG YUkS aG Y dG KCjh .bQCG QdGObG aG Hh dG HS ,dAGh adG Zh ,HdGdG H ,HdG fMCGh ,MdG e QHIG e Gg jh .YCG fh SdGdG aG Xd adGGG dG g toJ M ,ObG ,HQCG J Y IQdGh adG e IdG g id IG e ,SSCG

    .SdGh G

    HdG GObG fG b SCG bh

    e ad VJ bh LQG dG Y G fEd IFGR jM Vah H ,QGVEG ,GOQGdG MEG SS X aG Xdh LfEH AJQd aG

    .OdG Gg

    HdG qdG hdG Ea ,f bdG hAfGh GSCG J EG iOCG b OhGkVJ cCG Z dG GObd NGdG

    .GQMd

    dG oJ aG Y ndG ojhN HdG GdG LfEGh ObGmjCG IhdG cJ OjORGh ,NCG dG HQb dG GObG H CG ZQh .bdG HS M jCG IhdGh NdG cJ X ObGY S dP CG EG ,IOh afG e Je LQH JG GSCG fa .dG U Y GObGUa e j dG MJCG dG G SCGQdG dG h .cdG N e G dG,G GdG XG HdG G SCGQ eWdG QSG Y snK e GhG cJ IFa b Y b dO ,HdG

    .IhdGh

    ,HdG WdG ObG dG J EGd eR WT ,LfEG IOjR WThEG j dh .ac Z d ,ae f,HdG G QGdG he j eYG Gh YCG bh dhdG Y aG AH jZ ,FdG dGhGQGb dP j CGh JjdhCG SCGQ

    .ac QSGh fEG

    IdG jJ :G aGG f aG bNCG j IhdGh

    YLGh SdG VhCG OCGfh dG LJ kSM kGQhO jObGhGdG L N a .G aGGSS fCG EG SG OY e HdGYf Y J CG J ''Wh''dG jQdG QY e IQG OGSG kGOh jG eg a .INCGhkGKDe ,iNCG WGe ke kFZ hCG ,WGe

    .dG bh SdG ''NCG'' dH

    MCG iRGJ dG ,''dG'' jRd ch QKBG ,HdG GdG IhdG jRJ e

    fdG ad qEG

    aG gLh

    dGh dGh

    dG

    .gh dZEG

    Lh e YdGh

    k ,adG g

    LGeh kHSGh

    ,kah kGfh

    j CG EG

    e kM kS

    fEG SCG

    .YGHEGh G

    e dG dG

    HdG G SCGQ

    GdG XG

    Gh ,G

    Y snK e

    QSG

    ,HdG WdG

    b Y b dO

    G cJ IFa

    .IhdGh

  • HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 10

    AGSG CG GHh .Gh OGaCG NCG,dG G Y UG G Jh GgGdG Zh bNCGh YLG OdGhJJ EG ,Ic iNCG kVGeCGh dhDGhhCG OdG Z hdG GH NBH hCG H kLb dG g dGdG fch .aG Z

    .gZ

    dG e kGOY dG IQdG HUCG cQRGDJ CG c dG YLG aGGhdh .aG fh cGh GHEG JhVG IdG N fG dG ddG dGfe e aG ZaCGh GHEH bdG V a .fEGh dGdG Och ,Gh Gh d YLGH -Gh AGdG J dG YLGG Mh .dEG jODG FSdG Y dGa c .dGh aG eGhj dG OLdG b gGdG MG,dG dG QMh jGh dSH

    .YdG HjEG dGh

    ZdG b dGh dG gShQdG OS g eh .AfGh IOdGh REGOHG K eh ,SdG cGh IedHOG dG GMEG gG Y WGG

    .WdG

    Y ka ,SdG JSDeh dhdG EGYEGh adG ILCGh gCG GEG kL hYe ,jdG dG UCGh GHEGh dG Y YdG dG K jZa .G SSCG YdG LHdG adG ''dG UEG'' gCGj e ''dG UEG'' EG EG ,jG

    .gCG

    YLGh jObG dG Y bh L eGY EG aVEG ,IOQdG SdGheOCG Ig IgX eJ ,iNCG hdGIg Y JG IQG J h .HdGJ HdG G t GAdG geG GdG EG ILG GG OGYEGd H .Y fe QYG ,ZCGG YG UdG J g cCG dG

    GAdG d IG gG J aG ee AH UHh ,WdG dGY LhOG IQG g YJh .WdGe IOSH M fOCG EG d GOL gOLh AKCG ILG HdG GAdGGLH Fg e EG jd hCG ,G ,Ff hCG bDe ,IOd ILG GAdGJCj dh .H GcJ VCG e e SCGH ffEG d L he H EG GgILG GAdG UCG j HdG WdGcQe jh ,FGdG hCG bDG ,IOdH .BG WhCG dh Gd h e

    dM dEG UdG e N YObG dG j ,HdG adGYLG dG mS K CG YLGhcG eCG FY J HdG jObGhc EG MUEG J dG g CGh ,aG .HdG WdG Y j CG aG

