Post on 13-Apr-2018
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)o*rse +*tline
Wireless Networks -ifference fro wired Mo"ility
RF !asics
Fre.*ency, od*lation Medi* access control
WiFi +/er/iew !asic eleents
Standards and /ariants
WiMaX +/er/iew !asic eleents
Wireless LANs 0WiFi1 234$55 standards Mo"ility s*%%ort 6oice and 7oS s*%%ort
Mesh and Adhoc Networks Ro*ting and Trans%ort
Wireless MANs 0WiMaX1 234$58 standard
6oice and 7oS s*%%ort
Trends +/erlay networks
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Wireless Networks
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Wireless networks
Access co%*ting'co*nication ser/ices, on the o/e
Wireless WANs )ell*lar Networks& 9SM, 9:RS, )-MA
Satellite Networks& Iridi*
Wireless LANs WiFi Networks& 234$55
:ersonal Area Networks& !l*etooth
Wireless MANs WiMaX Networks& 234$58
Mesh Networks& M*lti;ho% WiFi
Adhoc Networks& *sef*l when infrastr*ct*re not a/aila"le
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Liitations of the o"ile en/ironent
Liitations of the WirelessNetwork liited co*nication "andwidth fre.*ent disconnections
heterogeneity of fragented networks
Liitations I%osed "y Mo"ility ro*te "reakages
lack of o"ility awareness "y syste'a%%lications
Liitations of the Mo"ile -e/ice short "attery lifetie
liited ca%acities
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Reference odel
A%%lication
Trans%ort
Network
-ata Link
:hysical
Medi*
-ata Link
:hysical
A%%lication
Trans%ort
Network
-ata Link
:hysical
-ata Link
:hysical
Network Network
Radio
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:ers%ecti/es
Network designers& )oncerned with cost;effecti/edesign Need to ens*re that network reso*rces are efficiently *tiliGed
and fairly allocated to different *sers$
Network *sers& )oncerned with a%%lication ser/ices Need g*arantees that each essage sent will "e deli/ered
witho*t error within a certain ao*nt of tie$
Network %ro/iders& )oncerned with systeadinistration Need echaniss for sec*rity, anageent, fa*lt;tolerance
and acco*nting$
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Factors affecting wireless syste design
Fre.*ency allocations What range to o%erateH May need licenses$
M*lti%le access echanis >ow do *sers share the edi* witho*t interferingH
Antennas and %ro%agation What distancesH :ossi"le channel errors introd*ced$
Signals encoding
>ow to i%ro/e the data rateH ow to ens*re that "andwidth is not wastedH
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Fre.*encies for co*nication
6LF 6ery Low Fre.*ency J>F Jltra >igh Fre.*ency LF Low Fre.*ency S>F S*%er >igh Fre.*ency MF Medi* Fre.*ency F igh Fre.*ency >F >igh Fre.*ency J6 Jltra/iolet Light
6>F 6ery >igh Fre.*ency
Fre.*ency and wa/e length& c'f wa/e length , s%eed of light c?=532's, fre.*ency f
5 M?33 >G
53 k?3 k>G
533 ? M>G
5 ?33 M>G
53 ?3 9>G
533 ? T>G
5 ?33 T>G
/isi"le light6LF LF MF >F 6>F J>F S>F F infrared J6
o%tical transissioncoa= ca"letwisted%air
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Fre.*ency reg*lations
Fre.*encies fro K>G to ?33 M> in high deand0es%ecially 6>F& ?3;?33M>1
Two *nlicensed "ands Ind*strial, Science, and Medicine 0ISM1& 4$ 9>G
Jnlicensed National Inforation Infrastr*ct*re 0JNII1& B$4 9>G
-ifferent agencies license and reg*late www$fcc$go/ ; JS
www$etsi$org ;
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Wireless transission
Wireless co*nication systes consist of& Transitters
Antennas& radiates electroagnetic energy into air
Recei/ers In soe cases, transitters and recei/ers are
on sae de/ice, called transcei/ers$
Transmitter Receiver
ntennantenna
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Antennas& si%le di%oles
Real antennas are not isotro%ic radiators
di%oles with lengths ' on car roofs or '4 0>ertGian di%ole1sha%e of antenna %ro%ortional to wa/elength
9ain& a=i* %ower in the direction of the ain lo"eco%ared to the %ower of an isotro%ic radiator 0with thesae a/erage %ower1
