1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve...

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Transcript of 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve...

Page 1: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.
Page 2: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth› Numerous discoveries and inventions that

helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life

Page 3: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

The Second revolution was because of steel › for machinery that mass produced goods

Built steel railways, bridges, and skyscrapers

Page 4: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

1850s, Henry Bessemer and William Kelly developed the Bessemer Process: › steelmaking that burned off the impurities

in molten iron with a blast of hot air

Page 5: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Produce more steel in one day than the old ways could in a week› Alexander Holler improved the process

Produced 15,000 tons in 1865 and 28 million tons in 1910

Page 6: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Made from Iron Ore› Iron Ore was shipped from the Midwest to

Gary, IN; Cleveland, OH; Pittsburgh, PA became big centers for steel manufacturing

Coal from PA and WV provided fuel to heat the Iron Ore

Page 7: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Steel had widespread industrial use › steel rails, bridges, buildings, multistory

buildings, nails and wire

Page 8: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Crude Oil has been around forever› In the mid 1800s, scientists began to

discover ways to refine oil – kerosene› First Oil well in Titusville, PA in 1859,

the oil boom “black gold”

› Oil discovered in Texas in 1901 the Texas Oil Boom

Page 9: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

1880 refiners discovered other petroleum products: waxes, lubricating oil for machines› McCoy’s lubricating cup - patent

Page 10: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Massive expansion of the nations rail network in the late 1800s› more efficient travel

Page 11: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 Promontory Point, UT› Trunk Lines: half dozen crossed the

country from the Great Plains to the West › Feeder or branch lines connected the

trunk lines to outlying areas

Page 12: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

New locomotives Westinghouse made the compressed-

air brake› All cars braking at once

Telegraph Double sets of tracks, standard gauge

or width in 1870s

Page 13: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Increased Western Settlement Urban growth

› Towns and cities were built along the line Jobs

Page 14: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Spurred growth of many other industries› Demand for locomotives, cars, and track

poured money into steel and railroad car industries

› Meatpacking Industry could ship farther thanks to refrigerated cars

› Products could be sold nationally

Page 15: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Oil Refining led to the invention and development of motors and the horseless carriage

Self-propelled vehicle developed around 1770 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot mounted a steam engine

to a 3 wheeled carriage Steam Power was too expensive and impractical

Page 16: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Nikolaus A. Otto invented the first combustion engine powered by gasoline in 1876› 1880s designers in Europe and America tried

to use this engine in the horseless carriage› 1893 Charles and J. Frank Duryea built the first

practical motorcar Automobiles began to be used in the late

1800s to early 1900s. It was expensive and therefore uncommon

Page 17: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Advances in Flight because of the Internal Combustion Engine

Orville and Wilbur Wright of Dayton, OH developed the first working airplanes

Page 18: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

First: They Experimented with gliders› December 17, 1903 near Kittyhawk, NC

Orville made the first flight: flew 12 seconds and 120 feet

Many related inventions and patents developed after this flight

Page 19: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Communications brought people closer together and furthered the growth of industry› Morse invented the telegraph to send

electricity over wires to communicate 1837

Page 20: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Using Morse Code you could send a message to a faraway location in minutes

1866 Western Union had 2000 telegraph offices, grew with the railroad

Page 21: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Alexander Graham Bell patented this invention in march 1876 “talking telegraph”

Used for business By the late 1800s, 1 million telephones

had been installed in America Operators had to connect callers, gave

jobs to women

Page 22: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Developed in 1867 by Christopher Sholes› Quickly produce legible documents

Page 23: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Carbon paper allowed a person to make multiple copies at one time

Typing pools developed: groups of workers who typed documents; mainly women

Skilled profession for women Lillian Sholes was the first professional

typist He did it to benefit women who had to

work so hard

Page 24: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Pioneer of Communications› Telegraph that could send four messages at one time› Electricity, lightbulbs, phonographs, motion pictures

Page 25: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

1869 patented an electric vote recorder

1876 opened an invention shop in Menlo Park, NJ with a team of researchers› Minor invention every 10 days and

something big every 6 months

Page 26: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Phonograph in 1877, Lightbulb in 1879 Improved telephone with stronger

signal 1039 patents, the Wizard of Menlo Park It was a Team effort; Edison gets the

credit

Page 27: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

1882 opened one of the Worlds First Electrical Power Plants in New York (DC Current) only available to immediate area

George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla made improvements in the late 1880s with an AC or alternate Current transformer over long distances for use in households and industry

Electric Lights in Cities Electrical Streetcars

Page 28: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

The economic system of the United States is Capitalism: private business run most of the industries and competition determines how much goods cost and workers are paid

Page 29: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Late 1800s Entrepreneurs set out to make money by building industries that took advantage of technology

Many made enormous profits – led to changes in business

Page 30: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Business leaders shared the idea of self-reliant individualism› American business leaders had success

because of their work ethic Horatio Alger Jr.