    SdG dG

    ffEG dGh aG j jG M

    TCG aG c SdG bG hJjObGh YLG dG be e ICWhHG ,gQhH ,fc fCG EG dG N dG

    .aK mS CG e jJ

    J HdG GdG SdG dae j dG G dG YJ YQ IQhdH gh ,aGgCGh JLJY jh .VQG aG CGadGh GdG GMGh SdG QGSGHK IYd QaG e HdG ,UG YCG ,dG Y dG hGd dehaG eCG SSCG FY ,WGda .HdG HdG SJh FdG WJhZ SdG VdG Gd FdG FdGNoCG dG dG SDe CG G,dG Y Gdh SdG JGSdSDG g IQGOEG AdG je euobh

    j

    ObG dG

    CG YLGh

    mS K

    YLG dG

    jObGh

    FY J HdG

    cG eCG

    g CGh ,aG

    J dG

    c EG MUEG

    CG aG

    Y j

    .HdG WdG

    bG hJ

    c SdG

    ICWh TCG aG

    dG be e

    YLG

    dG jObGh

    EG dG N

    ,gQhH ,fc fCG

    CG e jJ HG

    .aK mS

    UCG e''300000eG MG jN eSGQdG dG HdG eG e hCG

    1995/,1996 f CG Qj25%jeCG EG GhLg eY Hh .HhQhCG dG hOh ddG1998

    h2000 e cCG QOZ15000EG HY W''.QG

    .MR GfCG

    OGSG NCG :cGdG MdG Y

    bh ,d ddGh ,HOCG ZdG f CG dCG''GbEGh ,YW dH VdGh ,VGJ fgEG,Gc dG jMh ,Mbh dG jMh ,GQJ

    ''.fL WdG Mh

  • LG11

    jG obh ,aGh IAdG je YJ SCG ,Md SdGh jdGaG bh aG Ih ONEGh G dJ EG dP ODj CG hZ h .GHEGGh QGOEG Vh dG dG eG

    .QHGh fEG Y gYh

    EG j bG g Y dG EGfEG Y j e e SCHgGcEG Y SH Jh aGb SH EG dP JCj dh .SdGWGOh ,L e SdG WGdG.iNCG L e LfEGh HcG jMh aG

    WGd j kffb aG QgORG jheh ,CGdGh dG jM h ,aG MhdG cCG CG ZQh .M e fejG dhdG GgG Y bh b HdGNJ GgG g CG EG ,fEG H

    .hdG d ffdG adG H

    ce e HdG fGdG fJ e ZQhHdG WdG jG e Ea ,jH,Y hG g e QH ,fGdG e dg h ,JGAGLEG FGYh ,dG J hH d d SdG dG QMGh ,HbdGJ EG .jgX H YG dG jG YYG j ,HdG WdG jGYEG FShh ,edG dGh ,GhdG e e GPh .FGh YG e AGOCGh ,adGh UGdG gQGhOCHJ AS EGh .dG CGdG jJh ,aG ffGb EG MCG ZCG dj fGdGEG hCG dEG MG Y SdG J ,T

    .AdG

    J dG GP g ,Gg e NCG dGhSDG IRhe ,eCG dG HeCG YQe ,fGdGh jQSdGIQO ,je VJ dG edGH h ,dG NO e iNCG e hCG YeYf jhJh VQG N dG HaG'' iYH jG L c EG .iNCGhCG ,''dG dG'' `H NEG Y hCG ,''eCG YH QHGh GHEG hO ''NCG'' p`HZQ j eY GHEG f f hOh ,G

    .dGh dG

    kj j Y Sh

    FdG JHh gGdG H dG EG

    ibCG g jd dBG EG J e bCGeh ,ObGh aG dG GQe YYj Y f EG e ,dG Ua K

    .fEG dG Y edG GdG

    QGUEG g aG Qe gCG G dhad FdG G gQYH ,G hdGS e aG j Y ,dG U YPGSG Y UG IjT S EG eYj .jdG G M Y G dGa aG Cf dG G M Ggb e cSG h ,ef GH UCGUa Oj e dPh .G dG SDeH jh aG cG edG GdG ,FGhdG e ,a LfEG YdG

    .G IFGOLh Y HdG GdG dM hda Yf f j ,UGkTCG HdG WdG aG cG eedG Y hdG e ,IAc YCGh ,KhCG

    .HdG

    ebE JGSG jDhQHdG GdG aG

    N T jdG j ,jdG ebE JGSG jDhQ jh aG M J HdG GdG aG

    :N cQCG

    1-dGh CGdG jM WEG.ddG H fVh ,dGhedG G jG g jG ghEG jODG dG gh jG U GHEG GHC Gh ,aG fEG SjdGh dG dG jh ,QHGhGg jh .HOCGh dG dGh dGe jQGOEG GAGLEGh fGdGh JSdG JAfEG UH jh ,jG Y mM cfEG Y eCG ILCG ISh jQGOEG HbdG.GHEG U Yh gfh aGaG H VGdG dG g e jhS dP H J CG Y ,SdGh

