pmportal.org...1 Transitive Animate + Object Verbs Notes on Charts 38–40 Transitive Animate +...

1

Transitive Animate + Object VerbsNotes on Charts 38–40

Transitive Animate + Object Verbs (ta+obj), also called double-object verbs, have two objects, one direct (animate) and one indirect (animate or inanimate).

The dictionary entry forms of ta+obj verbs are those used with a singular inanimate indirect object (‘it’), as in maceptuwan ‘s/he takes it to h/.’ For example, maceptuwan Simuwol latuwakon ‘s/he takes the ladder to Simon.’ These verbs are also used with animate indirect objects, as in maceptuwanol Simuwol cikoniyil ‘she takes the apple to Simon.’ Note that in these two sentences the direct object is Simon (the direct object of the ta verb), while the indirect object (the “+obj”) is the ladder or the apple; this is opposite to the sense of direct and indirect as used in English. In Passamaquoddy-Maliseet, only an animate noun can be the direct object of a ta+obj verb; normally this is a person or animal.

In the extensions to Charts 38 and 39 (pages 4–7 and 10–13), the forms of a ta+obj verb are shown for the Indicative and the Changed Conjunct, first with an inanimate indirect object, singular and plural, positive and negative; and then with an animate indirect object, singular and plural, positive and negative. (Forms of the Unchanged Conjunct, Subordinative, and Imperative are not included in the extended charts, since they are not marked for the indirect object.)

The ta+obj verbs like those in Chart 38 are derived, not from the stem of the ta verb itself, but rather from the stem of the ti verb with the corresponding meaning. The stems of Chart 38 verbs all end in -uw-.

verb ta verb ti derived verb ta+obj 38’t-oliyal ‘s/he makes h/’ ’t-olihtun ‘s/he makes it’ ’t-olihtuwan ‘s/he makes it for h/’macephal ‘s/he takes h/’ maceptun ‘s/he takes it’ maceptuwan ‘s/he takes it to h/’mahkuwyal ‘s/he lends to h/’ mahkuwyutomon ‘s/he lends it’ mahkuwyutomuwan ‘s/he lends it to h/’monuwal ‘s/he buys h/’ monuhmon ‘s/he buys it’ monuhmuwan ‘s/he buys it from h/’

An exception to this derivation pattern is ’t-ihmuwan ‘s/he has something belonging to h/,’ which is the ta+obj verb corresponding to the ta verb ’t-iywal ‘s/he has h/’ (compare the ti verb ’t-ihin ‘s/he has it’).

The ta+obj verbs like those in Chart 39 are derived from the stems of several types of verbs; these include ai, ai+obj, ta, and even other ta+obj verbs. The stems of Chart 39 verbs all end in -ew-.

original verb derived verb ta+obj 39’t-olahkewal ‘s/he throws to h/’ (verb ta 32) ’t-olahkewan ‘s/he throws it to h/’kakawahke ‘s/he throws fast’ (verb ai 9) ’kakawahkewan ‘s/he throw it fast to h/’’kisuwehkan ‘s/he used it’ (verb ai+obj 9) ’kisuwehkewan ‘s/he used something belonging to h/’messunomuwan ‘s/he shows it to h/’ (verb ta+obj 38) messunomuwewan ‘s/he shows it on h/ behalf ’uli-punomuwan ‘s/he puts away something uli-punomuwewan ‘s/he puts it away for h/, belonging to h/’ (verb ta+obj 38) s/he puts it away on his behalf ’

The ta+obj verb milan ‘s/he gives it to h/,’ found in Chart 40, is derived from milal ‘s/he gives to h/’ verb ta 32. Milan and related verbs, such as nokka-milan, uci-milan, wesuwe-milan, take the same indirect object endings as those found in Chart 39, except that where an ending begins with -ol- following the stem -mil-, this -ol- becomes -l-: Indicative 1-2 kmillon, 11-2 kmillonen, etc.; Changed Conjunct 3-12 millinoq, 3-22 millinaq, etc. (see Chart 40).

NOTE: THESE UPDATED, EXPANDED verb ta+obj CHARTS CONTAIN CORRECTIONS AND ADDED INFORMATION(Revised from pages 688-693 in the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Dictionary)

stem 1 = verb stem; stem 1a = prefixed verb stem; stem 1b = unprefixed verb stem; stem 2 = changed verb stem

2

38 ’t-olihtuwan s/he makes it for h/. stem 1a -olihtuw-, stem 1b lihtuw-, stem 2 elihtuw-. Like verb ta 36.

PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE • On this page all forms are marked for a singular inanimate indirect object. Additional forms are shown on pages 4–7.

Indicative Changed Conjunct Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative Imperative

Direct, with singular direct object (I make it for h/, you make it for h/, s/he makes it for h/ [obv.], we make it for h/, etc.)

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolihtuwanktolihtuwan’tolihtuwanntolihtuwanenktolihtuwanenktolihtuwaniya’tolihtuwaniya

elihtuwukelihtuwotelihtuwatelihtuwekelihtuwoqelihtuweqelihtuwahtit

lihtuwuklihtuwotlihtuwatlihtuweklihtuwoqlihtuweqlihtuwahtit


—lihtuwanlihtuwac—lihtuwanelihtuwuklihtuwahtic

Direct, with plural direct object (I make it for them, you make it for them, s/he makes it for them [obv.], we make it for them, etc.)

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44



lihtuwuklihtuwotlihtuwatlihtuweklihtuwoqlihtuweqlihtuwahtit


—lihtuwanlihtuwac—lihtuwanelihtuwuklihtuwahtic

Inverse, with singular subject (s/he makes it for me, s/he makes it for you, s/he [obv.] makes it for h/, s/he makes it for us, etc.)

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolihtakunktolihtakun’tolihtakunntolihtakunenktolihtakunenktolihtakuniya’tolihtakuniya

elihtuwitelihtaskelihtuwihtelihtuwinomotelihtulinoqelihtulinaqelihtakuhtit

lihtuwitlihtasklihtahtlihtuwinomotlihtulinoqlihtulinaqlihtakuhtit


lihtuwiclihtalihclihtakulic or lihtahclihtuwinomoclihtulinoclihtulinahclihtakuhtic

Inverse, with plural subject (they make it for me, they make it for you, they [obv.] make it for h/, they make it for us, etc.)

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


elihtuwihtitelihtaskelihtahtelihtuwinomotelihtulinoqelihtulinaqelihtakuhtit

lihtuwitlihtasklihtahtlihtuwinomotlihtulinoqlihtulinaqlihtakuhtit


lihtuwihticlihtalihclihtakulic or lihtahclihtuwinomoclihtulinoclihtulinahclihtakuhtic

You ~ me, You ~ us (you make it for me, you make it for us)

2-122-1

2(2)-11

ktolihtuwinktolihtuwiniyaktolihtuwinen

elihtuwiyinelihtuwiyeqelihtuwiyek

lihtuwiyinlihtuwiyeqlihtuwiyek


lihtuwinlihtuwiqlihtuwine

I ~ you, we ~ you (I make it for you, we make it for you)

1-21-22

11-2(2)

ktolihtulonktolihtuloniyaktolihtulonen

elihtulanelihtuleqelihtulek

lihtulanlihtuleqlihtulek


———

Unspecified subject (it is made for me, it is made for you, it is made for h/, etc.)

12

3, 4111222

33, 44

ntolihtakenktolihtakenlihtuwan (no prefix)ntolihtakenenktolihtakenenktolihtakeniyalihtuwan (no prefix)

elihtakiyan, elihtakielihtakiyinelihtuwutelihtakiyekelihtakiyiqelihtakiyeqelihtuwut

lihtakiyanlihtakiyinlihtuwutlihtakiyeklihtakiyiqlihtakiyeqlihtuwut


—lihtaklihtuwuc—lihtakenelihtakeqlihtuwuc

• Reciprocal, verb ai 1: lihtawotuwok they make (something) for each other.

