تقنية عمارة 1

אאאא

––١١

٢٥٣٢٥٣

٢٥٣ ١

،،אא،אW

אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK אאאאאאא

א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אK

אא?–١??אא?אאאאאאאאK אאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאK

א אא א؛אK

אאאא

٢٥٣ ١

אא–אאאאאאא–

אFEאא א F،،K K E

Kאאאאאאא

אא א אא א אא א א א א א אא א א א

א א،אא א א א،אא א אא

אאא،אאאאאאK

א א א א א Wא אW א אאא אא א אא

،א א א א א אאאאא،אאאא

א א ، א א א א א א א א א J

א JאאאK

אאאאאא Jאאאאא J א א א א א אא

אK

אאאא

––١١FFאאEE

א

א

١

אא ٢٥٣ א אא –١FאE

- ١ -

אאWאא אאW

אאאאK

אאW אאW

• אאאאאK • אאאK • אאאאאK

אאאW אאא١٠٠K٪

אאW

K

אאW • אK • אאאK

אאW

אאאאK


- ٢ -

Wאאאאא אאאF ١WE J

J א J J J F،،KKE

אאאF ٢WE

אWאFW،، J

J،אאKKE

אWא–אא–אא

א،אאא

אאאאאאאאK

א––אאאאא

،אא٧٠א٪

אאאKKאאא

אאK

אא

F،KKE

א

١Jאאא


- ٣ -

אW אW

١–אאאאFKE

٢–אאאאאא

אאK

٣ Jאאאאאא

אK

٤–אאאאאאאאK

٥–אאאאאאאאאא

אK

٦–אאאאאאא

אאאK

אא

א

א

٢ Jאא


- ٤ -

Wאאא אאW

–אW

אאאאאא

אאK

אF ٣،٥ ،٤E

W

١K אאאא

٢K

٣K אא

٤K

–W

א،אא

א،אאאא،א–

א–אאאאאF،א

אאאאE–א

אאאF ٧ ،٦،٨EW J

١K אאאF،،،אKKEF

،،KKEK


- ٥ -

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאאK

٣ Jאאאאא

٤ Jאאא


- ٦ -

٥ Jאאאא

٦ Jאאאא


- ٧ -

٧ Jאאאאאא

٨ Jאאאאא

אאאF ٩WE J

١K אF،،א،،،אKKEK

٢K אאF،

،،KKEK


- ٨ -

٣K F،،–

،KKEK

אאא،F ١٠WE J

J אאאאאאאא Jא

אאאאK

J אאאאאא

אאאאK

٩ Jאא

١٠ Jא،

אא

א

א


- ٩ -

Wאאא אאא–אא–W

• K

• אK

• אאאאאא

אK

אא،אא،אF ١١E،W J

١ JאאאW J אאאאאFאאא

אEאאFאאאאאאKE

٢ JאW J אאא،אא

אFאEאא،א

FאEאאא،א

אאא،אא

אאאא،אאאאאאK

٣ JאW אאאא،אאא

–א–אאFShort-termE،אא


- ١٠ -

FLong-runEאאFאאאEא

אא،אא

אא–א–،אאאא

אאאאאא

אאאאאאK

١١ Jאאאא

אאא

אאא

א

אא

א

א

א

א

אא

א

אא

אא

אא

אא

אא

אא

אא


- ١١ -

Wאאא

١K אא؟א

٢K אאK

٣K אאאK

٤K אאאאאאאאא؟אא؟

٥K אאאאאאאא؟א؟א

٦K אאא؟אא؟

אאאאאאאא

––١١FFאאEE

א

אא

א

٢

אא ٢٥٣ א אאאא –١FאE

- ١٢ -

אאWאאאא

אאW

אאאאאK

אאW

אאW

• אאאאאK

• אאאאK

Kאאאאא •

אאאW

אאא١٠٠K٪

Wאא

K

אאW

אאאאאK

אאW

אאאאK


- ١٣ -

Wאאאא

אאאא،א

אKאאאאאאא،

F ١٢E،W

JאאאאW

אא،אאאא

אאאאא–

،א،،،،KKK–אא

אאאאאFאא

אא؛אא،אאא

אKE

אאא א

א

אאא

א

אאא

אא

א

אא

אאא

אא

אאאא

א

א

אאא

א

א

א

אא

א

١٢ Jאאאאא


- ١٤ -

Jא–אא JאאאאFאWE

F ١٣WE J

• אF،،א،KE

• אאאFWא،אאא،א

אא،،KKKE

• אאFWא،אא–א

אאKE

• אFWא،אא،אKE

• אאאFא،א،אא،KE

א

א א

א

אאא

אאא

א

אא

א

א( Durability )

