• Which inventor created a more efficient steam engine?

• A. Edison.• B. Bell.• C. Morse.• D. Watt.

• Which inventor created a more efficient steam engine?

• A. Edison.• B. Bell.• C. Morse.• D. Watt.

• How did the steam engine affect industrial growth?

• A. Goods could be transported to new markets.

• B. It offered a more efficient source of power.

• C. Rail transport came to replace sea transport.

• D. It reduced pollution from oil and coal.

• How did the steam engine affect industrial growth?

• A. Goods could be transported to new markets.

• B. It offered a more efficient source of power.

• C. Rail transport came to replace sea transport.

• D. It reduced pollution from oil and coal.

• . The first nation to industrialize on the continent was

• Prussia• France • Belgium• Russia • Denmark

• . The first nation to industrialize on the continent was

• Prussia• France • Belgium• Russia • Denmark

• . All of the following were results of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT

• It created two new social classes• It displaced the landed aristocracy as the dominant

social class• I brought great wealth to factory owners• It subjected workers and their families to low wages,

long working days, and oppressive • It created poverty much worse than that in the

countryside

• . All of the following were results of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT

• It created two new social classes• It displaced the landed aristocracy as the dominant

social class• I brought great wealth to factory owners• It subjected workers and their families to low wages,

long working days, and oppressive • It created poverty much worse than that in the

countryside

• Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by Great Britain that helps explain why the Second Industrial Revolution originated there?

• An extensive river system• The lack of internal trade tariffs• A well-developed commercial economy• Natural resources • All of the above

• Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by Great Britain that helps explain why the Second Industrial Revolution originated there?

• An extensive river system• The lack of internal trade tariffs• A well-developed commercial economy• Natural resources • All of the above

• . Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the country that held the lead in innovation and industrial production was

• Russia• France• Germany• Great Britain• Holland

• . Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the country that held the lead in innovation and industrial production was

• Russia• France• Germany• Great Britain• Holland

• .In general , the Second Industrial Revolution in Europe

• Began n the Continent and spread in all directions• Took place in Great Britain • Took place more slowly in Eastern Europe• Was stimulated by government investment in

Western Europe• Took place later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe

• .In general , the Second Industrial Revolution in Europe

• Began n the Continent and spread in all directions• Took place in Great Britain • Took place more slowly in Eastern Europe• Was stimulated by government investment in

Western Europe• Took place later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe

• All of the following are characteristics of the Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) EXCEPT

• That it replaced hand manufacture with machine production

• That it concentrated the working force in factories

• That it was aperiod of dramatic advancement• That it took place in France• That it transformed European society

• All of the following are characteristics of the Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) EXCEPT

• That it replaced hand manufacture with machine production

• That it concentrated the working force in factories

• That it was aperiod of dramatic advancement• That it took place in France• That it transformed European society

• . In what ways were railroads an improvement over canals?

• A. Railroads could connect two rivers.• B. Railroads could connect an inland town to

a coastal port.• C. Railroads did not have to follow the course

of a river.• D. Railroads were the only form of• . overland transportation

• . In what ways were railroads an improvement over canals?

• A. Railroads could connect two rivers.• B. Railroads could connect an inland town to

a coastal port.• C. Railroads did not have to follow the course

of a river.• D. Railroads were the only form of• . overland transportation

• . All the following were results of the Irish potato blight in the 1840s EXCEPT

• Reforms to benefit the Irish peasants• Starvation and disease• Irish immigration, mainly to the United States• Repeal of the Corn Laws• Continued severe poverty in Ireland

• . All the following were results of the Irish potato blight in the 1840s EXCEPT

• Reforms to benefit the Irish peasants• Starvation and disease• Irish immigration, mainly to the United States• Repeal of the Corn Laws• Continued severe poverty in Ireland

• The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s • Increased demand for steel but decreased

demand for coal• Did not effect the demand for steel • Increased demand for both steel and coal• Increased demand for coal but decreased

demand for steel• Did not affect the demand for coal

• The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s • Increased demand for steel but decreased

demand for coal• Did not effect the demand for steel • Increased demand for both steel and coal• Increased demand for coal but decreased

demand for steel• Did not affect the demand for coal

• . As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsman

• Prospered• Became managers in factories• Lost their livelihoods• Moved to towns and cities• Were women

• . As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsman

• Prospered• Became managers in factories• Lost their livelihoods• Moved to towns and cities• Were women

• The Chartist movement in England advocated all the following EXCEPT

• Universal suffrage• Salaries for members of Parliament• Minimum wage• More equality among voting districts• Voting by secret ballot

• The Chartist movement in England advocated all the following EXCEPT

• Universal suffrage• Salaries for members of Parliament• Minimum wage• More equality among voting districts• Voting by secret ballot

• A major goal of English Chartists in the 1840’s was

• equal distribution of wealth • protective tariffs for farm products• war with France• abolition of the monarchy • the vote for all men

• A major goal of English Chartists in the 1840’s was

• equal distribution of wealth • protective tariffs for farm products• war with France• abolition of the monarchy • the vote for all men

• All of the goals of the Chartist movement were eventually achieved in Great Britain EXCEPT

• The secret ballot• Annual parliaments• Equal electoral districts• Abolition of property requirements for

Members of Parliament• Salaries for Members of Parliament

• All of the goals of the Chartist movement were eventually achieved in Great Britain EXCEPT

• The secret ballot• Annual parliaments• Equal electoral districts• Abolition of property requirements for

Members of Parliament• Salaries for Members of Parliament

• The primary purpose of the Chartist movement of the 1840s was to

• Get working men an eight-hour day• Convince working men to unionize• Get the House of Commons to pass the Six Act of the

