Wt5912 2012 wk11

A GUIDANCE

PACKAGE FOR

TEACHERS

C o u r s e I n v o l v e d : G r a d u a t e D i p l o m a i n T e c h n o l o g y E d u c a t i o n

U n i v e r s i t y o f L i m e r i c k

D e p a r t m e n t o f D e s i g n & M a n u f a c t u r i n g T e c h n o l o g y

L e c t u r e r / T e a c h e r : M r . J o s e p h L y s t e r

A c a d e m i c Y e a r 2 0 1 2 : S p r i n g S e m e s t e r

T e c h n i c a l S u p p o r t : M r . J o e M u r r a y & M r . R i c h i e H e n n e s s y

N o t e s P r e p a r e d b y : M r . J o s e p h L y s t e r

A v a i l a b l e o n w w w . s l i d e s h a r e . n e t / W T 4 6 0 3

TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND WORKSHOP PRACTICE 2: MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION: ALL AREAS OF INTEREST UNIT 8: WEEK 11

UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK

OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH

Learning Areas to be Presented

1. Rural/Urban Development and Planning

2. Substructure

3. Superstructure

4. Mechanical Services

5. Heat and Thermal Insulation

6. Building Energy Rating

7. Low-Environmental Impact Design

8. Other Technologies and Building Systems

CONSTRUCTION STUDIES

ONE-OFF

HOUSING RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING PROCEDURES

SITE SELECTION

Check the development plan

Reading the landscape

Choosing where to build

Assessing a site’s potential

Linking with the land

Summary & Checklist

CHECK DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Check with County Council/Local Authorities planning policies & procedures

Policies restricting/permitting development in certain areas e.g.

Greenbelt, Coastal Areas, Rural Housing Control Zone etc.

Scenic Amenity Maps - scenic routes and scenic landscapes;

Heritage maps - Natural Heritage Areas (NHA), Special Protection Areas

(SPA) and candidate Special Area of Conservation

(SAC) and Areas of Geological Interest;

Landscape Character Maps;

Archaeology policies, the Record of Protected Structures and conservation

policies.

READING LANDSCAPE

UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK Cork Rural Design Guide 2006

CHOOSING WHERE TO BUILD ON SITE

ASSESSING SITES POTENTIAL

LINKING WITH THE LAND

SITE CONSIDERATIONS

DWELLING ORIENTATION

SITE BOUNDARIES

SITE ENTRANCES

BUILDING DESIGN

SKETCH DEVELOPMENT: SITE

SKETCH DEVELOPMENT: PRE-PLANNING

SKETCH DEVELOPMENT: NARROW PLAN DESIGN

LARGE SCALE

DEVELOPMENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT

PICTURING EVENTS

UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK (Urban Design Manual 2006)

PICTURING EVENTS

NEIGHBOURHOOD

PICTURING EVENTS

KINGSPAN LIGHTHOUSE

UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK (Kingspan 2006)

KINGSPAN LIGHTHOUSE

Solar Gain and Shading

(Kingspan 2006)