side /iew 0=y;%lane1
=
y
side /iew 0yG;%lane1
G
y
to% /iew 0=G;%lane1
=
G
si%ledi%ole
' '4
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)o%arison of oni and directional
Iss*es +ni -irectional
S%atial Re*se Low >igh
)onnecti/ity Low >igh
Interference +ni -irectional
)ost O )o%le=ity Low >igh
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Signal :ro%agation and Mod*lation
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Signals
%hysical re%resentation of data
f*nction of tie and location signal %araeters& %araeters re%resenting the /al*e of
data classification
contin*o*s tie'discrete tie contin*o*s /al*es'discrete /al*es
analog signal contin*o*s tie and contin*o*s /al*es
digital signal discrete tie and discrete /al*es
signal %araeters of %eriodic signals&
%eriod T, fre.*ency f5'T, a%lit*de A, %hase shift sine wa/e as s%ecial %eriodic signal for a carrier&
s0t1 Atsin04 ft t P t1
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Signal %ro%agation ranges
distance
sender
transission
detection
interference
Transission range co*nication %ossi"le
low error rate
-etection range detection of the signal
%ossi"le
no co*nication%ossi"le
Interference range signal ay not "edetected
signal adds to the"ackgro*nd noise
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Atten*ation& :ro%agation O Range
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Atten*ation
Strength of signal falls off with distance o/ertransission edi*
Atten*ation factors for *ng*ided edia&
Recei/ed signal *st ha/e s*fficient strength so thatcirc*itry in the recei/er can inter%ret the signal
Signal *st aintain a le/el s*fficiently higher thannoise to "e recei/ed witho*t error
Atten*ation is greater at higher fre.*encies, ca*singdistortion
A%%roach& a%lifiers that strengthen higherfre.*encies
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Signal %ro%agation
:ro%agation in free s%ace always like light 0straight line1
Recei/ing %ower %ro%ortional to 5'dQ0d distance "etween sender and recei/er1
Recei/ing %ower additionally infl*enced "y fading 0fre.*ency de%endent1
shadowing reflection at large o"stacles
refraction de%ending on the density of a edi*
scattering at sall o"stacles
diffraction at edges
reflection scattering diffractionshadowing refraction
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Signal can take any different %aths "etween sender and recei/er d*e toreflection, scattering, diffraction
Tie dis%ersion& signal is dis%ersed o/er tie interference with neigh"or sy"ols, Inter Sy"ol Interference 0ISI1 The signal reaches a recei/er directly and %hase shifted distorted signal de%ending on the %hases of the different %arts
M*lti%ath %ro%agation
signal at sender
signal at recei/er
L+S %*lses*lti%ath%*lses
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:ro%agation odes
arth
arth
arth
a ro(nd ave ro!a*ation
b Sy ave ro!a*ation
c :ine/o#/Si*ht ro!a*ation
Transmission
ntenna
Receivin*
ntenna
Si*na"
Si*na"
Ionos!here
Si*na"
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Mod*lation and deod*lation
synchroniGationdecision
digitaldataanalog
deod*lation
radiocarrier
analog"ase"andsignal
535535335 radio receiver
digitalod*lation
digitaldata analog
od*lation
radiocarrier
analog
"ase"andsignal
535535335 radio transmitter
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-igital od*lation Mod*lation of digital signals known as Shift Keying A%lit*de Shift Keying 0ASK1&
/ery si%le
low "andwidth re.*ireents
/ery s*sce%ti"le to interference
Fre.*ency Shift Keying 0FSK1& needs larger "andwidth
:hase Shift Keying 0:SK1& ore co%le=
ro"*st against interference
Many ad/anced /ariants
5 3 5
t
5 3 5
t
5 3 5
t
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M*lti%le=ing Mechaniss
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f
t
c
k4 k? k kB k8k5
Tie *lti%le= A channel gets the whole s%ectr* for a certain
ao*nt of tie
Ad/antages& only one carrier in the
edi* at any tie thro*gh%*t high e/enfor any *sers