Verb Form Charts — Transitive Animate + Object Verbs (verb ta+obj)

3

38 ’t-olihtuwan s/he makes it for h/. stem 1a -olihtuw-, stem 1b lihtuw-, stem 2 elihtuw-. Like verb ta 36

PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE• On this page all forms are marked for a singular inanimate indirect object. Additional forms are shown on pages 4–7.


Direct, with singular direct object (I don’t make it for h/, you don’t make it for h/, s/he doesn’t make it for h/ [obv.], etc.)

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolihtuwawonktolihtuwawon’tolihtuwawonntolihtuwawonewinktolihtuwawonewinktolihtuwawoniya’tolihtuwawoniya

elihtuwawan, elihtuwawelihtuwawonelihtuwahqelihtuwawehkelihtuwawohqelihtuwawehqelihtuwahtihq

lihtuwawanlihtuwawonlihtuwahqlihtuwawehklihtuwawohqlihtuwawehqlihtuwahtihq


—lihtuwahkoclihtuwac——lihtuwahkeqlihtuwahtic

Direct, with plural direct object (I don’t make it for them, you don’t make it for them, s/he doesn’t make it for them [obv.], etc.)

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44



lihtuwawanlihtuwawonlihtuwahqlihtuwawehklihtuwawohqlihtuwawehqlihtuwahtihq


—lihtuwahkoclihtuwac——lihtuwahkeqlihtuwahtic

Inverse, with singular subject (s/he doesn’t make it for me, s/he doesn’t make it for you, s/he [obv.] doesn’t make it for h/, etc.)

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolihtakuwonktolihtakuwon’tolihtakuwonntolihtakuwonewinktolihtakuwonewinktolihtakuwoniya’tolihtakuwoniya

elihtuwihqelihtaluhkelihtahqelihtuwinomohqelihtulinohqelihtulinahqelihtakuhtihq

lihtuwihqlihtaluhklihtahqlihtuwinomohqlihtulinohqlihtulinahqlihtakuhtihq


lihtuwihticlihtalihclihtakuliclihtuwinomoclihtulinoclihtulinahclihtakuhtic

Inverse, with plural subject (they don’t make it for me, they don’t make it for you, they [obv.] don’t make it for h/, etc.)

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


elihtuwihtihqelihtaluhkelihtahqelihtuwinomohqelihtulinohqelihtulinahqelihtakuhtihq

lihtuwihqlihtaluhklihtahqlihtuwinomohqlihtulinohqlihtulinahqlihtakuhtihq


lihtuwiclihtalihclihtakuliclihtuwinomoclihtulinoclihtulinahclihtakuhtic

You ~ me, You ~ us (you don’t make it for me, you don’t make it for us)

2-122-1

2(2)-11

ktolihtuwiwonktolihtuwiwoniyaktolihtuwiwonewin

elihtuwiwonelihtuwiwehqelihtuwiwehk

lihtuwiwonlihtuwiwehqlihtuwiwehk


lihtuwihkoclihtuwihkeqlihtuwihkek

I ~ you, we ~ you (I don’t make it for you, we don’t make it for you)

1-21-22

11-2(2)

ktolihtuluwonktolihtuluwoniyaktolihtuluwonewin

elihtuluwanelihtuluwehqelihtuluwehk

lihtuluwanlihtuluwehqlihtuluwehq


———

Unspecified subject (it isn’t made for me, it isn’t made for you, it isn’t made for h/, etc.)

12

3, 4111222

33, 44

ntolihtakewonktolihtakewonlihtuwawon (no prefix)ntolihtakewonewinktolihtakewonewinktolihtakewoniyalihtuwawon (no prefix)

elihtakewan, elihtakewelihtakewonelihtuwamuhkelihtakewehkelihtakewohqelihtakewehqelihtuwamuhk

lihtakewanlihtakewonlihtuwamuhklihtakewehklihtakewohqlihtakewehqlihtuwamuhk


—lihtakehkoclihtuwuc——lihtakehkeqlihtuwuc

• Reciprocal, verb ai 1: ma-te lihtawotiwiyik they don’t make (something) for each other.


4

38 ’t-olihtuwan s/he makes it for h/. stem 1a -olihtuw-, stem 1b lihtuw-, stem 2 elihtuw-. Like verb ta 36. • Where the Changed Conjunct columns show two forms, the first is used as a verb, the second is the participle form used as a noun; for example, elihtuwit ‘when/how she makes them for me’ but elihtuwicil ‘the ones she makes for me.’ Where only one form is shown, the verb and participle forms are the same.

PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE — MARKED FOR INANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I make a toy [inan.] for h/)

Indicative + inan. sing. Indicative + inan. plural Ch. Conj. + inan. sing. Ch. Conj. + inan. plural

Direct I, etc. make a toy for h/ I, etc. make toys for h/ I, etc. make a toy for h/ I, etc. make toys for h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4


ntolihtuwanolktolihtuwanol’tolihtuwanolntolihtuwanennulktolihtuwanennulktolihtuwaniyal’tolihtuwaniyal


elihtuwuk, elihtuwukilelihtuwot, elihtuwocilelihtuwat, elihtuwacilelihtuwek, elihtuwekilelihtuwoq, elihtuwoqilelihtuweq, elihtuweqilelihtuwahtit, elihtuwahticil

Direct I, etc. make a toy for them I, etc. make toys for them I, etc. make a toy for them I, etc. make toys for them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44


ntolihtuwanolktolihtuwanol’tolihtuwanolntolihtuwanennulktolihtuwanennulktolihtuwaniyal’tolihtuwaniyal


elihtuwuk, elihtuwukilelihtuwot, elihtuwocilelihtuwat, elihtuwacilelihtuwek, elihtuwekilelihtuwoq, elihtuwoqilelihtuweq, elihtuweqilelihtuwahtit, elihtuwahticil

Inverse s/he makes a toy for me, etc. s/he makes toys for me, etc. s/he makes a toy for me, etc. s/he makes toys for me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33


ntolihtakunolktolihtakunol’tolihtakunolntolihtakunennulktolihtakunennulktolihtakuniyal’tolihtakuniyal

elihtuwitelihtaskelihtuwihtelihtuwinomotelihtulinoqelihtulinaqelihtakuhtit

elihtuwit, elihtuwicilelihtask, elihtaskil elihtuwiht, elihtuwihcilelihtuwinomot, elihtuwinomocilelihtulinoq, elihtulinoqilelihtulinaq, elihtulinaqilelihtakuhtit, elihtakuhticil

Inverse they make a toy for me, etc. they make toys for me, etc. they make a toy for me, etc. they make toys for me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


ntolihtakuniyalktolihtakuniyal’tolihtakuniyalntolihtakunennulktolihtakunennulktolihtakuniyal’tolihtakuniyal

elihtuwihtitelihtaskelihtahtelihtuwinomotelihtulinoqelihtulinaqelihtakuhtit

elihtuwit, elihtuwicilelihtask, elihtaskil elihtuwiht, elihtuwihcilelihtuwinomot, elihtuwinomocilelihtulinoq, elihtulinoqilelihtulinaq, elihtulinaqilelihtakuhtit, elihtakuhticil

You ~ me/us you make a toy for me/us you make toys for me/us you make a toy for me/us you make toys for me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolihtuwinolktolihtuwiniyalktolihtuwinennul


elihtuwiyin, elihtuwiyinilelihtuwiyeq, elihtuwiyeqilelihtuwiyek, elihtuwiyekil

I/we ~ you I/we make a toy for you I/we make toys for you I/we make a toy for you I/we make toys for you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolihtulonolktolihtuloniyalktolihtulonennul


elihtulan, elihtulanilelihtuleq, elihtuleqilelihtulek, elihtulekil

Unspec. subj. a toy is made for me, etc. toys are made for me, etc. a toy is made for me, etc. toys are made for me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolihtakenolktolihtakenollihtuwanol (no prefix)ntolihtakenennulktolihtakenennulktolihtakeniyallihtuwanol (no prefix)


elihtakiyan, elihtakiyanilelihtakiyin, elihtakiyinilelihtuwut, elihtuwucilelihtakiyek, elihtakiyekilelihtakiyiq, elihtakiyiqilelihtakiyeq, elihtakiyeqilelihtuwut, elihtuwucil

Reciprocal, verb ai 1: lihtawotuwok they make (something) for each other.

