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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: HARIAN METRO
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my010 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent Journalismcijmalaysia@gmail.com
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.myhttp://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.myhttp://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW Harian Metro Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for HARIAN METRO................................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for HARIAN METRO
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Harian Metro, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The coverage volume given to each major coalition was very equal.
PR were attacked (94.18%) and covered negatively (85.57%) much more then BN, andreceived much less positive coverage than BN (9.54% as opposed to BN's 90.15%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (46%), followed by the negative category (29%) then thepositive category (23%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed
towards PR (61%). Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, followed by AnwarIbrahim.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (40%), followed by the negative category (34%),then the positive category (18%).
Overall, much more negative coverage (92.67%) and attacks (97.14%) were given to PR,while BN was given very much the most positive coverage (84.88%).
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often, and overall, politicians
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from BN were used as sources very much more often (61%) than independent/other politicalfigures (33%), with PR politicians being used as sources a tiny 6% of the time.
Muhyiddin Yassin (31.58%), Mahathir Mohamad (24.56%) and Najib Razak (22.81%) weremost commonly engaged in attack politics these three politicians contributed almost 80% ofall attack politics.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics very much more often than eitheropposition politicians.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (38.95%), followed at a distance by PR, PAS, PKR, then DAP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
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BN
PRPAS
PKR
DAP
UMNO
MCA
Other
MIC
PSM
Gerakan
UPKO
SPDP
PBS
SUPP
PBB
PRS
PRM
SAPP
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
38.95
16.4414.22
9.76
8.19
7.61
1.98
1.40
0.44
0.36
0.22
0.13
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the coverage volume given to eachwas very equal.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
49.58
48.60
0.42
1.40
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used most often (46%), followed by the negative category (29%) then thepositive category (23%).
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2%
29%
46%
23%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
PR were the most negatively covered (38.25%), followed by PAS (20.98%), DAP (14.05%),PKR (12.29%), then BN (9.14%).
PR were the most attacked (35.92%), followed by PKR (23.3%), then DAP (18.45%) and PAS(16.51%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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PR
PAS
DAP
PKR
BN
UMNOMCA
PSM
Other
PRM
SPDP
UPKO
Gerakan
PRS
MIC
PBB
PBS
SAPP
SUPP
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (82.47%) coverage by a very significant margin, with theopposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PAS
PKR
UMNO
PR
DAPMCA
Other
MIC
Gerakan
PSM
UPKO
PBS
SUPP
PBB
SPDP
PRS
SAPP
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (94.18%) and covered negatively (85.57%) much more then BN,and received much less positive coverage than BN (9.54% as opposed to BN's 90.15%).
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.1 23%Neutral 1 : 0.8 46%
Negative 1 : 6.3 29%
Attacked 1 : 16.2 2%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5.83
13.17
53.49
90.15
94.18
85.57
43.48
9.54
0.00
1.26
3.03
0.31
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (27.35%), followed by AnwarIbrahim (21.8%), then Lim Kit Siang, Nik Aziz, and Hadi Awang, in that order.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit SiangNik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nurul Izzah
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Karpal Singh
Azmin Ali
Rafizi Ramli
Rosmah Mansur
Ibrahim AliChua Soi Lek
Khalid Samad
Tian Chua
James Masing
Tony Pua
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.35
21.80
8.237.80
4.70
4.17
3.10
2.99
2.88
2.46
1.82
1.60
1.39
1.39
1.180.96
0.85
0.85
0.53
0.53
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed quite heavily towards PR (61%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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36%
61%
3%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were usedas sources most often (27.93% and 22.15% respectively), followed by EC Spokespeople,Mahathir Mohamad, then Chua Soi Lek.
Opposition politicians were barely used as sources.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Election Commission Spokesperson
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Lim Kit Siang
Nazri Aziz
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.93
22.15
10.78
7.48
2.23
1.85
1.60
1.07
1.02
0.63
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources very much more often (61%) thanindependent/other political figures (33%), with PR politicians being used as sources a tiny6% of the time.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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61%
6%
33%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (40%), followed by the negative category (34%),then the positive category (18%).
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18%
40%
34%
8%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim was themost negatively covered (34.08%) and attacked (32.86%).
Nik Aziz was the second most attacked (30%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (14.29%), Lim Guan
Eng (8.57%) and Khalid Ibrahim (5.71%). Nik Aziz was second most negatively covered (11.47%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Khalid
Ibrahim and Hadi Awang.