KINGSPAN LIGHTHOUSE

GLOBAL EXAMPLES INCLUDING THOSE WITH

BIOMIMICRY INSPIRATION

Beddington Zero Energy Development

TO GROUND

FLOOR LEVEL SUBSTRUCTURE

TRIAL HOLE

Trial Hole: 1m² x 1.5m Deep

SITE LEVEL AND PROFILING

Site Level and Profiling

SITE LEVEL AND PROFILING

SITE LEVEL

FOUNDATIONS

Majority of buildings

Continuous strip

Reinforced concrete

Rests on the soil

Depth and Width

Soil type and

Building load

TRADITIONAL STRIP

Traditional Strip foundation

Most commonly used

Usual 1050 X 350mm

Suitable for –

Average – Good bearing

capacity soils

Not suitable for –

Very soft clays

Badly made – up - ground

STEPPED STRIP

Stepped Strip foundation

Sloping sites

Reduce excavation

Step depths

112mm or 225mm

Overlap of concrete

Minimum 300mm

Not less than depth

of concrete foundation

WIDE STRIP

Wide Strip foundation

Not common

Reinforced

Transverse reinforcement

Resist tensions

Wider than 900mm

Suitable for –

Ground with low bearing capacity

Expensive

DEEP STRIP

Deep Strip foundation

Rests on suitable strata

Excavate 900mm or more

Trench filled within 150mm

of ground level

Width depends on depth

RAFT FOUNDATION

Raft foundation

Suitable for –

Low load bearing soils

Soft natural ground

Very soft clays

Made – up – ground

Average – Good bearing capacity soils instead of strip foundations

RAFT FOUNDATION

Raft foundation

Concrete slab

Reinforced slab

Up to 300mm thick

Whole building area

Pavement

All Loads transmitted

Slab thicker under load bearing walls

PILE FOUNDATION

Carry and transfer loads

Sub-soils of poor bearing capacity

Deeper soil and rock of a high bearing capacity

Avoids excessive excavation

Pile Foundation

PILE FOUNDATION

Made from

Concrete

Placed in ground

Driven

Drilled

Jacked

MACHINERY

Equipment

To clear site

Hymac’s

JCB’s

To remove / move materials

Tractors

Trailers

Dumpers

Heavy Machinery

SITE ENTRANCE

Images courtesy of: Mr John Joyce

Site Entrance

BUCKET TYPES

1050 mm bucket

External – cavity leaf

wall foundations

350 mm bucket

Internal – single leaf

wall foundations

Large bucket

Used to clear site’s topsoil

Site Clearance

CLEARANCE/EXCAVATION

Perimeter trenches dug with 1050 mm bucket

Internal trenches dug with 350 mm bucket

Site Clearance/Excavation

Open Timbering Close Timbering

Excavation

Mild steel bars

Provide tensile strength

Min. 25mm from surface

Prevents rusting

Adequate depth to support

Spacers

Position reinforcing bars

Provide the necessary cover Images courtesy of: Mr John Joyce

Excavation/Foundation Preparation

LAYING FOUNDATION

Cement trucks pull in on site

Concrete poured directly into trench

Filled up level with tops of pegs

Levelled roughly with shovels

Top of wooden

peg to which the

foundation will

be levelled to

Laying Foundation

LAYING FOUNDATION

Tapered off level with tamping board

Laying Foundation

LAYING FOUNDATION

Laying Foundation

RISING WALLS

Foot/Rising Walls

RISING WALLS

Foot/Rising Walls

RISING WALLS

Foot/Rising Walls Provision for Services

HARDCORE

Foot/Rising Walls Hard-core fill

FOUNDATION INSULATION

Foot/Rising Walls Radon/DPC/Insulation

PROVISION OF SERVICES

Foot/Rising Walls Plumbing

SUBFLOOR

Subfloor

EXTERNAL WALLS

External Walls

STANDARD

BUILDING

SYSTEMS SUPERSTRUCTURE

FLOORS

Types of Ground Floor

Construction

Solid Concrete Floor

Suspended Timber Floor

Precast Concrete Floor

FLOORS

Hollow Block Wall Raft Foundation

Positioning of Radon:

Wheel Chair Access

Technical Guidance Document M

Primary Types of

Residential Construction in

Ireland

Concrete Cavity

Inner/Outer Block Leaf(s)