Verb Form Charts — Transitive Animate + Object Verbs — ’t-olihtuwan

5

38 t-olihtuwan s/he makes it for h/. stem 1a -olihtuw-, stem 1b lihtuw-, stem 2 elihtuw-. Like verb ta 36.

PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE — MARKED FOR INANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I don’t make a toy [inan.] for h/)


Direct I, etc. don’t make a toy for h/ I, etc. don’t make toys for h/ I, etc. don’t make a toy for h/ I, etc. don’t make toys for h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4


ntolihtuwawonolktolihtuwawonol’tolihtuwawonolntolihtuwawonewinnulktolihtuwawonewinnulktolihtuwawoniyal’tolihtuwawoniyal


elihtuwawan, elihtuwawanilelihtuwawon, elihtuwawonilelihtuwahq, elihtuwahqilelihtuwawehk, elihtuwawehkilelihtuwawohq, elihtuwawohqilelihtuwawehq, elihtuwawehqilelihtuwahtihq, elihtuwahtihqil

Direct I, etc. don’t make a toy for them I, etc. don’t make toys for them I, etc. don’t make a toy for them I, etc. don’t make toys for them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44


ntolihtuwawonolktolihtuwawonol’tolihtuwawonolntolihtuwawonewinnulktolihtuwawonewinnulktolihtuwawoniyal’tolihtuwawoniyal


elihtuwawan, elihtuwawanilelihtuwawon, elihtuwawonilelihtuwahq, elihtuwahqilelihtuwawehk, elihtuwawehkilelihtuwawohq, elihtuwawohqilelihtuwawehq, elihtuwawehqilelihtuwahtihq, elihtuwahtihqil

Inverse s/he doesn’t make a toy for me, etc. s/he doesn’t make toys for me, etc. s/he doesn’t make a toy for me, etc. s/he doesn’t make toys for me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33


ntolihtakuwonolktolihtakuwonol’tolihtakuwonolntolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwoniyal’tolihtakuwoniyal

elihtuwihqelihtaluhkelihtahqelihtuwinomohqelihtulinohqelihtulinahqelihtakuhtihq

elihtuwihq, elihtuwihqilelihtaluhk, elihtaluhkilelihtahq, elihtahqilelihtuwinomohq, elihtuwinomohqilelihtulinohq, elihtulinohqilelihtulinahq, elihtulinahqilelihtakuhtihq, elihtakuhtihqil

Inverse they don’t make a toy for me, etc. they don’t make toys for me, etc. they don’t make a toy for me, etc. they don’t make toys for me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


ntolihtakuwoniyalktolihtakuwoniyal’tolihtakuwoniyalntolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwoniyal’tolihtakuwoniyal

elihtuwihtihqelihtaluhkelihtahqelihtuwinomohqelihtulinohqelihtulinahqelihtakuhtihq

elihtuwihq, elihtuwihqilelihtaluhk, elihtaluhkilelihtahq, elihtahqilelihtuwinomohq, elihtuwinomohqilelihtulinohq, elihtulinohqilelihtulinahq, elihtulinahqilelihtakuhtihq, elihtakuhtihqil

You ~ me/us you don’t make a toy for me/us you don’t make toys for me/us you don’t make a toy for me/us you don’t make toys for me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolihtuwiwonolktolihtuwiwoniyalktolihtuwiwonewinnul


elihtuwiwon, elihtuwiwonilelihtuwiwehq, elihtuwiwehqilelihtuwiwehk, elihtuwiwehkil

I/we ~ you I/we don’t make a toy for you I/we don’t make toys for you I/we don’t make a toy for you I/we don’t make toys for you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolihtuluwonolktolihtuluwoniyalktolihtuluwonewinnul


elihtuluwan, elihtuluwanilelihtuluwehq, elihtuluwehqilelihtuluwehk, elihtuluwehkil

Unspec. subj. a toy isn’t made for me, etc. toys aren’t made for me, etc. a toy isn’t made for me, etc. toys aren’t made for me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolihtakewonolktolihtakewonollihtuwawonol (no prefix)ntolihtakewonewinnulktolihtakewonewinnulktolihtakewoniyallihtuwawonol (no prefix)


elihtakewan, elihtakewanilelihtakewon, elihtakewonilelihtuwamuhk, elihtamuhkilelihtakewehk, elihtakewehkilelihtakewohq, elihtakewohqilelihtakewehq, elihtakewehqilelihtuwamuhk, elihtamuhkil

NOTE: Reciprocal, negative, verb ai 1: ma-te lihtawotiwiyik they don’t make (something) for each other.


6


PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE — MARKED FOR ANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I make a pie [an.] for h/)

Indicative + an. sing. Indicative + an. plural Ch. Conj. + an. sing. Ch. Conj. + an. plural

Direct I, etc. make a pie for h/ I, etc. make pies for h/ I, etc. make a pie for h/ I, etc. make pies for h/, etc.

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolihtuwanktolihtuwan’tolihtuwanolntolihtuwanenktolihtuwanenktolihtuwaniya’tolihtuwaniyal

ntolihtuwanokktolihtuwanok’tolihtuwanntolihtuwanennukktolihtuwanennukktolihtuwaniyak’tolihtuwaniya

elihtuwukelihtuwotelihtuwat, elihtuwacilelihtuwekelihtuwoqelihtuweqelihtuwahtit, -ahticil

elihtuwuk, elihtuwukikelihtuwot, elihtuwocikelihtuwat, elihtuwacihielihtuwek, elihtuwekikelihtuwoq, elihtuwoqikelihtuweq, elihtuweqikelihtuwahtit, elihtuwahticihi

Direct I, etc. make a pie for them I, etc. make pies for them, etc. I, etc. make a pie for them I, etc. make pies for them, etc.

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44

ntolihtuwanktolihtuwan’tolihtuwanolntolihtuwanenktolihtuwanenktolihtuwaniya’tolihtuwaniyal

ntolihtuwanokktolihtuwanok’tolihtuwanntolihtuwanennukktolihtuwanennukktolihtuwaniyak’tolihtuwaniya

elihtuwukelihtuwotelihtuwat, elihtuwacilelihtuwekelihtuwoqelihtuweqelihtuwahtit, -ahticil

elihtuwuk, elihtuwukikelihtuwot, elihtuwocikelihtuwat, elihtuwacihielihtuwek, elihtuwekikelihtuwoq, elihtuwoqikelihtuweq, elihtuweqikelihtuwahtit, elihtuwahticihi

Inverse s/he makes a pie for me, etc. s/he makes pies for me, etc. s/he makes a pie for me, etc. s/he makes pies for me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolihtakunolktolihtakunol’tolihtakunolntolihtakunennulktolihtakunennulktolihtakuniyal’tolihtakuniyal

ntolihtakunktolihtakun’tolihtakunntolihtakunennuktolihtakunennuktolihtakuniya’tolihtakuniya

elihtuwit, elihtuwicilelihtask, elihtaskilelihtaht, elihtahcilelihtuwinomot, -inomocilelihtulinoq, -ulinoqilelihtulinaq, -ulinaqilelihtakuhtit, -akuhticil

elihtuwit, elihtuwicihielihtask, elihtaskielihtaht, elihtahcihielihtuwinomot, elihtuwinomocielihtulinoq, elihtulinoqielihtulinaq, elihtulinaqielihtakuhtit, elihtakuhticihi

Inverse they make a pie for me, etc. they make pies for me, etc. they make a pie for me, etc. they make pies for me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33

ntolihtakuniyalktolihtakuniyal’tolihtakuniyalntolihtakunennulktolihtakunennulktolihtakuniyal’tolihtakuniyal

ntolihtakuniyaktolihtakuniya’tolihtakuniyantolihtakunennuktolihtakunennuktolihtakuniya’tolihtakuniya

elihtuwit, elihtuwicilelihtask, elihtaskilelihtaht, elihtahcilelihtuwinomot, -inomocilelihtulinoq, -ulinoqilelihtulinaq, -ulinaqilelihtakuhtit, -akuhticil

elihtuwit, elihtuwicihielihtask, elihtaskielihtaht, elihtahcihielihtuwinomot, elihtuwinomocielihtulinoq, elihtulinoqielihtulinaq, elihtulinaqielihtakuhtit, elihtakuhticihi