-isad/antages& %recisesynchroniGationnecessary
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)ode *lti%le=
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)-MA
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-SSS 0-i t S 1
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-SSS 0-irect Se.*ence1 X+R of the signal with %se*do;rando n*"er
0chi%%ing se.*ence1 any chi%s %er "it 0e$g$, 5421 res*lt in higher "andwidth of thesignal
Ad/antages red*ces fre.*ency selecti/e
fading in cell*lar networks
@ "ase stations can *se thesae fre.*ency range
@ se/eral "ase stations can
detect and reco/er the signal@ soft hando/er
-isad/antages %recise %ower control necessary
*ser data
chi%%ingse.*ence
res*ltingsignal
3 5
3 5 5 3 5 3 5 35 3 3 5 55
XOR
3 5 5 3 3 5 3 55 3 5 3 35
=
t"
tc
t"& "it %eriod
tc& chi% %eriod
-SSS T it'R i
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-SSS Transit'Recei/e
X*ser data
chi%%ingse.*ence
od*lator
radiocarrier
s%reads%ectr*
signal
transit
signal
transmitter
deod*lator
recei/edsignal
radiocarrier
X
chi%%ingse.*ence
low%assfilteredsignal
receiver
integrator
%rod*cts
decision
data
sa%leds*s
correlator
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F>SS 0F > i 1
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F>SS 0Fre.*ency >o%%ing1
-iscrete changes of carrier fre.*ency se.*ence of fre.*ency changes deterined /ia %se*do rando
n*"er se.*ence
Two /ersions Fast >o%%ing& se/eral fre.*encies %er *ser "it
Slow >o%%ing& se/eral *ser "its %er fre.*ency Ad/antages
fre.*ency selecti/e fading and interference liited to short %eriod
si%le i%leentation
*ses only sall %ortion of s%ectr* at any tie
-isad/antages not as ro"*st as -SSS
si%ler to detect
Sl d F t F>SS
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Slow and Fast F>SS
*ser data
slowho%%ing
0? "its'ho%1
fastho%%ing
0? ho%s'"it1
3 5
t"
3 5 5 t
f
f5
f4
f?
t
td
f
f5
f4
f?
t
td
t"& "it %eriod td& dwell tie
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+F-M 0+ th l F -i i i 1
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+F-M 0+rthogonal Fre.*ency -i/ision1 :arallel data transission on se/eral
orthogonal s*"carriers with lower rate
Ma=i* of one s*"carrier fre.*ency a%%ears e=actly at a fre.*encywhere all other s*"carriers e.*al Gero s*%er%osition of fre.*encies in the sae fre.*ency range
k?f
t
c
A%lit*de
f
s*"carrier&
SI f*nction sin0=1=
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AL+>A
Stations transit whene/er they ha/e data to send -etect collision or wait for acknowledgent
If no acknowledgent 0or collision1, try again after a
rando waiting tie
)ollision& If ore than one node transits at thesae tie
If there is a collision, all nodes ha/e to re;transit%ackets
Aloha'slotted Aloha
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Mechanis rando, distri"*ted 0no central ar"iter1, tie;*lti%le=
Slotted Aloha additionally *ses tie;slots, sending *stalways start at slot "o*ndaries
Aloha
Slotted Aloha
Aloha'slotted Aloha
sender A
sender !sender )
collision
sender Asender !
sender )
collision
t
t
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Frae le/el error correction
:ro"les in transitting a se.*ence of fraeso/er a lossy link frae daage, loss, reordering, d*%lication, insertion
Sol*tions& Forward
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St d W it AR7
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Sto% and Wait AR7
Sender waits for A)K
0acknowledgeent1 aftertransitting each frae kee%sco%y of last frae$
Recei/er sends A)K if recei/ed
frae is error free$ Sender retransits frae if
A)Knot recei/ed "efore tiere=%ires$
Si%le to i%leent "*t aywaste "andwidth$
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!andwidth /'s "it width
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!andwidth /'s "it width
Latency 0delay1
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Latency 0delay1
Tie it takes to send essage fro %oint A to %oint !
