تقرير...
-
Upload
fatehfateh -
Category
Documents
-
view
161 -
download
9
Transcript of تقرير...
-
d
H
dG
f
fEG
dG j
J
2003
FEG IG CG efHYLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG
HdG ffEG dG jJd2003
aG ebEG f
''HdG ffEG dG jJ'' Vh2002bGf Rh j kjgL kj ,eCG YCG hL Y.AdG h ,jGh ,aG :K
dG q CG EG hCG jdG Y dG AfG e ffEG dG GQJ LGe fOJhUN ,IQN dG OGORG Q H .N qL GR e hCG jdG Vh dG HdG GdG ffEG
.HdG WdG ffEG d JGe Z h bEGh Y GQ qJ H ,jG Qe
V EG Gg dG jdG j ,jdGh OG dG jGH aG cG H j aIje hX h ,e HY H e SCGQ OLh e ZdG Y HdG GdG aG fEGh f
.ae f d jb SSCG H qj CG
:N cQCG M J HdG GdG aG ebE JGSG jDhQ EG jdG jh
1 -.ddG H fVh ,dGh dGh CGdG jM WEG2 -.IG ie G dh ,dG G d UN jY AjEG e YdG bGQ d edG dG3 -.G WdG L dG jdGh dG JGP IQb AHh dG WJ4 -.HdG jObGh YLEG dG aG fEG f G dG5 -e Jh jdG U EG IOdG :Y j eh ,e ,UCG ,Y HY e P SCJ
;HdG G GdG GAVEG QSG ;HdG dH VdG ;Jh OLG Mh ,VG XdG.iNCG ffEG adG Y fG ;H AMGh ,YOh ,eCG NGO dG dG AGKEG
eC IdG OGQCG eh .BG dG eCG FdG jdG J OJ aG CG EG jdG j ,keN.ac HdG WdG HQ aG ebEG ,kGh k ,a JBG dG dG
Vh H EG FM aG hO j h .aG Y G dGh jQdGh adGh jdadG g Gj CG dG dH Nh .SdG AT c bh ,ObGh LG ,dG U e
.aG dCG HEG dG J dG fG eCG CGJ M
Sales No.: A.03.III.B.9ISBN: 92-1-626000-9
-
ffEG dG jJd HdG2003
aG ebEG f
HdG hd bEG G
FEG IG CG efH
YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG
-
dG M2003FEG IG CG efH ,HdG hd bEG d Xfi
One UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
f a jJ hCG QG Gg e AL qCG SG Rj h ,Xfi dG M L,dH hCG FdG dH hCG ,dBG hCG fc fhdEG ,Sh jCH hCG T iCH f hCG LSG
.FEG IG CG efH e e PEG Y G hH ,iNCG Sh CH hCG :dG bQA.03.III.B.9
ISBN 92-1-626000-9
TdG fOQCG G W
qS eCe :dG J.fe ,&jcQCG Ja ed Xfi dG M .GdG ,if e qSf SCGd dG Y IQdG
TdG fOQCG G - `` qY ,cS :dG GNEGh NGdG dGTdG fOQCG G - `` qY ,qWdG G :YW
efH AGQBG Y IQhdH j SdG CH UJ eh e jdG Gg Oj e.a AYG hdG hCG ,dG hCG ,FEG IG CG
-
CG
jJ
FEG IG CG efd `dG jG
hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ QGUEG c,jG H Ie IgX VG dG f e e cCG SG dP Y jhjdG CG c .ffEG Y eb G jdG jd bdGe bGh G e Le SGM Y LCG dG h HdG hdG djdG J b gGdG g EG H .AGSeh QKCG da .oKCGh obh M e MgG e gGe Le e j GREG YGh FG YGPEG GXG EGd j ,dP e HCG g eh HdG dGfCH nJ CG EG ''J'' YO dG dG
Y f e gCG.2002KCG Gg dGhjQG Id EG .gCG jZ dh HIG IFGdG SGQdG J kIja kISAGGh MdG e OY Vh dG dT ddG RCdG e Me AKCG dG.SdGh YLGh jObG GCG hCG jdG VhCG dG dSdG iahdG jQCG e GPEG fCGh ,QhV UEG.NGdG e j CG j fEa ,d edGhYGhO e c jdG dP YO Ea g eh
.FEG IG CG efH RGYG
JG ,eG GT Y KEG Nhjd d ke mGN HY hO IYVdG CG H .QhU Y jdG MW dGJ JT rKM AGqL e GJ OGORGVGQCG GdG GMG gh ,IdG.Gd ddG Gb hZh ,G dGhCG HdG ffEG dG jJ bhOT eY ,kac SdG dG GdCG jCHj dG QdGh dG LhCG e KK YICGG Mh jG :HdG dG eWGdG gCG Y cCG c .aGh.bGdG g d G e GAL gQYHGdG KG jg AGREG dG OhOQ CG Zie d J G qdG VGQCGhM dhdG YG ShCG Ga .UEG Y H S dG ''dG''
ShCG H ,HdG dG ZCG fj dG dG Ea ,dG dG CGdGeh .WGdG dG EG aCG dGdG jdG Gg OG cCdG c gjdG IOQGdG jgG AiOG MCG Yd HdG dG FGdG UEG EG :hCG
.NGdG e EG JCj
EG jdG dDe gj ,dG ghUEd dN e dG dG JMGh AGREG j CG e e HdG.aG Qb gh ,idG KdG jdG e SM Y Hj dDG CG ZGYH jdG j PEG ,INCG GMCG IOe Z IQH VZ QGbEGh - jUdG aVEG jdH - IG CG FKhUEG Y Va b GMCG g CG hjj :S EG dP Ojh .G GGN e dDG H j e e hCGOM b fj dG GMCG C ,eCG WGdG UEG EG NGdG Ha dG dG eCG .pQe Y GdG jdG Gd IG UG dGdDG e Gd VGh CG e Jb jVh a .IG CG edG jOdG,jRQdG dG jG e lja njdG Gg.hCG G HY QL EG H GLJhH d IG CG eb dG YdG chCG d c e H GYGh CGd ejdG gGf CG H .dP H H GjLh Y j fCG f bdG J IQM fhRe AGQBG Y ,fCG gf,G GHh .dhO fe Xe H j ,JU aj fC ,d qcf fEa dN NH ,dG QJ e
.eCGh dG H
gGYd VY ,dDG CG ZfH HdG d jgG dehhcDj ,dG aG He UdHhCG EG .dH JQH VGdG RG eGdG
-
Vj EG ,d hj a ,LQG dGfEa ,G g e h .kjY ongEG .aGh ad dP j Y dAjdh ,UdG EG IYdG g dSQ iafj e dPh .dGh GG aj aG d eT J ej eYY Luj K ,gGdG HdG G,gfh HcG hO dG bGhj dG dG GSG EG gH jhcG adG Ib g dGh dG a
.G ObGh YLG GHEd
feEG HdG GdG id CG jdG ijhe H - aG JQe jd Fg,a oH sj H SCGQ e jdqpojh .kqjK jah jdh aK KGJ d C HddG jHdG dG j CH jdG,S GeCG j d G OQGG dGc j C idG IQhdG Y j fCG ZS ,NBG jH aGh ObG eEG .ffEG dG EG J N H:g dG HdG hdG eCG SG QGqfCG hCG HjEG hH jG dG GcGhCG e aj dHh .AGQh S,LQG GKCdG H QdG JaH jIYe J b fd IYdG g Ea
.UCG jdG e cCG d
d HdG ffEG dG jJ EG2003.jW MQ fdG IG g
GNBG GjJ eOdG dG QajdG gh ,ICGG h jG YfEGh .G LGj GdG GNBG GdGGg CH ,OYG fQhjh ,eCG fhdgd IYe pppHc S dG jdGdG Lh e fL CG eh .d GQehefH SS IQhdH j g IOQGdGWJQH hQa fEa ,FEG IG CGjL N W IYHh IQOG HdGh HdG G ALQCG SdG MdG LRCG CG OdG Gg OhCGh .SCH,dG jG Ye ,dG N Q edd bEG jG H ,fc dGAGQh pG IdG g ,HdG hd bEG
.G jdG Gg
hGH de QeFEG IG CG efd dG jG
-
jJ
HdG hd bEG G -bEG jG
Y hCG HdG ffEG dG ojJ sWCG,pdM prS qa ,nc Y HdG bGdGQ J LGh , pbGf pJhG feEG e oAGj e EG e fGMd oj eh ,JGQbh HdGnAH CG EG jdG noNh .HdG dLCGkKK Lj HdG WdG ffEG dGd WdG oGMG g ,idG G e;ddG G peeh ffEG jGhe mQWEG JbW ojh HdG ICGG ohcG ojJh ,fEGh dGh IGhG
.ac G fCG XJh aG
OhOQ e aGh H jdG M bhgCG ShCG dM obGG JhJh .dGEG MGdG de YG e a ;CGdGEG dG Y NCG e eh ,GdG rnL qMH .LEGh dG Lh Y HdG bGdG,dCG dAe Y JQbh jupH hNBG sfbh .G EG jdG SQ YThJEG dH QGM WEG oAGQBG g SCG,HdG hdG ffEG dG RCe MHQe J Y dG WGG a QTY ,gG g h .bGeh,LJh nbGe e Y fG e NGY Ir n`Z e Y qY ,jdG sc tof
.edG HdG G
,SdG Z HG Y QGG j hQGdG nUCGh HdG eG nH EG H,fMCG dH ;dGh dH dhJIdG T bh .iNCG kfMCG IOTEHhe mOY mGREG jdG Qhd MdGUHh ,JUJ e TJ HdG GdGcQe IOjRh ICGG U YJ ,dG ,jdG Gg Kjh .SdGdG GQd He Ve GREGmbNEG kjCG Kj fCG EG .G ffEGN nG gGO a .IjL mjhrofGh ,L lSc lGMCG JGP IdG M UHh ,bMh HdG WGG jM
jdG OGYEG e AfEG oa .e jJe MG IOYEH FGSEG eb hCGdP Y lY j h .dG WG-jeG MG Rj GdG c M VCG ,GQdG g X h .jH,GZh ,IQN cCG HdG ffEG dG AH
.ke TCG ,jQ h
QGUEG QGSG ihL dG Whg HdG ffEG dG jJ S.UG HdG jQdG e LG MG,H id kfSGh kSCj OOdG Gg YhSG e NBG dG id kaJh kUMhd e pb e jj dG TGh jdGGg AHCG e J QBeh aGhO
.WdG
feEG jdG ja H Y j ha b e dSQ jJh jdG SGVQJ ,NGO gZh ,HdG WdG QNnYdG CG EG .HY IU e eg jNBd IQOG eR nJ qCG fc SGdGY FdG JGdG nUEG CGh ,IQN TCGojdG g Gd RGeh UQh jU mfIOYEG ,MdG j EG ,dG,HdG qjodG ZU IOYEG H ,G J,Y dGh Gh da .LQN ee j e g ,d dGh J
.ke eCG
W dG njdG Qf fEa ,g eh o oS M dN HY QGM J EGGg AHCGh pd q f f fEGe dG dG IqG nIG ,HdG WdGQGG Gg oe jh .dEG j GadG nUEG CG g ,Y n dG ,FG
.NGO e EG JCj eCG nde j
AH nVe dG jdG oja QNG bhKK e MGh gh ,d kGQ aG dG JGSG aJ UY
-
ocoCG JDJh ,HdG WdG ffEG ,gj e CG REG dGh .iOGa PEG .iNCG e GSEG ,jQIOSG Qj b c , ICGG Vf jjJ Ve ,ddG G ebEGh jG ,ddG ''HdG ffEG dG''
.aG a oJ
,aG Ea ,jdG Gg j che Z b ,XJh LfEGh HcGdG SdG g jdGh OG dGa .jOe L ffEG dG HH ,dGh IQdG H OhG SJ e kdZIhdG Hh ,VGh dG H ,gdGh G
.dGh
ne gLh L oaG fc bhf jdG ja Ea .G jdG dGd cCJh ,kLfEGh kGf aG M hCGHY H e SCGQ OLh CG dGh dHdc jdG ja fh .nV r ekVM gLa ,adG G Hj a .Fd jb kIcQh ad kSeCGh paG nUf CGj C kjQJ nG JeR fEG H ,a mhd nJQe njjQdG sb aGM d SCG gOUjOG ,jG j c PEG ,of
.GhCNCG dh ,YGh
adG dG jdG oja Lh e dYLGh jObG dG aGOM lgJ eb M ,HdG SdGhjG hCG aG de eN Y dG Hnf uj FY J UCGh ,ICGG hCGLG qCG jdG ja ijh .LfEGh aGg Z b SGdGh dG UEG j EG
.kMEG cCG
Yd G eGdG J Hh,e hG GHCG Y ojdG qY ;aGN cQCG GP JGSG jDhQ kMeqd HdG nG gDj oSDJnS Qj qY J dG IdG aGjM nWEG J cQCG gh .aG,bGdG dG nJh ,dGh dGh CGdG aG fEG nSCJh ,dG nWJhcdG eCG .HdG YLGh jObG dG
,UCG HY e P oSCJ a eG e nOLG j eh ,ehGh IOG FG d G SGndG jh ,HdG dH jh ,IdGCGe Y jh ,H jh eCG NGO dGiNCG ffEG adG Y fG
.e YdGh
h .N g e jdG CG f fhEG Yf H .aG QMG hCG dG d YfQj e g c GPEG JG b kaNG ,QGGQeCG e G f f eYh .dPfh ,dG SCG f kjS fN b ff bEG QGe Y HdG WdG Vh
.ffEG dGh jGh aG
HCG CG j ,dG G Gg eCGh,kVh REG QT e d ,adG YeHdG hdG EGh ,kGjh ,kIQSGhQGSG Y YLGh ObG AEd
.hdG Gd YdG
eGdG f EG ,kjL , Thb g jdG GN jdG dGjdG ja EGh ,UN WCG gfRHCGYCG CG jh .G gL Y cGQOf QcdG jdG Fd UN eG Y hDhdG Lh G eSE ,LaaGh dGh .jdG OGYEG MGe Le nn dG QSG jd UehQj CG jdG Gd j e LdGh odG
.kUQh kY ,fhO
CG EG jdG Gg N j hde Qe dG EG dG jH LJCGFG IG CG efd dG jG ,hGHjQJ d YdG IfG UGe Y
.HdG GdG ffEG dG
dG N QIG Cd dG eCG Ye
bEG jG-HdG hd bEG G FEG IG CG efH
-
ffEG dG Y dG jdG g GgjQdG e S QWEG qHdG hdG,jS gQGUEG IQhV DJQG ,dG e Oq fH e MGh qc qjqffEG dG jJ H ,qffEG dG
.qYGh qOdG jG Y qHdG
dG jJ CG T e g dh d hCG qHdG ffEG2002GL c
e e AGS ,LhCG qac e Ge qffEG d qdG VhCd JjdGh a QdG LhCGh qHdG WdGe jd H VdG FShh H dGe jdG b e M e hCG ,qHdG fEGc dh .beh L e QKCG eh gGhj eL qHY jJ qhCG jdG GgqHdG fEd qdG VhCG Y bdGEG qUJh ,e jJh ,Vf FShhIc qeYEG M bJ ,qe LSGH SGh qjK L QKCGh ,qdhOh qHY qG e gZh dG LQh GqY a h ,G YEG FShjdG b qN Y Ghfh ,IqOeqJG ge Y qdG qHh ,Y dGhj CG e q a ,a AL NGhiqJ dG qjgG jdG M qM TfW H a IOQGdG AGQBG YG c ,ddOh ,qHY He qMUEG qLd ALqJGdG dG Y qHdG hdG IQb Y qe
.AqdG
qffEG dG qgCG Y jdG qcCG aeG edG dG UCG cIhdG g jdG dh qG qSDddG CG jdG VhCG c ,Cd qGH dG GQN SJ g qffEGd qCG PEG ,SCG qffEG jdG dG dG kUCG kqM GH fc OqjqG qjce Y jdG qcCGh .jeh jOee qSh c ,qffEG dG e qOG qdG e Rhd fEG adGqffEG IGh qjG fGd dh qSdG qjH dG e dGUdG aGJh qYLGh qjObGhSGh GHEGh fEGh aG c
.GdG h qffEG eGdGh H
hCG qHdG ffEG dG jJ qH dOY Rhd qSSCG qjdhCG JLSG QWEG e f EG j H ,gGdG bGdG e g LCG bh ,qffEG dG LCGd WdG GMG ,dhCG :K bGfqHdG ICGG ,fKh ,qffEG qjGhqG J qUN ,d UdG L MJEG YcG jJ ,dKh ,qffEG JQb AddG LhCG L qdH XJh aGCG dG jdG ja iCJQG bh .qObGad ,d GQ aG AH Ve jd dH qQ QhOh jY bY eqffEG G MCG fCh ,qffEGf eV EG Gfh ,d qSSCG qHdG hdG qffEG qaG IQdGQb dP qjh .aG ac Yqj ,AGS qM Y LfEGh HcGjJh ,Rhh QdG Gd qdG IQhVAH qdH XJh ,aG cGfCG L IAH qjdG GQdGANdG ie J LCG e , qYLG
.qHdG hdG qfEG
qSSCG H aG QNG q qc Gdh,dG qHdG ffEG dG jd VcFSdG jh , qSe J dXJh ,Jjqh Jb qe qd eRdGAH Ya H qHdG qjdG GQdG,aG ee J Gfh .aG e SCGQ EG aG IhdG jH dJGh IjL Qe fEG edG dG dP G,GOBGh dGh ,qffEGh ,YLGhjJ Ea ,YLG fCG U hj dG dG qHdG qffEG dGM Y j S ,J gGdG GQ qJ Ujh ,qHdG hdG aG
dG e qHdG GdG qffEG2001.GQ qJh kKGMCGh mjq qK CG jdG qjhH bMCG b ,qdhOh bEG ,qegQ qJ Y Ic lO d j S ,qHdGjdG Rjh .qHdG hdG qffEG dGqdG VGQCG M e qUN H
J
YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG
-
AH CG CdG Gg Vjh .GdGh qGH dG dG g qHdG qJGdG IQdG
.G jqdG g
H ,f bdG jdG hjhqj e e ,He Ic mYVe , qSeqdG dGh ,YEG FShh dHaG fEGh ,eG Th JddG dGh ,qHdG hdG SbhqG dG dch ,aG cKCdG bYh ,HcG qKDG qSdGhqYLGh qjObG dG H OGQb CG jdG Vjh .aG hV FY qj ,qHdG hdG aGOG dG jqd LGe jW YjObG G c jdGhcG hH h .qSdGh qYLGhSJ dG qfdG GQdGh aGqHdG hdG q CG jG dG ehb H ,jdG LCG Se qFEG GREGqEG .H Z QGc EG H dP qODjRdG RhdG U g aG cG jJG qffEG dG eRCG qddG GhOCG qgCG e aG C ,qHdGG ebEG LCG e dP c AGS ,qffEGe qe fEG hCG ,qdG V hCG ,ddGPEG .qLfEG e aQh ,qGh qOG adGfEG UY e qgL Y aG qCG
.qadG IQdGh ,qLfEd qSSCG qOh
qffEG dG AH qCG EG jdG jhAf EG qODj qYLG GHEG nYEG qjbdG WEG Y J q cMIAH XJh G bG qjdGeG jdG Sjh .qffEG dG AdAd qJGSG jDhQ qj CG qFdGjDhQ ,qG GHEG h qffEG dGc qG dG UEG J,JGP aG cG ee jJh ,aG.qHdG hdG aG ebE Uh
mfeEG qHdG GdG id qCG jdG ijhe jd qaG JGQb jd Fg
e jd e Hh ,qe Z qjH feEGg WEG CG ij c .qdh K hQeWdG Y qffEG f AHh feEGWEG SCGQ Y :N cQCH gQ HdGG qjG gh ,dGh CGdG qjMdG jh ;qjG U edG qUN jY AjEGh dH VdGh qjHdGAHh dG WJh ;qdG sG dL jdGh dG qJGdG IQdG EG qdGh ;qG dG GMhObG'' ibCG OLh d aG fEGqY qHY qe P SCJh ;''jG
.eh e UCGh
qObG AEd qHdG hdG EGe j IG CG efHh ,qYLGhQGG IQKEG jdG Gg QGUEG fhJ AGQh MhG qedG jdG e OY MjqdG gCG J gGh jdG,aG qHdG hdG LGJ dGY Yj H VdG FSh GbGhWdG Y XJh aG cG jJqHdG hdG J CG c eCGh .HdGf IOjd eRdG FSdH qUN jYG L XJh LfEGh aGAJQGh ,qSdGh qYLGh qjObGid CG jh .qHdG qffEG dG id eRdG feEG sc qHdG hdG
.dP
dH qJCG CG EG j ,jdG hOGYEG gSh QT e qc EG jGdh d jYd IG CG EGh ,jdG.qG dG Gg Y QGUEG hG dG
G Sj dG YIQGOEG FQ / dG jG
YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG
-
jdG OGYEG cQG(FdG hG M)
QSE jdG
,Sj dG ,G HCG c MCG,e L ,G cJ ,Z gHN Q ,TZ aQ ,TGQ TQS ,ja OjR ,)FdG( dGY ,Ub WY ,c gW ,dGhU( QGf HCG G Y ,QdG dGjRQ gdG Y ,)d IG CGYLEGh jObEG dG(Ija ,jdG T fY ,)jaCHY ,Oe ac ,bdGHdG hdG( hH ae ,HGOe ,)YLGh ObG AEdf ,)G H( La QOf ,MjObGh YLG dG( GdG
.)SBG Hd
cG jdG
,Ub WY ,)FdG( La QOf.IdG ig ,YL a ,H Ija
jdG ja
.U ja :HdG dGjc ,L gR :EG dG
.Qg
GQhCG he) cQG dDG (G
bH ,MR GfCG ,d gdG,G aJ ,Z gH ,QdGjO ,S IdN ,Y gGHEG QMZBG dGS ,G bQ ,LGGbT ,jU S ,dG S ,dG,c gW ,dG QW ,L,SGM GY ,Ub WY
OY ,dG jY ,jdG T fY,dG a ,ReQCG hY ,ed ,Oe ac ,dNHCG jRa,G ,dR RhQ Qe ,GY ,eCG M ,IOGH e ,e ,eEG Og ,Y f ,QH e ,dG
.L
eh FEG IG CG efHjQG e IG CG
,GZ cL ,fGQJ jffa QShGM ,Y jO ,jQ L,L gR ,L IfQ ,ecY ,QOQdG dG Y ,GQGO Ta````a ,ja Z ,YdG,Uf jhe ,Se Ve ,```fH,jQO e ,)jdG e( Q`dG e
.f e jh
HdG d AGdG ja
Y U YSEG ,QdG dPdG,dG Y dG Y ,M M ,dGO ,Y Y ,jQEG dG Y
.QYa Gf ,dG eCG
jEG d AGdG ja
,H L ,Qf eH ,dhQ jjEG,f Y ,aM OjR ,e OQjQ
.Sg je ,f-ce Ofe
LdG ja
fGQ ,HeG AYO ,dGY dNO ,jaCG g-Qe ,jG
.bdG
O
-
``jG
FEG IG CG efd dG jG jJHdG hd bEG G - bEG jG jJ YLGh ObG AEd HdG hdG J
HdG ffEG dG jJ Le2003HdG GdG aG ebG f ````````
: hCG dG dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001ffEG dG e :
( hCG HdG GdG ffEG dG jJ USEG gCG2002) dG e ffEG dG GQJ2001bEGh dG dG :
HdG GdG ffEG d bEGh dhdG OHCG HdG GdG ffEG dG Y d FGSEG MG e
FGSEG Md ffEG dGGdG MGHdG edG
dhdG fdG YGb e ddG Gh jG M QJ( SdGh fG jH dG ie QJ1990-2000)
dAGh dG GTDeYCG ee OdG Y fG TDe
HdG GdG NGO ffEG dG Y IKDG GQdGddG G ebEGh jG f SJ
G GICGG Vf
aG ebEG f : qhCG AG :dG dG :hCG dGHdG GdG ;aG h ,ffEG dGh aG :G
?dG jd kYVe ;aG GPffEG dGh aG cG
aGffEG dGh aG
aG c G GOGaG
aG cG eeaGh dG
EG j ,h jW jQJeSEG HdG dG IQG ee gCG
gGdG HdG G PdGHdG GdG aG Y dG
aG Y dG YbaG Y dG GO
1
17
17
19
20
21
24
25
26
27
28
28
28
29
29
30
31
32
33
35
35
36
36
37
38
39
41
42
42
43
44
46
46
46
CG
jG
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003
:dG dGqHdG GdG aG M :fdG AG:dG dGHdG GdG aG f
dGdG
dG YfSQG b e dG Yf
SQG dG YfGh G VhdG dSCGh gG
dG SSdG Yf SbdG dG Yf
HdG eG SG Y J YfYEG FSh
jdG YEG FShYEG FSh EG PdG
YEG FSd MG feEGIFdG eGjQNEG dG
eYEG G SYEG FSH G dG
MCG YEG FShHdG hdG Jd dG dG
JdG JG TJG fJ
MCG YEG FSd PdGHdG YEG FSh LGJ j
SS f CG M YEG jGHLdG
LdG bGh
HdG GdG aG fEG :ddG dGdG jdGh dG dG dG fEG
dG jdGh dG dG GfdG dG
GNG GAGHdG jdGh dG Ne
aG fEG edG OGYEGjdGh dG edG
fEGSDG
YLG dGh ffEG dG fEGdGh HOCG fEGjGhdGh dG
dG
49
51
51
51
52
52
52
52
52
54
54
55
57
58
58
58
60
60
61
61
62
62
62
62
63
64
64
65
66
67
69
69
69
69
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
76
76
79
-
jG
GSG
aG fE c dGh dG jM
:HGdG dGHdG GdG aG Sb
G G SCGd GdG SdG UYHdG GdG G G SCGd aCG Sb f
aG M M dG G H CGQ SGdG G SCGQ ,G G SCGQ Sd hCG jJ
jdGh OG dG e M dG G SCGQ cjdG dG e dG dG jSBG QdGh HdG GdG ,jQdG QdG
dhdG SGQdG Ff ia :dG dG YfG G SCGd cJ TDe f
:eG dGdGaG c dGfdGh QHG f
HdG WdG WJh JQGOEGh fdG fHdG GdG fdG SS
HdG GdG aG fE dG dG jbLfEG YdGh dG SDe H HGhdG
dG dG Ff jhJdG jdGh dG fEd YGdGh SdG SDG
YCGh fdG VMh YGHEG G QhOLCG QSG
HdG hdG fdG WJh f TG LCG QSG QhOfdGh dG SS ZUh dhdG QhO
.ebh jb ,e HY jOU AfEG Y jdGh dG jd b YO EG LGkdhOh kHY QdGh dG SDe UGJ
HdG iGhdG iG
:dG dGaG cG qKDG qG dG :ddG AG:SOdG dGadG
dG GdGLdjjCG XdGh G AdG H GdG
''HdG dG''HdG dG GdG eGM
HdG d aG GdGh ,SCGaG h dG GdG
jdGdGh ,fdGh jdG
HdG dGaG h HdG dG
HdG dG eRCG
80
80
81
85
85
86
86
87
90
90
91
92
93
97
97
98
99
99
100
100
100
101
101
102
103
104
106
107
108
111
113
113
114
115
115
116
117
117
118
120
121
121
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003
HdG dH VdGdGh dG
aG QOe EG PdGh dGaG SGh dGaG XJh dG
aG dJh dGG dGh dG jdG
dG adGJGh GHEG H dG adG
n pGdG adH YdG IU
dG YdG
:HdG dGjObGh YLG dG
jObG dGfEG
G OGG SEG Y OYGdhCG fCG fEG cJ
idGh IdG YhG ZIdGh SG cdG IQf
aG VNdG jRJh LfEGh dG
ObG dGLfEG
NdG jRJdG dG
G aGG fIdG
:edG dGSdG dGfdGh G
aG c SdG dGHdG WdG G dGh SdG fCG
HdG WdG gfh aG fEG d FGLEG JG Y SdG SG Y :aG fEG be
aG M SDG SG QhOaG ebEG SSCG :WGdGh dG J
aG eN SS M LCG egfh LfEGh aG c fdG dG
fdG AdG fG YTh Ya Z fGb
AdG SDe da LGJfdG dG H dGh CGdGh dG jM
jd ffdG jG
122
123
123
123
125
125
125
126
126
127
127
128
131
131
132
132
132
133
133
134
134
135
135
135
137
139
139
142
145
145
145
145
146
147
148
149
149
149
149
150
150
151
151
-
jG
jG SQ HGVjG j ffdGh SdG fdH NEG
cG eh jG bjdG G :adG jH G YdG jG jM
dGh HdG dG
JGSG jDhQ :HGdG AG :dG dGG aG cQCG ;JGSG jDhQ :SdG dG
gGdG VdG QGSG eh ,HdG GdG aG MaG cQCG
bCG If ;aG cQCGddG H fVh ,dGh dGh CGdG jM WEG
aGh jGIG ie G dh ,dG G W EG UN jY AjEG e ,YdG bGQ d edG dG
IG ddG Me d jdhCG AjEGbCG Y U Id eCG dWEG e ,d SSCG dG J
IG ie e ,QdG d SDe f GSGdG MGe L YdG IOL bJ
dG dH Vd UN jY AjEGJQGOEGh dG dG M
dG dGH UEGdG dG f
dG dG YH AJQGG fCG L dG jdGh dG JGP IQb AHh dG WJ
eG H dGHdG jObGh YLG dG aG fEG EG G dG
eh ,e ,UCG Y HY e P SCJJh OLG Mh SdG XdG e Jh jdG U EG IOdG
HdG dH VdGHdG G PdG J HdG G GdG GAVEG QSG
H AMGh ,YOh ,eCG NGO dG dG AGKEGiNCG ffEG adG Y fG
iNCG dG EG LdGh jdG MHdG Z jQG FGhdG e cdG GZG
dG dG UEGh dhdGh bEG G e IOSG J
LGGHdH
fdGh jEH bQ e1 :G GQhCG Fb bQ e2 :dG dG SD jQdG g AYCG CGQ SG J
qHdG GdG aG Y qFMEG hGL
WCG FbQWEG1?''jdG'' hCG ,''ffEG'' dG
151
152
152
152
154
159
161
161
163
163
163
163
165
166
166
166
166
167
167
167
168
168
169
170
170
171
171
173
174
174
175
175
175
176
179
182
184
185
187
17
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003
QWEG2.fEG :edG QfCG dW HCG H IHdG T QWEG3''KdG bGdG'' dG j GPe QWEG4 fj/GjM M ,ffEG Y hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ be GAMEG2003 QWEG5.j SL :g M QWEG6fEG H VCG gQEG V G :fEG IG CG Ve
.dG Y AdG bJ EG OCGh QWEG7 ,fEG M bGe jJ2002L ,jaCG Th ShCG dG e e QWEG8 jHEG FGhCG M( eY e bCG FGSEG Md jdG jdG2003) QWEG9 jHEG FGhCG M( GT Y J FGSEG Md jOG FG2003) QWEG1-1aG c :S OQGhOEG QWEG1-2gGdG VdG jJ hCG ,G G SCGQ J S G dG QWEG1-3ad jObG FG QWEG1-4ad JH SEG QWEG1-5IjL fEG d f :G HCG c MCG QWEG2-1jdGh aG bYEG eCG QhO ,dG jdG Y QWEG2-2aG cG M HQe GQTEG :G QWEG2-3HdG GdG dGh VjdG JO dG Yf J he QWEG2-4HdG dG c a YGHEG dG SCG GSG QWEG2-5Ld HdG G QWEG3-1dG jdG Y H QWEG3-2.ae d dG jQJ gCG :as ne e Y QWEG3-3dGh dG M dG dG g :jdG QWEG3-4jOhO aQ -HdG WdG GHEG W QWEG3-5dG N a -HdG dG QfG be QWEG5-1gCG jdG GQOd FGQ e - qdG HCd jdG e QWEG5-2dG d j dh :LddGh dG d HdG hdG QWEG5-3HdG WdG jdGh dG Yd gCG IQOe :LddGh d HdG SDG QWEG5-4dG dGh LddGh d HdG OcCG QWEG6-1FdG L e d dG CG :hN HG QWEG6-2aG h HdG WdG jOCG ZJ :M Oe QWEG6-3dGh OGSG :cGdG QWEG6-4dGh BGdG dG QWEG6-5dG dG ,SG dG aGh dG QWEG6-6eSEG HdG IQG fdG QWEG6-7dG Y Gdb QWEG6-8dG FK dTEG - HdG jaCG T QWEG6-9dG jM :e eCG QWEG7-1HdG GdG HCG G QWEG7-2OGSG FW :cGdG QWEG8-1`G `c`G `Sh `eCG :aCG jdG L QWEG8-2 HdG dG Gh aG :jJ Z QWEG8-3dGh dGdG :Y eEG QWEG8-4 dG SSh jdG G M eO :jdG G M QWEG8-5dG U Y jRdGh dG Y dG QKBG :OfhCG QWEG8-6e dGR e ''jH'' de ,dGh dG IQdG :dGh IQd IdG CG De
17
19
20
21
23
24
25
26
35
36
38
43
45
51
53
56
56
67
69
69
72
77
82
105
106
107
107
114
118
119
119
120
121
122
124
129
140
141
146
147
149
154
155
156
-
QWEG9-1G EG jdG :KZdG e QWEG9-2AdG Y dG M :LG jdG Y H Y VdG QWEG9-3?JGh eG fd e e ;d QWEG9-4OLG Y j FCG QWEG9-5jdG UEG EG LG :cGdG QWEG9-6! HdH dG J QWEG9-7CG dG :RhQdCG H QWEG9-8AedG OL e IOSG IQhV :TQ HG QWEG9-9QG Y dG H G SG :dG QWEG9-10QG bdG e je HG
TCG Fb T1M f aCG WGdG T2dG G aQ T3dG dG YdG H IGhG T4dG Ua YdG H IGhG T 5 ,dG fQe Weh HdG G ,dG OH kLe ,jG TDe b Se1990-2000 T6 ,dG fQe Weh HdG G ,dAGh dG GTDe b Se
97/ 1998 h2000/2001 T7 NGdG HdG GdG be kVe ,dhdG adG SDe M YCG ee OdG Y fG TDe
,dG a1998 h2000 T1-1aG cG SCG dG Y aG Ia d VJ Pf T1-2aG e VJ Pf T1-3 ,fQe iNCGh HY GH ,gQfG ieh ffEG J H bdG2002 T1-4 dGh hdG e GHh HdG GdG ,gQfG i ffEG Jh ,dG SGG aGJ fQe
,SBG Th2001 T2-1LEG IOG TDe M dG G eG jRJ T2-2dG dG je b Se T2-3 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d edG dG1998 T2-4 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d jG ILCG2000 T2-5 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d RdG ILCG2000 T2-6 ,dG We )dG e dCG d( FdG JdG N OY1990-2000 T2-7 ,dG iNCG Weh HdG hdG ,d dG SG ILCG2000 T2-8 ,)%( dG e eG f ,HdG GdG ffEG QfG ie2001 T2-9 ,hdG e OH fQe )dG e e d( HdG WdG LG dG OY1981-1985 T3-1 ,HG jQch IQ HY GH ,dG dG dG hdH G f1990-1995 T3-2 ,dG We )dG e e d( jdGh dH edG SGh AdG OY1999-2000 T3-3 ,dG Weh HdG WdG ,dG e e d - LJh dCJ - GQGUEG OY1991 T3-4 ,dG h HY GH IY ,G M G d dG jRdG1996 T3-5jdG dG J e dG dG ,HG jQch IQ HY GH ,f dCG d dG Ye OY T4-1dG M ,)%( HdG GdG aG cG Y fGL J T4-2dG dG M,)%( HdG GdG aG cG Y fGL J T4-3aG c gM ieh aG ee jH dG ie T4-4( dG GS Se15 edG ,fQe Weh GHh HY GH ,)cCa S1990 h2000 T4-5( dG GS Se25 ,fQe Weh GHh HY GH ,)cCa S1960-2000
