[ 1.2 ] Early Europe, Africa, and...

[ 1.2 ] Early Europe, Africa, and Asia


Learning Objectives

• Describe how Europe changed in the Middle Ages, including through

technological innovations.

• Describe patterns of trade and technological innovations in the Muslim world,

Africa, and East Asia.

• Identify the impact of technological innovations on Renaissance Europe.


Key Terms

• feudalism

• manor

• Christianity

• Crusades

• innovations

• astrolabe

• Islam

• Silk Road

• caravans

• savanna

• extended family

• kinship

• Renaissance

Europe in the Middle Ages

The period from about A.D 500 to around 1500 is known as the Middle Ages. During

the early Middle Ages, invasion and war were common. People in Europe had to find

new means of defending themselves.


• Feudalism

• Daily Life in Feudal Society

• Religion

• The Crusades

• Growing Trade

• Technological Innovations in Navigation

Feudalism


A typical medieval manor included a castle, a church, fields for agriculture and livestock, and

dwellings for serfs. Life revolved around the manor, which was self sufficient. Who would this

make life difficult for?

Changes are a Coming New methods

of farming

Trade

Decline in

war


Many medieval Christians joined the Crusades to fight for control of territory in the Middle East.

Religion

The Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful force in western Europe

and the main branch of Christianity.

Discuss

Within your learning community discuss the following:

What does the comment “the main branch of

Christianity” mean?

Why are there “branches” of Christianity? List a few you

know.

Church Rules!

The church owed large amounts of land and

offered the only source of education

Clergy could read and write…

The Crusades

Series of wars fought by Christians to control

the Holy Land

The Middle East

Middle Eastern merchants played a large role in this growing trade. Linking Europe,

Africa, and Asia, the Middle East was a major crossroads of the world.

Technology

Magnetic Compass for sailing

Astrolabe to determine latitude while sailing

The Middle East

• Middle Eastern merchants played a huge role

in growing trade that linked Europe, Africa,

and Asia spreading goods as well as religion

• Islam emerged in the early 600s in Arabia and

began spreading from South Asia to Spain and

Portugal

The Middle East

Analyze Maps How did the growth of trade in the Middle East influence the spread of Islam?

More than 1 Religion

• Islam expanded through trade and sword

• What about Christianity, Judaism, and other

religions?

It Wasn’t all Bad• Basic duty to make a pilgrimage

to Mecca sharing knowledge• A 10th century mathematician

invented the first pin-hole camera

• A Muslim engineer invented the crankshaft

• Windmill was invented in Persia to grind corn

• Triangular sails were used to sail to ports around the Indian Ocean• Sailors could predict the

weather in that area

• Porcelains, perfumes, jade, tea and fabric from

China

• Nutmeg, clove, and mace from Spice Islands of

Indonesia

• Cloth, indigo, spices, salt, sugar, and slaves

from East Africa

• Hello Silk Road!!

Trade

African Trade

• Trade routes played a large role in Africa, too. Long-

distance trade routes crossed the Sahara, the desert

linking West Africa and North Africa.

• Children would shout Batafo! Batafo!

• Sacks of salt or dried fish, gold, fabrics, jewelry, and

slaves would quickly be unloaded

African Cultures and Technologies

• Lateen sail was believed to be

invented in Egypt

• Astrolabe was believed to be

adapted for sea travel by North

Africans

Life in Africa

• Life differed across

Africa

• Trading states

flourished in some

regions, but most

people lived outside

these kingdoms in

small villages

• Herders, fishermen,

farmers

Family

& Culture

• Family relationships were important

• Extended family lived in one household• grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncle, and cousins

• Elders were respected for their wisdom and knowledge

• Kinship linked families and drew loyalty and encouraged a sense of

community and cooperation

• Religious beliefs varied, but even death did not break family links

• Africans honored the spirits of their ancestors as well as forces of

nature

• Powerful spirits could harm or help them.

African Cultures and Technologies

Analyze Charts How did the exchange of goods and information between Africa and Eurasia

benefit both regions?

China

• Power was centered on one emperor that was often suspicious of outsiders.

• China was the most isolated civilization of the ancient world.

• Long distances and physical barriers separated it from Egypt, the Middle

East, and India. This isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China

was the center of the Earth and the sole source of civilization.

• The ancient Chinese looked down on outsiders who did not speak Chinese

or follow Chinese ways.

Chinese Trade and Technology

• Rudder

• Watertight compartments

• Magnetic compass


The rudder on this Chinese trading ship allowed the craft to be steered more

easily.

Zheng He (JUNG HUH) ordered a fleet

of more than 300 ships for trade

The largest ship was more than 400 ft

long!

Made 7 voyages to trade in Southeast

Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa

expanding Chinese trade and influence

A new emperor decided China had

nothing to learn from the outside world

and outlawed most foreign trade


The mechanical clock was one of ancient China’s many technological innovations.

• Paper in AD 105

• Printing press with

movable type

• Gunpowder

Europe’s Renaissance

Increased trade and travel made Europeans eager to learn more about the wider

world. Scholars looked in monastery libraries for manuscripts of ancient Greek and

Roman works. Some traveled to the Middle East, where many ancient works had been

preserved.


• Europeans Search for New Trade Routes

• Portuguese Voyages

• Further Exploration


During the Renaissance, printing presses with movable type, as shown here, allowed printers to

mass-produce books, helping to spread new learning.


This map shows the sea routes taken by Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama. Analyze Maps

Which Portuguese explorer stayed closer to land?

Quiz: Europe in the Middle Ages

In Europe during the Middle Ages, the people most likely to be able to read and write

were

A. peasants.

B. clergymen.

C. feudal lords.

D. merchants.

B. clergymen.

Quiz: The Middle East

How did the city of Mecca promote trade?

A. It was the starting point of the Silk Road.

B. Muslim travel to the city spurred the spread of trade routes.

C. The city lies near both land and sea routes connecting Africa.

D. All gold and slaves from Africa had to travel through the city.

B. Muslim travel to the city spurred the spread of trade

routes.

Quiz: African Cultures and Technologies

Along with luxury items such as gold, ivory, and hardwoods, Arab merchants travelled

to East Africa to acquire

A. gunpowder

B. perfume

C. enslaved Africans

D. silk

C. enslaved Africans

Quiz: Chinese Trade and Technology

Which feature of Chinese civilization had the greatest impact on other civilizations?

A. its geographic isolation

B. silk traded on the Silk Road

C. its thriving trade

D. its new technologies

D. its new technologies

Quiz: Europe’s Renaissance

What caused the Portuguese to look for a route to Asia by way of Africa?

A. It took too long to travel by way of the Mediterranean Sea.

B. The Silk Road was too dangerous for Europeans to travel along.

C. Italian and Middle Eastern merchants controlled all the Mediterranean routes

D. They had heard tales of Indian sailors making the same journey in reverse.

C. Italian and Middle Eastern merchants

controlled all the Mediterranean routes

[ 1.2 ] Early Europe, Africa, and...

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