Latency :ro%agation P TransitP 7*e*e
:ro%agation -istance 'S%eed+fLight
Transit SiGe ' !andwidth
7*e*eing not rele/ant for direct links
!andwidth not rele/ant if SiGe 5 "it
Software o/erhead can doinate when -istance is sall
RTT& ro*nd;tri% tie
-elay X !andwidth %rod*ct
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-elay X !andwidth %rod*ct
Relati/e i%ortance of "andwidth and delay
Sall essage& 5s /s 533s doinates5M"%s /s 533M"%s
Large essage& 5M"%s /s 533M"%s doinates5s /s 533s
-elay X !andwidth %rod*ct
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-elay X !andwidth %rod*ct
533s RTT and BM"%s !andwidth B83 K! of data
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Switched networks
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Switched networks
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T):'I: layers 0contd 1
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T):'I: layers 0contd$1
A%%lication Layer& ZZa%%lication[[ %rotocols$
-eals with %ro/iding ser/ices to *sers and a%%licationde/elo%ers$
:rotocols are the "*ilding "locks of a network
architect*re$
Lower layer ser/ices
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Lower layer ser/ices
Jnacknowledged connectionless ser/ice
No acknowledgeents, no connection
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234$55 0WiFi1 +/er/iew
Wireless LANs
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Wireless LANs
Infrared 0Ir-A1 or radio links 0Wa/elan1 Ad/antages
/ery fle=i"le within the rece%tion area
Ad;hoc networks %ossi"le
0alost1 no wiring diffic*lties
-isad/antages low "andwidth co%ared to wired networks
any %ro%rietary sol*tions
Infrastr*ct*re /'s ad;hoc networks 0234$551
Infrastr*ct*re /s$ Ad hoc networks
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infrastr*ct*renetwork
ad;hoc network
A:A:
A:
wired network
A:& Access :oint
So*rce& Schiller
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)arrier Sense M*lti%le Access 0)SMA1
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)arrier Sense M*lti%le Access 0)SMA1
Listen "efore yo* s%eak )heck whether the edi* is acti/e "efore sending a
%acket 0i$e carrier sensing1
If edi* idle, then transit
If collision ha%%ens, then detect and resol/e
If edi* is fo*nd "*sy, transission follows& 5; %ersistent
:; %ersistent
Non;%ersistent
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)o%onents of I
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)o%onents of I
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0 1
-irect co*nicationwithin a liited range Station 0STA1&
terinal with accessechaniss to thewireless edi*
!asic Ser/ice Set 0!SS1&gro*% of stations *sing the
sae radio fre.*ency
$%&'(( )*+
!SS4
$%&'(( )*+
!SS5
STA5
STA
STAB
STA4
STA?
So*rce& Schiller
234$55 ; infrastr*ct*re network 0:)F1
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-istri"*tion Syste
:ortal
$%&', )*+
Access:oint
$%&'(( )*+
!SS4
$%&'(( )*+
!SS5
Access:oint
0 1Station 0STA1 terinal with access echaniss
to the wireless edi* and radiocontact to the access %oint
!asic Ser/ice Set 0!SS1 gro*% of stations *sing the sae
radio fre.*ency
Access :oint
station integrated into thewireless LAN and the distri"*tionsyste
:ortal "ridge to other 0wired1 networks
-istri"*tion Syste
interconnection network to forone logical network 0
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234$55 ; MA) layer
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Traffic ser/ices Asynchrono*s -ata Ser/ice 0andatory1 -)F
Tie;!o*nded Ser/ice 0o%tional1 ; :)F
Access ethods -)F )SMA')A 0andatory1
@ collision a/oidance /ia randoiGed "ack;off echanis
@ A)K %acket for acknowledgeents 0not for "roadcasts1
-)F w' RTS')TS 0o%tional1
@a/oids hidden terinal %ro"le :)F 0o%tional1
@ access %oint %olls terinals according to a list
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234$55 )SMA')A e=a%le
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t
"*sy
"oe
station5
station4
station?
station
stationB
%acket arri/al at MA)
-IFS"oe
"oe
"oe
"*sy
ela%sed "ackoff tie
"or resid*al "ackoff tie
"*sy edi* not idle 0frae, ack etc$1
"or
"or
-IFS
"oe
"oe
"oe "or
-IFS
"*sy
"*sy
-IFS"oe "*sy
"oe
"oe
"or
"or
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234$55 ; :)F I
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:IFS
stationsNA6
wirelessstations
%oint
coordinator
-5
J5SIFS
NA6
SIFS-4
J4SIFS
SIFS
S*%erFraet3
edi* "*sy
t5
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)F: str*ct*re and Tiing
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234$55 ; MA) anageent
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SynchroniGation
try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN tier etc$
:ower anageent slee%;ode witho*t issing a essage
%eriodic slee%, frae "*ffering, traffic eas*reents Association'Reassociation
integration into a LAN
roaing, i$e$ change networks "y changing access %oints
scanning, i$e$ acti/e search for a network MI! ; Manageent Inforation !ase
anaging, read, write
234$55 ; )hannels, association
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234$55"& 4$9>G;4$2B9>G s%ectr* di/ided into 55
channels at different fre.*encies
A: adin chooses fre.*ency for A:
interference %ossi"le& channel can "e sae as thatchosen "y neigh"oring A:
host& *st associatewith an A: scans channels, listening for beacon ramescontaining
A:s nae 0SSI-1 and MA) address
selects A: to associate with ay %erfor a*thentication
will ty%ically r*n ->): to get I: address in A:s s*"net
234$55 /ariants
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M,/
MI.