162
164
170
172
172
173
174
175
176
176
19
19
19
19
29
29
30
40
42
47
47
57
58
59
59
59
63
63
64
67
71
72
78
78
80
88
88
89
90
92
jG
-
T4-6( dG GS Se15 Weh GHh HdG GdG ,dG dG LQH kLe )cCa S edG ,fQe1990 h2000
T4-7 dG M ,G G SCGd cdG TDG Y ,fQe Weh GHh ,HdG GdG JJ2000 T4-8 dG GTDe Hh aG JGG GTDeh G G SCGQ GTDe H JQG ee T5-1QHG f T5-2 ,HdG GdG H QSG e J1999 T5-3HdG GdG Y jdGh dG HdG-HhQhCG hdG Yhe jRJ T5-4jdGh dG Y HdG-HhQhCG hdG Yhe jRJ T7-1 ,HdG GdG dG fEG LGSG YdG ge2001 T7-2dG We GQOU g T7-3 Weh ''jaCG Th ShCG dG'' e ,)%( Od LEG G dG dG dG e
,IQe1970-2000 T7-4 ,jaCG Th ShCG dG e ,)%( ed LEG G d dG dG e1965-1993 T7-5 ,LQCGh HG jQch HdG GdG ,)QhO dCH( ed LEG edG dG1997 T7-6HdG GdG jdG dG J dG QfG ie GjJ T7-7 ,e ,)%( LEG G dG e edG jJ f QJ1974-1993
hGG Fb hL1 S GMCG Hh b IG jdG HdG hdG H e dG OY2001 hL3-1 IdG N HY Zh HY GH e ceCG IG jdG G GNG GAGH OY1980 -
1999/2000 hL3-2 ,dG hO e OY jdGh dG j QOeh ,LEG edG NdG e c fEG e1990-1995 hL3-3HdG GdG )eG QN( dG dG cGe OY hL3-4 OYh dG M HdG QbCG )eG QN( fdGh dG dG cGe OY
a IOLG HdG QbCG hL4-1 Th HdG GdG ,)%( G GdG IgG dG EG kHe ,Od G LEG G dG
,SBG1970 h2001 hL5-1 HdG GdG H TG LCG QSG U M2000 /2001)GQhdG je(
HdG GdG aG Y FMEG hGL( hL1 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e hCG b iG ,adG dG e1999/2000( hL2 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e hCG iG ,adG dG e2000/1999( hL3:) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e fdG iG ,adG dG e2000/1999( hL4 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG M dG e ddG iG ,dLEG dG e2000/1999( hL5 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,dG iG M ,SQd edG OY2000/1999( hL6 :) ,fQe GHh HdG GdG ,LEG edG NdG e c dG Y dG fEG2000/1999( hL7 :) GHh HdG GdG ,dG dG j hdG dG M )%( dG dG d dG jRdG
,fQe2000/1999( hL8 :) GHh HdG GdG ,dG dG j hdG dG M )%( dG dG W H fEG f
,fQe2000/1999( hL9 :) ddG dG( dG GS Se25 ,jSBG Q KKh HY GH ,dG M )cCa keY1960-2000( hL10 :) G G SCGQ GTDe b109 dG M ,dG GH e2000( hL11 :) G G SCGQ GTD Gh UCG dG109 dG M ,dG GH e2000( hL12 :) JJ109 dG M ,G G SCGQ GTDe Y dG GH e2000( hL13 :) dG GTDe Hh aG JGG GTDe b109 dG M ,dG GH e2000
93
93
95
97
102
108
108
133
134
136
136
137
138
139
23
70
72
73
74
91
102
188
188
189
189
190
190
191
191
192
193
196
197
200
HdG ffG dG jJ2003
-
jG
-
HdG ffEG dG'' jJ VqJ22000022''GdG LGJ dG jdG jdG gCGg jh .ddG dCG de HdGdGh bdH IG ,dG ,jdG AH ,jdG g e mMGd G
.HdG GdG aG
ffEG dG'' jJ S fc h ffEG dG AH J g ''HdGh UQ j ,HdG WdG ffEG dG GAa GQdGVY j jdG Gg Ea ,HdG GdGdG Ie Y IKDG GQdG RHC m HjdG Y ,HdG WdG ffEGe AfG e IdG NGdGh LQGe AfG Mh ,HdG jdG OGYEGbH UGj snK eh .G jdG ZUbGdG MC fCe SGQO Y MQ jdGeG SSCG VH kGAH ,aG :KdGjdG ijh .aG h aG FdG jhGdG M g aG CG dGdG GQN Sd lIGOCG a - ffEGAdh OG eG Y dh ,JGQbh.jdGh OG dG IgOG G,aG cG M J EG jdG hdG de HdG GdG ,LfEGh GfdG S sK eh ,jdGh OGG aG cG Y KDG GadG Qh Y ,jQJ e G g g eh .SdGh LGh ObGhgh jdG e NCG AG JCj MdGaG ebE JGSG jDhQ JG UEG d FdG G J
aG ebEH J CG dG.HdG GdG
ffEG dG GQJe AfG e HdG GdG
ffEG dG jJ'' OGYEGhCG ''HdG
SfG :Y ffEG dGUEG jGHh
bEGh dG GQdG LGe JdG jJ'' Y dG AfG e Gh
HdG ffEG2002,dG CG EG ''aG KdG bGdG Rh keH .N L GR e ,AdG h jGhQe UN ,IQN dG OGORG Q
.GQdG g H ,jG
S e Y OG GMCG H2001 kbN jH GhQCG e gRCG eh eGdGFGdG AT c bh VdG fGdGGAGLEG hdG e OY JG ,jhdG
HdG ffEG dG jJ Le2003HdG GdG aG ebEG f
dG jJ'' bO dG SG dPh ...''Yh ,dG S Y O bh ,''HdG ffEGc bO e AGUCG j AL ,gZ e e,Yh ae EG IYO :JM SGLCG,G MH d INCG UH kfYEGhjdhC jdG aEH kALQh ,dG EG kAGfhe j GPEG -gGO H kGQGfEG kGNCGh ,FQWY Qf H jG QdG C ,eCG j
''!Jh dJ CG Th
qj lSL :g M
e IG jdG eM S EG ...''11M O bQe ,G Ic ,c SH e pofG d .dhdGh jeCG ,fEG.''pgoCG hCG ,dG Y SCJ dG ddG OG
.fEG )jeCG( eG
,IQG e Y e fG jG a IOYEG11S
IG CG Ve ''e O Ga LS'' ijQKBG gQEG Y d c'' fCG fEG ''dG Y fEG M GMG Y IQV
.dG AdG bJh
fEG IG CG Ve
LG1
LGe J
dG GQdG
Gh bEGh
dG AfG e
jJ'' Y
ffEG dG
HdG2002EG ''
,dG CG
Rh ke
KdG bGdG
jGh aG
b AdG h
,IQN OGORG
Qe UN
.jG
-
HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 2
S e QWEG eGdG dH SShSdG g CG EG .''gQEG Y G''EG ODd UCG ag Rh GAGLEGhIjY mQbCG SdGh fG jG cBJ ,IG jdG UHh ,dG edG aQ e UG Lh Y fGHcG Ua e qVh ,a Gh
.eh a ad
g Y JJ dG QKBG hCG e chdG OGYCG dG VfG GAGLEGM IG jdG SQj jdG dGCG HdG dG e Od IaGG bQCG JdG dG OGYCG VfG f Se
H jeCG 30 eY H %1999h.2002
Y dG GAGLE bGdG NhCG dhH dG CG eG hdG jGfGb d NBG kGQe Lh HdG GdG.SdGh fG jG e qM IjL sSoe jJ HdG hdG J cdG Y SDe GJ JG gQEd.''gQEG a HdG G'' HdGfEG M FGhO d G Gg VJhjdG Gg e CG QYH dhdGh HdGb e ,GSEG IASE dG j SG,ffEG EG UdG Jh ,HbdH dG,uj fd aVEG ,dGh YdG JhfCG c .jdG hCG QqG Z RMG ,MGU,RMG ffb Y VGYd S j e fPEG j fC UG jG j h.YGh OGaCG Y dG Vd AdG
VGQCG MG FGSEG OYCGhGG e GgCG gAGQh dGe Je ,SDGh jdG jdGh OGbM e CGQ M FGH Uh
Y e S/jCG eh .HZ2000Mh Y e jHCG/f T2003,Gb b
FGSEG MG2405,ka kWGe
MLh41000b e eh .NBG WGe(85( eg fh ,fG e )%20e )%
CG fdG e QJh .WCG7000e HGh .GML b WCG2500T
e FGO gH500.W
fjHh IG jdG JOb d bh ,dMGh GdG hH AcdG e H ef e eCG ,Gh ,GdG T VhdG H EG e hG jLYdG ah SSCG bM e bGdGJGhK IOSGh MG e QdH dhdGL dU M f ebEG EG aVEGAH IOYEG Y j kS k bGdG
.ffEG dG Qe GdG
G J IOYEG W LGe hdG jJ'' S J ,QG e HdGJGSG jDhQ M EG ''HdG ffEGGHEG Y Y ,HdG dG gQJe G J IOYEG NJ ,Wh GL a .a fEG d eN NGdGf Y SCG ,NGdG e UEG CG g LG dG jdG g ,Gd UQ
.WG
GdG NGdG GQdG U Y eCGICGG Vf Qe J a ,HdG OGa .dG cQG Me H h dhDe Ue h fdG H ICGGHdG GdG e OY Th ,jdG dG.OY e hCG Id H ,fH HfGIQhH YdG jGd ee ,M EG ,HhbNEG GREG g e b dh .UEG
.dGh CGdG jM UHh iNCG
Gc j HdG edG M a ehffEG dG jJ SCG qY BG M
.''HY IM nWGe e'' hCG HdG
aG ebEG fHdG GdG
HdG GdG aG M
j dG G dP g aG EGXJh ,LfEGh aG f Y SSCG:G dG L IAHIGh ,SdGh G Gh ObGffEG dH AJQd Uh ,UG
dG G H CG Y b dO g''CG ,''L'' IN cfG J KJ
''.M FGL JQG
fEG M bGe jJ2002:L ,FGSEG adG L Y
S OQGhOEGcG MS g gGdG edG'':''.MS g aGh
SdG Rh
G'' `H JG
''gQEG Y
UCG ag
cBJ EG ODd
fG jG
SdGh
e IjY mQbCG
UHh ,dG
,IG jdG
Y fG
e UG Lh
dG aQ
,a Gh
Ua e qVh
ad HcG
.eh a
FGSEG OYCG
VGQCG MG
,dG
Uh e Je
M FGH
e CGQ
.HZ bM
-
LG3
dG h .ffEG dG ebEG CG ,OGWHaG CG dG ,jdG QJ e gGdGbNCG ffEG jdG H S g.ffEG eGdGh dGdGh ,jG :YCGkc ,IjGe IQH ,aG UCG bhKh .YLGh jObG d kjbLfEG IQdGh aG cG H jb HGQ gQU LCH dG g Jh .dddG aG dG GP LfEG fCGaJ Oh aG adG Y J dGaG M dh .dG dG Y dhdGS dG jdG HdG GdG gh aG cG e FdG fG
.HdG GdG LfEGh aG f
GAVEGh DhdG J J :aG fJ h ZQ eYEG
HdG GdG aG f Y J,YEGh ,dGh ,dG( J qT gCG e IjY HU )LdGh,SDdh SCGh OGaCd MG feEGdP Ff e ch .fCG Y dGhG J Y G g da Qb
.aG fE eRdG Gh G
dG dSCG cCG CG EG SGQdG JdG dSCG g HdG ISCG GQfGIQH KDj IFGdG jGh HdGhdH dGh SG Y SEG SCG Gg ODjh .YLG IAdGh QGdG PJG GQe Vh dG IOjRM ,dG jW EGh ,a dGDhdG c Y dG e dG O q oj
.IQOGh cGh
dG GREG e Zda ,dG Y eCG dG dG SdG EG ,jdG dG e e HdG GdGfQe VGe GR d dG VdG CG,edG dG GH M iNCG hO GREH
.ffEG dG LMH fQe cCdHh
Ue dG dG SdG GRaH UN ,eCG e JQG H
,fEG Hh GQJ bCG HdG GdG M e WCG H eM QGSGhMGH dG f Jh ,SSCG dGhdH fQe edG dG e YCGe UN dG Y fEG bJh ,eG
Y.1985
HdG GdG dG e NCG qEGe kGMGh Vj e dPh ,Yf OJ Jgh ,ffEG d SSCG GgCGIQdG AGKEGh d IG Yf Lh IN j dP jh .d KDJ dG HdG d FdG fGSdG fG g Jh .HdG Yf,HG Y hTh ,SQGh ,dG
.dG eh SGQdG gGh
f dBG gCG e YEG FSh JhFShh ,HdG YEG GR e dh .aGj ,feh dG Hh ,dEG PdG ie hO j ,Y H dG dG OY j PEG .aG AH
e bCG EG HdG GdG53 d1000 e fQe T285 d U1000
ZCG adGh .eG hdG TdH J H e HdG GdG.CGdG Y dGh adG j jdGhdG e jdG dG SQG JhAGS jG d Ie cfG Y HdGhCG JQOeh V hCG dG H ZEHhdG e c dG Vjh .Jjb HdG Jh ,d HdGeh .G SQ Y jEGh ,dGh CGdGa UN ,FdG g dhdG e GR
.jdGh YGPEG j
Se cM GT jNCG edG CG EG QGSG Za .HdG eYEG IG
Y MGdG CGdG P SdG YEG gCGdG d SfG ,eYEG MdGHdG YEG FSh NO ,MGdG SdGd aG H J IjL MeQMH jW YEG FShhHY Gb UCGh .HdG gGh QdGSDG YCG ae Y IQOb UN,IQdGh G Y dG dG fjdG,HdG TdG IjL hQ H Yhe c ,HY Fa Gb L gSch HJdG AGOQ N f J ,SQ eMcG g jGe gCG eh .MGdG CGdG ObWJh HdG dG J fCG eYEG
CG e e CG YSG GR eh''V eCG e BG GY J Y jedGh VGdG eCG j CGh ,e CGdG jd he c Lh kGS hd
''.adGh
aG bYEG eCG QhO :dG jdG Y
Y J
aG f
HdG GdG
J
,dG)
,YEGh ,dGh
(LdGh
IjY HU
qT gCG e
MG feEG
SCGh OGaCd
,SDdh
Y dGh
.fCG
-
HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 4
eG J
jdG eGmOY mOcQ Y
fEG e
UHh aG
f
,dG dG
NJ H
HdG G
ah HOCG GHEH
.e
SdG qNJ
G fGdGh
dG H
H ,HdG
GH hCG Te
SQ ,Fe Z
AGG G
dG d
qffEG
dGh
.qYLG
.dG WGG e ShCG jdG dH
a MCG JG FSd dH eCG H SCH kWT HdG hdG H bJ dh ,G Gg dG H jJY fOCG GTDG IQ edG dGJdG N OY j a .dG iGhdG f N EG HdG hdG
e bCG OLhh .eG18 d SM1000dG SG e fQe ,G T
gh78,3 d SM1000QbGh ,T Y ffEG ee OY1,6e a %
fG f j OdH HdG WdG S .aG d IGOCc JeG GS
d edG GdG e LdG JhcM CG EG .dG e UGdGh aGOcdH J dGR e HdG GdG LdGd LG dG Se a .VdGhGdG HdG WdG dG e e
fdG e hCG G4,4bCG CG( c,)dG e e d dG MGh c e
H H519h G Hc920 Hc.dG e e d fSEG
H YGdG gG EG dG h dG G aEGh ,dGh YdG,dGh ,dG CG ,G aG fG JG g ,LdGh ,YEGh
.HdG GdG aG f d
GHEG ehh q odG H :aG fEG
e SCGQ EG aG IhdG j j IjL Qe fEG ,eYLGh dG dG :aGdG Uh GOBGh dGh ffEGhHdG dG aGj M h .ac GIU M Y QOb e H SCGQ YH Jh J b IhG g Ea ,aed JGDe Z SDe H hCG ,e mSSSS e H hCG ,HdG jdGh dG
.dGh dG jd he
mOcQ Y jdG eG eG Jh UHh aG fEG e mOY T EG aVEa .dG dG f GdG dG dG j ,a fEG,SSCG dG mV e HdGfJ e eG G mZ ThdG jh .FG LddGh eG
fEG VfG e HdG GdG dGY gGdG bdG dhdG fEG CG PEG( ,YLEG e H KG Rhj jdGh dGj c .)JGhc ZCG ajh ,G NdGdG aGJ Yh ,d SDG YdG Z eEG aVEG ,Jh dG d JGGOY jj a .a d gDG OGYCG VfG jdGh dH edG SGh AdG
Y HdG GdG371,dG e e d ddG dG G e H bCG gh979d
f J ,Y LHh .dG e eL dG dG dG hH GGe gf GH fQH ,HdG GdGJ ,OQCG EGh ,jQc e aG
.QG Gg HdG GdG H ,FGG