People’s Charter• Form a political party that would challenge the Whig

and Tory political dominance• Tap into the revolutionary potential of the English

working class

• The primary purpose of the Chartist movement of the 1840s was to

• Get working men an eight-hour day• Convince working men to unionize• Get the House of Commons to pass the Six Act of the

People’s Charter• Form a political party that would challenge the Whig

and Tory political dominance• Tap into the revolutionary potential of the English

working class

• The Chartist movement (1837-1842) in Britain demonstrated

• The power of the monarchy • The degree to which the lower-middle and

working classes desired further reform • The strength of nationalism• Opposition to monarchy• The degree to which working people were

opposed to the mechanization of industry

• The Chartist movement (1837-1842) in Britain demonstrated

• The power of the monarchy • The degree to which the lower-middle and

working classes desired further reform • The strength of nationalism• Opposition to monarchy• The degree to which working people were

opposed to the mechanization of industry

• Much of the agenda of the 19th century Chartist movement in England involved voting reform. The Chartist wanted

• Numerically balanced electoral districts• Female suffrage• Elimination of the House of Lords• Reduction of the voting age to 18• All of the above

• Much of the agenda of the 19th century Chartist movement in England involved voting reform. The Chartist wanted

• Numerically balanced electoral districts• Female suffrage• Elimination of the House of Lords• Reduction of the voting age to 18• All of the above

• All of the following were reforms demanded by the program of Chartism EXCEPT

• Payment of salaries to member of the House of Commons

• Universal male suffrage• The secret ballot• Annual elections in the House of Commons• The maintenance of the property requirement

for members of the House of Commons

• All of the following were reforms demanded by the program of Chartism EXCEPT

• Payment of salaries to member of the House of Commons

• Universal male suffrage• The secret ballot• Annual elections in the House of Commons• The maintenance of the property requirement

for members of the House of Commons

• After the passage of the English Factory Act in 1833• There was a marked decreased in productivity• More children were exploited in the workplace• Many British working class laborers demanded

shorter workdays for adults• The workday for adult and older teenagers was

shortened• Working-class parents became more involved in

the education of their children

• After the passage of the English Factory Act in 1833• There was a marked decreased in productivity• More children were exploited in the workplace• Many British working class laborers demanded

shorter workdays for adults• The workday for adult and older teenagers was

shortened• Working-class parents became more involved in

the education of their children

• Which of the following best characterizes women in the new service work force of the late 19th century

• They were unmarried and young• They were young, married, and middle class• They were young, married and mothers of

children• They were middle-aged• They were independently wealthy

• Which of the following best characterizes women in the new service work force of the late 19th century

• They were unmarried and young• They were young, married, and middle class• They were young, married and mothers of

children• They were middle-aged• They were independently wealthy

• . Police forces in the early 18th century were • Staffed by community volunteers• Politically appointed• Paid and professionally trained • A special branch of the local government• Funded by local aristocrats concerned with

falling property rights

• . Police forces in the early 18th century were • Staffed by community volunteers• Politically appointed• Paid and professionally trained • A special branch of the local government• Funded by local aristocrats concerned with

falling property rights

• Which of the following were aspects of the 19th century prison reform EXCEPT

• Grouping men, women, and children together in “family” units

• The complete separation of prisoners at all times

• The separation of prisoners during the nights• An individual cell for each prisoner• Long periods of silence among prisoners

• Which of the following were aspects of the 19th century prison reform EXCEPT

• Grouping men, women, and children together in “family” units

• The complete separation of prisoners at all times

• The separation of prisoners during the nights• An individual cell for each prisoner• Long periods of silence among prisoners

• The 19th century attempts to create new police forces and reform prisons are reflective of which growing political sentiment?

• Reactionary conservatism• A need to impose order in a growing and

migrating population• The end of Enlishtenment influence• An intolerance of the lower classes• New attitudes of social benevolence and welfare

• The 19th century attempts to create new police forces and reform prisons are reflective of which growing political sentiment?

• Reactionary conservatism• A need to impose order in a growing and

migrating population• The end of Enlishtenment influence• An intolerance of the lower classes• New attitudes of social benevolence and welfare

• . An advocate of laissez faire • Advocates protectionist tariffs• Argues that the government should refrain from

trying to regulate the economy• argues that only natural laws are legitimate• agrues that the government should act as an

“invisible hand” to regulate the economy• argues that a monarch rules by the command of

God

• . An advocate of laissez faire • Advocates protectionist tariffs• Argues that the government should refrain from

trying to regulate the economy• argues that only natural laws are legitimate• agrues that the government should act as an

“invisible hand” to regulate the economy• argues that a monarch rules by the command of

God

• . The principles of laissez-faire advocate that • A country should have colonies for raw

materials• A country’s wealth is counted in it gold and

silver• All tariffs should be eliminated• Countries should be self-sufficient• Governments should control wages and prices

• . The principles of laissez-faire advocate that • A country should have colonies for raw

materials• A country’s wealth is counted in it gold and

silver• All tariffs should be eliminated• Countries should be self-sufficient• Governments should control wages and prices

• . Which of the following was a strong advocate of laissez faire

• a. Karl Marx• b. Thomas Malthus• c. Adam Smith• d. Robert Owen• e. Jeremy Bentham

• . Which of the following was a strong advocate of laissez faire

• a. Karl Marx• b. Thomas Malthus• c. Adam Smith• d. Robert Owen• e. Jeremy Bentham

• . He believed that charity and medicine made matters worse because he saw the central human problem as one of population versus production