D666 78 IR98
409
22/
M,/
Mmt
$!;%%G ISM;"and
Sec*rity Liited, W
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)hannel selection 0non;o/erla%%ing1
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433
]M>G^
454 42?$B44 4C4
channel 5 channel C channel 5?
JS 0F))1')anada 0I)1
433]M>G^
454 42?$B4?C 484
channel 5 channel 8 channel 55
44 M>G
44 M>G
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+F-M in I
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0 1
2 data P %ilot ?54$B k>G s%acing
s*"carriern*"er
5 C 45 48;48 ;45 ;C ;5
channel center fre.*ency
?54$B k>G%ilot
+%erating channels for 234$55a
?8 channel3 2 B4 B8 83 8
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B5B3 ]M>G^B523 B?B3B433
?8
58$8 M>G
center fre.*ency B333 P Bchannel n*"er ]M>G^
c a e3 2 B4 B8 83 8
5 5B? 5BC 585
B443 B43 B483 B423 B?33 B?43
BC4B]M>G^
BCBB24B
BC8B
58$8 M>G
channel
BC2B B23B
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I
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Infrastr*ct*re and ad hoc odes *sing -)F
)arrier Sense M*lti%le Access !inary e=%onential "ackoff for collision a/oidance and
congestion control Acknowledgeents for relia"ility
:ower sa/e ode for energy conser/ation Tie;"o*nd ser/ice *sing :)F Signaling %ackets for a/oiding
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Traditional Ro*ting
A routing protocolsets *% a routing tablein routers
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Ro*ting %rotocol is ty%ically "ased on -istance;6ector orLink;State algoriths
Ro*ting and Mo"ility
Finding a %ath fro a so*rce to a destination
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Finding a %ath fro a so*rce to a destination
Iss*es Fre.*ent ro*te changes
@ ao*nt of data transferred "etween ro*te changes ay
"e *ch saller than traditional networks Ro*te changes ay "e related to host o/eent
Low "andwidth links
9oal of ro*ting %rotocols decrease ro*ting;related o/erhead find short ro*tes
find sta"le ro*tes 0des%ite o"ility1
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Mo"ile I:& !asic Idea
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Ro+ter
%
Ro+ter
&
Ro+ter
!
6 M3
8omeaent
Mo"ile I:& !asic Idea
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Ro+ter
%
Ro+ter
&
Ro+ter
!
6 M3
8ome aent
7orein aent
move
9ackets are t+nneled
+sin I9 in I9
Mo"ile I:& Terinology
Mo"ile Node 0MN1
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node that o/es across networks witho*t changing its I: address
>oe Agent 0>A1
host in the hoe network of the MN, ty%ically a ro*ter
registers the location of the MN, t*nnels I: %acketsto the )+A
Foreign Agent 0FA1
host in the c*rrent foreign network of the MN, ty%ically a ro*ter forwards t*nneled %ackets to the MN, ty%ically the defa*lt ro*ter for
MN
)are;of Address 0)+A1
address of the c*rrent t*nnel end;%ointfor the MN 0at FA or MN1
act*al location of the MN fro an I: %oint of /iew )orres%ondent Node 0)N1
host with which MN is corres%onding 0T): connection1
-ata transfer to the o"ile syste
8,
M3!
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Internet
sender
7,
M3
1ome network
*orein
network
recei/er
%
!