Timber Frame

Inner Timber Frame/ Outer Block Leaf

Strength and stability

Weather resistance

Fire resistance

Thermal insulation

Sound insulation

Functions of external walls

CONCRETE CAVITY BUILDING SYSTEM

External Concrete Cavity

External Concrete Cavity: Cill Detail

External Concrete Cavity: Steel Lintel Detail

External Concrete Cavity: Pre-Stressed Concrete Lintel Detail

External Concrete Cavity: Comparative Lintel Detail

Steel Lintel Steel Brick Tray Lintel +

Pre-Stressed Concrete

Lintel

Pre-stressed

Concrete Lintel

External Concrete Cavity: Pre-Stressed Concrete Lintel Detail

TIMBER-FRAME BUILDING SYSTEM

External Leaf Construction: Timberframe – Window Detail

Timberframe

Construction: Floor Level

Timberframe Construction: Floor Level

Timberframe Construction: External Wall

Timberframe Construction: Closing Around Openings/ Lintel-Header

Timberframe Construction: Cill Detail

External Leaf Construction: Timberframe – Cill Detail

Timberframe

Construction: External Wall

Timberframe

Construction: Combined Floors

Timberframe Construction: Gable Chimney

Timberframe Construction: Party Wall

FIRST FLOOR CONSTRUCTION

Internal First floor: Floor Detail

Solid Bridging Herringbone Strutting

Internal First floor: Floor Detail

Internal Construction: First Floor – Web Truss

Internal First floor: Floor/Stud Partition Detail

STAIRS

Internal

Construction: Stairways

STAIRS

Internal

STAIRS

Internal

STAIRS

Internal

PRE-FABRICATED TRUSS ROOF

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss – Around Chimney

Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss –

Around Chimney

WATER CISTERN SUPPORT

Roof Construction: Water Cistern Location/Support

WATER CISTERN SUPPORT

Roof Construction: Water Cistern Location/Support

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss – Gable Ladder

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss Roof – Eaves/Rafters/Joists

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss Roof – Gable

Ladder/Spandrel

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss – Hip End

Roof Construction: Pre-Fabricated Truss – Fink Truss

TARDITIONAL CUT ROOF CONSTRUCTION

Roof Construction: Traditional Cut Roof

Roof Construction: Traditional Cut Roof – Roof Layout

Construction: Traditional Cut Roof –

Roof Construction: Traditional Cut Roof – Birds Mouth/Box Dormer

Roof Construction: Traditional Cut Roof – Dormer

Construction: Traditional Cut Roof –

Conversion

ON-SITE ROOFING

EXTERNAL RENDER

External Leaf Construction: Corner Brick, Block & Scratch Coat

MECHANICAL

SYSTEMS BUILDING SERVICES

Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

Syllabus Outline: 1. Services and External Works – Mechanical services,

electricity, wastewater treatment, sewage, etc…

2. Heat and Thermal Effects In Buildings – Construction

type, Insulation, material conductivity, air tightness etc…

3. Illumination In Buildings – Natural Light, glazing, LUX,

heat transfer, dwelling orientation etc…

4. Sound In Buildings – Insulation etc…

BUILDING SERVICES

Water Systems • Direct Cold Water System

• Indirect Cold Water Systems

• Direct Hot Water Systems

• Indirect Hot Water (Vented/Un-vented)

• Solar Water Heating System

• Geothermal Water Heating System

• Boilers: • Oil-Fired

• Gas-Fired

• Solid Fuel

• Wood – Chip

• etc...

WATER SYSTEMS

•Direct Cold Water System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Indirect Cold Water System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Direct Hot Water System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Indirect Hot Water System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Water Cistern/Tank

WATER SYSTEMS

Indirect Hot Water System with Two Pipe

Radiator System

WATER SYSTEMS

Indirect Hot Water System with Two Pipe Radiator

System

WATER SYSTEMS

Indirect Hot Water

System with Two Pipe

Radiator System

WATER SYSTEMS

Indirect Hot Water

System with Two

Pipe Radiator

System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Two Pipe Radiator

System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Indirect Hot Water

System with Two Pipe

Radiator System

WATER SYSTEMS

•Solar/Woodchip

WATER SYSTEMS

•Solar Hot Water System with Two Pipe

Radiator System

WATER SYSTEMS

How the evacuated tube works; Sunlight enters through the outer glass tube, hits the absorber – where energy is

converted to heat Heat is transferred to liquid inside inner tube- vacuum between tubes prevents

heat loss. The hot liquid rises to the top of the copper tube where it transfers heat to the

pipework coming from the cylinder, this pumps through the cylinder heating water.