You ~ me/us you make a pie for me/us you make pies for me/us you make a pie for me/us you make pies for me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolihtuwinokktolihtuwiniyakktolihtuwinennuk


elihtuwiyin, elihtuwiyinikelihtuwiyeq, elihtuwiyeqikelihtuwiyek, elihtuwiyekik

I/we ~ you I/we make a pie for you I/we make pies for you I/we make a pie for you I/we make pies for you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolihtulonokktolihtuloniyakktolihtulonennuk


elihtulan, elihtulanikelihtuleq, elihtuleqikelihtulek, elihtulekik

Unspec. subj. a pie is made for me, etc. pies are made for me, etc. a pie is made for me, etc. pies are made for me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolihtakenokktolihtakenoklihtuwan (no prefix)ntolihtakenennukktolihtakenennukktolihtakeniyaklihtuwan (no prefix)


elihtakiyan, elihtakiyanikelihtakiyin, elihtakiyinikelihtuwut, elihtuwucihielihtakiyek, elihtakiyekikelihtakiyiq, elihtakiyiqikelihtakiyeq, elihtakiyeqikelihtuwut, elihtuwucihi

NOTE: Endings that mark obviative indirect objects are optional for some speakers, particularly in You~Me/Us and I/We~You forms.Reciprocal, verb ai 1: lihtawotuwok they make (something) for each other.


7


PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE — MARKED FOR ANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I don’t make a pie [an.] for h/)


Direct I, etc. don’t make a pie for h/ I, etc. don’t make pies for h/ I, etc. don’t make a pie for h/ I, etc. don’t make pies for h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolihtuwawonktolihtuwawon’tolihtuwawonolntolihtuwawonewinktolihtuwawonewinktolihtuwawoniya’tolihtuwawoniyal

ntolihtuwawonokktolihtuwawonok’tolihtuwawonntolihtuwawonewinnukktolihtuwawonewinnukktolihtuwawoniyak’tolihtuwawoniya


elihtuwawan, elihtuwawanikelihtuwawon, elihtuwawonikelihtuwahq, elihtuwahqielihtuwawehk, elihtuwawehkikelihtuwawohq, elihtuwawohqikelihtuwawehq, elihtuwawehqikelihtuwahtihq, elihtuwahtihqi

Direct I, etc. don’t make a pie for them I, etc. don’t make pies for them I, etc. don’t make a pie for them I, etc. don’t make pies for them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44

ntolihtuwawonktolihtuwawon’tolihtuwawonolntolihtuwawonewinktolihtuwawonewinktolihtuwawoniya’tolihtuwawoniyal

ntolihtuwawonokktolihtuwawonok’tolihtuwawonntolihtuwawonewinnukktolihtuwawonewinnukktolihtuwawoniyak’tolihtuwawoniya


elihtuwawan, elihtuwawanikelihtuwawon, elihtuwawonikelihtuwahq, elihtuwahqielihtuwawehk, elihtuwawehkikelihtuwawohq, elihtuwawohqikelihtuwawehq, elihtuwawehqikelihtuwahtihq, elihtuwahtihqi

Inverse s/he doesn’t make a pie for me, etc. s/he doesn’t make pies for me, etc. s/he doesn’t make a pie for me, etc. s/he doesn’t make pies for me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolihtakuwonolktolihtakuwonol’tolihtakuwonolntolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwoniyal’tolihtakuwoniyal

ntolihtakuwonktolihtakuwon’tolihtakuwonntolihtakuwonewinnuktolihtakuwonewinnuktolihtakuwoniya’tolihtakuwoniya

elihtuwihq, -ihqilelihtaluhk, -aluhkilelihtahq, elihtahqilelihtuwinomohq, -ilelihtulinohq, -ilelihtulinahq, -ilelihtakuhtihq, -il

elihtuwihq, elihtuwihqielihtaluhk, elihtaluhkielihtahq, elihtahqielihtuwinomohq, elihtuwinomohqielihtulinohq, elihtulinohqielihtulinahq, elihtulinahqielihtakuhtihq, elihtakuhtihtihqi

Inverse they don’t make a pie for me, etc. they don’t make pies for me, etc. they don’t make a pie for me, etc. they don’t make pies for me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33

ntolihtakuwoniyalktolihtakuwoniyal’tolihtakuwoniyalntolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwonewinnulktolihtakuwoniyal’tolihtakuwoniyal

ntolihtakuwoniyaktolihtakuwoniya’tolihtakuwoniyantolihtakuwonewinnuktolihtakuwonewinnuktolihtakuwoniya’tolihtakuwoniya

elihtuwihq, -ihqilelihtaluhk, -aluhkilelihtahq, elihtahqilelihtuwinomohq, -ilelihtulinohq, -ilelihtulinahq, -ilelihtakuhtihq, -il

elihtuwihq, elihtuwihqielihtaluhk, elihtaluhkielihtahq, elihtahqielihtuwinomohq, elihtuwinomohqielihtulinohq, elihtulinohqielihtulinahq, elihtulinahqielihtakuhtihq, elihtakuhtihtihqi

You ~ me/us you don’t make a pie for me/us you don’t make pies for me/us you don’t make a pie for me/us you don’t make pies for me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolihtuwiwonokktolihtuwiwoniyakktolihtuwiwonewinnuk


elihtuwiwon, elihtuwiwonikelihtuwiwehq, elihtuwiwehqikelihtuwiwehk, elihtuwiwehkik

I/we ~ you I/we don’t make a pie for you I/we don’t make pies for you I/we don’t make a pie for you I/we don’t make pies for you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolihtuluwonokktolihtuluwoniyakktolihtuluwonewinnuk


elihtuluwan, elihtuluwanikelihtuluwehq, elihtuluwehqikelihtuluwehk, elihtuluwehkik

Unspec. subj. a pie isn’t made for me, etc. pies aren’t made for me, etc. a pie isn’t made for me, etc. pies aren’t made for me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolihtakewonokktolihtakewonoklihtuwawon (no prefix)ntolihtakewonewinnukktolihtakewonewinnukktolihtakewoniyaklihtuwawon (no prefix)


elihtakewan, elihtakewanikelihtakewon, elihtakewonikelihtuwamuhk, elihtuwamuhkielihtakewehk, elihtakewehkikelihtakewohq, elihtakewohqikelihtakewehq, elihtakewehqikelihtuwamuhk, elihtuwamuhki

NOTE: Endings that mark obviative indirect objects are optional for some speakers, particularly in You~Me/Us and I/We~You forms.Reciprocal, negative, verb ai 1: ma-te lihtawotiwiyik they don’t make (something) for each other.


8

39 ’t-olahkewan s/he throws it to h/. st. 1a -olahkew-, stem 1b lahkew-, stem 2 elahkew-. Like verb ta 32.

PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE• On this page all forms are marked for a singular inanimate indirect object. Additional forms are shown on pages 10–13.


Direct, with singular direct object (I throw it to h/, you throw it to h/, s/he throws it to h/ [obv.], we throw it to h/, etc.)

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolahkewanktolahkewan’tolahkewanntolahkewanenktolahkewanenktolahkewaniya’tolahkewaniya

elahkewukelahkewotelahkewatelahkewekelahkewoqelahkeweqelahkewahtit

lahkewuklahkewotlahkewatlahkeweklahkewoqlahkeweqlahkewahtit


—lahkewanlahkewac—lahkewanelahkewuklahkewahtic

Direct, with plural direct object (I throw it to them, you throw it to them, s/he throws it to them [obv.], we throw it to them, etc.)

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44



lahkewuklahkewotlahkewatlahkeweklahkewoqlahkeweqlahkewahtit


—lahkewanlahkewac—lahkewanelahkewuklahkewahtic

Inverse, with singular subject (s/he throws it to me, s/he throws it to you, s/he [obv.] throws it to h/, s/he throws it to us, etc.)