    .dEG cdG e Fb

    cQCG

    :G aG

    qjM WEG -

    dGh CGdG

    dGh

    edG dG -

    bGQ d

    qYdG

    dG WJ -

    f dG -

    aG fEG

    dG

    YLG

    jObGh

    P SCJ -

    ,Y HY e

    e ,UCG

    .eh

    ee Y Jj CG ,QG f GPEG ,''d Iee NG jdG G M

    ''.edG GdG

    .)jEH( jdG G M

  • HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 12

    adGh jdG

    RdGh jQdGh

    G

    h .aG Y

    aG hO j

    oH EG FM

    U e Vh

    LG ,dG

    bh ,ObGh

    AT c

    Nh .SdG

    CG dG dH

    dG g Gj

    eCG CGJ M

    dG fG

    dG J

    .aG dCG HEG

    -2bGQ d edG dGrd UN jY AjEG e ,YdGie G dh ,dG G

    .IG dG MG JMe d jdhCG AYEG :dG UEGSSCG dG Jh ;IG ddGY U Id eCG dWEG e ,d,QdG d SDe f GSGh ;bCG YdG IOL bJh ;IG ie eUN gG AYEGh ;dG MGe LdH GdGh ;dG dH VdH.ac dG MGe Yd QhdGh G

    3- JGP IQb AHh dG WJL dG jdGh dG

    G WdGdG J N ecj QHd HY f ebEGh ,SSCGe ,LCH G dG jh jb.jb dhOh HY GOGeH jJh dSGeG fJ J GSEG jhaGGh SdG e QWEG JGhh .eG EG UdG Y J dGc'' kjb kGY HdG dG J CGH e da IQH aJ ''HY eYEG

    .dG

    4-fEG f G dGjObGh YLG dG aG

    ,HdGOQGG jJ f LdG N efdG GQdG Y GOYG Od HdGjObG dG jJh ,JGdG aGh ibCG OLh jJ j c .GSCGh aGM f njJ ,''jG ObG''AH XJh aG cG CT e jdG gGdG VdG e H ffEG dGIGh ,OG eG M dG a QJ

    .dGh G ,IdG Qe id

    5-,Y HY e P SCJeh ,e ,UCGLdG j ,

    :ddG FdG

    e Jh jdG U EG IOdGeh .Jh OLG Mh ,VG XdGffEG jDhdG EG IOdG dd dG;dG jdG U bNCGh jQGY dS jdG SDG IOSGhYh hdGh eG Yh SdG dG;djOGdG SdG - jdG cGOLG a Jh ,jdG jH QGbEGh

    .NG M Uh

    WEG N e HdG dH VdGjJ Y j ,OL Jeeh H fhO bTG e fh dG GiNCGh ,e Xh Le Vhh ,JG H cG GOG UdWCG eGH H j dGheGj CG H h .JdGh HG GQGhdG cG d hDhO Y G Gg edG Gb N e dG HdGe dCJ cMh ,edG Zh edG

    .hCG QYCG ie Y YGHEGh

    ,HdG G GdG GAVEG QSGH HdG G PdG rod LeOEGhUCG dG EG LCG NdG RhjdGh dG HdG aG QgORG SC

    .HdG SDG

    ,YOh ,eCG NGO dG dG AGKEGHY H c jM N e H AMGhH ,DhHCG j dG YdG adG ,H e H bJh gQgORG Ua YOhSdG GOdG GdG dP j c

    .edGh jOdG EG IYdH bNCGh

    e iNCG ffEG adG Y fGdG EG LdGh jdG M NjQG FGhdG e cdG GZGh ;iNCGG e IOSG Jh ;HdG ZdG UEG Y dGh ,dhdGh bEG

    .HdG hdG N e dG

    OJ aG CG EG jdG j ,eNeh .BG dG eCG FdG jdG J,a JBG dG dG eC IdG OGQCG aG ebEG ,Gh

    .ac HdG WdG HQ

    G RdGh jQdGh adGh jdaEG FM aG hO j h .aG Y LG ,dG U e Vh oH

    G EG jdG :KZdG e

    EG d HdG dG e CG L hj''QhOh WGG -fEG jJ Y edG cdHLH SdGh YLGh jObG IG

    ''.UN

  • Nh .SdG AT c bh ,ObGhCGJ M dG g Gj CG dG dHdCG HEG dG J dG fG eCG

    .aG

    QG Y dG H G SG :dG

    AbGh G SG e f CG d j''Y UdG SLCG e JCG EGh ,JCG jCG e Ge G H hCG T fEa ,d jG CGhh FH J h G oH j dh ,G

    ''.H JBH

    LG13

  • jh jdG AGqb H UGdG jd qHdG qffEG dG jJ ja j,jdG J N e HdG WdG qffEG dG Qe Y IKDG GMCGjdG Y e GMCG SfG LGj MaG b ,IQGUEG g e AGHGOGYEG e AfG e HdG WdG qffEG dG Ie Y dGh HdG