The liquid is cooled as it transfers the heat and flows back down to be reheated.

Cylinder Specifications. The cylinder is insulated to meet the building regs in TGD L1.4.4.2 with 75mm

thick CFC free factory applied insulation and has its pipes coming from the tank insulated to 1m from the tank.

The cylinder has, as needed by 1.4.3.3 of TGD L, a thermostat which can turn off supply of heat when desired storage temperature is reached.

It will be fitted by a qualified person as required by 1.2.7. Back up Boiler.

The back up boiler is an electric boiler which will be powered by our windmill in ideal circumstances, it will also be connected to the grid as an extra back up and also as the windmill is required to be connected to the grid.

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Wastewater Systems

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

•Backfill/Positioning/Rodding Eye

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Manhole

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Traps/Pipes

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

• Wastewater is removed from the dwelling by a system of pipe work

which carries the waste fluids away from the appliances.

• Purpose of pipe work – Transport fluids, Control leakage, Resist deposits

of solids, Resist blockages

• Waste pipes are commonly - Ø32mm for hand basins, Ø40mm for

bath/shower, Ø100mm from toilet (w.c)

• Ø100mm for discharge stack

• Ø40mm/Ø32mm pipes from the showers and sinks have a slope of

18/90mm/m, with a max length of 3 metres to the stack

• Ø100mm pipes from the toilets with a slope of 9mm/m, with a max

length of 6 metres to the stack, a macerator unit will be used if the

distance exceeds 6 metres.

• Two hundred mm minimum centre line radius at the bottom of the stack

for a gradual turn.

• The stack (Ø100mm) has to be 900mm minimum above the window in

this case as it is within three metres of the window.

Wastewater

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

• Drainage pipes are laid in a bed of 10mm aggregate covered in 40mm of

crushed stone and the trench is backfilled with the excavated clay. 300mm

cover should be provided to protect the pipe.

• Soak pit used to take the grey water from the kitchen sink, dishwasher and

the washing machine.

• Use of “P” traps to prevent odours entering the house, with a seal depth of

75mm minimum.

• Air admittance valve can be used to combat incorrect installation and design

by providing a source of air when a vacuum may be generated and

syphonage can occur.

• A wastewater Puraflo Liquid Effluent Treatment System can be easily

integrated with a new or even existing septic tank and is constructed to meet

building regulations.

• Wastewater flows from the home into a watertight primary/ septic tank

Wastewater

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

• Capacity of the tank is calculated using the formula C = (180P+2000)

• The solids settle and the liquid effluent flows by gravity into a pumping chamber.

• The pumping chamber is fitted at least 0.5m from the septic tank. The septic

tank outlet is connected to the pumping chamber using a 100mm diameter pipe

at a gradient of 1 in 100. The peat filter is located 7 metres from the septic tank.

• The liquid effluent is pumped intermittently into the Puraflo modules and

distributed evenly onto the biofibrous peat filter.

• A combination of biological, chemical and physical processes treat the

wastewater as it filters through the biofibrous peat in the modules.

• Treated liquid emerges from the Puraflo unit for dispersal into the ground

through a soil polishing filter.

• High level of treatment achieved, energy efficient, low running costs, consistent

operational efficiency, minimal maintenance required, odour-free wastewater

treatment, Bord na Móna warranty, service agreements and call-out service,

alarm system included if the level of waste water in the pumping chamber

becomes to high and it is installed by Bord na Móna Environmental Ltd.

Bord Na Mona Puraflo System

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Bord Na Mona

Puraflo System

(Hickey 2006)

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

• A unit for a single house has two modules of total area 5m2, which can

serve up to 6 people.

• An area is prepared and levelled to create an even surface on which to

place concrete blocks and lintels to support the modules. Broken stone

approximately 25–50mm is filled level with the top of the concrete

blocks and lintels over are placed over this area to a depth of 200mm

approx.