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Lim Kit Siang
Khalid Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Lim Guan Eng
Nurul Izzah
Karpal Singh
Rafizi Ramli
Azmin Ali
Mahathir Mohamad
Najib Razak
Tian Chua
Baru Bian
Hassan Ali
Khalid Samad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Teresa Kok
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Ibrahim AliJames Masing
Jeffrey Kitingan
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (74.42%) and neutral coverage (31.47%) by very significant margins.
Anwar Ibrahim received the second most neutral coverage (16.52%) followed by Hlim KitSiang.
Muhyiddin Yassin received the second most positive coverage (4.65%), followed by AnwarIbrahim (4.07%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Hadi Awang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Nik Aziz
Rosmah Mansur
Nurul Izzah
Khalid Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Ibrahim Ali
Karpal Singh
Khalid Samad
Tony Pua
Azmin Ali
Lim Guan Eng
Liow Tiong Lai
Hishamuddin Hussein
Musa Aman
Ng Yen Yen
James Masing
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, much more negative coverage (92.67%) and attacks (97.14%) were given to PR,while BN was given very much the most positive coverage (84.88%).
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.1 18%
Neutral 1 : 1.1 40%
Negative 1 : 14.5 34%
Attacked 1 : 34 7%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2.86
6.37
45.87
84.88
97.14
92.67
49.33
11.05
0.00
0.96
4.80
4.07
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (31.58%), Mahathir Mohamad (24.56%) and Najib Razak (22.81%) weremost commonly engaged in attack politics these three politicians contributed almost 80% ofall attack politics.
The opposition leaders were rarely quoted as engaging in attack politics, with Hadi Awangleading at 7.02%.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Najib Razak
Hadi Awang
Nik Aziz
Lim Kit Siang
Election Commission Spokesperson
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Anwar Ibrahim
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
31.58
24.56
22.81
7.02
5.26
3.51
1.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics very much more often (79%) thaneither opposition politicians or independent/other figures.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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79%
16%
5%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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43%
57%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy & development was given the most coverage,followed by Vision Policies & Programmes, then Religion.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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29%
1%
40%
5%
4%
4%
1%1%
13%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage,followed by Ethnicity then Religion.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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23%
12%
7%43%
4%
3%
9%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 19018
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 822
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 26.5
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/7/29/2019 WtW Harian Metro Final
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 38.952
DAP 8.1908
Gerakan 0.21842
MCA 1.984
MIC 0.43684
PAS 14.216
PBB 0.036403
PBS 0.054605
PKR 9.7561
PR 16.436
PRS 0.036403
PRM 0.036403PSM 0.36403
SAPP 0.018202
SPDP 0.072807
SUPP 0.054605
UMNO 7.6083
UPKO 0.12741
Other 1.4015
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 38.952
BN 49.581793
Gerakan 0.21842
MCA 1.984
MIC 0.43684
PBB 0.036403
PBS 0.054605
PRS 0.036403
SPDP 0.072807
SUPP 0.054605
UMNO 7.6083
UPKO 0.12741
PR 16.436
PR 48.5989DAP 8.1908
PAS 14.216
PKR 9.7561
PRM 0.036403
Independent 0.418635PSM 0.36403
SAPP 0.018202
Other 1.4015 Other 1.4015
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 2.9126 9.1367 36.827 82.467 131.3433
DAP 18.447 14.052 7.4133 1.7067 41.619
Gerakan 0 0.063012 0.43842 0 0.501432
MCA 0 0.63012 3.069 1.7067 5.40582
MIC 0 0 0.87684 0.15516 1.032
PAS 16.505 20.983 15.424 3.3359 56.2479
PBB 0 0 0.079713 0 0.079713
PBS 0 0 0.11957 0 0.11957
PKR 23.301 12.287 11.877 1.474 48.939
PR 35.922 38.248 8.7684 3.0256 85.964
PRS 0 0.063012 0.039857 0 0.102869
PRM 0 0.12602 0 0 0.12602
PSM 0 0.56711 0.39857 0.07758 1.04326
SAPP 0 0 0.039857 0 0.039857
SPDP 0 0.12602 0.079713 0 0.205733
SUPP 0 0 0.11957 0 0.11957
UMNO 2.9126 3.0246 11.638 5.8185 23.3937
UPKO 0 0.12602 0.19928 0 0.3253
Other 0 0.56711 2.5907 0.23274 3.39055
Parties &Coalitions
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26 HARIAN METRO
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 5.8252
Negative 12.476352
Neutral 53.486963
Positive 90.14736
PR
Attacked 94.175
Negative 85.57
Neutral 43.4827
Positive 9.5422
Attacked 0
Negative 1.26024
Neutral 3.029127
Positive 0.31032
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.10684
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.10684
Anwar Ibrahim 21.795Azmin Ali 1.6026
Baru Bian 0.32051
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 0.96154