    .dG HdG jdG

    qCG jdG ja Qqb dG qdGh qHdG VhCG GQd J dG dG jhjJ OGYEG e AfG e qHdG GdG qffEG dG Y qe GQKBG d

    qhCG qHdG qffEG dG2002.

    ffEG dG GQJ dG e HdG GdG 2001

    qhCG dG

    15

  • ,''HdG ffEG dG'' jJ qjMaG b ,g ,fdG IQGUEG e AGHGIe Y IKDG GQdG J jG ah HdG WdG ffEG dGbEG) LQG dG Y AGS ,G (HdG QbCG ) NGdG hCG (dGh HdG jdG OGYEG AdG e IdGjdG ZU e AfG M ,dG

    .G

    ffEG dG e :

    HdH ''jdG dG'' SG T ZQ EG d `Lchuman

    development ,CG efH H AL dGdG J e FEG IGCG EG ,dG dG Yf f eh ,VGkGJ UCG jJ fY ''ffEG dG''c ,d UCGh edG G Ye Y AHEG e ,b H Se kjJ HJ ,VCG dH ''jdG dG''OQGG J'' IQH HS bh Y UG

    jdG''Human Resources Development'' .HdG dG AGK H j e dPh

    ''jdG'' c J M aAfEG ,HdG kdOJ ''ffEG''hYc ,hCG H ,dGO dh ,bO ,bJOLdG e bGQ dc ,fdGh ,FdG eOLdG S Y J ffEG a .dG

    dG1J SSCG g bdG gh ,.HdH ''ffEG dG''

    GSG HdH SG ,NBG U Yh jc ''dG G SCGQ'' e

    human capital,QGh LdG N e kSSCG ,OGaCG j dG GQdGh

    .dG IGh QdGh dG

    dG ''G SCGQ'' e CG jCG fYhe kGc ShCG ''ffEG dG'' e jgh ,OdG iG Y ''dG G SCGQ''

    .G iG Y MQCG ornH

    G G SCGQ e OYG fh,YLG G SCGQ ge eJ Y dOY SCGQ ,dGh ,dGh ,SdGhO SDe H dG J dG fCGH L GPEGh .FYh ,G dG We ej dG ,G G SCGQ ee

    SDe gQYH SdG2dP -

    hG dG ffEG dG GQJ

    dG e HdG GdG 2001

    1 fEG N'' e fG .bG e Y Ud ''dG '' d j H dGh dhDG VGe fEG d j dG BGdG *sY ,MdG( ''dG3 h4 .''fEG'' qe jCG J gh ,MGh U ,fCGh cdG ,YdG fCG HdG dG ''fEG'' d S eh .)

    2.YLG bdG e e f ,YLG dG ,SDH j

    ''ffEG'' d J HjdG j ,HdH dOJ ''jdG''hIOG d ,hCd HGH G

    :M ,dM

    .G qG FdG :) n rfEG(.kNh kgP bGdG fEG-h

    Lh . sdG N :) spffEG(hL hCG .fEG u dG dGY J dG qdG dG OGaCG

    .dG g

    ,HdG dG ,SdG G :QGU ,IgdG30 ,60 .

    QWEG1?''jdG'' hCG ,''ffEG'' dG

    IHRh dG IU c fEG EG''WMEGh G TCG ceh dGVQCG e eGhUNh OLdG dS ch GhdGhf CG J ,e jdGh JKh fhFN e X e cH dGe a fcP PEG ,bNCGh N FYhdG dbCGh KdG GdG UhFNh FNh ,a eh QdGhg dG fEG EG j h ,OdGL Le dEGh ,c dP G G G gh .kJGP mU ...VdG AGOC Gh VQCGCG FN e c ...sh segCGh rnddG ib a L J dG

    IdG Gc a ,rjQGdG d Fc gh ,VQCG IQd AGdGhdG Ta AGgGh IOdGh dGCgh .a VQCG IQYh JOHGgh .eGc QGOh L JQhjgLh He jV e fEGhS hQ d gMCG jYeNBGh ,Qj M Qf Ye X S VQCG L cJ .kffEG S ddh .SM Z.''fEGh fEG ah a j c .fEG

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    1994.)

    QWEG2

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    17 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001

  • HdG ffG dG jJ2003 18

    dG ,dG G SCGQh ,eH G SCGd e c ,OGaCc e ejdG GbH kGjL f fEG

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    kYjP ''ffEG dG'' e cG bh Y e1990IG CG efH H

    cJh ,O ,d FEG ffEG d Se 3bCG bGdG g -

    OGG H jdG d kSe fdM S jJ fh -dG G SCGdcdG ObG IOb ,VG

    .''G ''

    UG dG GdG Y G ojhde GQH e dG dG dG QhHjJ gJ dG UdG oL EG UJCG efH( hCG )dG( jdG dG

    ,jEH ,FEG IG1990.)