• I chose this as it only uses an intermittent pump so it only pumps the

water on a “needed basis”, unlike other new systems which constantly

need a power supply, this saves on the cost and usage of electricity and a

power loss would not disrupt the system like it could do with others.

• The Puraflo system is Irish Agrément certified & EPA compliant.

Bord Na Mona

Puraflo System

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

(Hickey, 2006)

Bord Na Mona

Puraflo System

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Bord Na Mona

Puraflo System

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Soak Pit

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Manhole

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Biocycle Treatment

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

• Mechanical Aeration Waste Water Treatment System

• Given the layout and considerations of the dwelling . I decided to go with

a 12,000 litre Biocycle treatment unit. This system is highly efficient and

has a long de-sludge interval period.

• It is environmental and user friendly.

• The unit will cater for all foul waste included waster containing household

detergent. These detergents do not affect the functionality of the unit.

• The unit consists of 4 chambers

Biocycle Treatment

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

1 Primary- Big chamber to allow for retention of sludge. Sludge broke

down with anaerobic bacteria.

2 Aeration- Aerobic bacteria break down the effluent by a culture of

bacteria within a process known as submerged aerated biological

filtration. Oxygen, to support the degradation processes, is introduced by

a small air pump.

3 Clarification- The clarification chamber is designed to provide

quiescent conditions allowing any bacterial flocs remaining in the

effluent to settle out.

4 Pump- The large pump chamber allows the treated effluent to be

stored before it is pumped to the polishing filter or surface irrigation

system. The pump is operated intermittently to ensure low energy usage.

Biocycle Treatment

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Advantages:

EN 12566-3 accredited (new standard for wastewater treatment systems)

97.5% reduction in BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand)

97% reduction in S.S. (Suspended Solids)

Unrivalled sludge storage

Low electrical running costs

Life span in excess of 60 years

• Brac Greywater recycling system RGE – 250

This system is perfectly designed for a family of 5. The RGW-250 is the popular tank, designed for homes with up

to 6 people who want to save money on their water bill, while helping the environment.

• How it works...

Greywater from showers, baths, sinks and the washing machine go directly into the Brac Systems holding tank.

Here the water is filtered and ready for delivery to toilets.

• Advantages

Two thirds of our water is used to shower, bathe and do laundry; another third is used to flush the toilet.

By reusing some water to flush toilets, the Brac System saves 35 to 40% of a household’s annual water

consumption.

Extends a household’s water supply, thus lessening its’ impact on the environment.

Reduces the risk of water shortages in hot climates where wells tend to dry up.

Biocycle Treatment

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Biocycle Treatment

WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

(Hickey, 2006)

Biocycle Treatment

HOW TO

CALCULATE

HEAT LOSS U-VALUES

U-VALUES

The U-Value question is not a compulsory question but it is contained within the options question, usually Question 5 on the paper. The question generally contains 3 parts – A, B, and C. A. Generally requires the visual manipulation (Section view sketch +Labelling!!!), the tabulation of data in logical and functional order, and the calculation of a U-Value for the material data given. B. There are variations to this part. The typical variations are the calculation of oil used with subsequent calculation of cost loss, the sizing of insulation omitted from the initial question or insulation required achieved the required U-value standard, the size of glazing units with their impact on the U-Value performance, and there are variations to the afore mentioned but nothing too different. C. This part generally requires a recommendation to improve or show the difference between different systems presented in the question. Sketches and notes usually apply and it serves to show you have an understanding for the area at hand.

U-VALUES

•The U-Value question can require work but it is as hard as you make it!!! It is an achievable question that with a bit of practice can be attempted by all pupils. •It is a step by step style question with the variation on part B and C of the question that can also be well prepared as there are about 4 different variations that can be asked of you in these part. •The question requires the understanding of U-Values and the ability of students to use the data correctly to show visual, arithmetic, data comprehension/manipulation/tabulation and procedural capabilities.

U-VALUES

Do not be intimidated by the mathematical problems

presented in this question. The application of simple

arithmetic is all that is required i.e. - / + / ÷ / x

You will need a calculator as decimalisation is required, so be competent and comfortable in the use of your calculator.