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.10684
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.21368
Hadi Awang 4.7009
Hassan Ali 0.21368
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.42735
Ibrahim Ali 1.1752
James Masing 0.53419
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.10684
Karpal Singh 1.8162
Khalid Ibrahim 4.1667
Khalid Samad 0.8547
Lim Guan Eng 2.8846
Lim Kit Siang 8.2265
Liow Tiong Lai 0.42735
Mahathir Mohamad 2.4573
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.10684
Muhyiddin Yassin 3.0983
Musa Aman 0.32051
Najib Razak 27.35
Ng Yen Yen 0.42735
Nik Aziz 7.7991
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah 2.9915
Rafizi Ramli 1.3889Rosmah Mansur 1.3889
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0.10684
Teresa Kok 0.32051
Tian Chua 0.8547
Tony Pua 0.53419
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0.10684
Percentage(mention)
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28 HARIAN METRO
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 1.81624
BN 36.43125
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.21368Alfred Jabu
PBB 0.10684Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0.53419
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 33.7603
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 13.782
PR 60.57713
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 13.56838
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 33.22675
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.10684
2.99146
Hassan Ali Independent 0.21368
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 1.1752
Rosmah Mansur 1.3889
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.10684
Independent/
Other'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 2.2341
BN 60.515005
Mahathir Mohamad 7.4794
Muhyiddin Yassin 22.147
Musa Aman 0.097135Najib Razak 27.926
Nazri Aziz 0.63137
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 1.6027
PR 6.31378
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 1.8456
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0.24284
Lim Guan Eng 0.53424
Lim Kit Siang 1.0199
Nik Aziz 1.0685
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.048567
Independent 33.171607
Hassan Ali 0.1457
Vox Pop Male 15.833
Vox Pop Female 6.1195
0.24284
10.782
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0.5814
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0.5814
Anwar Ibrahim 32.857 34.076 17.333 4.0698
Azmin Ali 0 2.8662 1.0667 1.1628Baru Bian 0 0.63694 0.26667 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 0 2.1333 0.5814
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0.31847 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.53333 0
Hadi Awang 0 6.6879 5.8667 0.5814
Hassan Ali 0 0.63694 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.8 0.5814Ibrahim Ali 0 0.31847 1.6 2.3256
James Masing 0 0.31847 0.53333 1.1628
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0.31847 0 0
Karpal Singh 0 3.5032 1.6 0
Khalid Ibrahim 5.7143 7.3248 2.6667 0
Khalid Samad 0 0.63694 1.6 0
Lim Guan Eng 8.5714 5.0955 1.0667 0.5814
Lim Kit Siang 14.286 9.8726 8.8 1.7442
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 1.0667 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 2.8662 2.4 2.907
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0.31847 0 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0.63694 5.0667 4.6512
Musa Aman 0 0 0.8 0
Najib Razak 2.8571 2.2293 31.467 74.419
Ng Yen Yen 0 0.31847 0.8 0
Nik Aziz 30 11.465 4 0.5814
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 1.4286 4.7771 2.9333 0.5814
Rafizi Ramli 0 3.1847 0.26667 1.1628
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 2.9333 1.1628Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.26667 0
Teresa Kok 0 0.63694 0 0.5814
Tian Chua 4.2857 0.95541 0.53333 0
Tony Pua 0 0 1.3333 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.26667 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 2.8571
Negative 6.36938
Neutral 45.86703
Positive 84.8842
PR
Attacked 97.143
Negative 92.67464
Neutral 49.33307
Positive 11.0466
Attacked 0
Negative 0.95541
Neutral 4.79997
Positive 4.0698
Independent/
Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 78.947
Mahathir Mohamad 24.561
Muhyiddin Yassin 31.579
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 22.807
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0
PR 15.7895
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 7.0175
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 3.5088
Nik Aziz 5.2632
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 5.2632
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 3.5088
Vox Pop Female 0
0
1.7544
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 8.1291
Policy Issues 27.9702
Environment 0.41902Economy/Development 11.293
Education 1.4247
Foreign Policy 1.1314
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.2361
Oppressive Legislation 0.25141
Health 0.35617
Religion 3.7293
Ethnicity 8.2967
36.4762
Religion 4.5464
Democracy & Human Rights 2.556
Socioeconomic Status 15.525
Mudslinging 1.278
Gender 1.0476
Electioneering 3.2265
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other