    IhdG g dG'' CG Y G jh''Cd G4g ffEG dG CGh

    g bfh .''dG GQN SJ Y''dG e jG jce duJj SdG GQN SJ a .ffEGFGH H QNG jM YE e jdhCGjce Y QhH j dG eCG ,MeH qCG M ,ffEG dG jGdG H hJ MCG jdG HdG

    ,jEH ,S( jGh1999 .)

    ''GQG'' CG bGdGhchoicesY Jg ,ObG EG Oj ,HS e

    ''S JQeCG'' ,UCGA. Sen5,fdG e''bSG'' gh CGentitlementsifh ,

    g UCG dG M Y kGJ a .''GQG''

    UCG M ,kGH fc O ,kGPEG dkfh kGL ,kjeh kjOe ,dG dG:eg f G Gg Y jh .MhQh

    T CG ,jGH ,ffEG dG aJ :hCG:c Qe CG Y dG V dG TCG e

    .G hCG UCG hCG dG

    fEG adG e j :fdGj EGh OG dG Y ffEG dGe dG ffEG IG jG fGdGh aG cGh ,jH dGe j dG GdG h ffEG eGdGhdG LG hDT ddG cQG

    .ac

    Z ,CGG M e ,dG MCGh.ffEG bQ e OGWH eJh ,IOhf ,SSCG KdG bSG dhje e CG Y g ,jdG dG jJGh ,Uh jW IM dG'' dGi eRdG OQGG aGJh ,aG Y

    .''F e

    G Gg Y J ffEG dG dh,iNCG aVEG bSG EG GJ H ,fOCG,jObGh ,SdG jG'' J,GHEGh fEd UdG aGJh ,YLGhM Vh GdG GMH SGh

    .)f QG( ''fEG

    jQ Y ffEG dG Y Jh :SSCG

    UdG e uG jdG GQdG AH :hCGdG SCGQ Yh ,GQ fEG aQ ie EGdGh ,aG cGh ,Uh jW IM

    . hO dG ,jH

    jdG GQd AdG XdG :dGhfEG :fEG dG L

    .SdGh G G eh

    J O d kGPEG ffEG dGAah hCG ,''jH J'' M hCG ,''jH OQGe''g EGh ,a Sd SSCG LMH,eG edG dG ffEG UCG f j ,G SDdh ddGdGh jG :SCG ffEG jdG

    .ffEG eGdGh

    3 jdG dG Se CG jQ HDId Sc Qb Y aGJ QJ dGh ,Od LEG G dG ,d dG TDH fQH Fg eJ j c .jdG hCG ffEG dG Y gf ,''jObG''

    4 ,)jEH( ''CG AGd Qc jdG OQGG'' dG ''HQg jQOa'' c EG ,SSCG ,IQdG OJ1973.5 dG ObG Hf IFH Ra1998.YGh dG UN ,adG KHC kGjJ ,

    dG aJ

    CG kjGH ffEG

    TCG e T

    dG V dG

    :c Qe CG Y

    hCG UCG hCG dG

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    ffEG dG

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    edG dG

    d ,eG

    SDdh

    ,G

    J

    ffEG jdG

    jG :SCG

    eGdGh dGdGh

    .ffEG

  • 19 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001

    dG jJ USG gCG) hCG HdG ffEG2002(

    Y HdG GdG M dG GREG ZQ N jdG dG Qe U e cCG

    Y ddG dG J ,INCG KdG OdGbGf J g gGdG HdG bGdG eAH J HdG G dG IOffEG dG jJ LCG ,ffEG dG

    ( hCG HdG2002 :KK bGf )

    )dG dG e( V dhO SGQO J,d dG dG Y d Uaj a iNCG aK FGhOh W fQedG jJ dEG N dG KdG bGdHGh jG :hCG HdG ffEG

    .ICGG h ,aG h ,ddG

    OY fGe e Y ddG FdG JhHdG GdG e T dG hO e cJ )eh Gh FGGh OQCG( HQCGaVEGh .HdG GdG S f GMUd J fH aGJ HdG dGH :iNCG GH Y K Y FdL jaEG ,)HY Z( iNCG eSEGjdG ,SBG L ,HhQhCG T ,AGdGjeCG ,GjRfh dGSGh Gch IG

    .HhQhCG Zh ,SBG T ,JdG

    ,SGQdG g Ff ,dG be ALGOOe dh ddG Gh aG e SM

    .ICGG M

    YCG Y dG qY dG WG H eAL dc .jdG eN dG Qhd jJCG Y aGG Fb SCGQ Y dG''d NBG T CG e aCG WGdG''dG d aQ f YCH GhALh

    .)HfG hCG H HCj b cM(

    bG dG MG ,AdG H j ahdG '' CG aQ dG WG H ddGY GhqY H ''ICGG e Ld gCG dGUa b Y'' fCG Y aGe f YCG.''dG jdhCG Ld j CG j ,dGYdG H IGhG dG M iNCG IQH