Always re-check your calculations!!!

Also do not be intimidated by the Units that apply to the different variants. Once you have learnt them and consistently use them correctly whilst practising the question it should not be a problem. If you don’t apply the unit to the calculations you will lose valuable marks!!

U-VALUES

Content: What are we calculating?

In the case of this question the area of U-Values apply to

the external envelope of the building i.e. The external wall

structure, the foundation structure, and the roof structure.

External wall structure:

Block cavity construction and timberframe construction,

glazing etc...

Roof Structure: Flat and Pitched with Ceiling, etc...

U-VALUES

U-Values are essentially the measure of heat lost through the fabric of the buildings external envelope.

Under current building regulations 2007 Technical Guidance Document L on The Conservation of Fuel and Energy it is stated that buildings by standard should be built to achieve a U-value of at least 0.220 W/m²⁰K.

This is achieved by adhering to the building codes and standards where sustainability and material selection combined with an efficient construction process all serve to limit the impact on the environment.

When we lose heat we lose money€€€€ but most concerning is that to replace heat and energy loss we expend further energy resources creating a greater demand and in turn showing further disrespect for our environment.

U-VALUES

Typical Heat Loss Percentages

U-VALUES

Aim: The aim is to make you the student aware of the relevant U-values that can be achieved from a combination of materials that form the external envelope of a building.

In doing so you will begin to realise the difference between materials and their ability to resist heat/energy loss. The influence of insulation will be a key factor and it is advised that you take time to investigate different insulation products.

U-VALUES

In terms of the question what should we know?

The Materials Presented i.e. block, timber, etc.

1. U-Value =Thermal Transmittance (W/m² ⁰k)

2. R = Resistance (m² ⁰k/W)

3. r = Resistivity N/A

4. k = Conductivity (W/m⁰k)

5. T = Thickness (m = metres)

W = Watts, m = metres, ⁰k = degree Kelvin ( or alternatively ⁰C = degree Celsius)

U-VALUES

Terms & Definitions: Definitions are very important and they are often over looked by students. In understanding a definition you can make sense of the data presented to you in the question.

It will enable you to visualise the process a lot easier and understand the thermal data difference between relevant materials so you can form a guess estimate by where you can measure the outcome of your work through out the question. It is basically a level of common sense that will serve to build your competence in the question.

U-VALUES

Thermal Transmittance (U-Value)

Unit Value = W/m² ⁰k

Definition: A measure of the rate at which heat passes through a particular element of a building when unit temperature difference is maintained between the ambient air temperatures on each side. The U-Value takes into account the resistances of various materials, the surface resistances and the cavity.

U-VALUES

Thermal Resistance (R)

Unit Value = m² ⁰k/W

Definition: A measure of a materials ability to resist the flow of heat energy. The higher the R-Value the greater the resistance of the material.

U-VALUES

Thermal Conductivity (k)

Unit Value = W/m⁰k

Definition: A measure of a materials ability to conduct heat energy.

When comparing insulation products the k-value is used as the comparative benchmark as the lesser the k-value the better the product in terms of performance. However the constituents of the insulation material is always the greatest debate in terms of its availability, embodied energy and impact on the environment.

U-VALUES

Example of a typical Question: As Presented

U-VALUES

Step 1: Make a Sketch of the information given and label !!!

Step 2: Tabulate all data as shown

U-VALUES

Step 2: Continued.

When filling in the material thickness column it is

important that you convert the data to metres (m) as the

question gives it in millimetres (mm). This catches alot of

students out so ensure to do this before you fill the table in.

Example: Block = 100mm, so 100÷1000= 0.1m, this is the

value that is input into the table. You divide all thickness

and width data by 1000 to convert from mm to m.

U-VALUES

Step 3: Calculations

Formula 1: R = T/k, you may have to manipulate this formula to

find data so here is a tip if switching formula’s around confuses

you!!!