dGh ffEG dG fEG eCGOb EG HdG dG a YLGLfE jQ dG dG ja .IchCG dG dG Mhe g cCGH ,VG W H dPh ,fdGSdG qNJh .MU hCG dG WGH hCG Te H ,H G fGdGhd AGG G SQ ,Fe ZhQe g kaVEG dPh ,G Gg dG
.aK YLG OhM e eh
HdG G fEG H kfQe JUh ,dG jdGh dGHOCG GHEH HdG G NJ ,ffEGd FdG dG j Qh .e ahGHEG hd gL NG bQGdG GHEG hT Y dGh HOCGM a j dG bdG a .jdGhhO e AjdG Hf IFL Y HY YJd ,h Oeh SDe YOGOBG Hf IFL Y G HY FGhQLj c .YdG Gg e Z e ZdH.G HOCG GHEGh ANdG H WT JQGhdG CG ,MCG H fEG HJ b SdGh jdG jdGh dG JGP GHEG CG ZQh .HOCG GHEd GaMGHEG f Uh CG EG ,bQ Y ijj YEG FShh dG N e Sd
.jG Z e
e j UH HOCG fEG dhH ,AGdG OY b gCG FQ j,HdG GdG H eCG e JQGjh .HdG Qd FGdG idG VhdG G dG OGYCG kL Gg
-
LG5
OY Rhj
HOCG dG
IQOdG dGh
HdG GdG
1945Y Hc
1996
0,8e a %
gh ,dG fEG
fCG bCG
cJ e dhO
ij dG
S HQ fS
.HdG GdG
OdG Gg Rhj M HdG1,1e % f j dG CG ZQ ,dG fEG5e %
dGh HOCG dG fEG CG c .dG SHOCG dG Oa .dG iG e VCG jRhj HdG GdG IQOdG dGh
1945 Y Hc1996 0,8a %e dhO fCG bCG gh ,dG fEG eGdG S HQ fS ij dG cJGdG dG fEG j ,Y Hh .HdG f Th ,jdG G IQGH HdG
f jdG dG h .iNCG G17%H ,HdG GdG IQOdG dG OY e
e cCG dG g RhJ 5dG e %.iNCG dG We IQOdG
GdG aG fEG M qjh,e HY H e SCGQ OLh Y HdGSSh H e JaEG BG jH qj CG JGe hX h ;Iue
.ae f d jb SSCG
Shh jZ :aG JGG
AYCG e qY CGQ jdG ja SGY bh .qHdG eG jQdG gM Y gVQ Y Y ,Y LH ,GVdG LQO Se( gOH aG cG
38cG eN ie Y gVQ EG H ,)%Se( b bCG c ffEG d aG
VdG LQO35J J ,T ,gh .)%aG cG IjT LM QSG Y
.HdG GdG
,aG ee J haG c kGM qbG CG cQG Lh
e bCG( FGh YG YGPEG fc30)%,jG e e i jCGQ J dGdGh dG dG jdGh dG EG aVEG ,jG e f YCG QH jCGQ j
.jh J e OLH Mj
GdG G G SCGQ Sb Hh ,iNCG dG hO e fQH HdGGTDe IY e cJ TDe GSGG SCGd fGH J J
GdG CG ,g SdG dh Hh .G gdG GdG Y Gc J HdGfEG IFGdG J Y gf ,ddG dGAGS ,aG ee eG ,aGhCG YdG bGQ dG G SCGQ eG fc
.G fEG c
hCG GdG e S jdG f cfdG Je GQOdG( aG JGG.G G SCGQ GTD bYh ,)gZhGTDe H dG V dG qHh
.YG
hd cCG dG CG dG e ojhY iNCG hdH dG j HdGd dP ij H ,a aG GTDeJGG e H e G dGSDe H ebEG N e ,IQG aG,ac OQGe gJ ILf SS IOGQEG IQHh
.edG dG Y S
oJ S :IOQG fdG sWoJ lae
WJh f HdG GdG H EG,ILG fdG dG aG/fdG.j jQSG GFY fCG cY gf ,WJ EG ODj fdG OGSa
.gdJ hCG gjJ
e cCG SG HdG GdG CG ZQh2500 eY H QhO H1980 h1997h ,
Ea ,SSCG H dG dGh fG AHfG b Od LEG G dG qe GQSG a .IdG J N dHg f e C ,fd M fG EG qODJ
.JGP fdG fEG FSh
Y ,Gg EG OCG dG G gCG eh aG fEh QHd da f OLhJ ITQ SS Zh ,HdG GdG YGdG SDG WCGh dG UCJOYG G g e qY bh .aGN e aG AH feEH WGfEG QSG hO dG Ff OGSGdG QOGdG jJ cdGh , aG dG cGeh eG e hdG YddG N hO ,ae eG GdG
.HY aG c jODG dG
GdG QHd da f OLh Y EG
gCG ,Ic Ob TdGh dDG Y VoJ'' J hCG LeCG IYGe22ODjh ,kHY kbQ
bGSCG H HdG dG fG Y EG dP''.H dG
.dG jTdG OG FQ Ff ,dG N a
-
HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 6
jdG d c
OjQ QhO HdG
Vh gj
.G FGdG
:gRHCG e ch
YdG jJ
fdG
,jdG dG
Y e oSh
dG jL
SCJh ,VjdG
c jdG
ebEG CG e
.dG gdG
OQGG jJ ,dG MdG e ,j HdGdG dG GdG g JSG dGfeh e( HdG G SCGQh YdGdG IhdH CJ dGh )Gh dBGhe d LG eCH HdG G fcQdG h ,dhCG OGG SG Z QOe.aGj CG bG e c dG YLGM f j fEG FSh QSaGQdG IOjR j H d ceGh fdIH e IOjR gh .a LfEGjQdG TdH CGJ e YS IO eRG a ,fHh fdG OJ fe ihG Y gdJ dG eGh aG Y IQOb Zh jObG MdGfEG Wf J M ,G dGjJ d eG hdG KG dG.H UG QHG f b e e J dG HdG GdG j GgheOJ c IjL LfEG GQb AGd
. dG GQdG fJ
J CG J HdG hdG CG cLCG GQSd e L bGedG hdG Fb Oj e Ca .ITGdG edG hdG Fb M h hCGLCG GQSd HL cCG hCG
.ITG
aG fEGh fdG WJh f EGkbS Yj IjL fJ dH jH HGhdG Rj ,aG fE kG kJYbh ,L e jdGh dG SDe,iNCG L e eGh LfEG G
.QHG Y WdG GQdG jh
cG Y KDG G dGHdG GdG aG
dGh jdGh qdG GdG :adG
O H ,Ga J aG EG
CG dG Yh .UN jQJh K S PGSDj CGh ,dGh dG KGJ GhjIhQP ,SG dG QEG Gg Y GjheG dG FGhCG HdG dG QgORGCG ,dG SdG dG FGhCGh /OG YWGe T e kGZ kGOY jh jY IhYh .jQdG jdGh adG IdG OjQ QhO HdG jdG d c a dPe ch .G FGdG Vh gjdG fdG YdG jJ :gRHCGdG jL Y e oSh ,jdGCG e c jdG SCJh ,VjdG
.dG gdG ebEG
GO aG ee KCJg gCG eh .SSh jObGh aKpddG adG ,LH adG GOG,HdG adG S h .dG adGhodGh ,e kSSCG kfe dG GdG jjOYG neG ojdGh ,d JGOCG neG.adG g IM ouLJ dG edG FdG)SdGh YLGh bNCG( dG eCGadG ee LJh dG dG a
.HdG
jhCJ H ZQ aG Y j jOd Fhe
LfEGh aH jdG bY CG T Y Oj dG H kjY kWJQG JJh .fdG e edG beh jdG gee dM f eSEG jdG )UdG(H hCG ,fdG Hh jdG H OG RGdGLdG a .INBG Hh jfdG IG YfG dG IQGh SEG Ea ,jQdGOG dH gG IQhV Y GOT YMGf L aG Y Th ,dGhdGh ,dG OCGh dG a ,IG ddG YdG Jh .VjdGh dGY UG eSEG HdG IQGdGh aG J Yh eYh fdG W
.dTCG H
Gh ,UG HdG dG QJ djObGh YLGh SdGh edGkGQKBG N ,SG GS e CGW dGdGh aG VhCG L YjdG ch .HdG GdG adGhLdG MCG H JG FdGh GQdGhaCG a .QdG GH KCJ dG SSCGe a e jdG G fCG H d
j CG IG CG Y j''dG jQH Je aK ddG JM EG ... a dGdG EG LH e IGh IdG c Ve a .eRdG HGdGh
cf K jNBG Qe fh V U hO FYYH a ;VQCH MGjZ , jZ LCG
''.g jZ ,JH
ase e Y:.ae d dG jQJ gCG
-
LG7
jdG VJ
Y eSEG
OG GMCG
S e Y
dG e2001EG
e Sb Le
jdG
jdGh
dGh dGh
Y L Y J
e c
AGaGh MCG
MCG jU
.iNCG
jhCJ EG aG eSEG jdG AYd Fhe dh d eON ,SEddG jH j a UN ,ffEGAdG cQeh d SdG dAeh OLGhdG Y dG CG c .edG IG aO b HdG GdG e Ic SdGCCGh ,VQCG eSEG U GP GQHh .SEH HdG EG SS GQJ Had ,da dh ,S SS GQe ZdG Y HdG bGdG FdG GH afG ,dGh bEGh jdGEG jdH G SdG YGSh dG OYGh IOe jhCH dGid AGdG Gf dGh ,SdG dHdG GdG gG SdGSEd AGdG H ,AGS M Y ,''QZCd''hGdG IJh JQG EG dP aCG bh .JGPHh ,''QZCG'' h dhdGh G e GdGhLh Y )dG( e ''LGG''h ''HdG'' dMe Y OG GMCG IGZ gTCG UG
dG e S2001VJ dG Gg h .e Sb Le EG f eSEG jdGY J dGh dGh jdGh jdG jU AGaGh MCG e c Y L
.iNCG MCG
jhCdG g e CG EG jdG jhU e VQdG Y J aG,G NGO bdG J fCG H ,jdG
.aG e Y kGH H h
OJQG Y j jdG U CG GL h a dh ,aG ebEGh dGQgORG Y dh .e CG e VQj,jdG H b QRBH JG dGh HdG dGL e dGh ,L e SEG k
.dP Y dO ,iNCG
eRCGh IhKh GJ ,HdG dG
SSCG fC ,gL aG dG QhOg JH adG Ch ,adG SCG e FQY a QhJ dG SSCG QGadG ee jQ dGh .dGHJh GHEGh a e Jfe H WJQHdG dG d .Geh npbh GJh YEGhaG GHCG Y ,dG LGJ:M eRCGh Sb j ,GhkeGSGh ,keh ,kGfh ,kJh ,kGJg eRCG ge EGh .kGfh ,kYGHEGh ,kKJh,eG fJ gJ dG jdG J
SGH dBG dG G jdG gh.SG
aG H HdG dG bY Jb eJ IY jb Y HSGhdG jJ :g HGdG JjT jQjJ b EG .HdG dG Jh ,eGd kSSCG kWT JH eG dGGh gdG GQdG Jh dG GhOCGYQG aG SG Y a ,YGHEG dG jJ Y Ea g eh .IOGH UGdG QL ebEG jW Yg dG CG dP .G dG dGCG EG .ffEG aG ee dG HGQiRGJ CG kjCG j aG ee jJjQJ hG G IOjR e jdG OL
.d LCG dG
e kjCG g a HdG dG J eCGge h dG IOG i IOM eRCGVGYCG RHCG e dh .AGS M Y jQdGGSG XdG fG gEG eRCG gIG jdG GQG J Yh dGfL hO HdG fL Y QbGh ,dGJ h .YGHEG GQdG J IAGdGHdG dG Vh Y HdG dG J efCG dG g bGhh .dG Lh Y dGIAGdG d g EGh ''dG d'' d dGej jdG OcCGh G dh HdGhdPh .GVG FGQBG hCG aQe MdG d d dG HdG dG CG jWdGh YGh fGh dG QG
.Gh GdG cGh edG
dG QhdG e UCG Gg AV YjJh Hd jdG hQdG jJ Y HS cDJ dG dGh JGdG FGLddG GQdG q Y JQbh dG
''jT OL'' j SEG ONh''GHEGh OdG Y JQb j EGh,dTCG Jh IG cM IbJ gh G dUCGhY bfGh SdG FS Y dYZ QS H j e IRM fCG
SdH JG J EGh ,H P-dP N -gOGeEGh e dGhJ dG idG OGh dG dHDhHh jTh SEG IY Y
''.bNCG
IjL qfEG d f :G HCG c MCG
SEGh G H jG g EG''e IMd LP J HdG WdG dG SCG MCG gh .dG N
N e bdG EG jdH aJ dGh''.aG cG
aGh HdG WdG jOCG ZJ :qM Oe
-
HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 8
Hh H bdG WJ Y a ,JeGhjQhdG hdG aJh ,dG dGIRG dGh jObGh jG feEGh
.YGHEG Jh HdG ad
GHEGh qJG H dG adG
e kV kYOe dG adG JSCG dG YGHEG GOLG eh IGfGLdGh dG IG AGKEG JhPEG ,Jc Z gh .kL Sd cdGhdGh GGh aG Y J g.YdG QGh GOdGh fdGh NCGhYG e jd Qe dG adGhSGh dG KG dGdG GdG hj kfMCG a .OCGhkGQU hCG kTCG hCG J dSCG hCG a kMe fLh AGOCG fj YGHEG
.dG hdG e
dG adG f qe VSG GPEGh:JU Y qoj e J fCG S HdG,Oe g e JG Y qj YqJEG mUY jh bGdG dA Yj YGHEG UhadG Ea dP eh .aG e IOGSGdG h .aG e kdN d dGffEGh aGGh jQdG aH keJ Ve g dG dG G GdGhY dG adG g OOJh .Wh MhdG YG YLGh QSCG GhdGhCG jQdG aG OJ EG S ab e ch .GYCH G MCG.G Y ejh ''eG'' b e ojdG G AHCG jj dG bdGhj ,bQh Y kW HdG OLh OSQh aH dG adG AMG ie
.JGhOCHh
YdG EG IcG e ,dG fG G
H HdG adG J kehO Y EGh ,ke kaK kef jQdGY IQb Y idG jQdG UG a .GdG Rhh AdGh fG YaQe Oh iNCG CG GNjdGh NG S ZH ,JMh fh
.HQh CG J Y g dG
e dG jdG jQdG JGhY EG e hCG LJ adG g H
ffdG IQH AdGh dG jhdG- gOGSGh dG g Wh H - eYh/Id HGdGh ddG fdG UHh
.OG TdGh SdG
AdG IGZ idG fdG IG fc KfGh HdG fH jG HdG dGHdG adG Lh Lh GOBGh dG YM fch .Y SdG dG de eHdG dG GdG kGjh kGO dPNBG ,G Y G ,VG e QG,L QGbCH jdGh KGG SCG edGh aG Yb L kZ kLfEGh
.dGh GOBGh dGh
e dP e ,HdG adG CG HLGe , BG f adG e gZadG OJh fdG adG IMdG eNBGh GdG eh ,adG dGhc Gg Ke eh ''jQG dG'' ehLGdH J ge hCG e e.FHCG Sf J dG WGh hGhDhJ hCG ,adG hCG dG VGfG LGaVJ NT LGg JH ,gOJ hCG jdG
.HdG adGh HdG dG Y f
EG HdG adG eCG S fCG GhfdG HdG g jL e VJ CGJGP Y fG J a .IjGKhQG adGh VGh jQdG e AGZGhcQCG c IadG Gb J Y adGh aG TCG T Jh dGCG T .YGh YGh IGhSS j adG g jK GQdG He AGdGh fGh gdGh adGSQh QaCGh b e fdG adG H ,LdG H e Z qj e dd j bhEG EG J d dG ''YJdG'' SS CGEG ,dDhJh HdG adG dG V
.Fh jJ
gLh fdG ad CG dP EG jdZEG dG dGh dGh aGk ,adG g Lh e YdGh .gh
e UCG
dG QhdG
jJ Y H
jdG hQdG
jJh Hd
JGdG FG
cDJ dG dGh
dG S
q Y JQbh
GQdG
LddG
a ,JeGh
bdG WJ Y
dG Hh H
aJh ,dG
jQhdG hdG
jG feEGh
jObGh
IRG dGh
HdG ad
Jh
.YGHEG
aG GL dh ,LdH SdG j ''eSEG G g fc H ...dEG GaVCGh-aGh dGh ,jOCGh ,ad JH ,HiNCG Y qKCGh Y GQM CfCG M
''.dG M jaCG e
.jQjL JQa
-
LG9
CG EG ,kah kGfh LGeh kHSGhG fEG SCG e kM kS jYb L e eCG Ggh .YGHEGhdG OL Ea .IUG HdG adGg M T YGHEG QdGh adGYdG Y jODJ dG QhdH J adG Y gh .fEGh dG dGHdGh FGdGh G bG c ZQEG J dG dhdG SdGh LQGGdG jW QJ dG hCG ,edG dGQGGh gdG jW e H GdGh
.hGdGh hdGh
CG HdG adG ee jj CG ,K dCG Y G ggLM c ,ddG dCG aG ebEGdCG jGHh hCG dCG jf QGbH gZh HdG adG fe EG H .fdGe edG HdG G IQb GRj CG
.aQG dG GQJ
OQGG SG e :jObG dG aG fEG EG
FdG fEG d FdG dG e,aG cG Y KCG GP ,HdG GdGYh G OGG SG Y dG OYGObG H j e gh ;dG SCGQe IG GSG dG Gg ujjh .jdGObG jQ QJ Ydh dd ,QGdG VEG EG j ,XJ Y LfEG Ua Qjh aG Y GCG c .ObG dG dH XJh cj ObG dG e kGc kGALh ,FGH toLh ,YGQdG e dhCG WdG,cSG dG fE G YdGe fEG NoQ Y c M EG J dGf f bdG Ajh .LCG cTIG Jh dSCGdG dG YUkS aG Y dG KCjh .bQCG QdGObG aG Hh dG HS ,dAGh adG Zh ,HdGdG H ,HdG fMCGh ,MdG e QHIG e Gg jh .YCG fh SdGdG aG Xd adGGG dG g toJ M ,ObG ,HQCG J Y IQdGh adG e IdG g id IG e ,SSCG
.SdGh G
HdG GObG fG b SCG bh
e ad VJ bh LQG dG Y G fEd IFGR jM Vah H ,QGVEG ,GOQGdG MEG SS X aG Xdh LfEH AJQd aG
.OdG Gg
HdG qdG hdG Ea ,f bdG hAfGh GSCG J EG iOCG b OhGkVJ cCG Z dG GObd NGdG