א

א

א

א

אא

א

אא

א

א א

אא

א

א א

١٣ Jא–אא–אאאא

א


- ١٥ -

JאאאאאW

אאאאאאאאא

א–אאאאאאK

אאאא

אאאא؛א

אאאFאאE

אאK

JאאאאאW

:

• אאאWאאאאK

• אאאאW–א–אאא

FאאאEא،אאF

אאאKE

• אאאWאאאא J

א Jאאאאאא،א

אא

FWאאא

אאאKE


- ١٦ -

JאאאאW

א–אא–אאאא

אאאFא،א،KKEא

אאFאא،א

،אKKKKE

JאW

אאאאאאאאאא،א

אאא–אאא

אK


- ١٧ -

Wאא ،אאא،אא

W ١K אK ٢K אFאKE

،אאא J Jאאא

،אW

١ JאW אאW

١K K ٢K K ٣K K

אאאאא،

אאאאWFHE٢

FHE٢אאFE٢٧٢

،אאאאW

FHE٢٢٧٢אKKא

אK

אאאאאא–אאאא

–אאאKאאא

אK


- ١٨ -

٢ JאאW א،אאאא

אאא،אF

אאEWH٢H٢

א٩٠٢אא–

אא J F١٤EK

אאאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא

אF،אאא،א،אKKKKE

١٤ Jאאאא

FאאאE


- ١٩ -

Wאאאא אאא،א

אא–אאאאא–אאאא؛אא

FאאאאאEאאאאאאא،

אKKאK אאאאאאא

JאK ١٥WE Fאאאא

אWאא אWא?אK?

–א?אK?