› wrote stories of Rags to Riches themes. Poor children improve their status through hard work and motivation

Page 31: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism: › No government intervention in the

economy, business free from government regulation

Free Enterprise: › Supply, demand, and profit margin

determine what and how much businesses produce

Page 32: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Critics of Capitalism and Rapid urbanization thought it was harmful to the workers› Karl Marx

protested argued against the inequalities of wealth, wanted to overthrow the Capitalist System

Page 33: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Bourgeoisie takes advantage of the Proletariat› Communism: Companies, Capital, and the

means of production are owned by the people and everyone is equal

Page 34: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Corporations developed:› Organizers raise money by selling shares of

stock stockholder receive percentage of the profit

known as dividends

Page 35: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Idea proposed by Herbert Spencer› Society progresses through natural

competition The fittest people and businesses would

achieve wealth and the unfit would fail Helping the poor or less capable slows

progress

Page 36: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Stockholders make profit, but usually have no say in the day to day operations of the corporation

Corporation can raise large sums of money by selling stock› limited liability –

stockholders aren’t responsible for the corporation’s debt,

not dependent on a particular person for existence,

more income from trading stock

Page 37: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Trusts:› group of companies turn control of stock

over to a board of trustees; they run all companies as a single enterprise, reduces competition

Monopoly: › control of a complete industry – the price

and quality of a product

Page 38: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Investor Iron and Steel business in the 1860s

› Hired the best people in the business › used the most modern machines

His success – reducing the production cost› Buy in bulk and produce mass quantities with lower

production cost and increase profits = economies of scale

Page 39: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Vertical Integration : › bought companies that made goods he

needed for business, iron and coal mines, steamship lines, railroads

1899 organized the Carnegie Steel Company and dominated the industry

Page 40: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Gospel of Wealth:› rich were morally obligated to manage

their wealth to benefit society; gave 350 million away, public libraries, schools, etc.

Page 41: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Earned a small fortune in the food wholesale business

Entered Oil refining business in 1863 Rockefeller sought to control the industry

Page 42: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Vertical Integration: › Acquired barrel factories, › oil fields, › oil storage facilities, › pipelines, and› railroad tanker cars.

Horizontal Integration: controlling companies that produce the same product

Page 43: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Standard Oil tried to control the refineries it could not buy› Made deals with suppliers and transporters

to receive cheaper rates › Forced Rivals to sell out

1880 controlled 90% of refinery capacity

Gave $550 million to charities

Page 44: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Before the Civil War ran a profitable shipping business

During the war he invested in railroads

Page 45: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

By 1869 Vanderbilt controlled the New York Central railroad and lines between Chicago, Cleveland, New York, and Toledo› Purchased smaller lines, › combined them to make direct routes to

large cities,› made more efficient service to meet the

demand for transportation

Page 46: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

1869 at age 23 George Westinghouse invented the Compressed-Air brake

Page 47: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

George Pullman designed and manufactured railroad cars that made long-distance travel more comfortable› Created sleeping cars, › dining cars› luxury cars

Page 48: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Built a planned community or company town › to improve the conditions of life for the

workers› Strictly controlled daily life

Page 49: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

New ways of persuading consumers to purchase their products

Standard Oil set the “standard”› brightly colored packages, › unique logos

Advertising to promote products

Page 50: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Consumer culture developed Advertising in local newspapers, mail-

order publications, catalogs Montgomery Ward and Sears-Roebuck

› Mail order catalog

Page 51: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Stores sold a variety of goods to cater to the demand of the urban market› Bought products in bulk and could offer

low prices› Women would work and shop at the

Department Store

Page 52: 1865 to 1890 = Huge industrial growth › Numerous discoveries and inventions that helped improve manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life.

Chain Stores: › stores with many branches in different

cities› bought goods in large quantities and

passed the savings onto the consumer: Woolworths

by1900 had 59 stores