.GQMd
dG oJ aG Y ndG ojhN HdG GdG LfEGh ObGmjCG IhdG cJ OjORGh ,NCG dG HQb dG GObG H CG ZQh .bdG HS M jCG IhdGh NdG cJ X ObGY S dP CG EG ,IOh afG e Je LQH JG GSCG fa .dG U Y GObGUa e j dG MJCG dG G SCGQdG dG h .cdG N e G dG,G GdG XG HdG G SCGQ eWdG QSG Y snK e GhG cJ IFa b Y b dO ,HdG
.IhdGh
,HdG WdG ObG dG J EGd eR WT ,LfEG IOjR WThEG j dh .ac Z d ,ae f,HdG G QGdG he j eYG Gh YCG bh dhdG Y aG AH jZ ,FdG dGhGQGb dP j CGh JjdhCG SCGQ
.ac QSGh fEG
IdG jJ :G aGG f aG bNCG j IhdGh
YLGh SdG VhCG OCGfh dG LJ kSM kGQhO jObGhGdG L N a .G aGGSS fCG EG SG OY e HdGYf Y J CG J ''Wh''dG jQdG QY e IQG OGSG kGOh jG eg a .INCGhkGKDe ,iNCG WGe ke kFZ hCG ,WGe
.dG bh SdG ''NCG'' dH
MCG iRGJ dG ,''dG'' jRd ch QKBG ,HdG GdG IhdG jRJ e
fdG ad qEG
aG gLh
dGh dGh
dG
.gh dZEG
Lh e YdGh
k ,adG g
LGeh kHSGh
,kah kGfh
j CG EG
e kM kS
fEG SCG
.YGHEGh G
e dG dG
HdG G SCGQ
GdG XG
Gh ,G
Y snK e
QSG
,HdG WdG
b Y b dO
G cJ IFa
.IhdGh
-
HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 10
AGSG CG GHh .Gh OGaCG NCG,dG G Y UG G Jh GgGdG Zh bNCGh YLG OdGhJJ EG ,Ic iNCG kVGeCGh dhDGhhCG OdG Z hdG GH NBH hCG H kLb dG g dGdG fch .aG Z
.gZ
dG e kGOY dG IQdG HUCG cQRGDJ CG c dG YLG aGGhdh .aG fh cGh GHEG JhVG IdG N fG dG ddG dGfe e aG ZaCGh GHEH bdG V a .fEGh dGdG Och ,Gh Gh d YLGH -Gh AGdG J dG YLGG Mh .dEG jODG FSdG Y dGa c .dGh aG eGhj dG OLdG b gGdG MG,dG dG QMh jGh dSH
.YdG HjEG dGh
ZdG b dGh dG gShQdG OS g eh .AfGh IOdGh REGOHG K eh ,SdG cGh IedHOG dG GMEG gG Y WGG
.WdG
Y ka ,SdG JSDeh dhdG EGYEGh adG ILCGh gCG GEG kL hYe ,jdG dG UCGh GHEGh dG Y YdG dG K jZa .G SSCG YdG LHdG adG ''dG UEG'' gCGj e ''dG UEG'' EG EG ,jG
.gCG
YLGh jObG dG Y bh L eGY EG aVEG ,IOQdG SdGheOCG Ig IgX eJ ,iNCG hdGIg Y JG IQG J h .HdGJ HdG G t GAdG geG GdG EG ILG GG OGYEGd H .Y fe QYG ,ZCGG YG UdG J g cCG dG
GAdG d IG gG J aG ee AH UHh ,WdG dGY LhOG IQG g YJh .WdGe IOSH M fOCG EG d GOL gOLh AKCG ILG HdG GAdGGLH Fg e EG jd hCG ,G ,Ff hCG bDe ,IOd ILG GAdGJCj dh .H GcJ VCG e e SCGH ffEG d L he H EG GgILG GAdG UCG j HdG WdGcQe jh ,FGdG hCG bDG ,IOdH .BG WhCG dh Gd h e
dM dEG UdG e N YObG dG j ,HdG adGYLG dG mS K CG YLGhcG eCG FY J HdG jObGhc EG MUEG J dG g CGh ,aG .HdG WdG Y j CG aG
SdG dG
ffEG dGh aG j jG M
TCG aG c SdG bG hJjObGh YLG dG be e ICWhHG ,gQhH ,fc fCG EG dG N dG
.aK mS CG e jJ
J HdG GdG SdG dae j dG G dG YJ YQ IQhdH gh ,aGgCGh JLJY jh .VQG aG CGadGh GdG GMGh SdG QGSGHK IYd QaG e HdG ,UG YCG ,dG Y dG hGd dehaG eCG SSCG FY ,WGda .HdG HdG SJh FdG WJhZ SdG VdG Gd FdG FdGNoCG dG dG SDe CG G,dG Y Gdh SdG JGSdSDG g IQGOEG AdG je euobh
j
ObG dG
CG YLGh
mS K
YLG dG
jObGh
FY J HdG
cG eCG
g CGh ,aG
J dG
c EG MUEG
CG aG
Y j
.HdG WdG
bG hJ
c SdG
ICWh TCG aG
dG be e
YLG
dG jObGh
EG dG N
,gQhH ,fc fCG
CG e jJ HG
.aK mS
UCG e''300000eG MG jN eSGQdG dG HdG eG e hCG
1995/,1996 f CG Qj25%jeCG EG GhLg eY Hh .HhQhCG dG hOh ddG1998
h2000 e cCG QOZ15000EG HY W''.QG
.MR GfCG
OGSG NCG :cGdG MdG Y
bh ,d ddGh ,HOCG ZdG f CG dCG''GbEGh ,YW dH VdGh ,VGJ fgEG,Gc dG jMh ,Mbh dG jMh ,GQJ
''.fL WdG Mh
-
LG11
jG obh ,aGh IAdG je YJ SCG ,Md SdGh jdGaG bh aG Ih ONEGh G dJ EG dP ODj CG hZ h .GHEGGh QGOEG Vh dG dG eG
.QHGh fEG Y gYh
EG j bG g Y dG EGfEG Y j e e SCHgGcEG Y SH Jh aGb SH EG dP JCj dh .SdGWGOh ,L e SdG WGdG.iNCG L e LfEGh HcG jMh aG
WGd j kffb aG QgORG jheh ,CGdGh dG jM h ,aG MhdG cCG CG ZQh .M e fejG dhdG GgG Y bh b HdGNJ GgG g CG EG ,fEG H
.hdG d ffdG adG H
ce e HdG fGdG fJ e ZQhHdG WdG jG e Ea ,jH,Y hG g e QH ,fGdG e dg h ,JGAGLEG FGYh ,dG J hH d d SdG dG QMGh ,HbdGJ EG .jgX H YG dG jG YYG j ,HdG WdG jGYEG FShh ,edG dGh ,GhdG e e GPh .FGh YG e AGOCGh ,adGh UGdG gQGhOCHJ AS EGh .dG CGdG jJh ,aG ffGb EG MCG ZCG dj fGdGEG hCG dEG MG Y SdG J ,T
.AdG
J dG GP g ,Gg e NCG dGhSDG IRhe ,eCG dG HeCG YQe ,fGdGh jQSdGIQO ,je VJ dG edGH h ,dG NO e iNCG e hCG YeYf jhJh VQG N dG HaG'' iYH jG L c EG .iNCGhCG ,''dG dG'' `H NEG Y hCG ,''eCG YH QHGh GHEG hO ''NCG'' p`HZQ j eY GHEG f f hOh ,G
.dGh dG
kj j Y Sh
FdG JHh gGdG H dG EG
ibCG g jd dBG EG J e bCGeh ,ObGh aG dG GQe YYj Y f EG e ,dG Ua K
.fEG dG Y edG GdG
QGUEG g aG Qe gCG G dhad FdG G gQYH ,G hdGS e aG j Y ,dG U YPGSG Y UG IjT S EG eYj .jdG G M Y G dGa aG Cf dG G M Ggb e cSG h ,ef GH UCGUa Oj e dPh .G dG SDeH jh aG cG edG GdG ,FGhdG e ,a LfEG YdG
.G IFGOLh Y HdG GdG dM hda Yf f j ,UGkTCG HdG WdG aG cG eedG Y hdG e ,IAc YCGh ,KhCG
.HdG
ebE JGSG jDhQHdG GdG aG
N T jdG j ,jdG ebE JGSG jDhQ jh aG M J HdG GdG aG
:N cQCG
1-dGh CGdG jM WEG.ddG H fVh ,dGhedG G jG g jG ghEG jODG dG gh jG U GHEG GHC Gh ,aG fEG SjdGh dG dG jh ,QHGhGg jh .HOCGh dG dGh dGe jQGOEG GAGLEGh fGdGh JSdG JAfEG UH jh ,jG Y mM cfEG Y eCG ILCG ISh jQGOEG HbdG.GHEG U Yh gfh aGaG H VGdG dG g e jhS dP H J CG Y ,SdGh
.dEG cdG e Fb
cQCG
:G aG
qjM WEG -
dGh CGdG
dGh
edG dG -
bGQ d
qYdG
dG WJ -
f dG -
aG fEG
dG
YLG
jObGh
P SCJ -
,Y HY e
e ,UCG
.eh
ee Y Jj CG ,QG f GPEG ,''d Iee NG jdG G M
''.edG GdG
.)jEH( jdG G M
-
HdG ffEG dG jJ2003 12
adGh jdG
RdGh jQdGh
G
h .aG Y
aG hO j
oH EG FM
U e Vh
LG ,dG
bh ,ObGh
AT c
Nh .SdG
CG dG dH
dG g Gj
eCG CGJ M
dG fG
dG J
.aG dCG HEG
-2bGQ d edG dGrd UN jY AjEG e ,YdGie G dh ,dG G
.IG dG MG JMe d jdhCG AYEG :dG UEGSSCG dG Jh ;IG ddGY U Id eCG dWEG e ,d,QdG d SDe f GSGh ;bCG YdG IOL bJh ;IG ie eUN gG AYEGh ;dG MGe LdH GdGh ;dG dH VdH.ac dG MGe Yd QhdGh G
3- JGP IQb AHh dG WJL dG jdGh dG
G WdGdG J N ecj QHd HY f ebEGh ,SSCGe ,LCH G dG jh jb.jb dhOh HY GOGeH jJh dSGeG fJ J GSEG jhaGGh SdG e QWEG JGhh .eG EG UdG Y J dGc'' kjb kGY HdG dG J CGH e da IQH aJ ''HY eYEG
.dG
4-fEG f G dGjObGh YLG dG aG
,HdGOQGG jJ f LdG N efdG GQdG Y GOYG Od HdGjObG dG jJh ,JGdG aGh ibCG OLh jJ j c .GSCGh aGM f njJ ,''jG ObG''AH XJh aG cG CT e jdG gGdG VdG e H ffEG dGIGh ,OG eG M dG a QJ
.dGh G ,IdG Qe id
5-,Y HY e P SCJeh ,e ,UCGLdG j ,
:ddG FdG
e Jh jdG U EG IOdGeh .Jh OLG Mh ,VG XdGffEG jDhdG EG IOdG dd dG;dG jdG U bNCGh jQGY dS jdG SDG IOSGhYh hdGh eG Yh SdG dG;djOGdG SdG - jdG cGOLG a Jh ,jdG jH QGbEGh
.NG M Uh
WEG N e HdG dH VdGjJ Y j ,OL Jeeh H fhO bTG e fh dG GiNCGh ,e Xh Le Vhh ,JG H cG GOG UdWCG eGH H j dGheGj CG H h .JdGh HG GQGhdG cG d hDhO Y G Gg edG Gb N e dG HdGe dCJ cMh ,edG Zh edG
.hCG QYCG ie Y YGHEGh
,HdG G GdG GAVEG QSGH HdG G PdG rod LeOEGhUCG dG EG LCG NdG RhjdGh dG HdG aG QgORG SC
.HdG SDG
,YOh ,eCG NGO dG dG AGKEGHY H c jM N e H AMGhH ,DhHCG j dG YdG adG ,H e H bJh gQgORG Ua YOhSdG GOdG GdG dP j c
.edGh jOdG EG IYdH bNCGh
e iNCG ffEG adG Y fGdG EG LdGh jdG M NjQG FGhdG e cdG GZGh ;iNCGG e IOSG Jh ;HdG ZdG UEG Y dGh ,dhdGh bEG
.HdG hdG N e dG
OJ aG CG EG jdG j ,eNeh .BG dG eCG FdG jdG J,a JBG dG dG eC IdG OGQCG aG ebEG ,Gh
.ac HdG WdG HQ
G RdGh jQdGh adGh jdaEG FM aG hO j h .aG Y LG ,dG U e Vh oH
G EG jdG :KZdG e
EG d HdG dG e CG L hj''QhOh WGG -fEG jJ Y edG cdHLH SdGh YLGh jObG IG
''.UN
-
Nh .SdG AT c bh ,ObGhCGJ M dG g Gj CG dG dHdCG HEG dG J dG fG eCG
.aG
QG Y dG H G SG :dG
AbGh G SG e f CG d j''Y UdG SLCG e JCG EGh ,JCG jCG e Ge G H hCG T fEa ,d jG CGhh FH J h G oH j dh ,G
''.H JBH
LG13
-
jh jdG AGqb H UGdG jd qHdG qffEG dG jJ ja j,jdG J N e HdG WdG qffEG dG Qe Y IKDG GMCGjdG Y e GMCG SfG LGj MaG b ,IQGUEG g e AGHGOGYEG e AfG e HdG WdG qffEG dG Ie Y dGh HdG
.dG HdG jdG
qCG jdG ja Qqb dG qdGh qHdG VhCG GQd J dG dG jhjJ OGYEG e AfG e qHdG GdG qffEG dG Y qe GQKBG d
qhCG qHdG qffEG dG2002.
ffEG dG GQJ dG e HdG GdG 2001
qhCG dG
15
-
,''HdG ffEG dG'' jJ qjMaG b ,g ,fdG IQGUEG e AGHGIe Y IKDG GQdG J jG ah HdG WdG ffEG dGbEG) LQG dG Y AGS ,G (HdG QbCG ) NGdG hCG (dGh HdG jdG OGYEG AdG e IdGjdG ZU e AfG M ,dG
.G
ffEG dG e :
HdH ''jdG dG'' SG T ZQ EG d `Lchuman
development ,CG efH H AL dGdG J e FEG IGCG EG ,dG dG Yf f eh ,VGkGJ UCG jJ fY ''ffEG dG''c ,d UCGh edG G Ye Y AHEG e ,b H Se kjJ HJ ,VCG dH ''jdG dG''OQGG J'' IQH HS bh Y UG
jdG''Human Resources Development'' .HdG dG AGK H j e dPh
''jdG'' c J M aAfEG ,HdG kdOJ ''ffEG''hYc ,hCG H ,dGO dh ,bO ,bJOLdG e bGQ dc ,fdGh ,FdG eOLdG S Y J ffEG a .dG
dG1J SSCG g bdG gh ,.HdH ''ffEG dG''
GSG HdH SG ,NBG U Yh jc ''dG G SCGQ'' e
human capital,QGh LdG N e kSSCG ,OGaCG j dG GQdGh
.dG IGh QdGh dG
dG ''G SCGQ'' e CG jCG fYhe kGc ShCG ''ffEG dG'' e jgh ,OdG iG Y ''dG G SCGQ''
.G iG Y MQCG ornH
G G SCGQ e OYG fh,YLG G SCGQ ge eJ Y dOY SCGQ ,dGh ,dGh ,SdGhO SDe H dG J dG fCGH L GPEGh .FYh ,G dG We ej dG ,G G SCGQ ee
SDe gQYH SdG2dP -
hG dG ffEG dG GQJ
dG e HdG GdG 2001
1 fEG N'' e fG .bG e Y Ud ''dG '' d j H dGh dhDG VGe fEG d j dG BGdG *sY ,MdG( ''dG3 h4 .''fEG'' qe jCG J gh ,MGh U ,fCGh cdG ,YdG fCG HdG dG ''fEG'' d S eh .)
2.YLG bdG e e f ,YLG dG ,SDH j
''ffEG'' d J HjdG j ,HdH dOJ ''jdG''hIOG d ,hCd HGH G
:M ,dM
.G qG FdG :) n rfEG(.kNh kgP bGdG fEG-h
Lh . sdG N :) spffEG(hL hCG .fEG u dG dGY J dG qdG dG OGaCG
.dG g
,HdG dG ,SdG G :QGU ,IgdG30 ,60 .
QWEG1?''jdG'' hCG ,''ffEG'' dG
IHRh dG IU c fEG EG''WMEGh G TCG ceh dGVQCG e eGhUNh OLdG dS ch GhdGhf CG J ,e jdGh JKh fhFN e X e cH dGe a fcP PEG ,bNCGh N FYhdG dbCGh KdG GdG UhFNh FNh ,a eh QdGhg dG fEG EG j h ,OdGL Le dEGh ,c dP G G G gh .kJGP mU ...VdG AGOC Gh VQCGCG FN e c ...sh segCGh rnddG ib a L J dG
IdG Gc a ,rjQGdG d Fc gh ,VQCG IQd AGdGhdG Ta AGgGh IOdGh dGCgh .a VQCG IQYh JOHGgh .eGc QGOh L JQhjgLh He jV e fEGhS hQ d gMCG jYeNBGh ,Qj M Qf Ye X S VQCG L cJ .kffEG S ddh .SM Z.''fEGh fEG ah a j c .fEG
GdG FY gdG f'' c :QLdG bU MCG( e -''dGh,
1994.)
QWEG2
.fEG: ( 1372 qaG) edG QfCG dW HCG H IHdG T
17 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 18
dG ,dG G SCGQh ,eH G SCGd e c ,OGaCc e ejdG GbH kGjL f fEG
.ffEG
kYjP ''ffEG dG'' e cG bh Y e1990IG CG efH H
cJh ,O ,d FEG ffEG d Se 3bCG bGdG g -
OGG H jdG d kSe fdM S jJ fh -dG G SCGdcdG ObG IOb ,VG
.''G ''
UG dG GdG Y G ojhde GQH e dG dG dG QhHjJ gJ dG UdG oL EG UJCG efH( hCG )dG( jdG dG
,jEH ,FEG IG1990.)
IhdG g dG'' CG Y G jh''Cd G4g ffEG dG CGh
g bfh .''dG GQN SJ Y''dG e jG jce duJj SdG GQN SJ a .ffEGFGH H QNG jM YE e jdhCGjce Y QhH j dG eCG ,MeH qCG M ,ffEG dG jGdG H hJ MCG jdG HdG
,jEH ,S( jGh1999 .)