• Thomas Malthus• David Ricardo • Adam Smith• Karl Marx• Jeremy Bentham

• . He believed that charity and medicine made matters worse because he saw the central human problem as one of population versus production

• Thomas Malthus• David Ricardo • Adam Smith• Karl Marx• Jeremy Bentham

• According to Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages • Workers in pig iron production must earn

subsistence wages• Population will outrun the food supply• A ten-hour workday was most productive• Variations in the supply and demand of labor

will lead to eventual mass starvation• Poverty will end only with the public ownership

of the means of production

• According to Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages • Workers in pig iron production must earn

subsistence wages• Population will outrun the food supply• A ten-hour workday was most productive• Variations in the supply and demand of labor

will lead to eventual mass starvation• Poverty will end only with the public ownership

of the means of production

• . David Ricardo has a pessimistic outlook toward the English factory workers. He believed

• Overpopulation was about to doom the working class

• Laissez faire policies were necessary to expand trade• Paying workers more would only encourage larger

families, who would consume the excess• Education wasn’t necessary for the poor• All of the above

• . David Ricardo has a pessimistic outlook toward the English factory workers. He believed

• Overpopulation was about to doom the working class

• Laissez faire policies were necessary to expand trade• Paying workers more would only encourage larger

families, who would consume the excess• Education wasn’t necessary for the poor• All of the above

• . The 1834 Zollverein (Prussian customs union) was designed to do which of the following?

• (A) Create a common currency• (B) Achieve national unification• (C) Promote European colonial expansion• (D) Create an enlarged trading area• (E) Slow the construction of railroads

• . The 1834 Zollverein (Prussian customs union) was designed to do which of the following?

• (A) Create a common currency• (B) Achieve national unification• (C) Promote European colonial expansion• (D) Create an enlarged trading area• (E) Slow the construction of railroads

• Utilitarians differed form other kinds of liberals in their

• Support of tradition• Emphasis on individual liberty• Tendency to be more supportive of

government intervention• Call for the abolition of private property• Advocacy of violence

• Utilitarians differed form other kinds of liberals in their

• Support of tradition• Emphasis on individual liberty• Tendency to be more supportive of

government intervention• Call for the abolition of private property• Advocacy of violence

• . “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was the explicit goal of which of the

following move ments?• (A) Romanticism • (B) Utilitarianism• (C) Pietism • (D) Anarchism • (E) Jansenism

• . “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was the explicit goal of which of the

following move ments?• (A) Romanticism • (B) Utilitarianism• (C) Pietism • (D) Anarchism • (E) Jansenism

• Utilitarians differed from other liberals by • Supporting government regulation of working

conditions in factories• Calling for the abolition of many traditional

institutions• Believing in the existence of natural laws that govern

human behavior• Calling for the abolition of private property• Regarding many religious practices as mere

superstitions

• Utilitarians differed from other liberals by • Supporting government regulation of working

conditions in factories• Calling for the abolition of many traditional

institutions• Believing in the existence of natural laws that govern

human behavior• Calling for the abolition of private property• Regarding many religious practices as mere

superstitions

• Which if the following 19th century ideologies stressed both individual freedom and government regulation?

• Socialism • Utilitarianism• Liberalism• Conservatism• Anarchism

• Which if the following 19th century ideologies stressed both individual freedom and government regulation?

• Socialism • Utilitarianism• Liberalism• Conservatism• Anarchism

• .Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism• Promoted the view that population grew geometrically

while food supplies grew arithmetically• Demanded workers’ cooperatives be created in place of a

market economy• Argued that human happiness though the “greatest

happiness of the greatest number”.• Asserted that wages would stabilize at the subsistence

level• Stated that class identity should be associated with the

means of production

• .Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism• Promoted the view that population grew geometrically

while food supplies grew arithmetically• Demanded workers’ cooperatives be created in place of a

market economy• Argued that human happiness though the “greatest

happiness of the greatest number”.• Asserted that wages would stabilize at the subsistence

level• Stated that class identity should be associated with the

means of production

• Working and middle class individuals were united in opposition to

• The Factory Act• Chartism• The Reform Bill of 1867• The Great Reform Bill of 1832• The Corn Laws

• Working and middle class individuals were united in opposition to

• The Factory Act• Chartism• The Reform Bill of 1867• The Great Reform Bill of 1832• The Corn Laws

• The end of the Corn Laws in Great Britain in 1846 was an indication that

• a.The government was fully responsive to the needs of workers

• b.The industrial revolution was beginning to slow down

• c.Grain was now available in abundance• d.The role of the monarchy was in decline• e.The old landed classes no longer fully dominated

politics

• The end of the Corn Laws in Great Britain in 1846 was an indication that

• a.The government was fully responsive to the needs of workers

• b.The industrial revolution was beginning to slow down

• c.Grain was now available in abundance• d.The role of the monarchy was in decline• e.The old landed classes no longer fully dominated

politics

• . A factor accelerating the British government’s repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was the

• (A) South Sea Bubble scandal• (B) American Revolution• (C) Irish potato famine• (D) development of relatively inexpensive

ocean transport• (E) worldwide mechanization of grain farming

• . A factor accelerating the British government’s repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was the

• (A) South Sea Bubble scandal• (B) American Revolution• (C) Irish potato famine• (D) development of relatively inexpensive

ocean transport• (E) worldwide mechanization of grain farming

• Industrial socialism • Advocated the abolition of private property• Sought to create to profitable industrial enterprise

without exploiting workers• Called for the creation of phalansteries• Advocated a return to small-scale production by skilled

artisans• e.Advocated government regulation of working

conditions•

• Industrial socialism • Advocated the abolition of private property• Sought to create to profitable industrial enterprise

without exploiting workers• Called for the creation of phalansteries• Advocated a return to small-scale production by skilled

artisans• e.Advocated government regulation of working

conditions•

• The Utopian Socialists were labeled as such by Marx mainly because

• He could not imagine how such plans could be funded• He hated their plans for agricultural communities• He thought that they were primarily anarchists• He believed that their ideas were unsystematic and

unscientific• He viewed with disdain any ideas that failed to

account for bourgeois advarice

• The Utopian Socialists were labeled as such by Marx mainly because

• He could not imagine how such plans could be funded• He hated their plans for agricultural communities• He thought that they were primarily anarchists• He believed that their ideas were unsystematic and

unscientific• He viewed with disdain any ideas that failed to

account for bourgeois advarice

• . Anarchists believed that inidividuals would be free only when

• The state is geared toward better meeting the needs of workers

• The individual accepted that freedom is in the mind and not possible in a physical sense

• The state is abolished• The teaching of Marx are accepted• The individual is free to return to the simple rural life

• . Anarchists believed that inidividuals would be free only when

• The state is geared toward better meeting the needs of workers

• The individual accepted that freedom is in the mind and not possible in a physical sense

• The state is abolished• The teaching of Marx are accepted• The individual is free to return to the simple rural life

• Early 19th century Luddites were known for • Political liberalism • Chartism• Organizing the first British Labor unions• Breaking machinery• Republicanism

• Early 19th century Luddites were known for • Political liberalism • Chartism• Organizing the first British Labor unions• Breaking machinery• Republicanism

• . "By the charter granted by our late sovereign the framework knitters are empowered to break and destroy all frames and engines that fabricate articles in a fraudulent and deceitful manner."

• The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of which of the following groups?

• (A) Benthamites• (B) Anarchists• (C) Socialists• (D) Luddites• (E) Methodists

• . "By the charter granted by our late sovereign the framework knitters are empowered to break and destroy all frames and engines that fabricate articles in a fraudulent and deceitful manner."

• The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of which of the following groups?

• (A) Benthamites• (B) Anarchists• (C) Socialists• (D) Luddites• (E) Methodists

• . Which of the following was most closely associated with anarchism?

• (A) The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

• (B) The execution of Tsar Nicholas 11 and his family• (C) The split between the Mensheviks and the

Bolsheviks• (D) The formation of the Fabian Society• (E) The growth of the syndicalist movement

• . Which of the following was most closely associated with anarchism?

• (A) The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

• (B) The execution of Tsar Nicholas 11 and his family• (C) The split between the Mensheviks and the

Bolsheviks• (D) The formation of the Fabian Society• (E) The growth of the syndicalist movement

• Writers and activitists of the 1840s who rejected both industry and the domination of government are known as

• Marxists• Communists • Owenists• Anarchists• Socialists

• Writers and activitists of the 1840s who rejected both industry and the domination of government are known as

• Marxists• Communists • Owenists• Anarchists• Socialists

• . Which of the following was a result of the expansion of literacy in the late 19th century?

• A decline in the production of visual art• A strengthened love of democracy among most

literary activists• An explosion in the number of cheap newspapers

published• A weakened spirit of nationalism• An instant improvement in the overall quality of

literature available

• . Which of the following was a result of the expansion of literacy in the late 19th century?

• A decline in the production of visual art• A strengthened love of democracy among most

literary activists• An explosion in the number of cheap newspapers

published• A weakened spirit of nationalism• An instant improvement in the overall quality of

literature available

• “The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.”

• • The quotation above is from the writings of• • (A) Robespierre and Danton• (B) Saint-Simon• (C) Marx and Engels• (D) Malthus• (E) Bismarck

• “The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.”

• • The quotation above is from the writings of• • (A) Robespierre and Danton• (B) Saint-Simon• (C) Marx and Engels• (D) Malthus• (E) Bismarck

• Which of the following statements best reflects the ideas of Karl Marx?

• (A) Population grows in geometric progression. • (B) Humans share a common ancestry with apes. • (C) The market is governed by an invisible hand.• (D) A classless society will emerge at the end of

the dialectical process.• (E) Happiness results from the greatest good for

the greatest number.

• Which of the following statements best reflects the ideas of Karl Marx?

• (A) Population grows in geometric progression. • (B) Humans share a common ancestry with apes. • (C) The market is governed by an invisible hand.• (D) A classless society will emerge at the end of

the dialectical process.• (E) Happiness results from the greatest good for

the greatest number.

• . Which of the following ideas is common to the works of both Karl Marx and the classical economists?

• (A) The overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the revolu tionary proletariat is inevitable.

• (B) Class struggle is the mechanism of historical progress.• (C) The free exchange of wages for labor ensures social

harmony.• (D) The value of a product is largely determined by the

value of the labor used to produce it.• (E) The triumph of the proletariat will bring about a

classless society

• . Which of the following ideas is common to the works of both Karl Marx and the classical economists?

• (A) The overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the revolu tionary proletariat is inevitable.

• (B) Class struggle is the mechanism of historical progress.• (C) The free exchange of wages for labor ensures social

harmony.• (D) The value of a product is largely determined by the

value of the labor used to produce it.• (E) The triumph of the proletariat will bring about a

classless society

• . “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonism, we shall have an asso ciation, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.”

• • These words express the ideas of• • (A) Alexis de Tocqueville• (B) John Locke• (C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau• (D) Edmund Burke• (E) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• . “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonism, we shall have an asso ciation, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.”

