Post on 21-May-2015
WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE &WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE & MITIGATION OF CONFLICTSMITIGATION OF CONFLICTS
DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, IFSIFSFIELD DIRECTORFIELD DIRECTOR
SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVESUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE
INDIANINDIANSUNDARBANSSUNDARBANS
(4265 SQ KM approx)(4265 SQ KM approx)BANGLADESHBANGLADESHSUNDARBANSSUNDARBANS
(6000 SQ KM approx)(6000 SQ KM approx)STRSTR(2585 SQ KM)(2585 SQ KM)
SOUTHSOUTH24 PGS24 PGS
(1680 SQ KM)(1680 SQ KM)BUFFER AREABUFFER AREA
NP OF STR = WHSNP OF STR = WHS(1330 SQ KM)(1330 SQ KM)
THE HUMAN-TIGER THE HUMAN-TIGER INTERFACEINTERFACE
CIVIL BLOCKSCIVIL BLOCKS• BLOCKs – 29
• GRAM PANCHAYATs – 312
• TOTAL AREA – 8165.05 SQ KM
• POPULATION DENSITY – 846 / SQ KM
• TOTAL FRINGE POPULATION – 4.2 MILLION
• MAJOR OCCUPATION –
AGRICULTURE AND FISHING
FOREST BLOCKS
SOUTH 24 PGS DISTSOUTH 24 PGS DISTWEST BENGAL, INDIAWEST BENGAL, INDIA
SUNDARBANSSUNDARBANS
TOTAL MANGROVE R.F. – 4265 SQ.KMS.
SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE – 2585 SQ.KMS
S. 24 PGS FOREST DIVISION – 1680 SQ.KMS
PROTECTED AREAS
AREA OF SUNDARBAN N.P. – 1330 SQ.KMS
AREA OF SWLS – 362 SQ.KMS
AREA OF LOTHIAN WLS – 38 SQ.KMS
AREA OF HALIDAY WLS – 6 SQ.KMS
JT. DIRECTORJT. DIRECTOR( CF RANK)
FIELD DIRECTORFIELD DIRECTOR( CF RANK)
DFO/S.24 PGS DIVNDFO/S.24 PGS DIVNDFO/N.24 PGS. DIVNDFO/N.24 PGS. DIVN
( DCF RANK)
DFD/SUNDARBAN DFD/SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVETIGER RESERVE
( DCF RANK)
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF SBR
DIRECTOR SBR ( CCF RANK)( CCF RANK)
DIVNDIVN TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL RANGE RANGE
BEATBEAT
STRSTR 44 1717
S.24 PGSS.24 PGS 88 2323
N.24 PGSN.24 PGS 55 1212
ADFOs ( ACF RANK)( ACF RANK)
FOREST RANGERS AND DEPUTY RANGERS
AND FRONTLINE STAFFSS
TT
RR
S 24 S 24 PG PG
DIVNDIVN
N24 N24
PGPG
DIVNDIVN
WILDLIFE GOVERNANCEWILDLIFE GOVERNANCE
• INTENSIVE PROTECTION OF FLORA & FAUNAINTENSIVE PROTECTION OF FLORA & FAUNA• MITIGATION OF CONFLICTSMITIGATION OF CONFLICTS• ECODEVELOPMENT WORKSECODEVELOPMENT WORKS• ECO-TOURISMECO-TOURISM• RESEARCH, MONITORING & EVALUATIONRESEARCH, MONITORING & EVALUATION
Target Population There are seven CD ( out of 19 in total ) Blocks harbouring 51 FPCs and 14 EDCs comprising of 46 proximal villages ( out of 65 in total ) accounting for over 210302 people ( out of 3.5 million in total as per 2001 census and projected as 4.2 million in total in 2011 ) – who make particularly high demand of the ecosystem and thus form the basic target basic target population.population.
STR has a very small interface STR has a very small interface whereas whereas
24 Parganas (S) Division 24 Parganas (S) Division has large interfacehas large interface
Population growth curve in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve
19651970197519801985199019952000200520102015
1 2 3 4
Year
00.5
11.52
2.533.5
44.5
Popu
lation
(in m
illion
) Year
Population (in million)
‘‘ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCE ON ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCE ON FOREST – WHY SO IMPORTANT ???FOREST – WHY SO IMPORTANT ???