    Ua d EGh dG )LdGh AdG(AH ,ffEG dG H ,CG .dG.XJ d dh Ad jdG GQdG

    dG CGdG CH dG ,Gg Y AHffEG dG jJ IH fj HdGbGdG e KG j hCG HdGCG EG .aGh ,ddG Gh jG :KdG HdG dG CGdG Rh Q jdGOOd M ,ICGG f Y cdG,ffEG dG ICGG MdG Q eJ IQhV e bJGh

    .XJh jdG GQdG AH :ffEG

    N bQh ,)jEH( .Q ,QEG :QG .dG dG e :fdG Qe .jd

    QWEG3''KdG bGdG'' dG j GPe

    dG1M f aCG WGdG

    dG2dG G aQ

    dG3dG dG YdG H IGhG

    dG4dG Ua YdG H IGhG

  • 20

    GQdG h ,ICGG h ,jGg NCG CG M .aG UN -ffEGjH TDe cJ c ,QYG bGdGHdG GdG fe e j ,ffEG dCG cDjh ,dG jdG dG Se YV L GRe ffEG dG AH

    .dG e MdG dd

    dG AH j ,HjEG QG GdG aJ CG HdG WdG ffEGj H ,gGdG bGdG Rh Y HdGWGG H j Ge EG CG ;f EG .HdG GdG H gJh ,bJ hO ,dG

    IQhV EG jdG j jdG Lh YSCJ IOYEG Y HdG GdG aJ CG

    :Y HdG G

    .1ffEG jGh d WdG GMGddG G AH jhGdG M QYH

    .ffEG d G

    .2,UdG L MJEG Y ,HdG ICGG ,jdG GQdG AH e G J UN''FTCG'' e IGhG b Y AdGh d

    .QcdG e

    .3 ,dH XJh ,aG cG jJL IAH XJh ,jdG GQdG AHJ EG kUh ,G dG U

    .G fEG adG

    eRCG d RdG RhdG U g Ggd dh ,HdG G ffEG dGVdG bGf Rhd kSa .eCG eIQhV EG kjCG IQTEG ,gGdG HdGLGe HdG LfEG GQdG AHGh GObd jdG dG

    .HdG

    HdG SDG AdG UE kSGhaVEH ,j ,ffEG d eNdG jdG Y G f UE ,jG e e SSCG Y edGhf SJ e SSCG Y HdG hdGY QGdG PJG ddG dG cQGe IOSG Ua Jh ;HdG dG

    .G gW bJh ,dG

    dG e ffEG dG GQJ2001bEGh dG dG :

    HdG ffEG dG jJ Y dG CGH dG e hCG2001,bJ g eh

    .jdG dG jf Y hCG jdG jd hCG ZdG Y dG CG Mh

    dG de CGH b )dG( G2003,jdG Gg e G d edG aCG Eagh ,jOe eY Y SSCG jcM j dG IjT Ia dHIdG g e bj a .ffEG dGIQH J GQJ J CG IdG edGd SSCG GTDG jgLfH aGJ j j dGh ,ffEGidG Y hCG jdG YCG ,jMh IL

    .JQf e

    j c Qj e'' CG IYd YEGhdG dG EG dG Gg Lj ,''LWdG gG AGSG Y cdH dPhdG OHC e O GP GMCG GQdG U Y G ffEG,HdG bh ,QJ dGh ,dhdGh bEG,ffEG dG M J b L GMCHOeB gSCH G ,JGP IG Lh H

    .jW

    eR Ia J CG KGMCG CG cd gCG dH GKCG J dh ,IbGg e G dG j Gdh .ffEGj b dG GMCG QH eEd jdGdG Ie Y G KCG dP e dAGSGh ,JGP HdG GdG ffEGffEG dG Ie Y JQhU OjG Ge UN ,HdG GdG

    .ICGG Vfh ,ddG Gh

    e j dG dG SJ dhj G SCa .e fdG aGJGMCG Y eTh IL fH YGb aGJ

    HdG ffG dG jJ2003

    jdG f Ge OYedH

    792000303000

    1095000

    AL f Ge OYc hCG jdG e

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    QWEG4,ffEG Y hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ be GAMEGhttp://www.undp.org/rbas/ahdr/ fj/GjM M2003

    .jd f fG L UM hJ b G :Xe

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    G SCJ

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    jGh d

    h ,ffEG

    ,HdG ICGG

    cG jJh

    .aG

  • 21 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001

    dG I dO Y J CG dGYGdG g Ich .HdG GdG ffEGe ,dG f EG ,dG Lh Y Je dh .L Y J dG G fLGMCH j a UN ,G gASG EG fC ,HdG GdH UGJ EG aVEH ,Qe e cCG e fdG edG IdG Y YEG FSh i

    .SGQdG

    d bEGh dhdG OHCG HdG GdG ffEG

    hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ d

    (2002RC dhdGh bEG OHCG pj )gG HdG WdG ffEG dGdG e Ic CGQ Gg bCG Y hCG ,dGQdG Gg e i qb bh .jd jbdGY OG GMCG bh H jdG QhU