אאא

אFאE

אא

א

אא

א

אא

א

אא

אא

א

א

אאא

אאא

אא

א

א

١٥Jאאא


- ٢٠ -

١ JאאW אא،אא

אאW

١ J١אא )Lift slab(: אאאא Jא

א Jאאא،אא Jאאאא Jאא

،א F١٦EK אאאW

–אאאאאא،א،אאאאאאא

אK –אאאאאא

אK _אאאאאאאא J

א F١٦EאאאK

١ J٢אא)Tilt-up Construction:( אאאFHorizontal PositionEאא

אאא،אFVertical PositionE–א–א

אא،אאאאאאא،א

،אאF١٧EK אאW

–אאאאאאא،אאאאא


- ٢١ -

אאאאFאEאK

–אאאאK Jאאאאא–

אאא–אK

١٦–אא


- ٢٢ -

١٧ Jאאא

١ J٣אW א،אאא

אא،א؛אאאאא

،אאF١٨Eא،אאאKKK


- ٢٣ -

١٨ Jאאא

١ J٤אאא(Slip Forms): אאא–אא–

אאאאאאאא،אאאא،א

אאאא–אאא، F١٩EK

١٩ Jאא


- ٢٤ -

אאאאW J –אאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאא F٢٠EK

J،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

٢٠ Jאאאאאא

١ J٥אאא–אאא(Tunnel Form System): אאאאא–

–אאאא U


- ٢٥ -

FELאU F٢١EK

אא،אאא،אאא אאא

א،אאאK

١ J٦אא(Combined System): אאאאא،א(Core)

،אאאאאאאאאאאKKאKא،אא

אאא،אאאאFCladdingsE،אאK

٢ JאFאWE אא،אאאאאא

אאא،אאא(Mass Production)Kאא

אW

٢–١אאא(Linear Units): אא،Fא،א،

Eא،FאEאאאאאאאK،אאאאאאא

F٢٢KE

٢–٢אאא(Panel Units): אאא،אא

אאא،אאאאאFאאאאא


- ٢٦ -

אE،אKאאאאאא، F٢٣EK

٢١ Jאא


- ٢٧ -

٢٢ Jאאא

٢٣ Jאאאא


- ٢٨ -

٢–٣אאא(Box Units): ،אא F٢٤EK א

אW − אK − א–K

א؛אאאאאאאאאאא

FאאEאאאאאF F٢٥EW • א • א • אK

אאאא–א–אאאא– Jא

FEאאK

٢٤ Jאא


- ٢٩ -

٢٥ Jאאאאאא

אאאאאאא

؛אאאאאW

–אאאא(Textured Finishes):

?א?אאאאא،،אאאאא،

F٢٦ JKE

Jאא(Treatment of Exposed Face)W

אאאאאFאEא،FStipplingEאא

אא،F ٢٦ JKE

Jאא(Honing of Polishing): אאאFאE

אאאאאאאאאאא–KK،

F ٢٦ JKE

אאא

א

א

א


- ٣٠ -

FEאאא

FEאאא Jא

FEאא Jא

٢٦ Jאאא


- ٣١ -

אאאW

١K אאאאאאאא؟א

K

٢K אאא؟א

٣K אאאאאאאא،א

K

٤K אאאאא،א

٥K אא؟א

אאאאאאאא

١١

א

א

א

א

٣

אא ٢٥٣ א אאאא ١

- ٣٢ -

אאWאאאא אאW

אאאאאK אאW

אאאאא א

אW

١K אFאKE

٢K אאK

٣K אK

٤K אאK

٥K אK

٦K אK

אאאW אאא١٠٠K٪

אאW אאאK

אאW אאאאאK

אאW אאאאK


- ٣٣ -

WאFאE ( Plaster Works )