• bcoz all seasonal occupations are bcoz all seasonal occupations are forest dependent EXCEPT forest dependent EXCEPT
AGRICULTURE FROM APRIL-JUNEAGRICULTURE FROM APRIL-JUNE
80
5
0.5
0.5
14
OCCUPATION REGIME
AGRICULTURE
FISHING
BUSINESS
SERVICE
HONEY COLLECTION
OCCUPATION REGIME
30
60
90.50.5
AGRICULTURE
FISHING
BUSINESS
SERVICE
LABOURS
OCCUPATION REGIME
20
70
90.50.5
AGRICULTURE
FISHING
BUSINESS
SERVICE
TOURISM
Ap
ril
– Ju
ne
Ap
ril
– Ju
ne
July
– O
cto
ber
July
– O
cto
ber
No
v –
Mar
chN
ov
– M
arch
ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS & TRUST BUILDING ACTIVITIES& TRUST BUILDING ACTIVITIES
S. .N. ECO-DEVELOPMENT WORKS QUANTUM
1 Ponds 83
2 Smokeless Chullah 13900
3 Irrigation Channel (In Km.) 70
4 Medical Camps 142
5 Awareness & Training Camps 73
6 Deep Tube Wells 107
7 Nursery ( In Ha. = 2500 Seedlings) 725
8 Fuel wood Plantation (Ha.) 1145
9 Fruit Plants 62000
10 Brick Path (Km.) 73
11 Solar Lights 165
12 Solar Lanterns 610
13 Micro-Planning Trainings 19
14 Study Tours 21
15 Community Centers 17
16 Jetty 61
17 Vocational Trainings 27
Joint Forest management has won the trust of people to a reasonably good level and needs to be consolidated
YEAR FUNDING(IN INR) IPI(IN $)IPI(IN $)
1998-99 4400016.00 10.4410.44
1999-00 2965000.00 7.047.04
2000-01 4592930.00 10.9010.90
2001-02 2706397.00 6.426.42
2002-03 3685781.00 8.758.75
2003-04 6275000.00 14.8914.89
2004-05 7855000.00 18.6518.65
2005-06 4154000.00 9.869.86
2006-07 2200000.00 5.225.22
2007-08 8200000.00 19.4719.47
2008-09 12800000.00 20.2120.21
2009-10 14600000.00 21.2221.22
2010-11 16700000.00 23.6723.67
INPUT PER INDIVIDUALINPUT PER INDIVIDUAL
HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN THE UNDIVIDED SUNDERBANS
YEAR No. of Men Carried Away
No. of Tigers Killed
1881-82 161 3
1883-84 168 8
1907-08 120 9
1911-12 112 61
1914-15 79 36
1915-16 60 33Source: A.C. Gupta, West Bengal Forests (Centenary Commemoration Volume,1964)
• A REWARD OF RS 200/- WAS ANNOUNCED FOR EACH TIGER KILL IN 1910 AND CONTINUED TILL INDEPENDENCE• TILL POST INDEPENDENCE, TIGER WAS CONSIDERED AS ‘PEST’
HUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTSHUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTSCLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIED
CONFLICT INSIDE FORESTCONFLICT INSIDE FOREST
DUE TO BIOTIC INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY FISHERMEN, HONEY COLLECTORS, WOOD COLLECTORS ETC
CONFLICT OUTSIDE FORESTCONFLICT OUTSIDE FOREST
WHEN TIGER STRAYS IN A VILLAGE AND KILLS/INJURES LIVESTOCK AND HUMAN BEINGS
TIGER STARYING - CLASSIFIEDTIGER STARYING - CLASSIFIED
•TEMPORARY STRAYING
STRAY TO THE VILLAGE AND RETURN TO JUNGLE OF ITS OWN STRAY TO THE VILLAGE AND RETURN TO JUNGLE OF ITS OWN
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS – DRIVING / TRAPPINGMANAGEMENT OPTIONS – DRIVING / TRAPPING
•PERMANENT STRAYING
ENTRY DEEP INSIDE VILLAGE AND LOSS OF DIRECTION , ENTRY DEEP INSIDE VILLAGE AND LOSS OF DIRECTION ,
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - TRANQUILIZATION, TRANSLOCATION AND RELEASEMANAGEMENT OPTIONS - TRANQUILIZATION, TRANSLOCATION AND RELEASE
MAJOR CAUSES OF TIGER STARYINGMAJOR CAUSES OF TIGER STARYING
• TERRITORIAL FIGHTTERRITORIAL FIGHT
• BREEDING / LITTERING TIMEBREEDING / LITTERING TIME
• INTERMINGLED FOREST AND VILLAGEINTERMINGLED FOREST AND VILLAGE
• IN SEARCH OF EASY PREYIN SEARCH OF EASY PREY
• INJURY AND OLD AGEINJURY AND OLD AGE