&
5$ Sender sends to the I: address of MN,
>A interce%ts %acket 0%ro=y AR:14$ >A t*nnels %acket to )+A, here FA,
"y enca%s*lation?$ FA forwards the %acket to the MN
So*rce& Schiller
/3
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Mo"ile I:& !asic +%eration
Agent Ad/ertiseent>A'FA i di ll d d ti t i t th i
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>A'FA %eriodically send ad/ertiseent essages into their
%hysical s*"nets MN listens to these essages and detects, if it is in hoe'foreign
network
MN reads a )+A fro the FA ad/ertiseent essages
MN Registration
MN signals )+A to the >A /ia the FA >A acknowledges /ia FA to MN
liited lifetie, need to "e sec*red "y a*thentication
>A :ro=y >A ad/ertises the I: address of the MN 0as for fi=ed systes1
%ackets to the MN are sent to the >A
inde%endent of changes in )+A'FA
:acket T*nneling >A to MN /ia FA
Mo"ile I:& +ther Iss*es
Re/erse T*nneling
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firewalls %erit only to%ological correct addresses a %acket fro the MN enca%s*lated "y the FA is now
to%ological correct
+%tiiGations Triang*lar Ro*ting
@ >A infors sender the c*rrent location of MN
)hange of FA@ new FA infors old FA to a/oid %acket loss, old FA now
forwards reaining %ackets to new FA
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M*lti;>o% Wireless
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May need to tra/erse *lti%le links to reach destination
Mo"ility ca*ses ro*te changes
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MA) in Ad hoc networks
I
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I
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-istance;/ector O Link;state Ro*ting
!oth ass*e ro*ter knows
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!oth ass*e ro*ter knows
address of each neigh"or cost of reaching each neigh"or
!oth allow a ro*ter to deterine glo"al ro*tinginforation "y talking to its neigh"ors
-istance /ector; ro*ter knows cost to each destination
Link state; ro*ter knows entire network to%ology and
co%*tes shortest %ath
-istance 6ector Ro*ting&
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2
Link State Ro*ting&
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MAN
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Traditional distri"*ted shortest;%ath %rotocols
Maintain ro*tes "etween e/ery host %air at all ties
!ased on %eriodic *%dates >igh ro*ting o/erhead
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y
Initiated "y so*rce node S that wants to send %acket todestination node -
Ro*te Re.*est 0RR
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.
,
6 0
7
8
E
D
/
G
I
J
L
Represents a node t1at 1as received RR0@ *or D *rom 6
M
3
2
Ro*te disco/ery in -SR
.roadcast transmission
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.
,
6 0
7
8
E
D
/
G
I
J
Represents transmission o* RR0@
L
M
3
2
6N
XN Represents list o* identi*iers appended to RR0@
Ro*te disco/ery in -SR
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.
,
6 0
7
8
E
D
/
G
I
J
@3ode 8 receives packet RR0@ *rom two nei1
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.
,
6 0
7
8
E
D
/
G
I
J
L
@3ode D does not *orwardRR0@
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.
,
6 0
7
8
E
D
/
G
I
J
L
M
3
2
RR09 607EDN
Represents RR09 control messae
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-S-6 e=a%le
When X recei/es inforation fro \ a"o*t a ro*te to
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Let destination se.*ence n*"er for at X "e S0X1, S0\1 issent fro \
If S0X1 V S0\1, then X ignores the ro*ting inforation recei/edfro \
If S0X1 S0\1, and cost of going thro*gh \ is saller than thero*te known to X, then X sets \ as the ne=t ho% to
If S0X1 U S0\1, then X sets \ as the ne=t ho% to , and S0X1 is
*%dated to e.*al S0\1
X L
:rotocol Trade;offs
:roacti/e %rotocols Always aintain ro*tes
Littl d l f t d t i ti
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Little or no delay for ro*te deterination
)ons*e "andwidth to kee% ro*tes *%;to;date
Maintain ro*tes which ay ne/er "e *sed
Reacti/e %rotocols Lower o/erhead since ro*tes are deterined on deand
Significant delay in ro*te deterination
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T): o/er wireless
I%act of transission errors
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Wireless channel ay ha/e "*rsty rando errors
!*rst errors ay ca*se tieo*t Rando errors ay ca*se fast retransit
T): cannot disting*ish "etween %acket lossesd*e to congestion and transission errors
Jnnecessarily red*ces congestion window Thro*gh%*t s*ffers
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signal fro awireless network cans%ill o/er fro the"*ilding whereaccess %oints arelocated toneigh"oring"*ildings, %arkinglots and %*"lic roads$
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I
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different 7oS can "e %ro/ided to each *ser Adission control &
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The !S shall %ro/ide fi=ed siGe slot at %eriodic inter/als$
rt:S0Real;Tie :olling Ser/ice1 S*%%orts real;tie ser/ice flows that generate /aria"le siGe data
%ackets on a %eriodic "asis, s*ch as M:
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J li k h d li
J%link Sched*ling
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J%link sched*ling& Res%onsi"le for the efficient and fair allocation of the
reso*rces0tie slots1 in the *%link direction
J%link carrier &
@ Reser/ed slots
@ contention slots0rando access slots1
The standard sched*ling algoriths can "e *sed
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7oS and 6oice'6ideo A%%lications
!andwidth and a%%lications
%DMA ! 655P#. %DMA !+++
7D57UMT.