א אאFא אא אE،

אאאאאאאא،W

؛אאאא،אאא،אאא

א، א א א א

אאאאאK

١ JאאW

אאאW

• אאאK

• א א א א

JאK

• אאאאK

• אאאא–אאא–

אאK

• אא אFא E

FאאKE

• אאK


- ٣٤ -

א • א א א א א א J

אא

٢ JאאאאW

אאאאאאW

٢L١KאאאאW

א א F Wא ، Eא

אאאאFWא،E

אאאFWאKKKEאK

٢L٢KאאאW

• אאאWאאאא

אKKKאK

• אWאאאא

אאKKK

• א W

אאKKKאK

٢L٣KאאאאאW

א،אאאא

אאאאאKKKאK


- ٣٥ -

٢L٤KאאאאW

א ،אא א א א

א א א א ،FאאE

אאאKKK

–K

٣ JאאאאאFאWE

J ٢٧ J٣٤W

٣L١אW

אאאאא،אאאאW

١،٥ ٢؛ א٣؛ א

אא،אא

אאאאK

٢٧ J


- ٣٦ -

٣L٢אW

אאFאאKE

٢٨ Jא

٣L٣אW

א،אא

٢٩ J

٣L٤אFאWE

אאאאאK

٣٠ JאFאE


- ٣٧ -

٣L٥אFאEאW אאא

אאK

٣١ JFE

٣L٦אאFאWE א J

אאאK

٣L٧אאW א J Jא א

٣٢ Jאא

٣L٨אW אאאאאאK


- ٣٨ -

٣٣ Jא

٣L٩אW W ، ، ،א ،א א ،א ،א ،א א

KKKאאאאא،K

٣٤–אאאאא


- ٣٩ -

٤ JאאאאW

٤ J١אW א،אאאאא١ J٢K

٤ J٢אW אאW

٤ J٢ J١א א א Fא WEא

אאאאאאא

אאK

٤ J٢ J٢אא W،אא

אאאאאאK

٤ J٣אW אאאאאאK

٤ J٤אW ،אאא

א٣אאאאK

٤ J٥אW ٤٠٪،אא

אא١٠א٣٠K

٤ J٦אW ،אא،K


- ٤٠ -

٥ JאFאWE

٥ J١אW אאאW

٥L١L١אW

אאW J

J F א E

אאאאאאK

JאאFאאE

אאK

JאאאFאא

EאאאאאאK

٥L١L٢אאאW

J Wא א א א

אאKKKK

JWאאא

אKKKK

٥L١L٣אאאW

J،٥}١،אא

K


- ٤١ -

J،٥}٢

אאאאאאK

٥ J٢אאW אאאאאW

JאאW אא

אאאאאא

אא ،א א א

א א א אFא אK KE

א ٥}١ אאא

אאאאאאא

א א א

אאא،אK

JאאאW Jא J

א א א ، אא א

אאא

אאאאאK


- ٤٢ -

JאאאW אא ٥ J١٥ א א א

א א א א א א

אאK

FEאאאFEאאא

٣٥–אאאאא

JאW J ١٠ C١٠ –אא

،אא א אא

א ، א א

אאאאK

٥ J٣אאFאאWE אאאאא–

א Jא٤٥٠L٣אא

אאאאאאK


- ٤٣ -

א אFא א Eא א

א א א؛

אאW

Jאאאאאא

אאאאK

Jאאאאאא

אאאאא

אK

Jאאאא–א J

אאאאא

אK

Jא א א א Fא Eאא

אא אא א ،א

אאK

J א אא אאFא E

אאFאKE

Jא א אא– J

אא אא F E א


- ٤٤ -

FאאEא

אאK

FEאא FEא

٣٦–אאאאאא

٥ J٤אאW ،אא،אאא

٣٦،K

JאW ?א?،אאאא

٧C٧٣C١٠٥C١٠אא

אW J

J١אאאK

אאאאK

J٢א אאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٤٥ -

אאאאאאא

אאאאK

א א ٥}١–٢

אא ٧٠ א א

א אא א ، א א א

א ،א א א א א א א

אאאאאאאאאאאK

JאW אא،אא

،אאא א

א Jאאאא

א J א אא

،א אא א אא ،א

אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא

אאא

،א אאאא אא

א א ٥}٢אאא א אא

FEאאאK


- ٤٦ -

FEאא

FEאאאא

٣٦–אאאא

אא

אא

א


- ٤٧ -

٥ J٥אW JאW

אא ،אא

אא א א א

א אא א F א E א

אאאא

א FאEא

٣ ٥א א א א

FאKE

אאאאאא

אאאאאא

אK

אאא א–א–אאא

، אא א א

אא אא Jא א אא K

אא،א

אאאאא

אא Jא Jאא

،אאאא ٣٧FKE


- ٤٨ -

א ، א א א א

א א א ،

אK

א،אאא

אא א א א،

א א F١ W٥}١ E

،אאאאאא

٣٧FKE

JאW

אאאאא–א

א–א Fא E،אא

،אאאאא،אאא J

١א Jאאא

٣–٥אא،אאא

؛אאא،אאא א

אאאאאאאא

אאK


- ٤٩ -

FEאא،אאאאא

FEאאאא

٣٧ Jאאאאאאא

א


- ٥٠ -

Wאא(Veneers)

