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Work, Employment &
Labour Policy
Mr. Prem SinghMaster of Public Health (Policy, Econ. & Finance)
School Of Health System Studies
Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Mumbai, India
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Do You remember this fable?Do You remember this fable?
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Remembering Sir Beveridge
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WORKWORK
Physical or mental effort or activitydirected toward the production or
accomplishment of something.
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Why is unemployment so dreaded?Why is unemployment so dreaded?
1. Loss of Income
2. Loss of social solidarity
3. Loss of Self esteem leading to a whole lot of
mental and behavioral problem.
4. Dependency
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Unemployment and SocietyUnemployment and Society
1. Unemployment is seen as a major market failure.
2. Society fails to utilize the complete HUMAN RESOURCEhence it is a wastage of resources which otherwise can be
used for higher growth and productivity.
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Employment (in millions) during 1993Employment (in millions) during 1993----94 to 200494 to 2004----0505
Source: MoL&E, 2008 and Planning Commission,2008
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Indian Workers Migrating to Gulf
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Sector wise Employment
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DefinitionDefinition
International Labour Conference in 1964. Full employment ensures
that
(i) there is work for all persons who are available for and seeking
work;
(ii) that such work is as productive as possible; and(iii) that it is freely chosen by workers, who should have the fullest
possibility to qualify and use their skills and endowments in a job
for which they are well suited (ILO, 1985).
The situations which do not fulfil the objective (i) relate to
unemployment, those that do not satisfy objectives (ii) or (iii) refer
to underemployment.
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EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT
Employment is a contract between two parties, one
being the employer and the other being the employee.
An employee(SUPPLY SIDE) may be defined as: "A
person in the service of another under any contract of
hire, express or implied, oral or written, where the
employer (DEMAND SIDE) has the power or right tocontrol and direct the employee in the material details of
how the work is to be performed."
:Black's Law Dictionary page 471 (5th ed. 1979).
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Work AvailableWork Available
Manufacturing sector v/s Service sector
Unskilled work v/s Skilled work
Fulltime work hours v/s Flexible work hrs.
Formal v/s Informal Sector.
Self employed v/s paid for job
Organised v/s un organised sector
Agriculture v/s Industry
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Issues inIssues in labourlabour marketmarket
Demand Side Obstacles(employer)
Wages & Remuneration
Working conditions &
safety measures
Feminisation of work
Job Security and future
career prospect
Supply Side Obstacles
(employee)
Qualification
Willingness to work
Efficiency
Physical and mental fitness
Adherence to work
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POLICIESPOLICIES
National Policy on Skill Development
National Policy on Safety, Health and Environment
at WorkPlaceNational Policy on HIV/ AIDS
Draft National Employment Policy,2008
Draft protocol on Prevention, Rescue, Repatriationand Rehabilitation of trafficked and Migrant Child
Labour
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NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT POLICYNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY
PREAMBLE: work towards the goal of decent andremunerative work for all women and men seeking such
work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human
dignity.
OBJECTIVE
Improving the quality of jobs in the unorganized sectorAccelerating employment growth in organized sector.
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NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT POLICYNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT POLICY
Policy statements in this document are accordingly arranged under the following 7
major heads:
(i) Macro-economic Policies
(ii) Sectoral Policies
(iii) Labour Market Policies
(iv) Micro and Small Enterprise Development Policies
(v) Skill Development Policies
(vi) Women Workers
(vii) Vulnerable Workers
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LABOURWELFARE ACTSLABOURWELFARE ACTS
Workmens Compensation Act, 1923
The Trade Union Act, 1926
The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933
Payment of Wages Act, 1936
Employers Liability Act, 1938 The Payment of wages Act, 1942
The Weekly Holidays Act, 1942
The MinimumWages Act, 1948
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act,1946
Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Factories Act, 1948
The Industrial Disputes Act
The Shops and Establishments Act, 1953
The Employees Provident Funds and Misc. Provisions Act, 1952
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LABOURWELFARE ACTSLABOURWELFARE ACTS
Employment Exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959
Apprentices Act, 1961
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
The Bidi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
The Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970
The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
The Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act, 1976
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986
Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns & Maintaining Registers by
Certain Extablishments) Act, 1988
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Indian LegislatureIndian Legislature
Matters relating to Social Security are listed in the Directive Principles of State
Policy and the subjects in the Concurrent List. The following social security
issues are mentioned in the Concurrent List (List III in the Seventh Schedule of
the Constitution of India)
-Item No. 23: Social Security and insurance, employment and unemployment.
-Item No. 24: Welfare of Labour including conditions of work, provident funds,
employers liability, workmens compensation, invalidity and old age pension
and maternity benefits.
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NREGANREGA
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is a law
whereby any adult who is willing to do unskilled manual work
at the minimum wage is entitled to being employed on local
public works within 15 days of applying, with a guarantee of
100 days of unskilled manual work per household per year
Currently it covers half of rural India, to be extended to the
rest within 4 years
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NREGANREGA
NREGS is a demand driven programme &
employment is to be provided to eligible workers on
demand, within 15 days.
Step 1 Registration
Step 2 Verification
Step 3 Issuing Job Cards
Step 4 Application
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NREGANREGA
Unemployment allowances
If Employment is not provided within 15 days of receipt of application, the worker
shall be entitled to a daily Unemployment allowance(7(1))
Rates (7(2)) For First 30 days th of the wage rate
For the remaining period of the Financial year Not less than one halfof the wage rate
Employment wage + Unemployment Equal to the wagesfor 100 days of allowance
work in a financialyear
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Emerging Global TrendEmerging Global Trend
Outsourcing is already an established trend.services aswell as manufacturing jobs are being outsourced to thirdworld.
India is largest exporter of workforce both high skilledwhite collar and semiskilled labour intensive workforce.
But recent global recession and job cuts show that nocountry can remain in isolation from the global threats.
International Labour Organization is the apex UN body to
oversee such matters. India is a founding member.
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1. Employability investing in education
2. Equal opportunities for men and women
3. Entrepreneurship start and run businesses
4. Employment creation as part of macroeconomic
policy
4 Es to4 Es to address Unemploymentaddress Unemployment
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REFERENCESREFERENCES
John Baldock, Nick Manning and Sarah Vickerstaff, Social Policy, oxford university
press
ILO, www.ilo.org
Ministry of Labour and Employment www.mole.nic.in
Report and policy document and the UK department for work and pansion.www.dwp.gov.uk/resourcecenter /policy_strategy.asp
AV Jose, Labour Regulation and Employment Protection in Europe: Some
Reflections for Developing Countries, EPW Journal
Anil K Ghose, The Employment Challenge in India, EPW Journal
T.S.Papola, Employment challenges and strategies in India, ILO
Draft National Employment policy 2008
Maria Sabrina De Gobbi, Flexibility and security in labour markets of developing
countries
Indian labour statistics 2007 & 2008, MoLE
Annul report to The people on employment, GoI(MoLE)