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolahkewkunktolahkewkun’tolahkewkunntolahkewkunenktolahkewkunenktolahkewkuniya’tolahkewkuniya

elahkewitelahkewoskelahkewihtelahkewinomotelahkewolinoqelahkewolinaqelahkewkuhtit

lahkewitlahkewosklahkewihtlahkewinomotlahkewolinoqlahkewolinaqlahkewkuhtit


lahkewiclahkewolihclahkewkulic or -ihclahkewinomoclahkewolinoclahkewolinahclahkewkuhtic

Inverse, with plural subject (they throw it to me, they throw it to you, they [obv.] throw it to h/, they throw it to us, etc.)

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


elahkewihtitelahkewoskelahkewihtelahkewinomotelahkewolinoqelahkewolinaqelahkewkuhtit

lahkewitlahkewosklahkewihtlahkewinomotlahkewolinoqlahkewolinaqlahkewkuhtit


lahkewihticlahkewolihclahkewkulic or -ihclahkewinomoclahkewolinoclahkewolinahclahkewkuhtic

You ~ me, You ~ us (you throw it to me, you throw it to us)

2-122-1

2(2)-11

ktolahkewinktolahkewiniyaktolahkewinen

elahkewiyinelahkewiyeqelahkewiyek

lahkewiyinlahkewiyeqlahkewiyek


lahkewinlahkewiqlahkewine

I ~ you, we ~ you (I throw it to you, we throw it to you)

1-21-22

11-2(2)

ktolahkewolonktolahkewoloniyaktolahkewolonen

elahkewolanelahkewoleqelahkewolek

lahkewolanlahkewoleqlahkewolek


———

Unspecified subject (it is thrown to me, it is thrown to you, it is thrown to h/, etc.)

12

3, 4111222

33, 44

ntolahkewkenktolahkewkenlahkewan (no prefix)ntolahkewkenenktolahkewkenenktolahkewkeniyalahkewan (no prefix)

elahkewkiyan, elahkewkielahkewkiyinelahkewutelahkewkiyekelahkewkiyiqelahkewkiyeqelahkewut

lahkewkiyanlahkewkiyinlahkewutlahkewkiyeklahkewkiyiqlahkewkiyeqlahkewut


—lahkewklahkewuc—lahkewkenelahkewkeqlahkewuc

• Reciprocal, verb ai 1: lahkewtuwok they throw (something) to each other; see, for example, esuwahkewtuwok.


9


PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE• On this page all forms are marked for a singular inanimate indirect object. Additional forms are shown on pages 10–13.


Direct, with singular direct object (I don’t throw it to h/, you don’t throw it to h/, s/he doesn’t throw it to h/ [obv.], etc.)

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolahkewawonktolahkewawon’tolahkewawonntolahkewawonewinktolahkewawonewinktolahkewawoniya’tolahkewawoniya

elahkewawan, elahkewawelahkewawonelahkewahqelahkewawehkelahkewawohqelahkewawehqelahkewahtihq

lahkewawanlahkewawonlahkewahqlahkewawehklahkewawohqlahkewawehqlahkewahtihq


—lahkewahkoclahkewac——lahkewahkeqlahkewahtic

Direct, with plural direct object (I don’t throw it to them, you don’t throw it to them, s/he doesn’t throw it to them [obv.], etc.)

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44



lahkewawanlahkewawonlahkewahqlahkewawehklahkewawohqlahkewawehqlahkewahtihq


—lahkewahkoclahkewac——lahkewahkeqlahkewahtic

Inverse, with singular subject (s/he doesn’t throw it to me, s/he doesn’t throw it to you, s/he [obv.] doesn’t throw it to h/, etc.)

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolahkewkuwonktolahkewkuwon’tolahkewkuwonntolahkewkuwonewinktolahkewkuwonewinktolahkewkuwoniya’tolahkewkuwoniya

elahkewihq/-ihqelahkewoluhkelahkewihqelahkewinomohqelahkewolinohqelahkewolinahqelahkewkuhtihq

lahkewihqlahkewoluhklahkewihqlahkewinomohqlahkewolinohqlahkewolinahqlahkewkuhtihq


lahkewiclahkewolihclahkewkuliclahkewinomoclahkewolinoclahkewolinahclahkewkuhtic

Inverse, with plural subject (they don’t throw it to me, they don’t throw it to you, they [obv.] don’t throw it to h/, etc.)

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


elahkewihtihqelahkewoluhkelahkewihqelahkewinomohqelahkewolinohqelahkewolinahqelahkewkuhtihq

lahkewihqlahkewoluhklahkewihqlahkewinomohqlahkewolinohqlahkewolinahqlahkewkuhtihq


lahkewihticlahkewolihclahkewkuliclahkewinomoclahkewolinoclahkewolinahclahkewkuhtic

You ~ me, You ~ us (you don’t throw it to me, you don’t throw it to us)

2-122-1

2(2)-11

ktolahkewiwonktolahkewiwoniyaktolahkewiwonewin

elahkewiwonelahkewiwehqelahkewiwehk

lahkewiwonlahkewiwehqlahkewiwehk


lahkewihkoclahkewihkeqlahkewihkek

I ~ you, we ~ you (I don’t throw it to you, we don’t throw it to you)

1-21-22

11-2(2)

ktolahkewoluwonktolahkewoluwoniyaktolahkewoluwonewin

elahkewoluwanelahkewoluwehqelahkewoluwehk

lahkewoluwanlahkewoluwehqlahkewoluwehq


———

Unspecified subject (it isn’t thrown to me, it isn’t thrown to you, it isn’t thrown to h/, etc.)

12

3, 4111222

33, 44

ntolahkewkewonktolahkewkewonlahkewawon (no prefix)ntolahkewkewonewinktolahkewkewonewinktolahkewkewoniyalahkewawon (no prefix)

elahkewkewan, -kewelahkewkewonelahkewamuhkelahkewkewehkelahkewkewohqelahkewkewehqelahkewamuhk

lahkewkewanlahkewkewonlahkewamuhklahkewkewehklahkewkewohqlahkewkewehqlahkewamuhk


—lahkewkehkoclahkewuc——lahkewkehkeqlahkewuc

• Reciprocal, verb ai 1: ma-te lahkewtiwiyik they don’t throw (something) to each other.


10

39 ’t-olahkewan s/he throws it to h/. st. 1a -olahkew-, stem 1b lahkew-, stem 2 elahkew-. Like verb ta 32.• Where the Changed Conjunct columns show two forms, the first is used as a verb, the second is the participle form used as a noun; for example, elahkewit ‘when/how she throws them to me’ but elahkewicil ‘the ones she throws to me.’ Where only one form is shown, the verb and participle forms are the same.

PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE — MARKED FOR INANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I throw a hat [inan.] to h/)


Direct I, etc. throw a hat to h/ I, etc. throw hats to h/ I, etc. throw a hat to h/ I, etc. throw hats to h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4


ntolahkewanolktolahkewanol’tolahkewanolntolahkewanennulktolahkewanennulktolahkewaniyal’tolahkewaniyal


elahkewuk, elahkewukilelahkewot, elahkewocilelahkewat, elahkewacilelahkewek, elahkewekilelahkewoq, elahkewoqilelahkeweq, elahkeweqilelahkewahtit, elahkewahticil

Direct I, etc. throw a hat to them I, etc. throw hats to them I, etc. throw a hat to them I, etc. throw hats to them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44


ntolahkewanolktolahkewanol’tolahkewanolntolahkewanennulktolahkewanennulktolahkewaniyal’tolahkewaniyal


elahkewuk, elahkewukilelahkewot, elahkewocilelahkewat, elahkewacilelahkewek, elahkewekilelahkewoq, elahkewoqilelahkeweq, elahkeweqilelahkewahtit, elahkewahticil