• • These words express the ideas of• • (A) Alexis de Tocqueville• (B) John Locke• (C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau• (D) Edmund Burke• (E) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• . One of the major tenets of Karl Marx’s work was that• (A) peasants and artisans would combine with factory

workers to lead the forthcoming socialist revolution• (B) by increasing social interaction, capitalism improved the

quality of human relation ships• (C) the Industrial Revolution was a social disas ter which had

to be undone to restore the humane preindustrial society• (D) history moves inevitably through a series of stages

culminating in socialism• (E) the historical function of government has been to

protect the weak from exploita tion by the powerful

• . One of the major tenets of Karl Marx’s work was that• (A) peasants and artisans would combine with factory

workers to lead the forthcoming socialist revolution• (B) by increasing social interaction, capitalism improved the

quality of human relation ships• (C) the Industrial Revolution was a social disas ter which had

to be undone to restore the humane preindustrial society• (D) history moves inevitably through a series of stages

culminating in socialism• (E) the historical function of government has been to

protect the weak from exploita tion by the powerful

• .The Communist Manifesto of 1848• Helped bring about the revolution of 1848• Urged the middle class to unite against the

nobility• Claimed that events in history happened

erratically by chance• Was written for the Communist Party• Had no influence on the revolutions of 1848

• .The Communist Manifesto of 1848• Helped bring about the revolution of 1848• Urged the middle class to unite against the

nobility• Claimed that events in history happened

erratically by chance• Was written for the Communist Party• Had no influence on the revolutions of 1848

• . “As historians from Karl Marx through Georges Lefebvre and Albert Soboul have argued, the main accomplishment of the French Revoluton was to abolish feudalism in France and to clear the ground for capitalist economic expansion and the rule of the bourgeoisie.”

• • Which of the following views is consistent with the interpretation above?• (A) The Revolution strengthened the domination of landed proprietors in France• (B) The Revolution eliminated guilds, seigneurial rights, and other obstacles to

French agricultural and industrial advance• (C) The long-term transition from feudalism to capitalism occurred over many

centuries, not between 1789 and 1794• (D) The Revolution abolished private property in France and thus created a

modern democratic society• (E) Both before and after the Revolution, France was ruled by leaders drawn from

the ranks of the nobility and bourgeouisie

• . “As historians from Karl Marx through Georges Lefebvre and Albert Soboul have argued, the main accomplishment of the French Revoluton was to abolish feudalism in France and to clear the ground for capitalist economic expansion and the rule of the bourgeoisie.”

• • Which of the following views is consistent with the interpretation above?• (A) The Revolution strengthened the domination of landed proprietors in France• (B) The Revolution eliminated guilds, seigneurial rights, and other obstacles to

French agricultural and industrial advance• (C) The long-term transition from feudalism to capitalism occurred over many

centuries, not between 1789 and 1794• (D) The Revolution abolished private property in France and thus created a

modern democratic society• (E) Both before and after the Revolution, France was ruled by leaders drawn from

the ranks of the nobility and bourgeouisie

• Both the French and Industrial Revolutions gave rise to a number of conflicting doctrines, or “isms”. Which of th following was expounded and popularized decades after the others?

• Marxism • Liberlaism• Radicalism• Conservatism• Socialism

• Both the French and Industrial Revolutions gave rise to a number of conflicting doctrines, or “isms”. Which of th following was expounded and popularized decades after the others?

• Marxism • Liberlaism• Radicalism• Conservatism• Socialism

• All of the following are features of Marxist theory EXCEPT

• Hegelian dialiectic• Dialectical materialism• The Class Struggle• Natural selection• Inevitable revolution

• All of the following are features of Marxist theory EXCEPT

• Hegelian dialiectic• Dialectical materialism• The Class Struggle• Natural selection• Inevitable revolution

• Which statement best reflects the theories in The Communist Manifesto written by: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?

• A. Workers will experience an improved standard of living as capitalism matures.

• B. Owners of businesses will eventually realize that conditions for workers must be improved.

• C. Workers can expect that working conditions will improve as a result of government legislation.

• D. Workers will change working conditions by revolutionary means.

•

• Which statement best reflects the theories in The Communist Manifesto written by: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?

• A. Workers will experience an improved standard of living as capitalism matures.

• B. Owners of businesses will eventually realize that conditions for workers must be improved.

• C. Workers can expect that working conditions will improve as a result of government legislation.

• D. Workers will change working conditions by revolutionary means.

•

• The Condition of the Working Class in England was written by

• Adam Smith • Friedrich Engels• Karl Marx• David Ricardo• Thomas Malthus

• The Condition of the Working Class in England was written by

• Adam Smith • Friedrich Engels• Karl Marx• David Ricardo• Thomas Malthus

• 19th century proletarianism was characterized by • Patronage of workers by the owner of a factory• The gradual control of workers in setting the wages and

working conditions for a factory• The gradual loss of workers’ ownership of the means of

producton and of control over their own trades• • The gradual lowering of the cultural level of society due to

the influx of the poor into urban areas• The use of local artisans in factories to restore craftsmanship

to the engines of mass production

• 19th century proletarianism was characterized by • Patronage of workers by the owner of a factory• The gradual control of workers in setting the wages and

working conditions for a factory• The gradual loss of workers’ ownership of the means of

producton and of control over their own trades• • The gradual lowering of the cultural level of society due to

the influx of the poor into urban areas• The use of local artisans in factories to restore craftsmanship

to the engines of mass production

1848

• . At the Congress of Vienna, a principle that guided the deliberations of the diplomats was:

