Post on 06-Mar-2018
Why should we care about care?
AnaMariaMunozBoudet,VictoriaLevin,BethZikronahRosenPovertyandSocialProtec=onandLaborGlobalPrac=ces;ECARegion
TheWorldBankGroup
THE ROLE OF INFORMAL CHILDCARE AND ELDERCARE IN AGING SOCIETIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
Outline 1) Organiza=onofthecaresupply
2) Carethroughoutwomen’slifecycles
3) Care,laborforceaPachment,&income
4) PolicyOp=ons
Note 1: Data for this report
-Genera=onsandGenderSurvey(GGS)
-TimeUseSurveys
-SurveyofHealth,Ageing,andRe=rementinEurope(SHARE)
-EuropeanSocialSurvey
-Exis=ngHHsurveys
-Authorsdevelopednewmixed-methodsdataset:supplyanddemandassessment
ECACountriesIndepen-dentData SHARE GGP ESS HETUS
Na;onalTUS RLMS
Albania X Armenia X Azerbaijan Belarus
BosniaandHerzegovina X
Bulgaria X X X Croa;a X CzechRepublic X X X Estonia X X X X X Georgia X Hungary X X X Kazakhstan Kosovo X X KyrgyzRepublic X Latvia X X Lithuania X X X FYRMacedonia X X Moldova X Montenegro Poland X X X X Romania X X RussianFedera;on X X XSerbia X X Slovakia X Slovenia X X X Tajikistan Turkey X Turkmenistan Ukraine X X Uzbekistan
1. OrganizaMon of the care supply is linked to three factors 1. Household-levelcapacityandmarketfactors
◦ Householdsize,composi=on,andopportunitycostof=meforhouseholdmembers
2. Socialnorms◦ Filialobliga=on,ifyouhavecareda]ersomeoneonceyouwilldoit
again,acceptabilityofstateinvolvementincaregiving
3. Availableservicesandsupportstructures◦ Availability,accessibility,affordability,andqualityofchildcareand
eldercareop=ons
…This oPen adds up to a preponderance of informal care
Women bear more of the burden of informal care than men, regardless of whether they work for pay
Source:EstonianNa=onalTimeUseSurvey2010Note:Authors’calcula=ons
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00
Paidwork,Men Paidwork,WomenCare,Men Care,WomenHHProduc,Men HHProduc,Women
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00
Totalwork,Men Totalwork,WomenUnpaidwork,Men Unpaidwork,Women
Propor;onofEstonianworkingagepopula;on(aged20-64years)undertakingac;vi;esbygenderand;meofday
2. Care throughout women’s lifecycles Womenarelikelytobeengagedincaregivingatdifferentstagesoftheirlife.Ø Oneormul=pledirec=onsatthesame=me
Ø Mothers Ø DaughtersØ Grandmothers
Ø Differentintensi=esintermsof=meandfrequency
Agingsocie=esincreasethedemandforupwardcareflowsbesidesthetradi=onaldownwardcare.
Care throughout women’s lifecycles has expanded in aging socieMes
children
woman
parents
grandparents
grandchildren
Carerecipient CarerecipientCaregiver
At all ages, women and men are providing some type of care to others
Source:SHAREwave4(AT,BE,CH,CZ,EE,ES,FR,HU,IT,NL,SI).N=2,787grandmotherswithatleastonegrandchildundertheageof16years.
6%
4%
19%
19%
2%
2%
10%
5%
11%
13%
16%
20%
5%
14%
29%
26%
36%
38%
11%
18%
12%
10%
8%
8%
3%
3%
48%
51%
31%
25%
33%
21%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Men70+
Women70+
Men60-69
Women60-69
Men50-59
Women50-59
Employed,providingchildcare,providingfurtherhelptoothers Employed,providingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers
Employed,notprovidingchildcare,providinghelptoothers Notemployed,providingchildcare,providingfurtherhelptoothers
Notemployed,providingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers Notemployed,notprovidingchildcare,providinghelptoothers
Notprovidingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers
3. Care, labor force aXachment, & income throughout women’s lifecycles
Ø Aswithchildcare,intensiveeldercaredu=escanreducefemalelaborsupplyduringthemostproduc=veyears.
Ø Thereisasubstan=albodyofevidence,fromavarietyofcontexts,thatintensive,=me-demandingcarehassignificantnega=veeffectonthelikelihoodofstayinginthelaborforce
Ø Greateravailabilityofformalcareop=onscanbeexpectedtoaffectfemalelaborforcepar=cipa=onintheintensiveandextensivemargins.
Mothers: It starts with childcare responsibiliMes There is a well-documented decrease in labor supply for women with young children, and in some countries, this reduced labor supply of mothers persists for an extended period of Mme.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0-3years 4-6years 7-9years 10-12years
Bulgaria Georgia Germany France Hungary Italy Netherlands
Romania Norway Austria Belgium Lithuania Poland Czech
Norway
Georgia
Czech
Source: Authors' calculations based on GGS Wave 1 data.Note: Sample includes female respondents with at least one child in the household. The employment rate is the share of those who report that they are employed or self-employed.
Working women tend to use childcare services more than those not working. Mothers in EU-13 countries are more likely to stay out of the labor force due to childcare availability and quality and more likely to be in part-Mme employment due to availability and cost compared to EU-15
Source: Eurostat 2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
FYRMaced
onia
Slovakia
CzechRe
public
Hungary
Estonia
Poland
Latvia
Croa=a
Romania
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Sloven
ia
Nethe
rland
s
Germ
any
Malta
UnitedKingdo
m
Ireland
Austria
Italy
Luxembo
urg
Belgium
Spain
France
Greece
Swed
en
Norway
Denm
ark
Iceland
Finland
Cyprus
Portugal
ECA non-ECA
%ofw
omen
aged25-49who
usechildcare
servicesweeklyforthe
iryoun
gestchild
Shareemployedfull-=me Sharedemployedpart-=me
Employmentprofileofworkingmothersusingchildcareservices
Daughters of elderly parents: Women tend to provide care to elderly parents at the ages at which they would have the highest lifeMme income
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
24andless 25-35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
%ofw
omen
inth
eagegrou
pprovidingan
ycareto
someo
neelse
Russia
Bulgaria
Georgia
Romania
Source:GenderandGenera=onsSurvey.FirstRound
Careprovidedtoparentsand/orparents-in-lawamongwomenwhoreportprovidinghelpinthepreviousyear.Femalerespondents,byage
UMlizaMon rates of formal eldercare services are correlated with labor force parMcipaMon rates of the populaMon that is most likely to be providing informal caregiving—women aged 40–64
RESIDENCEINCAREINSTITUTIONS RECEIPTOFHOME-BASEDCARE
Source: Mul=linksforcareprevalence(mostrecentwaveused);Eurostatforlaborforcepar=cipa=onrates
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
SlovakRepublic
SloveniaSpain
Sweden
UnitedKingdom
y=1,1541x+60,32R²=0,06138
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Labo
rforcepar;cipa;
onoffem
alesaged40
to64
%livingincareins;tu;ons(ofpersonsaged65+)
Austria
Belgium
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
SloveniaSpain
Sweden
UnitedKingdom
y=0,9514x+57,894R²=0,15743
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Labo
rforcepar;cipa;
onoffem
alesaged40
to64
%receivinghome-basedcare(ofpersonsaged65+)
Caught in the middle: The sandwich generaMon
Ø Increasedlongevity+delayedonsetoffer=lityàwomenareexpectedtoprovidecaresimultaneouslytomul=plegenera=ons
children
woman
parents
grandparents
grandchildren
Carerecipient CarerecipientCaregiver
Grandmothers: They provide frequent care in some countries, and in others, they just help
Source:Buber-Ennser(2014)basedonSHAREwave4(AT,BE,CH,CZ,DE,DK,EE,ES,FR,HU,IT,NL,PO,PT,SE,SI)andwave2(GR,IE).N=27,708grandparentswithatleastonegrandchildundertheageof16years,andN=16,360thatprovideanycare.
Es;matedcountrycoefficientsforgrandmothers’careprovision(anyandregulargrandchildcare)
***
*
***
********
******
***
*********
** ** *
***
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
***D
enmark(DK)
***Swed
en(SE)
***France(FR)
***Eston
ia(E
E)
CzechR.(C
Z)
Germ
any(DE)
Switzerland
(CH)
Sloven
ia(SI)
Poland
(PO)
Hungary(HU)
Ireland
(IE)
Nethe
rland
s(NL)
Belgium(B
E)
Spain(ES)
Portugal(P
T)
Lithuania(LT)
Georgia(GE)
Austria
(AT)
Greece(G
R)
***R
ussia
(RU)
***B
ulgaria
(BU)
Italy(IT)
***R
omania(R
O)
Anycare
Regularcare
Grandmother-provided childcare can enable mothers’ employment…
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Unpaidhelp
Nohelp Unpaidhelp
Nohelp Unpaidhelp
Nohelp Unpaidhelp
Nohelp
EFTA,EU15 EU13 EasternParternship
W.Balkans
Inac=veinLF
Unemployed
Employed
Source:Authors’calcula=onsbasedonGGSdata(mostrecentwaveforBulgaria,RussianFedera=on,Georgia,Romania,Lithuania,Poland,CzechRepublic,Germany,France,theNetherlands,Norway,Austria,andBelgium)andfieldworkdata(2014dataforArmenia,BosniaandHerzegovina,Kosovo,FYRMacedonia,Serbia,andUkraine).
Laborstatusformotherswithandwithoutinformalcare
… but this can negaMvely impact the labor supply of grandmothers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79
Men - Women
%employed
Withgrandchildrenunder16 Withoutgrandchildrenunder16
Source:Author’scalcula=onbasedonBuber-Ennser2014
Employmentrateofolderindividualswith/withoutgrandchildren
Care, labor force aXachment and income Ø “Sandwiched”womenhavebeenfoundtoexperiencehigherlevelsofwork-relatedstress,absenteeismaswellasagreatermismatchbetweenactualandpreferredworkinghours
Ø Higher-educatedpre-re=rement-age(50-65)womenareatthehighestriskofperformingthedoublecaredu=es.
Ø Sandwichedindividualsarelesslikelytobeinthelaborforce,whichimpliesthatsandwichresponsibili=esareassociatedwithearlyre=rementofhighly-skilledwomen
Ø Beingafemalecaregiverisassociatedwithasignificantlyhigherpovertyrisk
Ø Caregivingcanbeassociatedwithahigherpovertyrisklaterinlifeduetoloweraccumulatedpensionwealth
Ø Perversecyclewherebywomenfromlower-incomehouseholdsaremorelikelytobecomeinformalcaregivers,whichinturnresultsinevenlowerhouseholdincomes.
4. Policy opMons Theidealpolicymixwillvarybycountry,butsomeareastoconsiderinclude:
§ Providingaccessible,affordable,qualityformalcareservices
§ Acknowledgingandimprovinginformalcare§ Crea=ngleavepoliciesthatsupportthefamilyascareproviders(paid,unpaid)
§ Promo=ngflexibleworkarrangements§ Consideringallowancesandtaxincen=vesforcaregiversand/orrecipients§ Improvingpensioncreditsforcaregiverssystems(coverage,targe=ng,andgenerosity)
§ Promo=onofpar=cipa=oninthelabormarketoftheyoungoldascaregiversoftheoldestold
Thank you