Post on 23-Jan-2016
description
WiMAX/LTE : 4G Wireless Broadband Networks
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中山大學 電機系 許蒼嶺教授
行動通信標準演進
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Evolution of Wireless Access Technologies
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802.11n(smart antennas)802.11Mesh extns.
Loca
l Are
aF
ixed
Wid
e A
rea
Mob
ile
Cov
erag
e/M
obili
ty
Met
ro A
rea
Nom
adic
802.16(Fixed LOS)
802.16a/d(Fixed NLOS)
802.11b/a/g
Mobile Industry
Fixed Wireless Industry
4G Air Interfaces
Data Rates (kbps)100,000 +
3GPP2CDMA
2000-1X
HRPDA1x
EVDO
1x EVDV Rel. C
1x EVDVRel. D
GSM UMTS HSPAGPRS EDGE LTE 3GPP
MOBILE BROADBAND
DSL ExperienceDial Up
Higher Data Rate / Lower Cost per Bit
802.16e(Mobile WIMAX)
WiMAX vs 3GPP 發展時程
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3GPP Radio Access Milestones
Operator’s Service Stack
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IMSLayer
Application services
Mobility, Policy and Administration Services
EPC
Core network
Access technologiesconnection gateways
Access Technologies
WiMAXLTEDSLAM WiFi
Devices
WiMAX Market Position
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Mobile(GSM / GPRS / 3G /HSPA /LTE)
Mobile(GSM / GPRS / 3G /HSPA /LTE)
xDSL / FTTx
xDSL / FTTx
現有無線接取技術比較
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Technical Winner
MarketWinner =
?
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WiMAX 市場現況
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Source : Ovum 2008/12
Population penetration of mobile, fixed and broadband across Asia-Pacific
WiMAX Markets in Developed Country
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Fix and Nomadic broadband access Broadband Penetration > 50%Broadband Infrastructure is Developed vs. xDSL / FTTx
No Significant Technical advantage except Nomadic
Incumbent Operator cost advantage High Initial CAPX needed
Niche Market Rural : Low ARPU Bundle Service
Triple play Killer Application ?
WiMAX is Still Looking for
Business Model
WiMAX Markets in Emerging Country
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Fix and Nomadic broadband access Broadband Penetration < 5%Broadband Infrastructure is Low vs. xDSL / FTTx
Significant CAPX advantage Significant Deploying time advantage
Demand Growing
WiMAX Opportunity ?
Markets in Emerging Country
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越南,胡志明市具備 WiMAX市場機會但卻選擇3GPP 陣營
台灣 WiMAX 產業鏈
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Source : 工研院 IEK 2010/3
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TOP5 WiMAX Vendors Strategy
Source: Ovum 2009/9
An Industry War
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3GPP 是市場主流
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IEEE std 802.16
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Standard Roadmap IEEE 802.16 - 2001 IEEE 802.16a/b/c - 2003
Amendments to 802.16-2001 IEEE 802.16 - 2004
Compatibility issue with HIPERMAN of ETSI 802.16d project Replace previous standards Fixed site access
IEEE 802.16e, 16f - 2005 (amendment) Extend to mobility MIB
IEEE 802.16g-2007(amendment) Management Plane Procedures and Services
IEEE 802.16j – 2008
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Features Broad Bandwidth
Up to 134.4Mbit/s Transit over 50KM
Typical Architecture 1 BS + n SSs PMP or MESH
Spectrums From 2 to 66 GHz NLOS and LOS
Duplexing Techniques TDD or FDD
WiMAX Forum Conformance and Interoperability
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Scope of Standard
PHY SAP
MAC SAP
CS SAP
Service-SpecificConvergence Sublayer
( MAC CS )
Common Part Sublayer ( MAC CPS )
Security Sublayer( MAC SS )
Physical Layer(PHY)
MA
CP
HY
Scheduliing ServicesQoS ParametersBandwidth Allocation
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TDMA/OFDM/OFDMA
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IEEE 802.16j-2008
One MR-BS (Multi-hop Relay - Base Station) and many RS (Relay Station)
Transparent mode Only data are relayed via RS Remove obstruction
Non-Transparent mode Expand service coverage Both signaling and data are relayed via RS Increase utilization/throughput
IEEE 802.16j WiMAX
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IEEE 802.16j Configuration
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Transparent RS
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Non-Transparent RS
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OFDMA Symbol and Transparent RS Frame