''GQG'' CG bGdGhchoicesY Jg ,ObG EG Oj ,HS e
''S JQeCG'' ,UCGA. Sen5,fdG e''bSG'' gh CGentitlementsifh ,
g UCG dG M Y kGJ a .''GQG''
UCG M ,kGH fc O ,kGPEG dkfh kGL ,kjeh kjOe ,dG dG:eg f G Gg Y jh .MhQh
T CG ,jGH ,ffEG dG aJ :hCG:c Qe CG Y dG V dG TCG e
.G hCG UCG hCG dG
fEG adG e j :fdGj EGh OG dG Y ffEG dGe dG ffEG IG jG fGdGh aG cGh ,jH dGe j dG GdG h ffEG eGdGhdG LG hDT ddG cQG
.ac
Z ,CGG M e ,dG MCGh.ffEG bQ e OGWH eJh ,IOhf ,SSCG KdG bSG dhje e CG Y g ,jdG dG jJGh ,Uh jW IM dG'' dGi eRdG OQGG aGJh ,aG Y
.''F e
G Gg Y J ffEG dG dh,iNCG aVEG bSG EG GJ H ,fOCG,jObGh ,SdG jG'' J,GHEGh fEd UdG aGJh ,YLGhM Vh GdG GMH SGh
.)f QG( ''fEG
jQ Y ffEG dG Y Jh :SSCG
UdG e uG jdG GQdG AH :hCGdG SCGQ Yh ,GQ fEG aQ ie EGdGh ,aG cGh ,Uh jW IM
. hO dG ,jH
jdG GQd AdG XdG :dGhfEG :fEG dG L
.SdGh G G eh
J O d kGPEG ffEG dGAah hCG ,''jH J'' M hCG ,''jH OQGe''g EGh ,a Sd SSCG LMH,eG edG dG ffEG UCG f j ,G SDdh ddGdGh jG :SCG ffEG jdG
.ffEG eGdGh
3 jdG dG Se CG jQ HDId Sc Qb Y aGJ QJ dGh ,Od LEG G dG ,d dG TDH fQH Fg eJ j c .jdG hCG ffEG dG Y gf ,''jObG''
4 ,)jEH( ''CG AGd Qc jdG OQGG'' dG ''HQg jQOa'' c EG ,SSCG ,IQdG OJ1973.5 dG ObG Hf IFH Ra1998.YGh dG UN ,adG KHC kGjJ ,
dG aJ
CG kjGH ffEG
TCG e T
dG V dG
:c Qe CG Y
hCG UCG hCG dG
.G
ffEG dG
lUCG f g
edG dG
d ,eG
SDdh
,G
J
ffEG jdG
jG :SCG
eGdGh dGdGh
.ffEG
-
19 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
dG jJ USG gCG) hCG HdG ffEG2002(
Y HdG GdG M dG GREG ZQ N jdG dG Qe U e cCG
Y ddG dG J ,INCG KdG OdGbGf J g gGdG HdG bGdG eAH J HdG G dG IOffEG dG jJ LCG ,ffEG dG
( hCG HdG2002 :KK bGf )
)dG dG e( V dhO SGQO J,d dG dG Y d Uaj a iNCG aK FGhOh W fQedG jJ dEG N dG KdG bGdHGh jG :hCG HdG ffEG
.ICGG h ,aG h ,ddG
OY fGe e Y ddG FdG JhHdG GdG e T dG hO e cJ )eh Gh FGGh OQCG( HQCGaVEGh .HdG GdG S f GMUd J fH aGJ HdG dGH :iNCG GH Y K Y FdL jaEG ,)HY Z( iNCG eSEGjdG ,SBG L ,HhQhCG T ,AGdGjeCG ,GjRfh dGSGh Gch IG
.HhQhCG Zh ,SBG T ,JdG
,SGQdG g Ff ,dG be ALGOOe dh ddG Gh aG e SM
.ICGG M
YCG Y dG qY dG WG H eAL dc .jdG eN dG Qhd jJCG Y aGG Fb SCGQ Y dG''d NBG T CG e aCG WGdG''dG d aQ f YCH GhALh
.)HfG hCG H HCj b cM(
bG dG MG ,AdG H j ahdG '' CG aQ dG WG H ddGY GhqY H ''ICGG e Ld gCG dGUa b Y'' fCG Y aGe f YCG.''dG jdhCG Ld j CG j ,dGYdG H IGhG dG M iNCG IQH
Ua d EGh dG )LdGh AdG(AH ,ffEG dG H ,CG .dG.XJ d dh Ad jdG GQdG
dG CGdG CH dG ,Gg Y AHffEG dG jJ IH fj HdGbGdG e KG j hCG HdGCG EG .aGh ,ddG Gh jG :KdG HdG dG CGdG Rh Q jdGOOd M ,ICGG f Y cdG,ffEG dG ICGG MdG Q eJ IQhV e bJGh
.XJh jdG GQdG AH :ffEG
N bQh ,)jEH( .Q ,QEG :QG .dG dG e :fdG Qe .jd
QWEG3''KdG bGdG'' dG j GPe
dG1M f aCG WGdG
dG2dG G aQ
dG3dG dG YdG H IGhG
dG4dG Ua YdG H IGhG
-
20
GQdG h ,ICGG h ,jGg NCG CG M .aG UN -ffEGjH TDe cJ c ,QYG bGdGHdG GdG fe e j ,ffEG dCG cDjh ,dG jdG dG Se YV L GRe ffEG dG AH
.dG e MdG dd
dG AH j ,HjEG QG GdG aJ CG HdG WdG ffEGj H ,gGdG bGdG Rh Y HdGWGG H j Ge EG CG ;f EG .HdG GdG H gJh ,bJ hO ,dG
IQhV EG jdG j jdG Lh YSCJ IOYEG Y HdG GdG aJ CG
:Y HdG G
.1ffEG jGh d WdG GMGddG G AH jhGdG M QYH
.ffEG d G
.2,UdG L MJEG Y ,HdG ICGG ,jdG GQdG AH e G J UN''FTCG'' e IGhG b Y AdGh d
.QcdG e
.3 ,dH XJh ,aG cG jJL IAH XJh ,jdG GQdG AHJ EG kUh ,G dG U
.G fEG adG
eRCG d RdG RhdG U g Ggd dh ,HdG G ffEG dGVdG bGf Rhd kSa .eCG eIQhV EG kjCG IQTEG ,gGdG HdGLGe HdG LfEG GQdG AHGh GObd jdG dG
.HdG
HdG SDG AdG UE kSGhaVEH ,j ,ffEG d eNdG jdG Y G f UE ,jG e e SSCG Y edGhf SJ e SSCG Y HdG hdGY QGdG PJG ddG dG cQGe IOSG Ua Jh ;HdG dG
.G gW bJh ,dG
dG e ffEG dG GQJ2001bEGh dG dG :
HdG ffEG dG jJ Y dG CGH dG e hCG2001,bJ g eh
.jdG dG jf Y hCG jdG jd hCG ZdG Y dG CG Mh
dG de CGH b )dG( G2003,jdG Gg e G d edG aCG Eagh ,jOe eY Y SSCG jcM j dG IjT Ia dHIdG g e bj a .ffEG dGIQH J GQJ J CG IdG edGd SSCG GTDG jgLfH aGJ j j dGh ,ffEGidG Y hCG jdG YCG ,jMh IL
.JQf e
j c Qj e'' CG IYd YEGhdG dG EG dG Gg Lj ,''LWdG gG AGSG Y cdH dPhdG OHC e O GP GMCG GQdG U Y G ffEG,HdG bh ,QJ dGh ,dhdGh bEG,ffEG dG M J b L GMCHOeB gSCH G ,JGP IG Lh H
.jW
eR Ia J CG KGMCG CG cd gCG dH GKCG J dh ,IbGg e G dG j Gdh .ffEGj b dG GMCG QH eEd jdGdG Ie Y G KCG dP e dAGSGh ,JGP HdG GdG ffEGffEG dG Ie Y JQhU OjG Ge UN ,HdG GdG
.ICGG Vfh ,ddG Gh
e j dG dG SJ dhj G SCa .e fdG aGJGMCG Y eTh IL fH YGb aGJ
HdG ffG dG jJ2003
jdG f Ge OYedH
792000303000
1095000
AL f Ge OYc hCG jdG e
978000345000
1324000
dG
20022003G
QWEG4,ffEG Y hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ be GAMEGhttp://www.undp.org/rbas/ahdr/ fj/GjM M2003
.jd f fG L UM hJ b G :Xe
dG AH j
ffEG
CG HdG WdG
GdG aJ
IOYEG Y HdG
G SCJ
:Y HdG
WdG GMG
jGh d
h ,ffEG
,HdG ICGG
cG jJh
.aG
-
21 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
dG I dO Y J CG dGYGdG g Ich .HdG GdG ffEGe ,dG f EG ,dG Lh Y Je dh .L Y J dG G fLGMCH j a UN ,G gASG EG fC ,HdG GdH UGJ EG aVEH ,Qe e cCG e fdG edG IdG Y YEG FSh i
.SGQdG
d bEGh dhdG OHCG HdG GdG ffEG
hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ d
(2002RC dhdGh bEG OHCG pj )gG HdG WdG ffEG dGdG e Ic CGQ Gg bCG Y hCG ,dGQdG Gg e i qb bh .jd jbdGY OG GMCG bh H jdG QhU
S e2001CG ZQ ,G JYGJhJZU fGh ,CGH b c jdG Y dG
.b ,hCG
bYEG ie jJ IG CG cDG ehGdG d dGh bEG jdGg H ,Ge HjEG e d HdGd je ,hCG G Hhg eY j qfEG .G jT dh IOhG
ffEG dG'' jd hCG QGUEG c d!j SL H ''HdG
SG bO Ea jOdG JM Q h.eCG j kGNCG kJ QGSH fc
SL c fGPBG EG Uh SL hCaQdG SLh ,dGh aG EG Yj SQGSLh ,MdG AH b Ua fCH kfYEG cSLh ,IdG EG kAGf c IOdG QhO HH kALQ c AWEG hCG SEG IQSj e Qh jdG aEGh dG jdhCGSDGh BG e SGh ,QfG
.S dh hCG kjM g CH kGQGfEG c
dG jJ'' bO dG SG dPh,dG S Y O bh ,''HdG ffEGe AGUCG j AL ,gZ e e Yhae EG IYO :JM SGLCG c bOMH d INCG UH kfYEGh ,YhaEH kALQh ,dG EG kAGfh ,GH kGQGfEG kGNCGh ,FQW jdhC jdGQdG C ,eCG j e j GPEG -gGO!Jh dJ CG Th Y Qf H jG
HdG ffEG dG jJ CG GhYdG e INCG bdG e Q kSL ALQWEG -UG HdG edG e INCGHdG aY e c Y kjQL j jQJj CG H gh ,jG ffEGdG e ZQ k j b -HedG e OH e fCG -jP e IOY
:FdG
dG de( fdG IQdG hCG edG -e jW OY H AL dG )Y SdGWdGh Gh IWHCd jYQ dG IMJGH d WdG e QHh -AGeCGh
-jh ,OhM d VQCG Y j JUhIMGh kbS -ObG j e V.dhdG S X dch ,G dU J
fCG IMdG dh fdG edGh -W dhM bh )Y SdG dG NGhCG(e H b eL gQYH ,eCG eHh ,adGh dGh ,QGGh dG UShCG HGhQ jd Lj -UGG jQdGJh -Wh dhOh Th VQCG OhM e,dG j ShCG S AYh e GMCGe QH j e gh .j CG j dc hCGkfMCG Oj bh( ,''eCG S'' J
.)''bEG S'' d
-IG jdG hN ddG edGhdG de( G dY AGQh e jeCGEG dGO IQTEG AL hG dP Ea ,)jdG M H cG dG IG jdG CGg fCG cG -dG H EG LM JGH .d LMG Qb dG EG iNCGGW aGQ bh -VQCG GQb c Y AdGGdG ch bdG Gde FgGQ ,MGh Y ee X -JG FShh
.dG Y e f EG j H ej
dG G AfG H fCG HGdG edGh -IQK gHh dN h X dG -fdGEa -YdG QbCGh AdGh fhdEGAfG e SG dG SdG FdG eRCGEG Ob )jdG dG NGhCG( IOQdG Ghj fG e aGJ KCGh G dH Ea h -dc j fCG e -kLe
.''dG Y'' EG fG ''dG S''
S e YJ dG dG Ea ,YheCG'' S EG -''WdG dhOh dG''S'' EG -)bEG hCG( ''edG dh
Y'' EG Uh -''SGdG cMh dG,edGh ,WdG OhG H QdG ''dG
.jQdGh
''dG S'' CG IQGh G ehY'' EG j S GQdG Y QdGjh Yj S fC ,ZdG ''dGLGM hCG FGY hH g Vjh jh:hOe RCe EG iODj dPh ,SS hCG W bEGh G GOGQEG Ea ,Mf eZ eeCG j h ehG Y QJdG cM j dG CG CG ,SG
.dG hDT jeh CGh
j RCG f Ea iNCG Mf ehS EG fdG S e dhdG LG G dhdG G Ea gh ,dGL gQhO J Qjf IG CGCG c ,kjCG Qjf dG GQhCG UQHhdG dG hU CG ,LG g beIHdG cdG eh hdG dGhdH Jh gj S -GQddG Ea Yh ,dG CdG Y dGTd eBGh GHG d HG jY jQGdG LGh ,WSCGh
!JM GfCG
AL ''HdG ffEG dG'' jJ dhd INCG YdG e INCG bdG
:G GDS dG Y
f jCa -''dG'' kY fOQCG GPEG -!?cQeh IQb -kah kGa dG Gg
f jCa ''dG'' g H b GPEGh -!?kGKCJh kLJ -kGQhOh kbe dG Gg
!?f jCG :QNH CG
qoj lSL :g M QWEG5
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 22
j c ,IQdG ghh dG Ob jJCG dG JGdG UEG e Y QHCGgh ,HdG JGdG IQdG AH EG ODJbEG jdG H dG dG.HdG GdG LGJ dG G dGhdG'' jd JGSG QG c g ehUEG Y cdG hCG ''HdG ffEG
.HdG dG G
LdG LGG SG edaWdH dG dGh bEG jdIQdG AH g ,jdG ja f ,HdGGQdGh aG JGdG HdGh ,aU Y ,SdGh LfEGY HdG d bG bdG WEG.ddG H fVh jG f SJQG dG j AdG Gg j hHdG hdG e GQ f ICH EG jQdGIM WGe e'' f ,edG M jZ WGG H HY c a j ''HY.L h , HdG GdG e CG UeVhdG IdG e ,T H ,S dPhdGh bEG G HdG GdGdG Sh ,H G SdGe ddG dCG Y EG fG HdG
.eh IQb be
jd dG e Ue ,dP eh a .eL e Sj ''LQG''jQJ M NO b dG CG Y f CG d
S GMCG H IjL2001, dKMCG EGh ,gCG Y jdG jdG.iJ eCGh SdG bGY dGR GdR e
d d jdG jdG GhQCG gREG EGFGd AT c bh ,VdG fGdG dG SdG Y Z dh .jhdG,eCGh dG HW gQEG ae N a TJ Oc H Vh
.SdGh jObG He
dG eCG GAGLEGh SdG NhNe ,eG GdG H gJ NCGffEG dG JGSG j GjL.edG dG We hCG HdG WdG
iJ GdG g eG UCG a,fEG M d ,dG dG e fGeCG d ,IjG dG EG ,IGhGh ,jGhce cQ Y eME GjJ ,dGheJ M dG GdG fc GPEa .jGJ fEG Mh jG Gc,J fMCGh H ,e GAGLEGh fGbjT f e J dG iNCG GdG Ea.Y GbEG Y J M H YQJ aNBG Be jQCG Ea .eCG G Be Gg ajG IOjR e ,NBG e Y Ue aeh ,dGh MEG ae oj fCHe dj fC jObG dGdGh IGhG
.WGh Vd
dhdG OHCd dG KCG bJ dhGdG ffEG dG Y bEGhY dG Y JG eY HdGNGO dP ,LCG dG jGf JG EGh .jeCG IG jdGIQGOEG YQ dG jG Y dGN a ,c dG d gGdG jeCGEGh M ,ahCG dG e Gh dGjdG ,YT e hCG ,WGe Gfc
.HhQhCG hCG IG
QGbEG EG jeCG IQGOEG C a.fEG M HCG J GAGLEG Jh )jeCG( eG '' N bh
:fCG EG jM jJ ''fEG
jdG eM JG ,VG dG N''jQJ cBJ EG OCG aCG e S IG,IG jdG fEG M fddG ce e dG SSCG fdG JIQdG EG .fb e cC jeCG QSdGS CG J jdG Gg Sj dG
e IG jdG eM11 ,c S,fEG M O bQe ,G IcOG H e pofG d .dhdGh jeCG( ''pgoCG hCG ,dG Y SCJ dG ddG,fEG )jeCG( eG
,jEH2002fGL jdG Kjh .)fG G fV Qgd J
.SdGh6IQO jeCG IQGOEG ea
IQdG AH qEG
g HdG JGdG
dG dG
jdG H
dGh bEG
.G
SdG N
eCG GAGLEGh
gJ NCG dG
GdG H
Ne ,eG
j GjL
JGSG
ffEG dG
hCG HdG WdG
dG We
.edG6:e jeCG IG jdG fEG M cf IjY fGL jdG j
eC WGG Z YG ''jJH'' fb ah ,h .jj hCG e e T gj dG dG Y BG soj CG GQdG dG e EG''.Qd dh e SC d ,JG hO RMG dGh Id dG GAGLEG Jh .L CH eJG hO jW
.UCG H SSCG Y a eG dG b e GSH aG d Fb dG IQGRh YCG dfd IG jG H gJ jS Y fCch ,hdG fdG d OLh dG ,''fb Z Q hY'' e )jeCG( IQGOEG SG d
.HCG EG gRMG H )jeCG( IQGOEG ,MS FHh ,jY SGH HgQEG fc j e cM GPEG M .hdGh jeCG.''''IYdG'' K HgQEG YL a e G OdG cM CG YOGh ,gQEG V G Ife Y jRfG eM Y ,G e ZCG h
-
23 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
d UHh ,SdGh fG jGeCG dOY c G QgCGh ,GhbdGh YH a dG VdG,J LJ M hCG c hH QGOEG
.jY c fG J bCGh
SdG Y jeCG IQGOEG QJ hbdG dG GAGLEG7dh ,Gh d
UCG e YT e hCG WGe Gfcf Y ,GUCa ,HhQhCGh jeCG ,HY.JAGH J M e ,bG IYdGhCG Hhd FfG EG d dG YaWGe Y jeCG IQGOEG Vah .SEGeSEGh HdG hdG e jYh NjdG NO Y dG J GAGLEGL id dG Va c ,IG QGOEG YG EG fG dG ,eM
.G e OY
fG CG GAGLEG g Y JJ bhjdG SQj jdG dG dG OY,GdG H dM S H IG
hL(1H U```a J ``Y j q ,)```SCG e IOG`````SG dG ```dG
.aG
VJ CG jQ a ,iNCG Mf ehS dG jd dG G dGadG e jU UfG g dEG IQTEGg CG gCGh .dG e e d fEGYdG e GQhO J CG d seDj dGHdG hdGh HdG GdG H QGEa ,Y AHh .aG ebEG GJdGh GVd dG dG M VJdG ,G QG bdG UH jHdG GdG aG ebEG JY dG H Ie ,c dG U Yhf iNCG Ieh ,dG G dGQhGdG Y QG bdG Ua e dGDGh MdG( iNCG YdG TCGh
.)Gh dG
jG Y dG GAGLEG CG chdG e Gc GOY T dG fGQGUEG Y HY hO V eh iNCGfG jG e d IjL fGb ''gQEG Y G'' UCa .SdGhjG LCG e GVf jdG e jdG f
.JGH Ye HM ,fEG Mh
d ITG Z bGdG NhCG dhH dG CG ''gQEG'' Y jeCGd NBG kGQe Lh HdG GdG sSoe jJ J Y jG Y GOdG Y SDe GJ JG gQEd''gQEG a HdG G '' HdGHdG fEG M FGhO fG dGSG jdG Gg e CG QYH dhdGhdG b e GSG IASE dG jH ,ffEG EG UdG Jh ,HbdHCG '''' IOe jC dGh YdG h,uj fd aVEG ,''gQEG'' Y JS j c ,jdG hCG RMG ,MGUj h ,RMG ffb Y VGYdAdG e fPEG j fC UG jG.YGh OGaCG Y dG Vd
,jEH ,dhdG dG e(2002h2003 .)
7Ethnic profiling 8Collateral damage
Ve ''e O Ga LS'' ijc'' fCG fEG IG CGGMG Y IQV QKBG gQEG Y dJG'' a .''dG Y fEG MY G'' e dG Y eGH ''TH'' FdG YCG dG ''gQEG
S e Y OG g2001Ie gj Wf jd jQPdGh G GdG fEG HGh dG '' CG Y Y c .''edGd jGe H Vj
,eJGh gOGaEG jW Y ...dG,''G H ,dG jW Y Mhfc e , CG '' EG LG Y Yhj e EG fG j CG ,dGQGVCG'' EG dhDG Z SfCG H
''fL8GdG fG fY d ....''jdG a
,g U De :QG17hCG fc/jO2002,.RjhQ dch jJ
QWEG6
fEG H VCG gQEG V G :fEG IG CG Ve.dG Y AdG bJ EG OCGh
dG
jOdGboYdG
hG1 GMCG Hh b IG jdG HdG hdG H e dG OY
S2001
.HdG GQdG e IG CG id HdG hdG e FGdG bGG e L fH :QG
3126254
2003/2002
3581250345181
1999
5156338459188
VfG%
IG jdG dG OY
bGY NhCG qd
Y G
dG CG gQEG
GdG H
Lh b HdG
NBG kGQqe
kGO d
.jG Y
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 24
Y d FGSEG MG e HdG GdG ffEG dG
EG hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ NY j d FGSEG MG CGY Jj ,ffEG dG Lh kGOhDcGdG ffEG dG Ud N QGgEG M .a a f h ,HdGEGh ,HdG dG Y EG MG IfeOhM Y bGY NhCG e fL bG
.a
FGSEG MG j ,jGHeGdGh jG e kL dGjJ kdhO H G M Qjh ffEGFGSEG MG SQ dh .GjdG GQdGh GhdG QJ kjCGIGh H ,Gh OdG eCGh ,dG
.G dG VQCG Y ,JGP
dG VGQCG MG CG cUGe Y j iNCG HdG VGQCGhOjh HdG GdG GObG Y GTehM j CG d c e jdhCd g Vh EGj a .LQG WGh MG jfEd HdG WdG dG e dM.ffEG dG eGH Y jdhCG dGUCG LM J LQG WG fc GPEGh
d H SJ b eG Ea ,FQdJ b a .iNCG jObGh SS QBehCG ,FHEG hCG G SdG dG jQPGh ehG idG DdGf h SdG dG S LeOEGhMG CG jQ h .jObG dG QehCG Te H gj LQG WGhj fC dG Qe bYEG Te ZZ fCG EG Y GH OQGG jh GgGdG VdG hX e dG h ,LfEG.ffEG dG YJh hX EGFGSEG MG QGSG Ea ,jdG hHdG GdG d edG eCd e jcjc G f H b e uX oh bdh ,HdG GdG jG Y d ffEG dG Ud QGgEG Gg e HCG
.HdG WdG Y
FGSEG eH OYG CG j hedG QedG SCG e V fSd9hO
Gj e ,hO hCG bEG OGQ hCG dhO HbQGg dhdG jG LGhORG dGS dM eh HdG H j ,OdGdG OL fc OQGe j e J
.H hCG G
Y 2002,FGSEG eM SGG La ''gQEG V G'',jJ eH dG VGQCG FGSEGcGh QGd FGdG ed ae,dG dG jJ Y YhJQGh ,jH hQc dG fG SGh,H ,dGh jhdGh edG FGL e SbGe'' ,d Oe eM Z ah
''fEG M10,''M FGL'' ,jeCGbGe( gZh ''Hf''h ''L'' UN
,)jEH( fEG M2002e( h ) ,dhdG dG2002 .)
M fGOCG jHEG /f FGhCG h ZCH ,IG Cd HdG fEG33JU
e53FGSEG MG ```S fG'' ,``dG VGQCG ````fEG ''bdG SdG V eh ,GOhM QN dG hCG dG SQ'' dP ```dG ```b Y Yh ,''f````dGdG V ''Y```G ``dG ``YCG''
9be Y f ,jeCG LQG IQGRh( H J EGh ,hdG d ceG T j dG hdG e bCG OGY FGSEG J ,einfoplease.comT be jh ,)ffEG YMSNBCjdG Y FGSEG eG c .jhdG FGSEG IQd J KJ ffEG Y jeCG
a FdG SCd FGSEG IRM ''dhdG SGQd jfe'' c HdG ''QfG Y'' SGQO ce jh .jhdG SCG QfG M Ige Y.LddGh FdG SCG M bJG c Y J FGSEG CH Y ,'''' a LddG SCdh ''''
10 Human Rights Watch
GRhH FGSEG eCG Gb eb'',FGdG SG J dG SGhjgG V JdG Id ,G ZhS QN dGh ;dG dGadG ib OL SGH fdG QdG WEG jdGh ;FGSEG YdGh ;dG dG LGeFGSEG WG GAGYG LGeGAGLEGh ;dG fG VdGh dG G V ''ZEG''
.''YL HY
M bGe'' qKh'' a L eCG''Z b YCG J Y ''fEGUTCG L hCG bh ,Ieh ffbFGdG SG N e fdG j
g Jh .G e SG Z Id dG fEG hdG fdG YCGLhh .HQG d G dGib OL a qY M jCG GIYG Uh GY FGSEG adGIQhd gX Qe hO Md dGUd NBG cfG j ,jY VdG fEG hdG fdGd G QdG hCG IfG J''CG Y b dO gh ....dG hCGJ KJ dG G HJQG CG ,''L'' IN cfG
''.M FGL
,)jEH( fEG M bGe :QG2000.
QWEG7
: fEG M bGe jJ2002 ShCG dG e e ,L ,jaCG Th
VGQCG MG EG
dG
HdG VGQCGh
Y j iNCG
GTeh UGe
GObG Y
,HdG GdG
e dM jh
WdG dG
HdG
dG fEd
eGH Y jdhCG
.ffEG dG
-
25 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
hG G'' QGdG ``qcCGh ,````dGMG ehe dG dQGb ,L ,fEG M ( ''FGSEG
2003/6 .)
FGSEG Md ffEG dG
EG QedGh G FGSEG MG L dVfG AH a .IZ bh HdG dG
Y e S dG2000T Mh Y e jHCG2003MG Gb b ,
FGSEG2405MLh ,a WGe41000,AU ebQCG g dh .NBG WGe
pF ohh ,deBG MCGh ,JM eO SfCG EGh( b e eh .gSCG Kh ,e85)%
( eg fh ,fG e20.WCG e )% CG fdG e QJh7000WCG e
.GML b
,FGSEG jV jCG GdG Y bhFGSEG adG Gb QqJh11 CG781
Lh ,b FGSEG5468jdG e ,e IdG N fGh WGh
S/jCG2000 je/QjCG Mh2003h .AjHCG fG e jV bh CG jQ12g
.ffEG ISCe GhdG Y
HdG dG S M CG Y GPEGhjdG S e FH MGh Oj IZ bh,aj dG e dG OY Ea ,IGc .jeCG WGG e e HQ ,fQee je HQCG ,fQe ,Hj MG OY CG
.jeCG WGG
J ,jdG e dG OdG fL EGhGa e a ffEG dGdG QeOh ,G IG IQNh ,jG.dG hdG jG QgdGh ,SSCGNQU cfG e dG Sj ch ,IG ,SSCG fEG
.dG h ,dG h ,AGdG h ,jG
jQJ T Y f CG dG ehg Hh . EG G VGQCG dSS e dG LhCG e b JfEa ,IG jdG VG bdG dGdG ''fSfdG'' SH J e TCG
.jaCG L dG dG Va
ZEG N e YG dG jhje KK ,NGOh H dG eh WG.IZ bh HdG dG dG eFGSEG dG cGeh LGG JhdG e FKK EG dG VGQCGidGh G e SJh .G fdGdG e Ga e G GhX ,e Hf ja .dG ZEGhdG ie Y dG a J
GM Sb c .VG15000a,YG N e c bCG dG eH e ,dG e BG S GR eh
350 .W
e SdG dG eh ZEG jheRCG j ,SSCG GOGeEGh eGjYdG EG UdG c .Ic ffEGdG GdG cM GOjh ,dGVe j h .dG dG edGhhCG ,dG SCG e dG hCG WdG hCG dGeGG AdG J c .Y hQj Y jh ,IOdG eN Y G eY dG YQb Y M hCG JH IOdGICGeG HQCGh K dh bh .dG fe e J ,dG f Y dWCGMCG dG e( IOdG AKCG dWCGdWCG J AHBG j h .)dGdG WG a YJ dG bdG Y G h WCG Qj h .edG,jdG AS jh .SQGG EG gdG
j M30eG S WCG e %h ,eG jdG AS e21jdG AS e %
eLh dhdG d jeCG dcdG( OG
2405e b451W265GJ
1455M INH496K SCG SGH219ZG
41,000e jL7000W2981GJ
2500e e gY500W
9e b U7a
75jL U
167+U Y AGYG
QWEG8 eY e bCG FGSEG Md jdG jdG
jHEG FGhCG M)2003(
11 http://www.idf.il12.MGh e EG FGSEG aGL ''Qc TGQ'' dG jeCG dG Tf S dh ,jCG iNCG L e jV GdG S
;a FM c :b e IY QOe :QG)e( WGdGh QGd dG IQOG :dG fGH j ah
M fGOCG
fG fEG
FGSEG
fEG
VGQG
dG
eh ,G
SdG V
jCGh ,bdG
hG G''
d
dG
MEG ehe
.''FGSEG
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 26
,)jEH( ''Hg fL''2002Jh .).WCG H UHh ,IOG dG IfGf YGh AbUCGh SCG ha VdGh UGdG Y IQOb Zh dhe
.H
QGGh WG J j Hhj ,dG dG Y G RdGSSCG dGh d FGSEG eJa ObG b eBG Y dGjJ e IdG Nh .IG Y QOb
HcCG/hCG2000 jHCG/fh2002H jOG QGVCG305e h .QhO je je/QjCG T2002 FGSEG ZJ H ,
qN HdG dG e e OY260bdhdG fG Y Qb ,a
e cCH jOG QGVCG361QhO eIYG J ,fG Y(
,G2002CG e BGQ e g eh .)g MCG ,''SQ J'' UG IGKG G Uh qfEa ,)L ( ZdGH''h ''QdG a Ye'' fCH eeCGh jhG NU J h .''bNCG.QG edG hdG G LMG
S/jCG a2002QGVCG YJ , d jJ728.GQhdG e fe
Yb FGSEG SQG eM bhdG Ua e dG WGG e IcLEG edG dG fG M ,NdGhFN Qb c .dG e cCG QG
H e NdG3,2 h10Y gf( QhO HRjh .)UGh edG G eJ cQj( dG dG HQCG KK BG
OGR M )ej Od jQhO e bCH SQ S e Ge K AGdG OY.2000c
,IZ b edG IdG K ddG e jdG jh .HdG dG fhbh CG e cCG FGdG GYG Y BGGdG M e GPEG fCG hdG dG Qjh .edG ObG a ,ZEG aQhc e EG NdG IOYE bCG Y S EG
dG Y.1999
dG dG ddG e jJhe V e cCG Y IZ bh HdGCGSCG IG jdG OS dG ddG.dG OdG CG ,jObG JeRCG GaedG dG VfG f CG cGc YCG dG VGQCG LEGLEG edG dG VfG GP e
.IdG J jeCG
eCG Gah SCdG CG ehgH dJ fCG EG ,c gjJQSG N eh ,HGdG aGhHh .MdWj ,jG YEG FSh Hh ,G.HGY dG fGNEG L dGG FGSEG Ga Y ej hjh.fEG M GMGh fGh dG YG
GdG MG
jdG fc ,jdG Gd hCG ZdG YM d IdG J jeCG IGedG QedG SCG f ,dG ,Jf SEGh , GdG CG YJ dGNBH dGSGh GdG G GGd INCG ZdG J h .WGOMG Rj GdG ch EG J jdGjdG JOb M H ,jH -jeCG
.AcdG e H e fjHh IG
hO GdG Y G ddG Gg TGDS Y GOQ .hdG eCG e jJ
g U De 11SQe/QGPBG2003GPEG'' IG Cd dG eCG b
G Y iNCG ibh IG jdG LNe e Gg j a ,Y H ebhLh kjCG G ddG Th .''GY H ,HdG GdG jb T VQe.dd G hdG dP ,c dG
J G d FdG FdG CG ZQhOGYEG e AfG Y L H JG b
QGVEG11553eeJ*4985 eeJ*323SQeeJ*30 GeeJ*12ceJ*134GH bG34606IT IQOe1162 hO eJ17162hO
*FL hCG c eJ;a FM c :b e IY QOe :QG
.)e( WGdGh QGd dG IQOG :dG fGH j ah
QWEG9 GT Y J FGSEG Md jOG FG
jHCG/f FGhCG M)2003(
qoj H
WG J
RdG QGGh
Y G
dG
,dG
eJ j
FGSEG
dGh d
SSCG
Y dG
ObG b eBG
QOb a
.IG Y
-
27 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
jdG dG Me CG EG ,jdG Ggd MG Gb NO e gJ ehd c ,OGH V eh ,FdG bGdG
.Th GdG Y L QKBG
UCG e fc FG aCG CG jQ hGSG iOCG a .jJh Lh b e dGfG GgCG H M FGWb EG ,jOdG HdG eh ,jdGh,bGdG e c Od AYCG ah jJhQKBG aGS jdG WCG e e Icheh .JM ie gdGh bYEG gFcP Y ZG HdG g jT dGR dG gDhGLCG Sh ,SGh Me JWCG UHh ,bGdG fG OJ JbGe'' e CG EG IQTEG Qh .eIG jdG geh ,''fEG MHS dSQ QM b fc ,jeCGjQH jdGh jeCG LQG jRd
19/2003/3 jOdG HdG GSG eJ e H ,fG a Lj dG ceCGjW I fG HUEG J jT e,fEG M bGe( G AfG H
,jEH2003dG WG dh .)gjT J dG G fGQdG FNdbCG ge OQGeh GdG VQCGh bGdG dGdG h bGdG d bYEG
.GdG ffEG
.edG dH jCG c OG QedG dhIQG Qe HCG QedG CG Zfh MSG Y VdG aGh,bGdG dG ceh eh OGH e
IOd bN j 53L bJG eY MG Ib dhDe Y J dG hCGe jdG ceCGh adG VGZCG jMMhdGh dG GdG Y aG LCG
.Md j jdG d
bGdG Ad jeCG MG CG cIe bh EG dP ODj CG e h Jh ,GdG dG jdGh dG dGe e jj h gh .cCH G dG SQGdGh AdG H d VjY d HS Ob e HdG eGa dEG fTCG ,dGh dG JjM
.S
,jQ ,GdG Y G MWCG dM dG h T M HfG jH dG e ac bGdG
U bGdG e Ic Sh ,SdGhGS hGJ gDhfCG fc dG GdGh dGe H BG U c J dh e adG jN bJ h .gQKBG hCG gjHjdG hZ iOCG a ,GdG OhM Y HdG
dG 1990edG eCd N jJ EGHdG dG eRCG OGTG EGh ,HdG
.G
JJ eh ,dMGh GdG hZ CG Zdh jOG dG Y j QeO e YdP iqOCGh .eCGh ed SDG dG WeCd bGdG L OaGh eQY Va EG,Gh ,GdG T j e dPh .eCGhEG H jL f e eCGah SSCG bM e bGdG dG HIOSGh ,MG e QdH ,dhdG YdG dU M f ebEG EG aVEG ,JGhKIOYEG Y j kS k bGdG L
.ffEG dG Qe e GdG AH
bJ dMGh GdG hZ J CG EG,GdG VhCG Qd Sh .OhM YffEG dG Y e QKBG ,dP EG aVEGd dH PEG .HdG WdG Y G g L ,c HdGeN QG e HdG G J IOYEG
.LCG ib VGZC
hjJ'' S J c dP LGe jDhQ M EG ''HdG ffEG dGY Y ,HdG dG gQJ JGSGJ IOYEG NJ ,Wh GHEG.a fEG d eN NGdG e GAH M G jdG jDhdG g QhJh,SdG dG ,HdG GdG aG jgL de M ,MdG jQdG h.HdG GdG ffEG dG Ad iNCGSCG ,NGdG e UEG CG GL adG jdG g ,Gd UQ f Y
.QG e G J IOYEG
HdG edG
GREG H VG dG OdG TbNEG CG EG ,HdG edG U Yi oAJQG M e AGS ,YCG fce hCG ,FdG JjZ e H GbGh edG
.HY ffEG dG AH oSEG M
HdG hdG f ,REG U Y
MG Vh
bGdG dG
jL x eCG
EG H
dG H
bM e bGdG
ah SSCG
,dhdG YdG
e QdH
IOSGh ,MG
EG aVEG ,JGhK
M f ebEG
L dU
k bGdG
Y j kS
GdG AH IOYEG
dG Qe e
.ffEG
e UEG
SCG ,NGdG
UQ f Y
jdG g ,Gd
dG
IOYEG
e G J
.QG
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 28
IG IQdG e'' Y bG IY dG IQdG Qa .Uf J ''HdG
60H GWCG H dhGG G e % jj/K fc2003ec Qj CG jh ,
fc H GWCG hdG H IQdG jj/K.2005
iMEG fG ,Y edG U YhIQdG e bJG EG HY dhO IY.fd S NCG N gh ,dGHdG hdG fc GPEG e H j h,e hCG dM ,G AYCGbJG'' Uf e IOSG Y USJ dG )G( ''jdGh IQd edGH ,bEG IQdG JJ EG fHIQdG e HdG hdG jY eJIG IQdG e EG efG e dGY HdG GdG IQb e jj ,HdGEG ,QOe J Y ,LCG QSG L
.HdG G Y13
ed dSCG AGQh kbfG g CG cZQ ee VhCG Fd YHG.edG hdG e c a KY J e HdG IG IQdG aEG IQhdH j dPh ,dG IQdGShDhQh eG ce HY S bH b Y j h ,dGh GeCGdG aJ Vh J J SDe
.fEG eGYh eGh
dG cQG jOh X h,jdG jG Y QGdG PJG Yg H HdG edG dG JGHdG WGG jJ Y gEHh ,cQGfCG Vj GQGbh GAGLEG e j be dG fGh .e hCG GJj b eh dG IQdG j eh ,Fb de a Y QGVCG e YhO ,jdG Y e GASG M GULfEG GAdG aQ edG QhH gG
.Yh HY adG GQdGh
j HdG edG M a e ,QNHdG jJ SCG qY BG M Gc
IM nWGe e'' hCG HdG ffEG.''HY
ddG Gh jG M QJdhdG fdG YGb e
jG GTDe M d AG Gg j,dhO fH YGb e MG ddG GhdS fj dh FH e fjdG j CG fh .aG FGH ZGQGUEG Y Q ,d HY FGH LdG
.''HdG ffEG dG'' jJ e M
fG jH dG ie QJ) SdGh2000-1990(
fG jH dG ie J g hfe NCG dG HdG GdG SdG,dG d AGSG ,jdG dG SG dG ,UdG ,TDG GSH
( hCG HdG ffEG dG jJ2002)14dG Y jG TDe b a bJ dGh
1998OGYEG bh IaGG fdG MTDG j ,HdG bh h .hCG jdG
d EG GaGe2000/2001jG H( a ,)jEH(2002 .)
T e jh5dG G c H fCGY Y ,We Ich ,dG U YdG UN ,Y LH GYU dGY G CG dG ,dG e dG VGh QgJ e Hg c HdG GdGHdG GdG MG c .dG FGhCGjH dG e ie fOCH SG
.IG dG We H
N AL ,TDG Gg M ,fCG bGdGhY U GH IY bCG H HY GHdG dG jH dG je fOCG
2000/.2001
dAGh dG GTDe
,dhdG fdG YGH OSG Ve h 13cL OG IQU Y HY bEG JJ hH e HhQhCG OG e JQG bJG hCG Y JJ EG OG fG dM eCG Gg V
JQG GH Hh H IQdG Y OdG AdE Gf HdG dG EG G GdG e YdG Wd LG J OG JQG dM a .ce S hCG.G
14eR S aGJ J Yh a GQY ,Y e ZQ TDG Gg jdG SG bh .jeCG ''jG H'' Qj dG jG TDeSb d f ,''jG H'' TDe FGT e N e NBG jH Z e ,QcG TDG Y ,dG Weh GH e c Od J fH IYbh jWffEG dG Qe e UH ,jG V jG gCd Gfh .V HdGh ,edG GdG UN LHh ,Y LH ddG G GTDeh jGN e ,Rh Y dG H ;Rhd IYdG e ,J hO , H ShCG e jG Ve IQKE TDG SG g p ro`dG eCG Gg CGdG L c ,HdG
.''HdG ffEG dG'' jJ e dJ GQGUEG
M a e
HdG edG
qY Gc j
jJ SCG
ffEG dG
hCG HdG
nWGe e''
.''HY IM
GdG Oj
fOCG qHdG
dG e ie
H jH
.dG We
-
29 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
dG GTDe EG jCG dG ,)jEH( hNBGh ahc( dAGh
2002)15cQCG gCG dAGh dG dh ,jJ H SG dG ,ddG G T Vjh .hCG HdG ffEG dG6
dG GTDe b W ZQ fCGedG HdG GdG dAGh, HdG G MH e ,fQG je fOCG ,g GTDG Y ah
.dG We H dAGh dG
ee OdG Y fG TDeYCG
J MCG VH AG Gg f ,YCG ee OdG Y fddhdG adG SDe J ah dG hO
,)jEH(2002 T ,7edG M , dG G1998 dG QdG edGh2002,
cCG( CGSCG g fOCG TDG b CG Mjh.)GOa
be VGh Y dG qj EG f ,dG NGdG HdG GdG
eY H ,dG GH bH1998h2002EGh ,.b b ,e ,e MGh be c
dG Y IKDG GQdGHdG GdG NGO ffEG
dG G GMCG M Y AG Gg jHdG GdG dG dG Y LhCG kS EG ,S GKCG d CG jhGdG ffEG dG Ie Y ,kHjEGdG Y gQKBG gG AGSGh ,HdG,G Gh dG W Hh .ffEGjG f SJ Ge Y dG cj,HH( ICGG Vfh ,ddG G ebEGhaG cG Ge kjgL k Ea
.)d WCG eR ie j
CG j c dG GQdG gCG e dhffEG dG M e EG ODJWh bCG EG HdG GdG Y UE dG SGh IQOG g ,dHY qh YCG dG ,eY HdG VdGG dG de dG Y eCG jOdG
:ddG OHCd eT 15,fCG ZQ ,YCG G IG jdG G f QYG EG Oj e H ,FGT e gQhH J g GTDG Y CG EG LGdG IQTEG e
GMCG H UN11 .SCG c V bGf j ,S
dG5HdG G ,dG OH kLe ,jG TDe b Se
,dG e iNCG Weh2000-1990
dG6 fQe Weh HdG G ,dAGh dG GTDe b Se
,dG2001/2000-1998/97
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 30
,SdG cQG jJh JGdG UEG''aJh HdG GQdG Ad SSCG ehdG NGO edG HdG dG hTHdG hdG jJh cQG jJh HdGe Jh ,cG HdG GQdGh,dG aG jOe HjEG GfGdG De FKh( ''G dG h
SQe ,HdG2003.)IgdG ,GgCG IjL ,
De Y IQOG VJ CG j ch SQe( jOdG JQhO HdG dG2003.)
CG hjh .dEG IQTEG e N dG H CG Z dG a Y dG jOdG Z hdG,GdG hH jdG G ,dG T,bCG Y M IQOG g UH YEG a dG LCJ Y JG EG OCGh .fJ J CG G ddG jOdG IQhdG
G ebEGh jG f SJddG
jH dG ie H dG jdG ZQ,HdG GdG ddG G Z bhhCG HdG ffEG dG jJ MG
(2002jG HjEG GQH )jdG :HY jH ddG G ebEGh
.Gh
,jdG G GQdG OWG bhdG GY c dG ''dhdG eCG'' fb dCajJ jM J dhdG CG YoCGh ,dG Gh adGh dGh gCG G
ad Yhe Sh GVEG CGh ,HdGhL'' AfEH oSh ,dG M YIY dG jM f SJh ,''SSbh jdG dhO eCG YCGh ,AdG ehCG Lh .jQSO EG dG ,eY jY e cCG e jJ HfGH We HfG T b c EGhH eG dSGh ,d SdG GQdG,jdG G T CdGh ,f YEG
Gh G H24 jO.2002( Se QU b fCG EG47 d2002j )
jd e J Ye CG e hCG IQOeG SS hCG G J hCG SdG
,fEG M bGe e(2001.)
Uh jJ HfG jLCG G hJ Ad Fb a N ,gGdHKK J FH M c a ,be KK AdG TJ eEG EG aVEG ,Tee Qse OY Ra gS GMCG FGb
.gH eG sJh ,AdG
jG Ge HjEG GQdG ThGOdG FdG QGUEG ddG GhdG SQ VQG GMC j eSe
.dG H GdG T SdG
,jHdG bCG M j QJ hWh d ''jReCG'' QYG FGG
.HdG efdG jQJh
SS jOJh GMCG H dG h VQG dG e OY QhHh .JLFeh Ye YGPEG Hh ,fJh jQSe VQe hCG )eM Z( UN
.jQSh
jHEG jf L ,dG h2003dK dG T MJ e jJ HfG
Y1990,FdG GMCG L cQ , f a aJh1400 Te301IFGO
cQG f Qbh ,f Ahg ,HfG H70 Ff YCG dG jHh .%280IFGO
.IMGh ICGeG jFdG H ch HfG
jHEG/f h2003b eM fb Y j FGO QSO he Y ASG
e iQT 45,e gK ,GY.dG ZCH dYh ,AGQRdG dAe d jh,SS GMCG H hG j CG hOFQ J H eCG MG QGSGh
dG7,dhdG adG SDe M YCG ee OdG Y fG TDe
,dG NGdG HdG GdG be kVe1998 h2002
e GQJ
iNCGh jdG
U Y G
.qSdG cQG
-
31 dG e HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ2001
.AGQRdGh AGQRdG
jQS G e OY GS WCGh.Gh dGh dh fJh
SdG GOdG e OY ,jOCGh ,cMh.eh d HJh Oa H
FGdG e J jG dM dh.HdG GdG dZ
UTCG Iah IgX SG ,HY H iMEG UQh jdG H RMG b
dG N dM IY2001j L HdG G( dG G jb
,fEG2002 aGYG GfG SGh )eSEG QdG e VQe Jh jdGOWGh .)f QG( FSG ce G H eSEG QdG Af Meb Gch ,jdG dG cQeY Md fc EGh M ,GgG
.ed jObG GQGb
fGdG e OY J ,NBG HY H jM UN ,jd IG GAGLEGhQUh ,ffEG Y Mh adG ,dGjM Y eQU Ob aVEH j fbehe Af YG SGh ,LGHfG LCJh ,FGSEG e dG
dG jf b ,YCG dh .jdG2002,,G dG HQ HfG AGLEH OYh,jdG G Ad M Jh
.HdGh eYEG jG ''S aQ''h
aH eCG U ,dK HY H h .SS GMCG OLh
MU jQG FQ qb ,NBG h cQG f fGh ,dG Gf
je /QjCG( HfG2002 e bCG EG )20% e bCG EGh2YL W jh %
.)bCG( Ya
J Ve dGh CGdG jM XhSdG G cCG H ,NBG H jT''fN'' gH SS hj jdG QYGMe dJh ,fdG ah MG jdCG e cCG CG OOJ h ,fEG M Afde dG Y GHVCG SS S HdG G( MGS WEH
,fEG2002LCG e QSdG u oYh , )
G QGSH G Fd dGK Y j QSdG c CG H HGQ I(
.)a jh
e Od FdG ''IjG '' Ib VJhHY H e cCG Wd IG GAGLEG
.IOe ihYH
H e cCG QGdG dH dG Ouoeh.gGMEG de GS K I ,HYjdG cG EG fG J SGhGH S )FSG( dhdG eCG ch,dh ,fJh , OQCGh ,jQSh ,e( HY
.)ah
EG Y HdG eG H EG HYd dG dG TCG Y dGMh Ff j dG ehGCG M ,dG Ggd dH dG d IUe Gg eCG Gb bIY HUEGh eL dW iOCG HY H
.IN HUEH
HdG GdG jG b VCG bhjeCG GhdG J jV e dcVQJ SCG a ,GdG Y jdGS ,SdG bGG e dG YGGb J Y ,UCG dG jM c,ffEG eGd IQG IdH fMCG eCG,WG UUdGh ed G RdG HbhGdG Y d gG dG Ggd b N S M ,HY H e cCG e KG YG M eCG Hh ,HY jHfM e ZdG Y dG AYCG
.NBG H ,fdG
G G
GdG e OY G G e fY.dGh fdG dG e je e HdGd fb ,HY H ,QU aY ue ,SGh f Y YG gCGfc CG H eG Z G fH b b dG jQSdG G
.T SC d HdG fdG jQSO
eCH WGG L ZCG ,NBG H hde d JQG iYH NGdG jRh eG HdG Af e OY YGh ,jQGOEGh.FGSEG e dG eh dfH ahG
:HY hO
GfG SG -
aGYG
jdG
e QSdG qY -
dG LCG
G Fd
QGSH
.HGQ I G
dG OqL -
.QGdG dH
VQJ SCG
dG YG
bGG e
Y SdG
eCG Gb J
Ggd kfMCG
gG qdG
GdG Y d
IQG IdH
.ffEG eGd
-
HdG ffG dG jJ2003 32
fEG M L FQ ub ,dK hH cd fEG M Af HhAfCG YGPEGh ,PEG hO jRJh Ye NOEGJ fCG GfGh QG HPc
.GdG Jh AdG
ICGG Vf
LH jG b H ,ICGG Vf b JjdG G aH jb HV ,YH eM Yhe HY dhO Gc .SdG bM SQ e AdGW dG Gg jQSdG G aQICGG H dJ Tf H eJ
.SdG
jdG Ad dG Ma J hjdG HfG TdGh fH,c Af Ra d f jdGh
.hj e Y SSCG GQY
dG fG ,HjEG fG Y dhc OY FYCG Hh fG jM HGHS ICGeG KKh K :AdG e f,Ad Fb d f ,e jQJFGb Y AdG TJ eEG EG aVEG
.GMCG
HjEG GQJ MJ dcYJ VH AdG dd HjEG dGJ jW Y SdG cQe jdG dG Ye d MM Va( JL e iNCG HY GH
10FGdG fOCG c G e d %S J( OQCGh ,)GMCd HfG
.)fOCG c ,dG Ad YedG jJ IYO EG dG GHhHjEG dG CGe d hCG ffEG QJ H ,b b b AdG GdG H e jJ GAGLEG
.HdG16
NO ICGG qM GQeEG dhO FQ cCGh .SdG dG Ge
jH ,Ie hC ,ICGeG Ra ,b hdG G HfG fK e ,TdGh fG M AdG a YCG
dG.1999 de h2003hCG IS Y .dGh Hd IjRh
he jdG eG J jdG hH dH jdG ICGd j fb
.eCG Gb
d FQ IS Y Y S hc .jRh LQH aG Yd edGe cQ e ILCG GQS IOH ICGd oS
.G
dhO IjRh ICGeG Y dG h HdG G ICGeG NOh .fEG
HfG.2003
dG e e ,Le QJ hICGG a JQG dG HdG hdH G Vb hCc e H AdG eH JS Jh ,dG jQSdG G
.G J eCG VG
16.IYe hO HfG RdG Y AdG IQb H GQGbEG j G J CHh ,Ad M J jQSO H ihYO X dP ehe ,G JEGh QdG ad FGO e dG OLGh ,Mf e dGh OSG QEG ae H e Sh HjEG da .V adG ch
.iNCG Mf
dG jJ Y dG AfG e ,HdG GdG ffEG dG GQJ LGe JhCG jdG Vh dG HdG GdG ffEG dG CG EG ,hCG HdG ffEGGR e ,AdG h jGh aG : KdG bGdG Rh e ,eCG YCG hL YbEGh Y GQJ H ,jG Qe UN ,IQN dG OGORG Q H .N L
.HdG WdG ffEG d JGe Z h
AH gd ,''HdG ffEG dG jJ'' S MQ fCf jdG Gg bH hUdG NJ ,aG :KdG bGdG MC fCe SGQO Y ,HdG WdG ffEG dG
.(SdG dG) HdG GdG aG ebE JGSG jDhd
Y GREG
cQe U
SdG ICGG
JLh G
.OQCGh
aQ
e jJ
d kYhe
SQ e ICGG
bM
.SdG
-
dG) dG dG e qhCG AG ,aG ,jdG Gg cJ Ve e CGJ1G eGd QWEG Vhh ,aG h aH OG jH ,(
VG SGQd G dG EG j ,G aG cG Y IKDG) dG2-8Sh aG e H ILe H dG ojh .(
bH dhJ dG dTEG d ,gGdG bdG h jQJ ,HdG GdG .dG e QH jdG a
G : qhCG AGHdG GdG ;aG h ,qffEG dGh aG
dG dG
33
aG ebEG f
dG'' jJ gRHCG dG ''KdG bGdG'' gCG e MGd J SGQO Y BG af HdG ffEG2002) dGh .aG cG dG gh CG ,''1-8d (
dG) HdG GdG aG ebE e jDhQ9 .(
-
ffEG dG' jJ'' S qU QU dG ,hCG OdG j H ''HdG
R/dj,2002dG OHCG keTY ,jdG J dG jdG ah ffEGdGh bdH hJ iNCG OGYCG J CGjgL gCG GP J H jb Gojh .HdG GdG ffEG ddG e dG OdG GH dG Gg
.aG V Gh
F eG SSCG dG Gg jojh aG OG ujh aGdG jdG d ,WN RjEH ,dHFH aG S He gJS dGh ,gGdG bdG HdG Ge dJ a dG e QH dhJGOG MC jS hH AfG ,jdGW b gh CG ,aG aGd jgG''FGT Ib'' J) ah b ,J Y lIQeh lZQ CG ,SGdG HdG j H Oeh ,(eRdG OQGG
.aG fEGh d G
jd kYVe aG GP?dG
aG ebEG hCG ,aG QNG djJ