    S e2001CG ZQ ,G JYGJhJZU fGh ,CGH b c jdG Y dG

    .b ,hCG

    bYEG ie jJ IG CG cDG ehGdG d dGh bEG jdGg H ,Ge HjEG e d HdGd je ,hCG G Hhg eY j qfEG .G jT dh IOhG

    ffEG dG'' jd hCG QGUEG c d!j SL H ''HdG

    SG bO Ea jOdG JM Q h.eCG j kGNCG kJ QGSH fc

    SL c fGPBG EG Uh SL hCaQdG SLh ,dGh aG EG Yj SQGSLh ,MdG AH b Ua fCH kfYEG cSLh ,IdG EG kAGf c IOdG QhO HH kALQ c AWEG hCG SEG IQSj e Qh jdG aEGh dG jdhCGSDGh BG e SGh ,QfG

    .S dh hCG kjM g CH kGQGfEG c

    dG jJ'' bO dG SG dPh,dG S Y O bh ,''HdG ffEGe AGUCG j AL ,gZ e e Yhae EG IYO :JM SGLCG c bOMH d INCG UH kfYEGh ,YhaEH kALQh ,dG EG kAGfh ,GH kGQGfEG kGNCGh ,FQW jdhC jdGQdG C ,eCG j e j GPEG -gGO!Jh dJ CG Th Y Qf H jG

    HdG ffEG dG jJ CG GhYdG e INCG bdG e Q kSL ALQWEG -UG HdG edG e INCGHdG aY e c Y kjQL j jQJj CG H gh ,jG ffEGdG e ZQ k j b -HedG e OH e fCG -jP e IOY

    :FdG

    dG de( fdG IQdG hCG edG -e jW OY H AL dG )Y SdGWdGh Gh IWHCd jYQ dG IMJGH d WdG e QHh -AGeCGh

    -jh ,OhM d VQCG Y j JUhIMGh kbS -ObG j e V.dhdG S X dch ,G dU J

    fCG IMdG dh fdG edGh -W dhM bh )Y SdG dG NGhCG(e H b eL gQYH ,eCG eHh ,adGh dGh ,QGGh dG UShCG HGhQ jd Lj -UGG jQdGJh -Wh dhOh Th VQCG OhM e,dG j ShCG S AYh e GMCGe QH j e gh .j CG j dc hCGkfMCG Oj bh( ,''eCG S'' J

    .)''bEG S'' d

    -IG jdG hN ddG edGhdG de( G dY AGQh e jeCGEG dGO IQTEG AL hG dP Ea ,)jdG M H cG dG IG jdG CGg fCG cG -dG H EG LM JGH .d LMG Qb dG EG iNCGGW aGQ bh -VQCG GQb c Y AdGGdG ch bdG Gde FgGQ ,MGh Y ee X -JG FShh

    .dG Y e f EG j H ej

    dG G AfG H fCG HGdG edGh -IQK gHh dN h X dG -fdGEa -YdG QbCGh AdGh fhdEGAfG e SG dG SdG FdG eRCGEG Ob )jdG dG NGhCG( IOQdG Ghj fG e aGJ KCGh G dH Ea h -dc j fCG e -kLe

    .''dG Y'' EG fG ''dG S''

    S e YJ dG dG Ea ,YheCG'' S EG -''WdG dhOh dG''S'' EG -)bEG hCG( ''edG dh

    Y'' EG Uh -''SGdG cMh dG,edGh ,WdG OhG H QdG ''dG

    .jQdGh

    ''dG S'' CG IQGh G ehY'' EG j S GQdG Y QdGjh Yj S fC ,ZdG ''dGLGM hCG FGY hH g Vjh jh:hOe RCe EG iODj dPh ,SS hCG W bEGh G GOGQEG Ea ,Mf eZ eeCG j h ehG Y QJdG cM j dG CG CG ,SG

    .dG hDT jeh CGh

    j RCG f Ea iNCG Mf ehS EG fdG S e dhdG LG G dhdG G Ea gh ,dGL gQhO J Qjf IG CGCG c ,kjCG Qjf dG GQhCG UQHhdG dG hU CG ,LG g beIHdG cdG eh hdG dGhdH Jh gj S -GQddG Ea Yh ,dG CdG Y dGTd eBGh GHG d HG jY jQGdG LGh ,WSCGh

    !JM GfCG

    AL ''HdG ffEG dG'' jJ dhd INCG YdG e INCG bdG

    :G GDS dG Y

    f jCa -''dG'' kY fOQCG GPEG -!?cQeh IQb -kah kGa dG Gg

    f jCa ''dG'' g H b GPEGh -!?kGKCJh kLJ -kGQhOh kbe dG Gg

    !?f jCG :QNH CG

    qoj lSL :g M QWEG5

  • HdG ffG dG jJ2003 22

    j c ,IQdG ghh dG Ob jJCG dG JGdG UEG e Y QHCGgh ,HdG JGdG IQdG AH EG ODJbEG jdG H dG dG.HdG GdG LGJ dG G dGhdG'' jd JGSG QG c g ehUEG Y cdG hCG ''HdG ffEG

    .HdG dG G

    LdG LGG SG edaWdH dG dGh bEG jdIQdG AH g ,jdG ja f ,HdGGQdGh aG JGdG HdGh ,aU Y ,SdGh LfEGY HdG d bG bdG WEG.ddG H fVh jG f SJQG dG j AdG Gg j hHdG hdG e GQ f ICH EG jQdGIM WGe e'' f ,edG M jZ WGG H HY c a j ''HY.L h , HdG GdG e CG UeVhdG IdG e ,T H ,S dPhdGh bEG G HdG GdGdG Sh ,H G SdGe ddG dCG Y EG fG HdG

    .eh IQb be

    jd dG e Ue ,dP eh a .eL e Sj ''LQG''jQJ M NO b dG CG Y f CG d

    S GMCG H IjL2001, dKMCG EGh ,gCG Y jdG jdG.iJ eCGh SdG bGY dGR GdR e

    d d jdG jdG GhQCG gREG EGFGd AT c bh ,VdG fGdG dG SdG Y Z dh .jhdG,eCGh dG HW gQEG ae N a TJ Oc H Vh

    .SdGh jObG He

    dG eCG GAGLEGh SdG NhNe ,eG GdG H gJ NCGffEG dG JGSG j GjL.edG dG We hCG HdG WdG

    iJ GdG g eG UCG a,fEG M d ,dG dG e fGeCG d ,IjG dG EG ,IGhGh ,jGhce cQ Y eME GjJ ,dGheJ M dG GdG fc GPEa .jGJ fEG Mh jG Gc,J fMCGh H ,e GAGLEGh fGbjT f e J dG iNCG GdG Ea.Y GbEG Y J M H YQJ aNBG Be jQCG Ea .eCG G Be Gg ajG IOjR e ,NBG e Y Ue aeh ,dGh MEG ae oj fCHe dj fC jObG dGdGh IGhG

    .WGh Vd

    dhdG OHCd dG KCG bJ dhGdG ffEG dG Y bEGhY dG Y JG eY HdGNGO dP ,LCG dG jGf JG EGh .jeCG IG jdGIQGOEG YQ dG jG Y dGN a ,c dG d gGdG jeCGEGh M ,ahCG dG e Gh dGjdG ,YT e hCG ,WGe Gfc

    .HhQhCG hCG IG

    QGbEG EG jeCG IQGOEG C a.fEG M HCG J GAGLEG Jh )jeCG( eG '' N bh

    :fCG EG jM jJ ''fEG

    jdG eM JG ,VG dG N''jQJ cBJ EG OCG aCG e S IG,IG jdG fEG M fddG ce e dG SSCG fdG JIQdG EG .fb e cC jeCG QSdGS CG J jdG Gg Sj dG

    e IG jdG eM11 ,c S,fEG M O bQe ,G IcOG H e pofG d .dhdGh jeCG( ''pgoCG hCG ,dG Y SCJ dG ddG,fEG )jeCG( eG

    ,jEH2002fGL jdG Kjh .)fG G fV Qgd J

    .SdGh6IQO jeCG IQGOEG ea

    IQdG AH qEG

    g HdG JGdG

    dG dG

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    Ne ,eG

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    ffEG dG

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    .edG6:e jeCG IG jdG fEG M cf IjY fGL jdG j

    eC WGG Z YG ''jJH'' fb ah ,h .jj hCG e e T gj dG dG Y BG soj CG GQdG dG e EG''.Qd dh e SC d ,JG hO RMG dGh Id dG GAGLEG Jh .L CH eJG hO jW

    .UCG H SSCG Y a eG dG b e GSH aG d Fb dG IQGRh YCG dfd IG jG H gJ jS Y fCch ,hdG fdG d OLh dG ,''fb Z Q hY'' e )jeCG( IQGOEG SG d

    .HCG EG gRMG H )jeCG( IQGOEG ,MS FHh ,jY SGH HgQEG fc j e cM GPEG M .hdGh jeCG.''''IYdG'' K HgQEG YL a e G OdG cM CG YOGh ,gQEG V G Ife Y jRfG eM Y ,G e ZCG h

  • 23 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001

    d UHh ,SdGh fG jGeCG dOY c G QgCGh ,GhbdGh YH a dG VdG,J LJ M hCG c hH QGOEG

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    SdG Y jeCG IQGOEG QJ hbdG dG GAGLEG7dh ,Gh d

    UCG e YT e hCG WGe Gfcf Y ,GUCa ,HhQhCGh jeCG ,HY.JAGH J M e ,bG IYdGhCG Hhd FfG EG d dG YaWGe Y jeCG IQGOEG Vah .SEGeSEGh HdG hdG e jYh NjdG NO Y dG J GAGLEGL id dG Va c ,IG QGOEG YG EG fG dG ,eM

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    hL(1H U```a J ``Y j q ,)```SCG e IOG`````SG dG ```dG

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    33

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