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OFDMA Symbol and Non-Transparent RS Frame
IEEE 802.16j Multi-hopTopology
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IEEE 802.16j Independent Scheduling Zones
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Bandwidth Request: Store-and-Forward Mode
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Bandwidth Request: End-to-End Mode
Centralized vs Distributed Scheduling
Centralized Scheduling For small size of networks Only BS to do bandwidth allocations
Distributed Scheduling For networks with hops greater than 2 Both RS and BS do bandwidth allocations
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Centralized Scheduling
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Distributed Scheduling
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Modules for Distributed Scheduling in BS/RS
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Classification & Addressing
SSBSUplink
Downlink
SFIDSFID
SFIDSFID
SFID : Service Flow Identifier (32 bits)
CID : Connection Identifier (16 bits)
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Scheduling Services
Priority 802.16-2004
ServiceType
802.16e-2005
ServiceType
Typical Appcations
1st UGS UGS T1/E1 transport
VoIP without silence suppression
2nd ertPS ERT-VR VoIP with silence suppression
3rd rtPS RT-VR MPEG Video
4th nrtPS NRT-VR FTP with guaranteed minimum throughput
5th BE BE HTTP
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QoS ParamSetUGS :Maximum LatencyTolerated JitterUplink Grant Scheduling TypeRequest/Transmission Policy
ERT-VR :Maximum LatencyUplink Grant Scheduling TypeRequest/Transmission Policy
RT-VR :Maximum Sustained Traffic RateMinimum Reserved Traffic RateMaximum LatencyUplink Grant Scheduling TypeRequest/Transmission Policy
NRT-VR :Minimum Reserved Traffic RateUplink Grant Scheduling TypeRequest/Transmission Policy
BE :Lowest traffic PriorityRequest/Transmission Policy
QoSParamSet
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Bandwidth Allocation
Uplink Packet Scheduler(802.16 Frame Maker)
CIDs &QoS-ParamSets
INPUT OUTPUT
UL-MAP
UL-MAP :Uplink Map
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Summary of MACand the undefined part of IEEE 802.16
INPUT
OUTPUT
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Modulations & Channel Size
Access Range:QPSK > QAM16 > QAM 64
Data Rate:QAM64 > QAM16 > QPSK
US
European
Uplink Mandarory
Downlink Mandarory
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Frame Durationswith TDD Frame Structure
0.5/1/2 ms
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Number of PS in 16-QAM
Frame duration = 1 ms Signal (Baud) rate = 16 Mbauds/sec 4 bits in a signal (baud) using 16-QAM Ts=LT, Data rate, R = LS = 4 x16 = 64 Mbps Number of PS (Physical Slot) (64 Mbps x 1 ms) / 16 bits = 4000 Assume every PS = 16 bits
4G: IEEE 802.16m and LTE-A
ITU-R’s IMT-Advanced (4G) requirements up to 1 Gbps in static or low mobility environment up to 100 Mbps in high-speed mobile environment
Multicarrier is the technology to utilize wider bandwidth for parallel data transmission across multiple RF carriers. IEEE 802.16m LTE-A
Carrier Aggregation (CA) Component Carrier (CC)
LTE-A
Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Service (EMBS)
LTE-A: E-MBS Deployment with Broadcast Only and Mixed Carrier
LTE-A: Carrier Types From the perspective of an advanced MS
(AMS) Primary carriers
exchanges traffic and control signals with an advanced BS (ABS)
mobility, state, and context Secondary carriers
An ABS can additionally assign secondary carrier(s) to an AMS
Controlled by the ABS through the primary carrier
LTE-A: Carrier Types From the perspective of an ABS
Fully configured carrier carrying all control channels synchronization, broadcast, multicast, and unicast
control channels both single-carrier and multicarrier AMSs can be
served Partially configured carrier
primarily to support downlink only transmission only for frequency-division duplex (FDD) deployment a dedicated EMBS carrier is one example
IEEE Basic Frame Structure
Basic Frame Structure
1. Type-1 AAI subframe that consists of six OFDMA symbols.
2. Type-2 AAI subframe that consists of seven OFDMA symbols.
3. Type-3 AAI subframe that consists of five OFDMA symbols.
4. Type-4 AAI subframe that consists of nine OFDMA symbols. This type shall be applied only to an UL AAI subframe for the 8.75 MHz channel bandwidth when supporting the WirelessMANOFDMA frames.