11STST GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1973(PT DECLARATION) – 1988(NFP) ] GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1973(PT DECLARATION) – 1988(NFP) ]
STATUSSTATUS
• PEOPLE KILLED – MAINLY FISHERMEN, HONEY COLLECTORS, COUPE OPERATORS• TIGERS KILLED – BY POACHERS, RETALIATORY KILLING • TOTAL STRAYING CASES – 303 NOSTOTAL STRAYING CASES – 303 NOS
MITIGATION METHODS MITIGATION METHODS
• USE OF MASKSUSE OF MASKS• USE OF ELECTRIC DUMMIESUSE OF ELECTRIC DUMMIES• EXCAVATION OF SWEET WATER PONDSEXCAVATION OF SWEET WATER PONDS
USE OF MASK ELECTRIC DUMMY SWEET WATER POND
22NDND GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ] GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ]
MITIGATION METHODSMITIGATION METHODS
EMPHASIS ON REDUCING STRAYINGEMPHASIS ON REDUCING STRAYING• USE OF GORAN (USE OF GORAN (CeriopsCeriops) - GEWA () - GEWA (ExcoecariaExcoecaria) CHITTA FENCING ALONG FRINGE) CHITTA FENCING ALONG FRINGE• INITIATION OF TRAINED TRANQUILIZATION SQUADINITIATION OF TRAINED TRANQUILIZATION SQUAD• INTRODUCTION OF NYLON NET FENCINGINTRODUCTION OF NYLON NET FENCING
EMPHASIS ON REDUCING NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENTRYEMPHASIS ON REDUCING NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENTRY• ECODEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN VILLAGESECODEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN VILLAGES• EMPHASIS ON FARM BASED ACTIVITIES FROM FOREST ACTIVITIESEMPHASIS ON FARM BASED ACTIVITIES FROM FOREST ACTIVITIES• COUPE OPERATION STOPPEDCOUPE OPERATION STOPPED• NUMBER OF HONEY COLLECTORS REDUCEDNUMBER OF HONEY COLLECTORS REDUCED
GORAN CHITA FENCING AGRICULTURE INPUT TRANQUILIZATION
22NDND GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ] GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ]
STATUS OF CONFLICTSTATUS OF CONFLICT• TOTAL TIGER STRAYING CASES – 280TOTAL TIGER STRAYING CASES – 280• HUMAN DEATH REDUCEDHUMAN DEATH REDUCED
Persons Killed by Tiger in Sunderban Tiger Reserve since 1985-86
32
2521
14
9
43
3834
31
4 35
2
1315
1214
8
20 0
6 75
0
10
20
30
40
50
1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Year
Tota
l Num
ber
No.
33RDRD GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 2002 – TILL DATE GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 2002 – TILL DATE (REASONING,ANALYSIS) ](REASONING,ANALYSIS) ]
MITIGATION METHODSMITIGATION METHODS• USE OF NYLON NET FENCING ( 48 KM OUT OF 65 KM INTERFACE )USE OF NYLON NET FENCING ( 48 KM OUT OF 65 KM INTERFACE )• REDUCED REACTION TIMEREDUCED REACTION TIME• 6 EQUIPPED ‘TSCF’6 EQUIPPED ‘TSCF’• LARGE SCALE ECODEVELOPMENT WORKSLARGE SCALE ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS• HRD & CAPACITY BUILDING HRD & CAPACITY BUILDING
NYLON NET FENCE ALONG FOREST‘TSCF’ WITH TIGER GUARD
8-10 FT8-10 FT
MESH – 4”X4”
METAL RUNNER
STATUS OF CONFLICTSTATUS OF CONFLICT
• 2 STRAYED TIGER WERE KILLED BY PEOPLE (2001)2 STRAYED TIGER WERE KILLED BY PEOPLE (2001)• HUMAN DEATHS REDUCEDHUMAN DEATHS REDUCED• STRAYING REDUCEDSTRAYING REDUCED
(A)(A)
(B)(B)
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTRESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
(A) EARLIER THE STRAYED OUT (A) EARLIER THE STRAYED OUT CAPTURED TIGER WAS CAPTURED TIGER WAS
RELEASED RELEASED ‘‘ON LAND’ ON LAND’ TILL TILL 20012001
(B) NOW THE TIGER IS BEING (B) NOW THE TIGER IS BEING
RELEASED FROM RELEASED FROM ‘‘BOAT’BOAT’
REASEARCH & DEVELOPMENTREASEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
• CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ‘ALP’ FOR FUTURE PLANING OF PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT - AN ‘IUCN-MFF’ SMALL GRANT PROJECT
• EAR-TAGGING AND MICROCHIPPING – EAR-TAGGING AND MICROCHIPPING – TILL DATE 2 FEMALES AND 2 MALES TIGER TILL DATE 2 FEMALES AND 2 MALES TIGER
HAVE BEEN EAR-TAGGED AND HAVE BEEN EAR-TAGGED AND MICROCHIPPED TO STUDY THEIR STRAYING MICROCHIPPED TO STUDY THEIR STRAYING BEHAVIOUR - ONLY BEHAVIOUR - ONLY ONE FEMALE ONE FEMALE SHOWED SHOWED SUCH REPEATED STRAYING TENDENCYSUCH REPEATED STRAYING TENDENCY
1ST CAPTUTE
1ST RELEASE
2ND CAPTUTE
2ND RELEASE
1
3
0
K
M
1
1
0
K
M
1
5
0
K
M
JHILLA-1
BAGMARA-7
PIRKHALI-1
DULIBHASANI-3
CAPTURE CAPTURE
& RELOCATION & RELOCATION
OF A SAME TIGRESSOF A SAME TIGRESS
(WLWB/0001)(WLWB/0001)
(30TH JUNE’09)
(3RD JULY’09)
(31ST JULY’09)
(2ND AUGUST’09)
REASEARCH & DEVELOPMENTREASEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
• TREATMENT OF INJURED TIGER –TREATMENT OF INJURED TIGER – TILL DATE 3 MALE TIGERS AND 1 FEMALE TIGER HAVE BEEN FOUND STRAYING DUE TILL DATE 3 MALE TIGERS AND 1 FEMALE TIGER HAVE BEEN FOUND STRAYING DUE
HUNTING INCAPABILITY AND THEY WERE TREATED AT KOLKATA ZOO AND HUNTING INCAPABILITY AND THEY WERE TREATED AT KOLKATA ZOO AND 2 (TWO) 2 (TWO) OF THEM TRANSLOCATED BACK TO THE WILDOF THEM TRANSLOCATED BACK TO THE WILD
• BEHAVIOURAL STUDY –BEHAVIOURAL STUDY – STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUNDARBAN TIGERS ARE LESS IN BODY STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUNDARBAN TIGERS ARE LESS IN BODY
WEIGHT & SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO MAIN LAND TIGERSWEIGHT & SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO MAIN LAND TIGERS
ANIMAL ANIMAL SEXSEX DATEDATE ACTUALACTUALWEIGHTWEIGHT
LENGTH (Cm.)LENGTH (Cm.) NECK NECK GIRTHGIRTH(cm.)(cm.)
CHEST CHEST GIRTHGIRTH(cm.)(cm.)
SHOULDERSHOULDERHEIGHTHEIGHT
(cm.)(cm.)Nose Nose tip to tip to HeadHead
Head Head to to
AnusAnus
Tail Tail lengthlength
TotalTotal
TigerTiger MaleMale 22.05.1022.05.10 97 kg97 kg 32.532.5 137137 8383 252.5252.5 5353 8989 8989
TigerTiger MaleMale 22.05.1022.05.10 115 kg115 kg 3535 133133 8484 252.0252.0 5656 9292 9494
TigerTiger FemaleFemale 27.06.1027.06.10 72 kg72 kg 3030 127127 8282 239.0239.0 4848 8787 6767
TigerTiger MaleMale 22.10.1022.10.10 98 kg98 kg 3333 148148 8080 261261 5757 8989 9494
13.03.200913.03.2009 22.07.200922.07.2009
THE WAY AHEADTHE WAY AHEAD
• RESEARCH ON TIGER ETHOLOGY & STRAYING BEHAVIOURETHOLOGY & STRAYING BEHAVIOUR• PROVISION OF ‘ALP’ ‘ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCY ON NATURAL RESOURCES• COVERING THE ENTIRE 68 KM 68 KM FRINGE BY NYLON NET FENCING• RESTOCKINGRESTOCKING OF PREY BASE• CONSTRUCTION OF RELOCATION CENTER RELOCATION CENTER FOR TIGER AT JHARKHALI• INSTALLATION OF SOLAR LIGHT SOLAR LIGHT ALONG THE FRINGE EMBANKMENT• COMMUNITY PATROLLING COMMUNITY PATROLLING ON VOLUNTARY BASIS• AWARENESS GENERATION & OUTREACHOUTREACH PROGRAM
PROPOSED PROPOSED INDO – BANGLA INDO – BANGLA
COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMSCOLLABORATIVE PROGRAMS
• TRANSFER OF GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICESTRANSFER OF GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES• SHARING OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATIONSHARING OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION