Post on 27-Dec-2015
description
By Ir. Djoko Wintolo, DEABy Ir. Djoko Wintolo, DEADepartment of Geological EngineeringDepartment of Geological EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringGadjah Mada UniversityGadjah Mada University
Lecture slides for Exploration Geophysics Lecture slides for Exploration Geophysics
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
LOGGING
An activity to record the rock characteristics as a function of the
depth.Recording during drilling activities while there are a
mud and water materials is called as MUD LOGGING (lithological logging).
The recorded data: Rocks type, Hardness/ compaction, Fluid content.
Recording after drilling activities by using a wire line tool (instrument) named as WIRELINE LOGGING.
The recorded data: Rock Resistivity, Rock density. Mud cake thickness, Radioactivity of rocks, Acoustic properties, Formation temperatur, etc.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
WIRELINE LOGGINGWIRELINE LOGGING
OPENHOLE LOGGINGOPENHOLE LOGGINGLogging in a well before completing phase Logging in a well before completing phase (before casing/ pipe construction).(before casing/ pipe construction).All of logging instruments can be worked.All of logging instruments can be worked.
CASEDHOLE LOGGINGCASEDHOLE LOGGINGLogging after well completing (casing Logging after well completing (casing construction) :construction) :Only for special instruments: Only for special instruments: - Gammaray-log- Gammaray-log- Caliper-log- Caliper-log- NMR- NMR- CBL- CBL
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Data Analysis from Wireline LogData Analysis from Wireline Log
Objective / goal: Objective / goal:
Made an quantitative and Made an quantitative and qualitative interpretations from qualitative interpretations from logging data for identify the logging data for identify the productive / prospective layers. productive / prospective layers.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATIONQUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION
It is based on deflection pattern in the logging It is based on deflection pattern in the logging recorded paper which the curves are influenced by recorded paper which the curves are influenced by lithology and formation fluid content.lithology and formation fluid content.
To justified the lithology or rock layer formationTo justified the lithology or rock layer formation.. To detect the porous / permeable layers and To detect the porous / permeable layers and
estimate the rocks fluid contentestimate the rocks fluid content .. - - Estimate the oil, gas and water layer / Estimate the oil, gas and water layer /
formation.formation. - - Estimate the position of Estimate the position of GOC GOC // WOCWOC As a base data for qualitative interpretations.As a base data for qualitative interpretations.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION INTERPRETATION
By using the equations or charts to By using the equations or charts to calculate the reservoir parameters calculate the reservoir parameters from log data from log data (Rw, Rt, (Rw, Rt, ΦΦb, b, ΦΦf, f, ΦΦm , dll)m , dll)
Porosity (Φ)
Water Saturation (Sw)
Saturation of Hydrocarbon remains (Shr)
Saturation of Hydrocarbon mobile (Shm)
Initial hydrocarbon reserve in volumetric form – Original/ Initial Oil In Place (OOIP/IOIP)
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Types of LOGTypes of LOG
1.1. LITHOLOGIC LOGLITHOLOGIC LOG
2.2. RESISTIVITY LOGRESISTIVITY LOG
3.3. POROSITY LOGPOROSITY LOG
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
LITHOLOGIC LOGLITHOLOGIC LOG
Type of Log (instrument) which used Type of Log (instrument) which used to measure the lithology that are to measure the lithology that are drilled in well operation.drilled in well operation.
- SP - log- SP - log
- Gamma Ray - log- Gamma Ray - log
- Caliper - log- Caliper - log
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
RESISTIVITY LOGRESISTIVITY LOG Type of log (instrument) which used to Type of log (instrument) which used to
measure the resistivity value of rock.measure the resistivity value of rock.- Log SP- Log SP- Log Normal- Log Normal- Microlog- Microlog- Microlaterolog- Microlaterolog- Laterolog- Laterolog- Induction Log- Induction Log- MSF- MSF
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
POROSITY LOGPOROSITY LOG
Type of log (instrument) that Type of log (instrument) that measure or detect the porosity of measure or detect the porosity of rocks.rocks.