R²=T⁸/k⁴, note the numbers in the power position. 2 = 8/4, so if i wanted to find T then 8=4x2 (T=k x R) and if you follow the numbers in the power position as shown below then you can see how this can guide you correctly.

T⁸=k⁴xR² (8=4x2). This is just a simple method to avoid confusion.

Remember R = Resistance, k= Conductivity, and T = Thickness (m)

Also in the event of a resistivity value being given you may apply this formula, “remember resistivity = r”, R = T x r

U-VALUES

Step 3: Continued.

Once the R- Column is complete the you get the sum of

that column to calculate the R- total.

Step 4: Calculating U-Value

U-Value = 1/R total

Indicate all Unit values!!!

U-VALUES

To attempt the part B questions please refer to the exam

solutions for guidance as follows.

U-VALUES

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT PASSIVE DESIGN

PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Orientation

Notes on Glazing

Room Layout & Solar Gain

Thermal Mass/Space

Heating

Materials etc...

MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT

RECOVERY (MVHR)

• MHRV-popular means of dealing with dampness and avoidable heat loss

• Cost effective, health beneficial and an efficient solution to saving energy

• MHRV works in the following way:

1. First set of ducts (red) collect moist, stale air from hotspots

2. Stale contaminated air travels through the HRV unit and released outdoors

3. Second set of ducts (blue) takes clean fresh air from outside

4. Both air streams pass through heat transfer exchanger where heat from the stale

air is used to warm the fresh incoming air. Air streams do not intersect. HRV unit

retains up to 95% of the heat emitted from the warm stale air

5. Above processes allow for clean filtered air to be distributed throughout the building

• MHRV offers year round comfort and has the ability to keep living areas at a warm

constant temperature

• Health benefits: alleviate symptoms of asthma, cold and hay-fever by removing airborne

pollution and irritants

• MHRV can also extract smoke and cooking odours

• Requires minimum maintenance and leads to increased security and noise reduction as

well as aesthetic enhancement

• New MHRV systems operate at 95% efficiency compared to 65% efficiency of older

systems

Mechanical Ventilation & Heat Recovery (MVHR)

RECOVERY (MVHR)

Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV)

RECOVERY (MVHR)

Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV)

RECOVERY (MVHR)

Mechanical Heat Recovery

Ventilation (MHRV)

RECOVERY (MVHR)

Ventilation (MHRV)

RECOVERY (MVHR)

Ventilation (MHRV)

GREY/RAINWATER SYSTEMS

Rainwater Harvesting

Grey Water Harvesting

Rain Water/Grey Water Harvesting

Tank Sizing

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Components of Electrical System

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Ring Main

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Radial Lighting Control

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Distribution Board/Fuse Box

A GUIDE TO

TEACHING

BUILDING ENERGY

RATING (BER)

T4 Recommendation

• Building Energy Rating (BER) grades the energy efficiency of a building

• A Dwelling with a high rating will save the owner/ occupier money in energy costs.

• New dwellings that

apply for planning

permission on/after

1st. January 2007.

BER required for:

• All existing buildings

offered for sale or rent

from 1st. January 2009.

• Thermal insulation of the building envelope.

• Heat gains through glazed openings.

• Ventilation and air permeability.

• Domestic hot water system and control.

• Space heating control and energy required.

• Lighting and internal heat gains.

What does BER measure?

• The BER measures energy use per square meter (floor area) of the dwelling per year.

•Measurement Unit

kWh/m2/yr

Kilo watt /

1 kWh of

electricity costs

18 cent

Energy Labelling

Domestic Appliances

Energy labelling informs the consumer of costs.

Energy Costs and BER

Cost comparasions based on average energy costs for 2007 in a 250m2 dwelling

A dwelling built to the 2007/08 building regulations

should achieve a:

•B or C rating

• No obligatory minimum standard applies.

• BER must be produced by a registered BER Assessor.

• BER is valid for 10 years unless changes are made to the building.

• The BER is independant of how the occupants behave in the building.