Inverse s/he throws a hat to me, etc. s/he throws hats to me, etc. s/he throws a hat to me, etc. s/he throws hats to me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33


ntolahkewkunolktolahkewkunol’tolahkewkunolntolahkewkunennulktolahkewkunennulktolahkewkuniyal’tolahkewkuniyal

elahkewitelahkewoskelahkewihtelahkewinomotelahkewolinoqelahkewolinaqelahkewkuhtit

elahkewit, elahkewicilelahkewsk, elahkewoskil elahkewiht, elahkewihcilelahkewinomot, elahkewinomocilelahkewolinoq, elahkewolinoqilelahkewolinaq, elahkewolinaqilelahkewkuhtit, elahkewkuhticil

Inverse they throw a hat to me, etc. they throw hats to me, etc. they throw a hat to me, etc. they throw hats to me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


ntolahkewkuniyalktolahkewkuniyal’tolahkewkuniyalntolahkewkunennulktolahkewkunennulktolahkewkuniyal’tolahkewkuniyal

elahkewihtitelahkewoskelahkewihtelahkewinomotelahkewolinoqelahkewolinaqelahkewkuhtit

elahkewit, elahkewicilelahkewosk, elahkewoskil elahkewiht, elahkewihcilelahkewinomot, elahkewinomocilelahkewolinoq, elahkewolinoqilelahkewolinaq, elahkewolinaqilelahkewkuhtit, elahkewkuhticil

You ~ me/us you throw a hat to me/us you throw hats to me/us you throw a hat to me/us you throw hats to me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolahkewinolktolahkewiniyalktolahkewinennul


elahkewiyin, elahkewiyinilelahkewiyeq, elahkewiyeqilelahkewiyek, elahkewiyekil

I/we ~ you I/we throw a hat to you I/we throw hats to you I/we throw a hat to you I/we throw hats to you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolahkewolonolktolahkewoloniyalktolahkewolonennul


elahkewolan, elahkewolanilelahkewoleq, elahkewoleqilelahkewolek, elahkelekil

Unspec. subj. a hat is thrown to me, etc. hats are thrown to me, etc. a hat is thrown to me, etc. hats are thrown to me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolahkewkenolktolahkewkenollahkewan (no prefix)ntolahkewkenennulktolahkewkenennulktolahkewkeniyallahkewan (no prefix)


elahkewkiyan, elahkewkiyanilelahkewkiyin, elahkewkiyinilelahkewut, elahkewucilelahkewkiyek, elahkewkiyekilelahkewkiyiq, elahkewkiyiqilelahkewkiyeq, elahkewkiyeqilelahkewut, elahkewucil

Reciprocal, verb ai 1: lahkewtuwok they throw (something) to each other.

Verb Form Charts — Transitive Animate + Object Verbs — ’t-olahkewan

11


PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE — MARKED FOR INANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I don’t throw a hat [inan.] to h/)


Direct I, etc. don’t throw a hat to h/ I, etc. don’t throw hats to h/ I, etc. don’t throw a hat to h/ I, etc. don’t throw hats to h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4


ntolahkewawonolktolahkewawonol’tolahkewawonolntolahkewawonewinnulktolahkewawonewinnulktolahkewawoniyal’tolahkewawoniyal


elahkewawan, elahkewawanilelahkewawon, elahkewawonilelahkewahq, elahkewahqilelahkewawehk, elahkewawehkilelahkewawohq, elahkewawohqilelahkewawehq, elahkewawehqilelahkewahtihq, elahkewahtihqil

Direct I, etc. don’t throw a hat to them I, etc. don’t throw hats to them I, etc. don’t throw a hat to them I, etc. don’t throw hats to them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44


ntolahkewawonolktolahkewawonol’tolahkewawonolntolahkewawonewinnulktolahkewawonewinnulktolahkewawoniyal’tolahkewawoniyal


elahkewawan, elahkewawanilelahkewawon, elahkewawonilelahkewahq, elahkewahqilelahkewawehk, elahkewawehkilelahkewawohq, elahkewawohqilelahkewawehq, elahkewawehqilelahkewahtihq, elahkewahtihqil

Inverse s/he doesn’t throw a hat to me,, etc. s/he doesn’t throw hats to me, etc. s/he doesn’t throw a hat to me, etc. s/he doesn’t throw hats to me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33


ntolahkewkuwonolktolahkewkuwonol’tolahkewkuwonolntolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwoniyal’tolahkewkuwoniyal

elahkewihq/-ihqelahkewoluhkelahkewihqelahkewinomohqelahkewolinohqelahkewolinahqelahkewkuhtihq

elahkewihq, elahkewihqilelahkewoluhk, elahkewoluhkilelahkewihq, elahkewihqilelahkewinomohq, elahkewinomohqilelahkewolinohq, elahkewolinohqilelahkewolinahq, elahkewolinahqilelahkewkuhtihq, elahkewkuhtihqil

Inverse they don’t throw a hat to me, etc. they don’t throw hats to me, etc. they don’t throw a hat to me, etc. they don’t throw hats to me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


ntolahkewkuwoniyalktolahkewkuwoniyal’tolahkewkuwoniyalntolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwoniyal’tolahkewkuwoniyal

elahkewihtihqelahkewoluhkelahkewihqelahkewinomohqelahkewolinohqelahkewolinahqelahkewkuhtihq

elahkewihq, elahkewihqilelahkewoluhk, elahkewoluhkilelahkewihq, elahkewihqilelahkewinomohq, elahkewinomohqilelahkewolinohq, elahkewolinohqilelahkewolinahq, elahkewolinahqilelahkewkuhtihq, elahkewkuhtihqil

You ~ me/us you don’t throw a hat to me/us you don’t throw hats to me/us you don’t throw a hat to me/us you don’t throw hats to me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolahkewiwonolktolahkewiwoniyalktolahkewiwonewinnul


elahkewiwon, elahkewiwonilelahkewiwehq, elahkewiwehqilelahkewiwehk, elahkewiwehkil

I/we ~ you I/we don’t throw a hat to you I/we don’t throw hats to you I/we don’t throw a hat to you I/we don’t throw hats to you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolahkewoluwonolktolahkewoluwoniyalktolahkewoluwonewinnul


elahkewoluwan, elahkewoluwanilelahkewoluwehq, elahkewoluwehqilelahkewoluwehk, elahkewoluwehkil

Unspec. subj. a hat isn’t thrown to me, etc. hats aren’t thrown to me, etc. a hat isn’t thrown to me, etc. hats aren’t thrown to me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolahkewkewonolktolahkewkewonollahkewawonol (no prefix)ntolahkewkewonewinnulktolahkewkewonewinnulktolahkewkewoniyallahkewawonol (no prefix)

elahkewkewan, elahkewkewelahkewkewonelahkewamuhkelahkewkewehkelahkewkewohqelahkewkewehqelahkewamuhk

elahkewkewan, elahkewkewanilelahkewkewon, elahkewkewonilelahkewamuhk, elahkewamuhkilelahkewkewehk, elahkewkewehkilelahkewkewohq, elahkewkewohqilelahkewkewehq, elahkewkewehqilelahkewamuhk, elahkewamuhkil

NOTE: Reciprocal, negative, verb ai 1: ma-te lahkewtiwiyik they don’t throw (something) to each other.