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259IIT BombaySridhar Iyer
.peed3 kbps
!5%DMA !,655P#.3 %DMA !+++
Transaction Processing
Messaging/Te8t Apps9oice/.M.
Location .er(ices
.till Image Transfers
Internet/9P" Access
Database Access
Document TransferLo& Quality 9ideo
Hig' Quality 9ideo
:,;
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Band&idt'
#e1uirem
ents
Hig'
Lo&
Lo& Hig'Latency .ensiti(ity
Te8te=
7=commerce7#P
9oice
TerminalMode
Internet/intranet
7=mail &it'Attac'ments
.treaming9ideo 9ideo
%onferencing
7*ality of Ser/ice Network;le/el 7oS
Metrics incl*de a/aila"le "'w, %acket loss rates, etc
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ow well *ser e=%ectations are .*alitati/ely satisfied
)lear /oice, itter;free /ideo, etc
I%leented at a%%lication;le/el&
@ end;to;end %rotocols 0RT:'RT):1
@ a%%lication;s%ecific encodings 0Fow *ch reso*rcesH
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>ow *ch reso*rcesH admission control/provisioning
>ow to ens*re network *tiliGation, load "alancingH QoS routing, traffic engineering
>ow to set aside reso*rces in a distri"*ted annerH signaling, provisioning, policy
>ow to deli/er ser/ices when the traffic act*ally coes inH traffic shaping, classification, scheduling
>ow to onitor .*ality, acco*nt and %rice these ser/icesH network management, accounting, billing, pricing
7oS "ig %ict*re& )ontrol'-ata %lanes
)ontrol :lane& Signaling P Adission )ontrol or
SLA 0)ontracting1 P :ro/isioning'Traffic
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Internetwork or WANWorkstation
Ro*ter
Ro*ter
Ro*ter
Workstation
-ata :lane& Traffic conditioning 0sha%ing, %olicing, arking etc1 at the edge P
Traffic )lassification P )laiing Reser/ed Reso*rces 0:er;ho% !eha/ior; :>!1,
sched*ling, "*ffer anageent
Ser/ices& 7*e*ing'Sched*ling
;"ass
Traffic
Classes
Traffic
Sources
EEEEEE
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+therwise all *sers select "est ser/ice class
Ser/ice %ro/iders %ers%ecti/e Low cost 0i%leentn, etering, acco*nting, "illing1
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A*dio S%eech 0)
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%;=%e*aco
T; @
Iv4 Iv6
+-323 S
SI
RTS RS? RT;
RT
+-261 %
:3=4 :5
Sonet T% thernet ?-34
Reservation %eas(rement
net)or9
"in9
!hysica"
!!"icationdaemon
9erne"
Session Initiation :rotocol 0SI:1
In/ite *sers to sessions
Find the *sers c*rrent location
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Find the *ser s c*rrent location atch with their ca%a"ilities and %references in order
to deli/er in/itation
Modify'Terinate sessions
Session -escri%tion :rotocol 0S-:1 Jsed to s%ecify client ca%a"ilities
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Jser Agent Ser/er 0JAS1 Listens for call re.*ests
:ro%ts *ser or e=ec*tes %rogra to deterine res%onse
Jser Agent& JA) %l*s JAS
Registrar Recei/es registrations regarding c*rrent *ser locations
Redirect Ser/er
Redirects *sers to try other ser/er :ro=y Ser/er
SI: architect*re
6I9 Redirect6
Re+est
Response
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%
!
&
"
'
#
$
?
%
%%
%!