• (A) balance of power• (B) utilitarianism• (C) imperialism• (D) self-determination• (E) liberalism

• . At the Congress of Vienna, a principle that guided the deliberations of the diplomats was:

• (A) balance of power• (B) utilitarianism• (C) imperialism• (D) self-determination• (E) liberalism

• . In the 19th century, conservatives • a. argued that governments should not interfere

with the natural tendencies of the economy• b. emphasized the development of sentiment and

emotion• c. favored constitutional monarchy• d. supported the privileges of the aristocracy and

clergy• e. expoused utilitarianism

• . In the 19th century, conservatives • a. argued that governments should not interfere

with the natural tendencies of the economy• b. emphasized the development of sentiment and

emotion• c. favored constitutional monarchy• d. supported the privileges of the aristocracy and

clergy• e. expoused utilitarianism

• . What of the following best characterizes the aims of the Concert of Europe

• It sought to prevent nations form gaining colonial empires• It sought to prevent member nations form entering into non-

aggression treaties with other member nations• It sought to maintain international peace and prevent member

nations from taking major actions in international affairs with member consent

• It sought to extend principles of conservative government throughout Europe

• It sought to hold member nations financially responsible for damage incurred in international conflicts

• . What of the following best characterizes the aims of the Concert of Europe

• It sought to prevent nations form gaining colonial empires• It sought to prevent member nations form entering into non-

aggression treaties with other member nations• It sought to maintain international peace and prevent member

nations from taking major actions in international affairs with member consent

• It sought to extend principles of conservative government throughout Europe

• It sought to hold member nations financially responsible for damage incurred in international conflicts

• . Which of the following best explains reasons for the growing tension between the aristocracy and the middle class in Europe in the 19th century

• The middle class sympathized with impoverished peasants• The middle class sympathized with impoverished peasants • The aristocracy refused to share its power and access to

political influence• The middle class had little opportunity for social mobility

or change in lifestyle

• . Which of the following best explains reasons for the growing tension between the aristocracy and the middle class in Europe in the 19th century

• The middle class sympathized with impoverished peasants• The middle class sympathized with impoverished peasants • The aristocracy refused to share its power and access to

political influence• The middle class had little opportunity for social mobility

or change in lifestyle

• Elected by a landslide after the failed Revolution of 1848, he founded the Second French Empire

• Louis XVIII• Louis Philliipe• Louis Napoleon• Louis Blanc

• Elected by a landslide after the failed Revolution of 1848, he founded the Second French Empire

• Louis XVIII• Louis Philliipe• Louis Napoleon• Louis Blanc

• . The “Second Republic” in France was headed by

• Charles X• Louis Napolean Bonaparte• Louis XVIII• Otto Von Bismark • Napolean II

• . The “Second Republic” in France was headed by

• Charles X• Louis Napolean Bonaparte• Louis XVIII• Otto Von Bismark • Napolean II

• . During the 1848 revolution in France, liberals and radicals differed over

• Whether to establish a republic• Allowing Louis Napolean to return to France• Whether political changes or social and

economic changes should take priority• What to do concerning Louis Philippe and his

family• Universal male suffrage

• . During the 1848 revolution in France, liberals and radicals differed over

• Whether to establish a republic• Allowing Louis Napolean to return to France• Whether political changes or social and

economic changes should take priority• What to do concerning Louis Philippe and his

family• Universal male suffrage

• . In French political history the years 1814, 1830, and 1848 are known, respectively, for the

• (A) execution of Louis XVI, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the establishment of

• the Paris Commune• (B) restoration of the Bourbons, the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

as president and the establishment of the Paris Commune• (C) July Revolution of Louis Philippe, the resto ration of the Bourbons, and

the founding of the Second Republic• (D) restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revo lution of Louis Philippe, and

the• founding of the Second Republic• (E) restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revo lution of Louis Philippe, and

the coronation of Napoleon Ill as French emperor

• . In French political history the years 1814, 1830, and 1848 are known, respectively, for the

• (A) execution of Louis XVI, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the establishment of

• the Paris Commune• (B) restoration of the Bourbons, the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

as president and the establishment of the Paris Commune• (C) July Revolution of Louis Philippe, the resto ration of the Bourbons, and

the founding of the Second Republic• (D) restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revo lution of Louis Philippe, and

the• founding of the Second Republic• (E) restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revo lution of Louis Philippe, and

the coronation of Napoleon Ill as French emperor

• Other minorities in Hungary became alarmed by Louis Kossuth, and his pro-Magyar movement when

• Magyar became the official language of Hungary• The Magyars moved the capital to Budapest• Kossuth made fiery nationalistic speeches in the

Hungarian diet• The Austrian emperor abdicated and fled• The Russian army invaded Hungary

• Other minorities in Hungary became alarmed by Louis Kossuth, and his pro-Magyar movement when

• Magyar became the official language of Hungary• The Magyars moved the capital to Budapest• Kossuth made fiery nationalistic speeches in the

Hungarian diet• The Austrian emperor abdicated and fled• The Russian army invaded Hungary

• . The political leadership of Austria in 1848 did not allow Ferdinand, the emperor who had fled, to return to his position mainly because

• It was attracted to the youthful energy of his nephew Francis Joseph

• The old emperor had antagonized Bohemia and Hungary• Of pressure from rebellious minorities• Of pressure from Nicholas I of Russia• With Ferdinand gone, the government would not have

to honor promises he had made

• . The political leadership of Austria in 1848 did not allow Ferdinand, the emperor who had fled, to return to his position mainly because