12


PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE — MARKED FOR ANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I throw a ball [an.] to h/)


Direct I, etc. throw a ball to h/ I, etc. throw balls to h/ I, etc. throw a ball to h/ I, etc. throw balls to h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolahkewanktolahkewan’tolahkewanolntolahkewanenktolahkewanenktolahkewaniya’tolahkewaniyal

ntolahkewanokktolahkewanok’tolahkewanntolahkewanennukktolahkewanennukktolahkewaniyak’tolahkewaniya

elahkewukelahkewotelahkewat, elahkewacilelahkewekelahkewoqelahkeweqelahkewahtit, -ahticil

elahkewuk, elahkewukikelahkewot, elahkewocikelahkewat, elahkewacihielahkewek, elahkewekikelahkewoq, elahkewoqikelahkeweq, elahkeweqikelahkewahtit, elahkewahticihi

Direct I, etc. throw a ball to them I, etc. throw balls to them I, etc. throw a ball to them I, etc. throw balls to them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44

ntolahkewanktolahkewan’tolahkewanolntolahkewanenktolahkewanenktolahkewaniya’tolahkewaniyal

ntolahkewanokktolahkewanok’tolahkewanntolahkewanennukktolahkewanennukktolahkewaniyak’tolahkewaniya

elahkewukelahkewotelahkewat, elahkewacilelahkewekelahkewoqelahkeweqelahkewahtit, -ahticil

elahkewuk, elahkewukikelahkewot, elahkewocikelahkewat, elahkewacihielahkewek, elahkewekikelahkewoq, elahkewoqikelahkeweq, elahkeweqikelahkewahtit, elahkewahticihi

Inverse s/he throws a ball to me, etc. s/he throws balls to me, etc. s/he throws a ball to me, etc. s/he throws balls to me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolahkewkunolktolahkewkunol’tolahkewkunolntolahkewkunennulktolahkewkunennulktolahkewkuniyal’tolahkewkuniyal

ntolahkewkunktolahkewkun’tolahkewkunntolahkewkunennuktolahkewkunennuktolahkewkuniya’tolahkewkuniya

elahkewit, elahkewicilelahkewsk, elahkewskilelahkewiht, elahkewihcilelahkewinomot, -inomocilelahkewolinoq, -olinoqilelahkewolinaq, -olinaqilelahkewkuhtit, -akuhticil

elahkewit, elahkewicihielahkewsk, elahkewskielahkewht, elahkewihcihielahkewinomot, elahkewinomocielahkewolinoq, elahkewolinoqielahkewolinaq, elahkewolinaqielahkewkuhtit, elahkewkuhticihi

Inverse they throw a ball to me, etc. they throw balls to me, etc. they throw a ball to me, etc. they throw balls to me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33

ntolahkewkuniyalktolahkewkuniyal’tolahkewkuniyalntolahkewkunennulktolahkewkunennulktolahkewkuniyal’tolahkewkuniyal

ntolahkewkuniyaktolahkewkuniya’tolahkewkuniyantolahkewkunennuktolahkewkunennuktolahkewkuniya’tolahkewkuniya

elahkewit, elahkewicilelahkewsk, elahkewskilelahkewiht, elahkewihcilelahkewinomot, -inomocilelahkewolinoq, -olinoqilelahkewolinaq, -olinaqilelahkewkuhtit, -akuhticil

elahkewit, elahkewicihielahkewsk, elahkewskielahkewiht, elahkewihcihielahkewinomot, elahkewinomocielahkewolinoq, elahkewolinoqielahkewolinaq, elahkewolinaqielahkewkuhtit, elahkewkuhticihi

You ~ me/us you throw a ball to me/us you throw balls to me/us you throw a ball to me/us you throw balls to me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolahkewinokktolahkewiniyakktolahkewinennuk


elahkewiyin, elahkewiyinikelahkewiyeq, elahkewiyeqikelahkewiyek, elahkewiyekik

I/we ~ you I/we throw a ball to you I/we throw balls to you I/we throw a ball to you I/we throw balls to you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolahkewolonokktolahkewoloniyakktolahkewolonennuk


elahkewolan, elahkewolanikelahkewoleq, elahkewoleqikelahkewolek, elahkewolekik

Unspec. subj. a ball is thrown to me, etc. balls are thrown to me, etc. a ball is thrown to me, etc. balls are thrown to me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolahkewkenokktolahkewkenoklahkewan (no prefix)ntolahkewkenennukktolahkewkenennukktolahkewkeniyaklahkewan (no prefix)


elahkewkiyan, elahkewkiyanikelahkewkiyin, elahkewkiyinikelahkewut, elahkewucihielahkewkiyek, elahkewkiyekikelahkewkiyiq, elahkewkiyiqikelahkewkiyeq, elahkewkiyeqikelahkewut, elahkewucihi

NOTE: Endings that mark obviative indirect objects are optional for some speakers, particularly in You~Me/Us and I/We~You forms.Reciprocal, verb ai 1: lahkewtuwok they throw (something) to each other.


13


PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE — MARKED FOR ANIMATE INDIRECT OBJECT (e.g., I don’t throw a ball [an.] to h/)


Direct I, etc. don’t throw a ball to h/ I, etc. don’t throw balls to h/ I, etc. don’t throw a ball to h/ I, etc. don’t throw balls to h/

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

ntolahkewawonktolahkewawon’tolahkewawonolntolahkewawonewinktolahkewawonewinktolahkewawoniya’tolahkewawoniyal

ntolahkewawonokktolahkewawonok’tolahkewawonntolahkewawonewinnukktolahkewawonewinnukktolahkewawoniyak’tolahkewawoniya


elahkewawan, elahkewawanikelahkewawon, elahkewawonikelahkewahq, elahkewahqielahkewawehk, elahkewawehkikelahkewawohq, elahkewawohqikelahkewawehq, elahkewawehqikelahkewahtihq, elahkewahtihqi

Direct I, etc. don’t throw a ball to them I, etc. don’t throw balls to them I, etc. don’t throw a ball to them I, etc. don’t throw balls to them

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44

ntolahkewawonktolahkewawon’tolahkewawonolntolahkewawonewinktolahkewawonewinktolahkewawoniya’tolahkewawoniyal

ntolahkewawonokktolahkewawonok’tolahkewawonntolahkewawonewinnukktolahkewawonewinnukktolahkewawoniyak’tolahkewawoniya


elahkewawan, elahkewawanikelahkewawon, elahkewawonikelahkewahq, elahkewahqielahkewawehk, elahkewawehkikelahkewawohq, elahkewawohqikelahkewawehq, elahkewawehqikelahkewahtihq, elahkewahtihqi

Inverse s/he doesn’t throw a ball to me, etc. s/he doesn’t throw balls to me, etc. s/he doesn’t throw a ball to me, etc. s/he doesn’t throw balls to me, etc.

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

ntolahkewkuwonolktolahkewkuwonol’tolahkewkuwonolntolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwoniyal’tolahkewkuwoniyal

ntolahkewkuwonktolahkewkuwon’tolahkewkuwonntolahkewkuwonewinnuktolahkewkuwonewinnuktolahkewkuwoniya’tolahkewkuwoniya

elahkewihq, -ihqilelahkewoluhk, -oluhkilelahkewihq, elahkewihqilelahkewinomohq, -ilelahkewolinohq, -ilelahkewolinahq, -ilelahkewkuhtihq, -il

elahkewihq, elahkewihqielahkewluhk, elahkewluhkielahkewhq, elahkewhqielahkewinomohq, elahkewinomohqielahkewolinohq, elahkewolinohqielahkewolinahq, elahkewolinahqielahkewkuhtihq, elahkewkuhtihtihqi

Inverse they don’t throw a ball to me, etc. they don’t throw balls to me, etc. they don’t throw a ball to me, etc. they don’t throw balls to me, etc.

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33

ntolahkewkuwoniyalktolahkewkuwoniyal’tolahkewkuwoniyalntolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwonewinnulktolahkewkuwoniyal’tolahkewkuwoniyal

ntolahkewkuwoniyaktolahkewkuwoniya’tolahkewkuwoniyantolahkewkuwonewinnuktolahkewkuwonewinnuktolahkewkuwoniya’tolahkewkuwoniya

elahkewihq, -ihqilelahkewluhk, -aluhkilelahkewihq, elahkewihqilelahkewinomohq, -ilelahkewolinohq, -ilelahkewolinahq, -ilelahkewkuhtihq, -il

elahkewihq, elahkewihqielahkewluhk, elahkewluhkielahkewihq, elahkewihqielahkewinomohq, elahkewinomohqielahkewolinohq, elahkewolinohqielahkewolinahq, elahkewolinahqielahkewkuhtihq, elahkewkuhtihtihqi

You ~ me/us you don’t throw a ball to me/us you don’t throw balls to me/us you don’t throw a ball to me/us you don’t throw balls to me/us

2-122-1

2(2)-11


ktolahkewiwonokktolahkewiwoniyakktolahkewiwonewinnuk


elahkewiwon, elahkewiwonikelahkewiwehq, elahkewiwehqikelahkewiwehk, elahkewiwehkik

I/we ~ you I/we don’t throw a ball to you I/we don’t throw balls to you I/we don’t throw a ball to you I/we don’t throw balls to you

1-21-22

11-2(2)


ktolahkewoluwonokktolahkewoluwoniyakktolahkewoluwonewinnuk


elahkewoluwan, elahkewoluwanikelahkewoluwehq, elahkewoluwehqikelahkewoluwehk, elahkewoluwehkik

Unspec. subj. a ball isn’t thrown to me, etc. balls aren’t thrown to me, etc. a ball isn’t thrown to me, etc. balls aren’t thrown to me, , etc.

