| 11.11.04 Slide: 1Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Effects of Friendly Heating system on human thermal comfort in the

church

Sirkka RissanenFriendly Heating Research Group

Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland

EU Contract no. EVK4-CT-2001-00067

| Slide: 2Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Introduction Target church: Parrochia S. Maria Magdalene, Rocca

Pietore Hot air heating was replaced by Friendly Heating System Heat generated is concentrated on the pew area where

people stay minimal impact on artworks

1st prototype installed in 2002 2nd prototype in 2003/2004

| Slide: 3Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

General thermal comfort

may be influenced by: air temperature mean radiant

temperature air velocity humidity metabolic rate clothing

| Slide: 4Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Local thermal discomfortmay be caused by: draught high vertical air temperature difference between

head and ankles too high radiant temperature asymmetry too warm or cold surface temperature of the floor

| Slide: 5Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

gender age body size and shape physical fitness health adaptation

Individual differences

| Slide: 6Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Purpose

to assess thermal comfort of people in the church

to define where cold or warm discomfort is focused in the body

to quantify the heat needed for humans to feel thermal comfort in a church by the use of physiological methods

| Slide: 7Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Specific goals

the body is neutral – slightly cool vigilance better

mean and local skin temperatures do not reach discomfort limits

absence of local thermal discomfort

no or minimal draught

Tsk > 31°C

>20°C

> 17°C

| Slide: 8Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Questionnaire four services thermal sensation and comfort during the

services

57 responses 51 % women, 49 % men over 50 years old: 63 % tourists: 18 %

| Slide: 9Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Questionnaire, results

Thermal sensation Slightly cool or cool: 60 %

Thermal comfort Slightly uncomfortable: 52 %

Cold complaints Feet: 65 %

Toes: 31 %

Bottoms: 31 %

Lower back: 24 %

Fingers: 10 %

Reasons for cold

sensation

Cold air and cold bench

| Slide: 10Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Physiological measurements, volunteers

Old heating system

1st prototype

2nd prototype

Number 9

2 locals

12

5 locals

16 (18)

3 locals

Age, years 36 ± 11

(25 – 62)

42 ± 20

(13 – 78)

44 ± 13

(25 – 68)

Clothing, clo 1.5 ± 0.2

(1.2 – 1.8)

1.5 ± 0.1

(1.3 – 1.8)

1.4 ± 0.2

(0.7 – 2.0)

| Slide: 11Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

MethodsSkin temperature

measurements 11 sensors mean skin temperature

(Tsk) was calculated area weighted average of the

local skin temperatures

forehead

chestback forearm

hand

fingerthigh f/b

calf

foot

toeSmart Reader

| Slide: 12Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

MethodsSubjective ratings thermal sensation

cool – slightly cool – neutral – slightly warm -warm thermal comfort

comfortable – slightly uncomfortable - uncomfortable air movement intensity

not at all – very slightly – slightly – definitely – a lot

| Slide: 13Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Thermal sensation

OHS

FH1(+ohs)

FH2

-2 -1 0 1 2warmslightly

warmcool slightly

coolneutral

toes legs fingers buttocks upperbody head general

| Slide: 14Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Thermal comfort

OHS

FH1(+ohs)

FH2

0 1 2

UncomfortableSlightly uncomfortable

Comfortable

toes legs fingers arms head

| Slide: 15Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Draught, head

OHS

FH1(+ohs)

FH2

0 1 2

Air movement intensitySlightlyVery slightlyNot at all

| Slide: 16Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Mean skin temperature

0 10 20 30 4030

31

32

33

Mea

n sk

in te

mpe

ratu

re, °

C

Time, min

OHS FH1(+ohs) FH2

Comfort 32 – 33 °C Discomfort < 31 °C

~ neutral

< neutral

| Slide: 17Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Finger temperature

0 10 20 30 40 5014

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Fin

ger

tem

pera

ture

, °C

Time, min

OHS FH1(+ohs) FH2

Comfort 27 – 34 °C Discomfort < 20 °C

sl. cool

sl. cool – neutral

| Slide: 18Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Toe temperature

0 10 20 30 40

18

20

22

24

26

Toe

tem

pera

ture

,°C

Time, min

OHS FH1(+ohs) FH2

• Discomfort < 17 °C

cool

slightlycool

< neutral

| Slide: 19Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Summary graph

Thermal sensation general head fingers toes

Thermal comfort head fingers toes

warm/uncomfortable

sl warm/sl uncomfortable

neutral/comfortable

sl cool

cool

2nd prototypeearly prototypeold hot air

Heating system

tsk

30

31

32

33

Tsk (°C)

| Slide: 20Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Conclusions progress in human thermal comfort has been

achieved by the new FHS in the church whole body thermal sensation of the people is

neutral or slightly cool mean skin temperature varies between 31 and

32 °C

| Slide: 21Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Conclusions feet, unclothed hands and head are still felt

slightly uncomfortable forced vertical convection due to the radiative

heating resulted in draught sensation especially in the head

some convective air movements might be unavoidable when radiant heating is used in churches

work for reducing disadvantage of the air movements is going on.

| Slide: 22Sirkka Rissanen, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health

Partners Dario Camuffo Emanuela Pagan Henk Schellen Dionne Limpens-Neilen

Thank you for your attention!