• It was attracted to the youthful energy of his nephew Francis Joseph

• The old emperor had antagonized Bohemia and Hungary• Of pressure from rebellious minorities• Of pressure from Nicholas I of Russia• With Ferdinand gone, the government would not have

to honor promises he had made

• In 1849, the new Austrian emperor, Franz Joseph, restored order in Hungary by

• Employing the Croatian leader Jellachich• Following the advise of Metternich• Discrediting Louis Kossuth, the Magyar leader• Giving in to Hungarian demands• Getting military aid from Nicholas II of Russia

• In 1849, the new Austrian emperor, Franz Joseph, restored order in Hungary by

• Employing the Croatian leader Jellachich• Following the advise of Metternich• Discrediting Louis Kossuth, the Magyar leader• Giving in to Hungarian demands• Getting military aid from Nicholas II of Russia

• . Which of the following facilitated the counter-revolutionary triumph within the Hapsburg Empire in 1849?

• (A) The adoption of a new constitution that provided for regional autonomy

• (B) The loyalty of the Slavs and the Germans to the monarchy

• (C) The neutrality of Serbia• (D) The military intervention by the Ottoman Empire• (E) The lack of cooperation among nationalities in the

Hapsburg Empire

• . Which of the following facilitated the counter-revolutionary triumph within the Hapsburg Empire in 1849?

• (A) The adoption of a new constitution that provided for regional autonomy

• (B) The loyalty of the Slavs and the Germans to the monarchy

• (C) The neutrality of Serbia• (D) The military intervention by the Ottoman Empire• (E) The lack of cooperation among nationalities in the

Hapsburg Empire

• . After the failure of the revolutions of 1848, many Italian Liberals looked to Piedmont for political leadership because

• It maintained the liberal constitution that has been granted in 1848

• The King of Piedmont was respected for his leadership abilities

• Pope Pius IX encouraged them to turn to Piedmont• Piedmont promised Italian nationalists that they would

lead the fight for a united Italy• Piedmont had a long tradition as a reform minded state

• . After the failure of the revolutions of 1848, many Italian Liberals looked to Piedmont for political leadership because

• It maintained the liberal constitution that has been granted in 1848

• The King of Piedmont was respected for his leadership abilities

• Pope Pius IX encouraged them to turn to Piedmont• Piedmont promised Italian nationalists that they would

lead the fight for a united Italy• Piedmont had a long tradition as a reform minded state

• . Late 19th and early 20th century Italian politics were hindered by all of the following EXCEPT

• Meddling by the church• Lack of a two party system• Corruption• Continued economic division between north

and south• Lack of democratic institutions

• . Late 19th and early 20th century Italian politics were hindered by all of the following EXCEPT

• Meddling by the church• Lack of a two party system• Corruption• Continued economic division between north

and south• Lack of democratic institutions

• . The failure of the Frankfurt Conference in 1848 to unify what nation encourage the growth of authoritarianism and militarism

• France• Germany• Italy • Austria• Russia

• . The failure of the Frankfurt Conference in 1848 to unify what nation encourage the growth of authoritarianism and militarism

• France• Germany• Italy • Austria• Russia

• . The Frankfurt Assembly’ decision in 1848 to offer the Frederick William IV of Prussian the crown for a united Germany illustrates

• the power of parliamentary traditions in Germany• the weakness of the Germany monarchy• the role of liberalism in the unification of Germany• the tension between liberalism and nationalism in

mid 19th century Europe• the charisma of Frederick William IV

• . The Frankfurt Assembly’ decision in 1848 to offer the Frederick William IV of Prussian the crown for a united Germany illustrates

• the power of parliamentary traditions in Germany• the weakness of the Germany monarchy• the role of liberalism in the unification of Germany• the tension between liberalism and nationalism in

mid 19th century Europe• the charisma of Frederick William IV

• . Frederick William IV rejected the constitution written by the Frankfurt Assembly for a unified

• He looked with disdain on submitting to constitutional monarchy

• He feared opposition from Austria• His Junker support was not interested in German

unity• The was nothing legal or binding about the actions of

the Frankfurt Assembly• All of the above

• . Frederick William IV rejected the constitution written by the Frankfurt Assembly for a unified

• He looked with disdain on submitting to constitutional monarchy

• He feared opposition from Austria• His Junker support was not interested in German

unity• The was nothing legal or binding about the actions of

the Frankfurt Assembly• All of the above

• The original goal of the Frankfurt Assembly (1848-1849) was to

• Design and implement a constitutional government for a unified Germany

• Consolidate Germany under Austrian Habsburg leadership

• Unify the northern states of Germany under Prussia• Create a united Germany for Germans only• Convince Prussia to unite Germany by force

• The original goal of the Frankfurt Assembly (1848-1849) was to

• Design and implement a constitutional government for a unified Germany

• Consolidate Germany under Austrian Habsburg leadership

• Unify the northern states of Germany under Prussia• Create a united Germany for Germans only• Convince Prussia to unite Germany by force

• The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 marked an attempt to

• Respond to Prussian aggression• Establish a German republic• Create the Zollverein, or customs union• Create a unified German state• Tie all independent German cities into a

confederation

• The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 marked an attempt to

• Respond to Prussian aggression• Establish a German republic• Create the Zollverein, or customs union• Create a unified German state• Tie all independent German cities into a

confederation

• . In 1849 the crown of the new Germany created at the Frankfurt Parliament was offered to which European ruler?

• Lajos Kossuth• Frederick William IV of Prussia• Friedrich Herder• Franz Josef I of Austria• Louis Napolean

• . In 1849 the crown of the new Germany created at the Frankfurt Parliament was offered to which European ruler?

• Lajos Kossuth• Frederick William IV of Prussia• Friedrich Herder• Franz Josef I of Austria• Louis Napolean

• The Frankfort Assembly’s decision in 1848 to offer the Fredrick William IV of Prussia the crown of a united Germany illustrates

• The power of parliamentary traditions in Germany• The weakness of the German monarchy• The role of liberalism in the unification of Germany• The tension between liberalism and nationalism in

mid-nineteenth century Europe• The charisma of Fredrick William IV

• The Frankfort Assembly’s decision in 1848 to offer the Fredrick William IV of Prussia the crown of a united Germany illustrates

• The power of parliamentary traditions in Germany• The weakness of the German monarchy• The role of liberalism in the unification of Germany• The tension between liberalism and nationalism in

mid-nineteenth century Europe• The charisma of Fredrick William IV

• Fredrick William IV rejected the constitution written by the Frankfurt Assembly for a unified Germany because

• He looked with disdain on submitting to constitutional monarchy

• He feared opposition from Austria• His Junker support was not interested in German unity• There was nothing legal or binding about the actions of

the Frankfurt Assembly• e. All of the above

• Fredrick William IV rejected the constitution written by the Frankfurt Assembly for a unified Germany because

• He looked with disdain on submitting to constitutional monarchy

• He feared opposition from Austria• His Junker support was not interested in German unity• There was nothing legal or binding about the actions of

the Frankfurt Assembly• e. All of the above

• . The Frankfurt Assembly of 1848-49 failed to unite Germany for all the following reasons EXCEPT

• The Assembly did not have the support of the military

• It did not have the support of the peasants• The delegates could not agree on a Constitution• d. Fredrick William IV would not accept a position

as a constitutional monarch

• . The Frankfurt Assembly of 1848-49 failed to unite Germany for all the following reasons EXCEPT

• The Assembly did not have the support of the military

• It did not have the support of the peasants• The delegates could not agree on a Constitution• d. Fredrick William IV would not accept a position

as a constitutional monarch

• . The Revolutions of 1848 • Overthrew the governments of France,

Germany, and Russia• Erupted in England as well as on the continent• Marked the decline of the political influence of

the proletariat• Gave rise to Communism and realpolitik• Dissipated the nationalistic urges of the peoples

of Eastern Europe

• . The Revolutions of 1848 • Overthrew the governments of France,

Germany, and Russia• Erupted in England as well as on the continent• Marked the decline of the political influence of

the proletariat• Gave rise to Communism and realpolitik• Dissipated the nationalistic urges of the peoples

of Eastern Europe

• Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor in the revolutions of 1848?

• Italian nationalism• Discontent among ethnic minorities in Eastern

Europe• The Communist Manifesto• The heavy handed policies of Louis Philippe of

France• e.The liberal tendencies of the Berlin Assembly

• Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor in the revolutions of 1848?

• Italian nationalism• Discontent among ethnic minorities in Eastern

Europe• The Communist Manifesto• The heavy handed policies of Louis Philippe of

France• e.The liberal tendencies of the Berlin Assembly

• All of the following cities experienced major upris ings in 1848 EXCEPT

• • Paris • Berlin • London • Rome • Vienna

• All of the following cities experienced major upris ings in 1848 EXCEPT

• • Paris • Berlin • London • Rome • Vienna

• . Which of the following was the immediate cause of the revolutions that occurred in several major European cities in 1848?

• (A) Metternich's flight from Vienna• (B) The worker demonstrations in St. Petersburg against

the tsar• (C) The dissolution of the Prussian assembly by Otto von

Bismarck• (D) Food shortages in Great Britain resulting from the Corn

Laws• (E) The overthrow of Louis-Philippe of France

• . Which of the following was the immediate cause of the revolutions that occurred in several major European cities in 1848?

• (A) Metternich's flight from Vienna• (B) The worker demonstrations in St. Petersburg against

the tsar• (C) The dissolution of the Prussian assembly by Otto von

Bismarck• (D) Food shortages in Great Britain resulting from the Corn

Laws• (E) The overthrow of Louis-Philippe of France

• The most significant, long term result of the revoultions of 1848 was

• The large scale abandonment of liberalism by the masses

• Hungarian independence• The rise of communism• The unificiation of Italy• The triumph of democratic reform

• The most significant, long term result of the revoultions of 1848 was

• The large scale abandonment of liberalism by the masses

• Hungarian independence• The rise of communism• The unificiation of Italy• The triumph of democratic reform

• The revolutions of 1848 are best understood as • The result of tension between liberal and nationalist

aspirations of the people of Europe and the determined conservatism of their aristocratic masters

• Independence movements• Large-scale attempts to redistribute wealth in

European society• Precursors to the French Revolution• Democratic revolutions

• The revolutions of 1848 are best understood as • The result of tension between liberal and nationalist

aspirations of the people of Europe and the determined conservatism of their aristocratic masters

• Independence movements• Large-scale attempts to redistribute wealth in

European society• Precursors to the French Revolution• Democratic revolutions

• . Which is the most accurate appraisal of the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848?

• they established democratic republics in both Britain and France

• they overthrew the conservative regimes of central Europe

• they were largely unsuccessful • they brought about German unification • they established parliaments in both Russia and

Austria

• . Which is the most accurate appraisal of the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848?

• they established democratic republics in both Britain and France

• they overthrew the conservative regimes of central Europe

• they were largely unsuccessful • they brought about German unification • they established parliaments in both Russia and

Austria