12

3, 4111222

33, 44


ntolahkewkewonokktolahkewkewonoklahkewawon (no prefix)ntolahkewkewonewinnukktolahkewkewonewinnukktolahkewkewoniyaklahkewawon (no prefix)

elahkewkewan, elahkewkewelahkewkewonelahkewamuhkelahkewkewehkelahkewkewohqelahkewkewehqelahkewamuhk

elahkewkewan, elahkewkewanikelahkewkewon, elahkewkewonikelahkewamuhk, elahkewamuhkielahkewkewehk, elahkewkewehkikelahkewkewohq, elahkewkewohqikelahkewkewehq, elahkewkewehqikelahkewamuhk, elahkewamuhki

NOTE: Endings that mark obviative indirect objects are optional for some speakers, particularly in You~Me/Us and I/We~You forms.Reciprocal, negative, verb ai 1: ma-te lahkewtiwiyik they don’t throw (something) to each other.


14

40 milan s/he gives it to h/. stem 1 -mil-. Like verb ta 32. The symbol · marks where apostrophe is used before c, k, p, q, s, or t.

PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE• On this page all forms are marked for a singular inanimate indirect object. • Other indirect object endings are the same as those given in Chart 39, pages 10-13; for exceptions, see page 1.

Indicative Ch. Conj. Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative Imperative

Direct, with singular direct object (I give it to h/, you give it to h/, s/he gives it to h/ [obv.], we give it to h/, etc.)

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

nmilankmilan·milannmilanenkmilanenkmilaniya·milaniya

milukmilotmilatmilekmiloqmileqmilahtit



—milanmilac—milanemilukmilahtic

Direct, with plural direct object (I give it to them, you give it to them, s/he give it to them [obv.], we give it to them, etc.)

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44





—milanmilac—milanemilukmilahtic

Inverse, with singular subject (s/he gives it to me, s/he gives it to you, s/he [obv.] gives it to h/, s/he gives it to us, etc.)

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

nmilkunkmilkun·milkunnmilkunenkmilkunenkmilkuniya·milkuniya

militmiloskmilihtmilinomotmillinoqmillinaqmilkuhtit



milicmillihcmilkulic or milkulihcmilinomocmillinocmillinahcmilkuhtic

Inverse, with plural subject (they give it to me, they give it to you, they [obv.] give it to h/, they give it to us, etc.)

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


milihtitmiloskmilihtmilinomotmillinoqmillinaqmilkuhtit



milihticmillihcmilkulic or milkulihcmilinomocmillinocmillinahcmilkuhtic

You ~ me, You ~ us (you give it to me, you give it to us)

2-122-1

2(2)-11

kmilinkmiliniyakmilinen

miliyinmiliyeqmiliyek

miliyinmiliyeqmiliyek

kmilinkmiliniyakmilinen

milinmiliqmiline

I ~ you, we ~ you (I give it to you, we give it to you)

1-21-22

11-2(2)

kmillonkmilloniyakmillonen

millanmilleqmillek

millanmilleqmillek

kmillonkmilloniyakmillonen

———

Unspecified subject (it is given to me, it is given to you, it is given to h/, etc.)

12

3, 4111222

33, 44

nmilkenkmilkenmilan (no prefix)nmilkenenkmilkenenkmilkeniyamilan (no prefix)

milkiyanmilkiyinmilutmilkiyekmilkiyiqmilkiyeqmilut

milkiyanmilkiyinmilutmilkiyekmilkiyiqmilkiyeqmilut

nmilkenkmilkenmilan (no prefix)nmilkenenkmilkenenkmilkeniyamilan (no prefix)

—milkmiluc—milkenemilkeqmiluc

Reciprocal, verb ai 1: miltuwok they give (something) to each other.


15

40 milan s/he gives it to h/. stem 1 -mil-. Like verb ta 32. The symbol · marks where apostrophe is used before c, k, p, q, s, or t.

PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE • On this page all forms are marked for a singular inanimate indirect object. • Other indirect object endings are the same as those given in Chart 39, pages 10-13; for exceptions, see page 1.

Indicative Ch. Conj. Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative Imperative

Direct, with singular direct object (I don’t give it to h/, you don’t give it to h/, s/he doesn’t give it to h/ [obv.], we don’t give it to h/, etc.)

1-32-33-4

11-312-322-333-4

nmilawonkmilawon·milawonnmilawonewinkmilawonewinkmilawoniya·milawoniya

milawan, milawmilawonmilahqmilawehkmilawohqmilawehqmilahtihq

milawanmilawonmilahqmilawehkmilawohqmilawehqmilahtihq


—milahkocmilac——milahkeqmilahtic

Direct, with plural direct object (I don’t give it to them, you don’t give it to them, s/he doesn’t give it to them [obv.], etc.)

1-332-333-44

11-3312-3322-3333-44

nmilawonolkmilawonol·milawonolnmilawonewinnulkmilawonewinnulkmilawoniyal·milawoniyal




—milahkocmilac——milahkeqmilahtic

Inverse, with singular subject (s/he doesn’t give it to me, s/he doesn’t give it to you, s/he [obv.] doesn’t give it to h/, etc.)

3-13-24-3

3-113-123-224-33

nmilkuwonkmilkuwon·milkuwonnmilkuwonewinkmilkuwonewinkmilkuwoniya·milkuwoniya

milihqmilluhkmilihqmilinomohqmillinohqmillinahqmilkuhtihq



milicmillihcmilkulicmilinomocmillinocmillinahcmilkuhtic

Inverse, with plural subject (they don’t give it to me, they don’t give it to you, they [obv.] don’t give it to h/, they don’t give it to us, etc.)

33-133-244-3

33-1133-1233-2244-33


milihtihqmilluhkmilihqilmilinomohqmillinohqmillinahqmilkuhtihqil



milihticmillihcmilkulicmilinomocmillinocmillinahcmilkuhtic

You ~ me, You ~ us (you don’t give it to me, you don’t give it to us)

2-122-1

2(2)-11

kmiliwonkmiliwoniyakmiliwonewin

miliwonmiliwehqmiliwehk

miliwonmiliwehqmiliwehk

kmiliwonkmiliwoniyakmiliwonewin

milihkocmilihkeqmilihkek

I ~ you, we ~ you (I don’t give it to you, we don’t give it to you)

1-21-22

11-2(2)

kmilluwonkmilluwoniyakmilluwonewin

milluwanmilluwehqmilluwehq

milluwanmilluwehqmilluwehq

kmilluwonkmilluwoniyakmilluwonewin

———

Unspecified subject (it isn’t given to me, it isn’t given to you, it isn’t given to h/, etc.)

12

3, 4111222

33, 44

nmilkewonkmilkewonmilawon (no prefix)nmilkewonewinkmilkewonewinkmilkewoniyamilawon (no prefix)

milkewanmilkewonmilamuhkmilkewehkmilkewohqmilkewehqmilamuhk

milkewanmilkewonmilamuhkmilkewehkmilkewohqmilkewehqmilamuhk

nmilkewonkmilkewonmilawon (no prefix)nmilkewonewinkmilkewonewinkmilkewoniyamilawon (no prefix)

—milkehkocmiluc——milkehkeqmiluc

Reciprocal, verb ai 1: ma-te miltiwiyik they don’t give (something) to each other.


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