- Density - log- Density - log
- Neutron - log- Neutron - log
- Sonic - log- Sonic - log
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
The Lithologic description (mud-loggig) by a wellsite The Lithologic description (mud-loggig) by a wellsite geologist as a part of drilling reportgeologist as a part of drilling report
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Some type of wireline logging ( records)Some type of wireline logging ( records)
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Image Image scanner scanner logginglogging
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
UGIS-11 housing, made by RusiaUGIS-11 housing, made by RusiaDjoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Logging for Logging for groundwategroundwater studyr study
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Geochemical loggingGeochemical loggingDjoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Process of Interpretation
• Identify potential reservoir intervals; distinguish non-permeable, non-reservoir intervals from porous potential intervals.
• Estimate thickness of the potential reservoirs. • Determine lithology (rock type) of the potential
reservoirs. • Calculate porosity (Φ). • Determine resistivity of formation water (Rw). • Calculate water saturations (Sw, Sxo) using
resistivity (Rt, Rxo). • Estimate in-place and movable hydrocarbons.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Resistivity logs do not always measure resistivity directly. Some resistivity logs (actually induction logs) measures conductivity instead which is thereciprocal of resistivity. 1 x 1000resistivity (ohms /m) = ------------ (millimhos/m) conductivity
Induction logs are used in wells drilled with a relatively fresh-water mud (low salinity) to obtain more accurate value of true resistivity.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Spontaneous Potential (SP log)
The SP log is a measurement of the natural potential difference or self potential between an electrode in the borehole and a reference electrode at the surface (problem with offshore wells, no ground). No artificial currents are applied.
Three factors are necessary to produce an SP current: 1. a conductive fluid in the borehole, 2. a porous and permeable bed surrounded by an impermeable formation, and 3. a difference in salinity (or pressure) between the borehole fluid and the formation fluid.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Nuclear logsNuclear logs
3 Principles:3 Principles:
1.1. Detection of Detection of γγ – radiation resulting from – radiation resulting from natural radioactivitynatural radioactivity
2.2. Measure absorption of Measure absorption of γγ -radiation emitted -radiation emitted by controlled by controlled γγ –source –source
3.3. Measure penetration of Measure penetration of γγ -radiation emitted -radiation emitted by controlled neutron sourceby controlled neutron source
Only Only γγ -r adiation and neutrons have -r adiation and neutrons have appreciable penetrating powerappreciable penetrating power
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Thermal loggingThermal logging
1.1.To determine heat flow To determine heat flow (geothermal)(geothermal)
2.2.To locate thermal anomalies To locate thermal anomalies caused by fluid flowcaused by fluid flow
3.3.Abnormal radioactivityAbnormal radioactivity4.4.Oxidation regionsOxidation regions
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Well-logging in coal explorationWell-logging in coal exploration
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
Thanks YouThanks You
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo
ReferensiReferensi1. Asquith, George B, 1. Asquith, George B, Log Evaluation of Shaly Sandstone: Log Evaluation of Shaly Sandstone:
A Practical GuideA Practical Guide, The American Association of Petroleum , The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa Oklahoma. Geologists, Tulsa Oklahoma.
2. Desbrandes, R, 2. Desbrandes, R, Encyclopedia of Well LoggingEncyclopedia of Well Logging, Gulf , Gulf Publishing Company Book Division, Houston, Texas, 1985.Publishing Company Book Division, Houston, Texas, 1985.
3. Dewan, John T, 3. Dewan, John T, Essential of Modern Open-Hole Log Essential of Modern Open-Hole Log InterpretationInterpretation, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa , Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa Oklahoma, 1983.Oklahoma, 1983.
4. Harsono Adi, 4. Harsono Adi, Evaluasi Formasi dan Aplikasi Log.Evaluasi Formasi dan Aplikasi Log.5. Helander, Donald P, 5. Helander, Donald P, Fundamental of Formation Fundamental of Formation
EvaluationEvaluation, OGCI Publications, Oil and Gas Consultants , OGCI Publications, Oil and Gas Consultants International Inc, Tulsa, 1983.International Inc, Tulsa, 1983.
6. Pirson, Sylvain J, 6. Pirson, Sylvain J, Well Log Analysis for Oil and Gas Well Log Analysis for Oil and Gas Formation EvaluationFormation Evaluation, Prentice Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs, , Prentice Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs, New Jork, 1963. New Jork, 1963.
7. Wyllie M.R.J, 7. Wyllie M.R.J, The Fundamental of Well Log The Fundamental of Well Log InterpretationInterpretation, 3th Edition Academic Press, Inc 1963., 3th Edition Academic Press, Inc 1963.
Djoko Djoko WintoloWintolo