6I9 /lient
6erver
6I9 9roK6I9 9roK
6I9 /lient
(Cser ,ent 6erver)
2ocation 6ervice
%&
%"
p
Media
SI: call flow e=a%le
@SR @SR BR$GC R$GC
I
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407 ro&y (thenticate
;H
I
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:art of larger set of standards 0>$?4X1 for/ideoconferencing o/er data networks$
>$?4? addresses call control, *ltiediaanageent, and "andwidth anageent aswell as interfaces "etween LANs and othernetworks$
>$?4? architect*re
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>$?4? co%onents
Terinals& All terinals *st s*%%ort /oice /ideo and data are o%tional
9atekee%er&
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9atekee%er& ost i%ortant co%onent which %ro/ides call control ser/ices
9ateway& an o%tional eleent which %ro/ides translation f*nctions
"etween >$?4? conferencing end%oints 0es% for IS-N, :STN1
M*lti%oint )ontrol Jnit 0M)J1& s*%%orts conferences "etween three or ore end%oints$
)onsists of a M*lti%oint )ontroller 0M)1 and M*lti%oint
:rocessors 0M:1
>$?4? 9atekee%er
Address translation >$?4? Alias to trans%ort 0I:1 address
Ad i i t l
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Adission control :erission to co%lete call
)an a%%ly "andwidth liits
Method to control LAN traffic
)all signaling'anageent're%orting'logging
Manageent of 9ateway
>$?43, >$?4, :+TS, etc$
>$?4? e=a%le
5$ A sends re.*est to 9ateKee%er& )an I call !H
4$ 9K resol/es !o" to I: address thro*gh >$?4?i t ti t l i
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4$ 9K resol/es !o" to I: address thro*gh >$?4?registration or e=ternal nae ser/ice
?$ 9K a%%lies Adission :olicy
$ 9K re%lies to A with !s I: address
B$ A sends Set*% essage to !8$ ! checks with 9K for a*thoriGing the connection
C$ 9K acknowledges ! to acce%t call
2$ ! re%lies to A and alerts Jser
$ >$4B connection esta"lished
Media trans%ort& RT: Trans%ort of real;tie data, a*dio and /ideo
RT: follows the a%%lication le/el fraing 0ALF1 RT: s%ecifies coon a%%lication f*nctions
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RT: s%ecifies coon a%%lication f*nctions
Tailored thro*gh odifications and'or additions to theheaders
RT: consists of a data and a control %art The data %art of RT: is a thin %rotocol The control %art of RT: is called RT):
@ .*ality;of;ser/ice feed"ack fro recei/ers
@ snchroniGation s*%%ort for edia streas
RT: 0contd1
RT: ser/ices %ayload ty%e identification
se.*ence n*"ering tiesta%ing
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se.*ence n*"ering, tiesta%ing
deli/ery onitoring, o%tional i=ing'translation$
J-: for *lti%le=ing and checks* ser/ices RT: does not %ro/ide
echaniss to ens*re .*ality;of;ser/ice, g*aranteedeli/ery or %re/ent o*t;of;order deli/ery or loss
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Trends
?9 Network Architect*re
M bil A
M bil Acc ss
>irelessAccess "et&ork
5ate&ay
5ate&ay
Telep'one
"et&ork
%ore "et&ork
Programmable. fts itc'
Programmable.ofts&itc'
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Mobile Access#outer
Mobile Access#outer
IPBase .tations
IPBase .tations
User Profiles ?Aut'entication
-HL#0
)5 AirInterface
>ired Access
*+!,
IP Intranet
IP Intranet
.ofts&itc'.ofts&itc'
Application.er(er
Application.er(er
*+!,
AccessPoint
AccessPoint
AccessPoint
AccessPoint
Internet
+/erlay Networks ; the glo"al goal
regional
integration of heterogeneo*s fi=ed ando"ile networks with /aryingtransission characteristics
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g
etro%olitan area
ca%*s;"ased
in;ho*se
/erticalhando/er
horiGontalhando/er
F*t*re o"ile and wireless networks
I%ro/ed radio technology and antennas sart antennas, "ea foring, *lti%le;in%*t *lti%le;o*t%*t
0MIM+1di i i lti l t i it " fit f
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@ s%ace di/ision *lti%le= to increase ca%acity, "enefit fro*lti%ath
software defined radios 0S-R1
@ *se of different air interfaces, download new od*lation'coding
@ re.*ires a lot of %rocessing %ower dynaic s%ectr* allocation
@ s%ectr* on deand res*lts in higher o/erall ca%acity
)ore network con/ergence I:;"ased, .*ality of ser/ice, o"ile I:
Ad;hoc technologies s%ontaneo*s co*nication, %ower sa/ing, red*ndancy
References A$S$ Tanen"a*$ )o%*ter Networks$ :earson
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y,
234$55 Wireless LAN, I
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+ther T*torials at& www$it$iit"$ac$in' sri
)ontact -etails&
Sridhar IyerSchool of Inforation Technology
IIT !o"ay, :owai, M*"ai 33 3C8
:hone& P5;44;4BC8;C3B
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