IEEE 802.16m OFDMA Parameters
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Nominal Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 5 7 8.75 10 20
Over-sampling Factor 28/25 8/7 8/7 28/25 28/25
Sampling Frequency (MHz) 5.6 8 10 11.2 22.4
FFT Size 512 1024 1024 1024 2048
Sub-Carrier Spacing (kHz) 10.937500 7.812500 9.765625 10.937500 10.937500
Useful Symbol Time Tu (μs) 91.429 128 102.4 91.429 91.429
Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tg=1/8 Tu
Symbol Time Ts (μs)102.857
144 115.2 102.857 102.857
FDD
No. of OFDM symbols per Frame
48 34 43 48 48
Idle time (μs) 62.857 104 46.40 62.857 62.857
TDD
No. of OFDM symbols per Frame
47 33 42 47 47
TTG + RTG (μs) 165.714 248 161.6 165.714 165.714
Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tg=1/16 Tu
Symbol Time Ts(μs) 97.143 136 108.8 97.143 97.143
FDD
No. of OFDM symbols per Frame
51 36 45 51 51
Idle time (μs) 45.71 104 104 45.71 45.71
TDD
No. of OFDM symbols per Frame
50 35 44 50 50
TTG + RTG (μs) 142.853 240 212.8 142.853 142.853
Number of used subcarriers 433 865 865 865 1729
802.16m Guard Bands
Baud Rate
B: baud rate, number of symbols in one secondS: number of symbols in an OFDMA Sub-frameT: OFDMA Sub-frame durationN: number of sub-carriers in an OFDMA frame B = (S/T)xN
Data Rate
R: data rate (bps)M: number of different signal elements in MCSB: baud rate, number of symbols in one second
R = B x
2(log )M
802.16e V.S. 802.16m802.16e 802.16m
Bandwidth(MHz) 10 10
Sampling frequency(MHz) 11.2 11.2
FFT size 1024 1024
Sub-carrier frequency spacing(kHz) 10.94 10.94Frame duration(ms) 5 5
Useful symbol time(us) 91.4 91.4
Guard time(us) 11.4 11.4
OFDMA symbols 48 48
OFDMA symbol duration(us) 102.9 102.9
Number of used sub-carriers 841(840) 865
Number of guard sub-carriers 183(184) 159
Number of pilot sub-carriers 120 120
Number of data sub-carrier 720 745
Data rate for QPSK(Mbps) 13.82 14.30
Data rate for 16QAM(Mbps) 27.65 28.61
Data rate for 64QAM(Mbps) 41.47 42.91
Multicarrier Frame Structure An example of
multicarrier frame structure with legacy support.
Multicarrier Transceiver Architectures
Basic concept of subcarrier alignment.
802.16m Multicarrier Operation with Usage of The Guard Bands
Multicarrier Transceiver Architectures
Different types of AMS transceiver architecture for multicarrier aggregation.
Network Entry
Network entry procedure for multicarrier support.
AAI: Advanced Air Interface
Activation and Deactivation ofAssigned Carriers
Multilevel carrier management scheme.
Handover
Relay Related Connections
Fractional Frequency Reuse
CA Scenarios and Component Carrier (CC) Types
Example of carrier aggregation scenarios: a) contiguous aggregation of five component carriers with equal
bandwidth b) non-contiguous aggregation of component carriers with
different bandwidths
Primary and Secondary CCs
UE served bPCell/SCell configuration for different y the same eNB
References1. I.-K. Fu et al., “Multicarrier Technology for 4G WiMax System,” IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 48 , Issue 8, Page(s): 50–58, Aug. 2010.
2. S. Ahmadi, “An Overview of Mext-Generation Mobile WiMAX Technology,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 47 , Issue 6, Page(s): 84–98, Jun. 2009.
3. O. Oyman, J. Foerster, Y.-J. Tcha, and S.-C. Lee, “Toward enhanced mobile video services over WiMAX and LTE,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48 , Issue 8, Page(s): 68-76, Aug. 2010.
4. K.I. Pedersen et al., “Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced: Functionality and Performance Aspects,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 49 , Issue 6, Page(s): 89-95, Jun. 2011.
5. M. Iwamura et al., “Carrier Aggregation Framework in 3GPP LTE-Advanced,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48 , Issue 8, Page(s): 60-67, Aug. 2010.