РусскийРусский

1492-1505: Ivan III (first “Tsar”)1492-1505: Ivan III (first “Tsar”)

1533- 1584: Ivan (IV) The Terrible1533- 1584: Ivan (IV) The Terrible

married first Romanovmarried first Romanov

RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONRUSSIAN REVOLUTIONWas the Russian Revolution Inevitable? Due to Romanov Reign?Was the Russian Revolution Inevitable? Due to Romanov Reign?

FRENCH REVOLUTIONFRENCH REVOLUTION• 1789-1799

And so it And so it begins…begins…• Decembrist Revolution 1825

– Beginning of the Russian Rev???• Alexander I had died unexpectedly• Nicholas I became Tsar

– UNPOPULAR

• Boyars (Noblemen) & officers staged coup.• UNSUCCESSFUL!

– Afterwards 289 Decembrists were tried; five were executed, 31 imprisoned, and the rest banished to Siberia. Their martyrdom inspired later generations of Russian dissidents.

MarxismMarxism• Conservatism

– Wait till society is ready to change

• Liberalism– Pass laws to change society

• Radicalism– Destroy old, and add new

• Anarchism– Transformation! – Less concerned with means.

Proletariat: workers or working-class people, regarded collectivelyBourgeoisie: the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production

Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto• When, in the course of development, class distinctions have

disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class.

• In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. – Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Marx, Lenin and Bolsheviks, Oh my!Marx, Lenin and Bolsheviks, Oh my!

• 1898: the Marxist group, Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), formed– First Russian Marxist groups

– Delegates arrested by Tsar! (Later freed)

• 1903: Disagreement between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, so the RSDLP broke and formed two separate groups

– Bolsheviks (MAJORITY): Lenin Party should be CLOSED to public: Hard • Really the Minority

– Mensheviks (MINORITY): Martov Party should be OPENED to public: Soft• Really the Majority

Lenin addressing the Bolsheviks

Russian Revolution of 1905Russian Revolution of 1905

• Led by the Father Gapon as a last minute plea to the Tsar for help (Tsar doesn't know we are suffering!)

• Workers marched on Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to ask Tsar to help…– Representative government– End to war with Japan

• Tsar Nicholas’ troops fired on peacefulpeaceful protesters, killing hundreds. (Myth shattered)

• Jan-Oct 1905– Unrest and Strikes!!!!– Sergei Witte laid foundation for DUMA

• 10/17/1905- 10/30/1905: October ManifestoOctober Manifesto– Tsar Nicholas created DUMA… Allowed freedom of speech

and ELECTED assembly– Was it successful? (1906, Nicholas dissolves the DUMA for a more

conservative one…)

Jan 22Jan 22ndnd, 1905, 1905

WWIWWI15,000,000 Russians in…

8,000,000 Russians out…

• 1) February Revolution/19171) February Revolution/1917– Revolutionaries overthrew the Tsar

• Ultimatum from Duma… step down and give us power!• Army abandoned Nicholas• Nicholas- tried to hand power to son, no!

– Unorganized! Supported by Mensheviks, NOT Lenin’s Bolsheviks

– Set up Provisional Government (Not ready for Socialism?)• 2nd Leader, Alexander Kerensky of the Social Revolution Party• 6.3.1917: First Congress of the Soviets (137 of 1090 were

Bolsheviks)

• 2) October Revolution/ 19172) October Revolution/ 1917– Bloodless Bolshevik Coup led by Lenin– Set up Cabinet: Council of People’s Commissar

• Lenin: Chairman• Trotsky: Commissariat of Foreign Affairs/ Military leader• Stalin: Commissariat of Nationalism/ General Secretary

• 1917-1922 Russia becomes a Democratic Republic

Russian Russian RevolutionRevolution

Oktober by Sergei Eisenstein Oktober by Sergei Eisenstein

• In documentary style, events in Petrograd are re-enacted from the end of the monarchy in February of 1917 to the end of the provisional government and the decrees of peace and of land in November of that year. Lenin returns in April. In July, counter-revolutionaries put down a spontaneous revolt, and Lenin's arrest is ordered. By late October, the Bolsheviks are ready to strike: ten days will shake the world. While the Mensheviks vacillate, an advance guard infiltrates the palace. Anatov-Oveyenko leads the attack and signs the proclamation dissolving the provisional government.

• FULL PLOTFULL PLOT

Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War• Red Army VS White Army

– Reds:Reds: Bolsheviks (Communists) led by TrotskyTrotsky and Lenin

– Whites:Whites: Anti Bolsheviks led by ???• Lack of cooperation

• Reds win!!!!• 1922--- (Beginning of USSR)(Beginning of USSR)

– Lenin has stroke, paralyzed, and scales back government responsibilities

– Stalin essentially takes over

• 1924: Lenin dies– Two Year power struggle: Stalin and Trotsky duke it out for leader of

newly formed USSR

• Stalin wins/ becomes general secretary of USSR (1922-1953)• USSR (1922-1991)

Красная площадь

Kremlin- Tsar’s Palace

St. Basil’s

Lenin… On display