• An advisory report must accompany a BER certificate

New build: To advise owners on how to use the

features in the building to

maximise energy efficiency

Existing buildings: To advise owners on the options for

upgrading of building to maximise

its energy efficiency

Calculating

the BER

Download from: http://www.seai.ie/Your_Building/BER/BER_Asse

ssors/Technical/DEAP/

DEAP Computer Software

1. Dimensions: • The internal dimensions of the building envelope.

• New dwellings can be measured from the plans.

3. Air Permeability

• Sealing of the building envelope.

• Blower door testing required on new dwellings.

• Required to be 10 m3/(h.m2) for new dwellings @ 50 pa.

• Ceiling/Roof U-Value

4. Building elements (fabric heat losses)

• Wall U-Value

• Floor U-Value • Door & Window U-Values

• Thermal bridging factor typical 0.11 W/m2K

5. Glazed area heat losses and gains

• Glazed area sizes.

• Orientation.

• Glazed unit U-Values

- Glazing

- Frame

• Solar transmittance.

6. Details of the hot water system

Instant or storage system.

Insulation on pipe work.

Level of Insulation on storage cylinder

Temperature and time controls.

7. Boiler and space heating details

Boiler efficiency %

Fuel used

Heating controls

Radiator’s or under floor heating

7. Boiler and space heating details contd.

Insulation on pipe work.

Temperature and time controls.

Weather compensation controls.

8. Renewable energy used, e.g.

• Solar photovoltaic

• Wind power

• Geothermal energy

• Solar Water heating

9. Lighting provision in the dwelling.

• The percentage of energy efficient light fittings in the dwelling.

The heating requirements for the dwelling will depend on:

10. Net space heat demand.

• The living area %.

• The total volume.

Living area is assumed to be heated to 21oC and the rest of the dwelling heated to 18oC.

11. Thermal mass category of the building ranging from:

• Thermally massive construction. e.g.

concrete block with hollowcore.

• Thermally light construction e.g. timber frame

Download the DEAP software from:

http://www.seai.ie/Your_Building/BER/BER_Assessors/Technical/DEAP/

Install the software as per instructions.

Use the software to do a sample rating on the sample dwelling

using the data supplied.

Vary the inputs to improve the rating.

Energy rating worked example

LEARNING

AREAS ADDITIONAL AREAS

• Construction industry roles - the key people involved in creating a house

• Safety on site - the importance of managing safety, accident rates, training, risk

assessment, safety statements etc.

• Social impact of planning - how planning can improve (and worsen) the lives of

ordinary people

• Natural construction materials (NB sustainable forestry sources etc.)

• Manufactured construction materials (NB waste, embodied energy etc.)

• Eco’ construction materials (NB waste, embodied energy etc.)

• Structural systems (concrete cavity) (NB airtightness, insulation)

• Windows & doors (modern designs only e.g. triple glazed)

• Energy sources: on grid energy

• Structural systems (timber frame cavity) (NB airtightness, insulation)

• Structural systems (Steel frame cavity) (NB airtightness, insulation)

• Structural systems (straw bale) (NB airtightness, insulation)

• Structural systems (SIP) (NB airtightness, insulation)

• Structural systems (ICF) (NB airtightness, insulation)

CONSTRUCTION STUDIES ADDITIONAL AREAS

Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

• Energy sources: off grid energy

• Energy performance of houses - house design & energy consumption - looking at

ordinary houses to explore factors that impinge on energy performance (use real

world examples)

• Passive design (e.g. passivhaus standards)

• Zero carbon housing

• Building energy rating - the purpose and process - comparing examples water

sources & treatment in Ireland (use real world Irish examples)

• Grey water supply (e.g. bord na mona rainsava)

• Hot water supply (boiler & solar)

• Drainage (municipal treatment of wastewater - use a real world example)

• Drainage (additional measures for one-off treatment - e.g. puraflow/ reed bed

• Air flow, ventilation, m.v.h.r

• Airtightness, air pressure testing etc.

• Sound - insulation details

CONSTRUCTION STUDIES ADDITIONAL AREAS

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