אא א ،א א א א א א א

א אא אF א E

אK

١ JאאאאW J

אאאאאאאF،

،،KKKEאאF،א

،،KKKEאF،א،א،،אKKE

אאאאF،א،א،אKKKEאאF

،،א،KKKE،אאאKKKK

אאאאא،

–א–אW

• אאאK

• אK

• אK

• אאK

• אאK

• אFאEאאK


- ٥١ -

٢ JאאאאאW J

א א א–א–،א א

א א ، ،א א א ، ، ، KKK אא א

אאאאW J

٢ J١אאאFאWE אא،א٣٨ א{

٢ J٢אאאW א ٩٠ – א

K

٣٨–אאאאאאא

٢ J٣אא?אW? ،אאאאKK؛א

،،אאאא ٣٩K

٣٩ J–א

אא


- ٥٢ -

٢ J٤אאW אא Jא J،

אא،אא

، F٤٠ JKE

٢ J٥אW אא،א

אא، F٤٠ JKE

FEאא

FEא

٤٠ Jאאאא


- ٥٣ -

٣ JאאW J

אאאאW

− א

− א

− אאאK

אאאאאאאאW

٣ J١אאאW אאאאאW

JאאאW א א א א א א א א

אא א،א אא א

א א א אא א ،א

אא ، א א א א

א א א א ،א

K

אאאא א

א Jאאא،אאא

א א ، א F אא E ،אא

אאא،אא،אKKK،٤١K


- ٥٤ -

JאאאW J אאאK

אאאא א –W

، ، ، ، ،KK J א

٣٠ ٦٠

אאאאאא

،אא ٤٢،٤٣K

٤١ Jאאאא

٤٢ Jאאאא

א


- ٥٥ -

٤٣ JאאFאאE

אאאא


- ٥٦ -

٣ J٢אאאאW

،א א אא א

،אאאאאאא

א א א א

אאאאאא،א

–א J א ، א

אK

אאאאW J

JאאאאFאאWE

אאאאאK

א،אאאא

،אF ٤٤EK

אאאאאא

א،אא٢٤

אאאאא،אK

JאאאאאFאWE

א ،אא א א

١٠א


- ٥٧ -

אאאאאא

א א א א א F

אאE١W٢אK

אא א

אF E ، א א

،א F٤٥E Jאאאא

אK

٤٤ Jאאאאאא


- ٥٨ -

٤٥ Jאאא

٣ J٣אאאאW

אאאאאאא

،אאW J

JאW

א אאאאאא

אאא אא א

א ،אא א א

אFאאאאאKE

JאאאW

אאאא

א אא א אא א


- ٥٩ -

אא א א א א א א

א K א אא ،

אאאאא

א،אW

אא JאאאאW

א אא אא א א

אאאאאאא–

אאאאFאE،F ٤٦EK

אא JאאאאאW

א א ٦א

אאאאאFEא

،F ٤٧EK

א א

٤٦ Jאאא


- ٦٠ -

אא JאאW

אאאאאא

–אא–אא٥ J٦

١،FEאא٣ J٤אאא

FEאא ،א

אא١٠א، F٤٨EK

٤٨Jאא

א

אא

אא

١ J٢ J ٣ J٤ Jא ٤٧Jאאאאא

٤

٣

١

٢

٢١


- ٦١ -

א א א א א

אK

אאא JאאאW

א א א א אא

אא א א אאא אא،א K

אאאאאא

،א F٤٩EK

٤٩ Jאאא

אאא

אא


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٢٧K ؟אאאאאאאאא

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٢٥٣ אא

١

אא

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،١٤٢١אK

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،אא،א،١٩٩٩אK

٣K ،،א،אא،،אא،١٩٩١K

٤K ،،אאאאאא،א،

،١٩٩٦K

٥K ،،אאאא،א،א

،אא،א،١٩٩٩אK

٦K ، ،אא אא ،، ،אא א א

،א٢٠٠١K

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א،٢٠٠٠K

٨K ،א א א אאאא،א ،

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٩K א،אאאא א א אאא،

،،אאאא،،٢٠٠٤K

٢٥٣ אא

١

10. Barry, R., The construction of Buildings, U.K., Blackwell

Science, 1996.

11. Garcia, David Fernandez, Construction Encyclopedia, Hugo

Quiroga Capovilla, Malaga- Spain, 1996.

12. Khater, Ihab, Economics Dimension of Technologically

Advancing Finishes, Ph.D. Thesis, Egypt, Cairo University, 2001.

13. McKay, W.B., Building Construction, U.K., London, Long man

Group Ltd., 1998.

14. Ochida, T.& M. Kita and Others, Performance and Durability of

New Flexible Adhesive for External Wall Finish, Japan, Urawa,

Konishi Co. Ltd., 1999.

15. Stabbing, Lionel, Quality Assurance: The Route to Efficiency and

Competitiveness, U.K., Ellis Harwood, Co. Ltd., 1993.

٢٥٣ א

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١

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٢ Jאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٨٣

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تقنية عمارة 1

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