WELCOME BACK!

DAY 1

• EXPECTATIONS

• SEATS

• BINDER DUMP AND SET UP

DAY 2 & 3

• PARCC PRACTICE TESTS – go to http://www.parcconline.org/ - This is the

PARCC test site1. Click on the PARCC Assessment across the top tabs2. Click on Practice Tests on the left side3. Click on the PARCC practice test under Spring 20144. Scroll down to Test Preparation – Choose Practice Tests5. Choose View English Practice Test and Scroll down to 7th Grade –

Choose the Standard Version – enter your name and start test now! 6. Take the Math Test when finished!7. Make sure you go through each function on your chart and place a

check mark in the box once you have figured out that skill

Floating Day• Bell Work – Read through “Attacking a Chapter” and

write a SUMMARY of the information in your Bell Work Doc in your Google Drive (Remember – a summary includes pertinent info from EACH section of the text you are reading re-stated in your own words)

• Take the Current Event Quiz – it is a worksheet for class & also counted towards another award at the end of the year

• If you are finished, skim chapter 7 in textbook and go through section headings, graphics, highlighted vocab, etc.

DAY 4 & 5

CONTENT COMPREHENSION SKILLS:

•FACT OR OPINION

•DETERMINING IMPORTANCE

•SYNTHESIZE & SUMMARIZE

•INFERENCE

7.1 Washington Leads

a New Nation

Key Terms and People (KTP)

•Bell work-finish the quiz if you have not completed it – turn it into bin when done

•Today - Create a new Google doc in your Grey SS 7 folder in Chrome Book and label it “Chapter 7 KTP” - Do the vocab for Chapter 7 on this Doc - DUE FRI 1/23

The Big Ideas

• President Washington and members of Congress established a new national government

• In 1789 George Washington became the first president of the United States

• Congress and the president organized the executive and judicial branches of government

• Americans had high expectations of their new government

The First President• George Washington

– Honest man and a hero of the Revolution

– Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army, Battle of Trenton, Valley Forge

– Many wanted him to be president – he wanted quiet life and retirement…and better teeth

The First President• January 1789 – Each of

the 11 states that had passed the Constitution sent Electors to meet and vote for a President– electoral college:

• the body of electors who represent the people’s vote in choosing the president

– Washington • President

– John Adams • Vice President

The First President

• First Lady Martha Custis Washington – Born into elite social status and

enjoyed traditional customs

– Married twice – first for true love to the wealthy and educated Daniel Custis, later for companionship to GW an uneducated military man; four children; two died in childhood

• Liked to focus First Lady position on entertaining, social events, etc.

• Others in RM believed that women played an important role just by teaching their children to be good citizens

Judith Sargent Murray, Abigail Adams, and others believed in “Republican Motherhood”•Believed women should play a greater role in the new nation than Martha Washington did

• Some hoped that more women would receive an education, because few families provided much education for their daughters

• Most women in the early republic managed their households and worked hard inside or outside the home to support their families

Women in the New Nation

Organizing the Government

Executive Branch•New government set precedents

– Action or Decision (ex. policies & procedures) that sets a pattern/example for the future

•First Congress created departments in Exec. Branch for every area of policy – these dept. heads are called cabinet members – a President’s cabinet serve as his advisers

•Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury

•Thomas Jefferson– Secretary of State

Organizing the GovernmentJudicial Branch - Judiciary Act of 1789•Passed by Congress to set up the federal court system•Three levels of federal courts & defined powers•Set up federal district courts and circuit courts of appeal•President nominated federal judges (must be approved or rejected by Senate)

GW – “success of the national govt…depend in… interpretation & execution of its laws”

America’s Expectations for the Nation•U.S. Population in 1790

• 4 million (pop. of Los Angeles)

•RURAL - Most were farmers• Wanted fair tax laws• The right to settle western lands

•URBAN - Merchants, laborers, and craftspeople

• Wanted help with their businesses- trade and foreign competition laws

• Philadelphia and NYC populations > 25,000 people

•New York City • First Capitol of US• Trade center and economic hub• Federal Hall 1797 GW Inauguration

Rural 95%

Urb

an 5%

7.2 Hamilton and National

Finances

The Big Ideas

• Treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton developed a financial plan for the national government/tackled the problem of settling national and state debt (WAR debt)

• Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s views on government and the economy (Frenemies)

• Hamilton created a national bank to strengthen the U.S. economy

Settling the Debt

• Treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton – good looking, financially smart, wealthy but elitist

• Biggest challenge - paying off the national debt (money owed by the United States)

• $11.7 million to foreign countries & $40.4 million to U.S. citizens

• Hamilton planned to pay foreign debt first, and all American bonds debt at full value

• Some politicians, including Thomas Jefferson, opposed the plan*, but

Hamilton went ahead with it

• *Speculators were buying Americans’ bonds at cut costs; giving them full value would = profit

States’ Debt•States’ Owed $25 million in

Revolutionary War expenses

•Hamilton wanted Federal Govt. to pay $21.5 mil of the States’ debts to help the national economy (develop business,trade)

•South did not want the Federal Government to pay States’ debts (VA, NC) – called unconstitutional by some such as Patrick Henry

•1791 - Won South’s (and Jefferson/Madison’s) support by getting northern approval to move the national capital to Philadelphia

•10 yrs. later capitol is Washington, D.C. (part Maryland, part Virginia)

Jefferson Opposes Hamilton – Bro versus Bro

Hamilton’s Views

•Authority - Strong central government

•Balance of power between the “mass of people” and wealthier citizens (little faith in average individuals)

•Economy - Promote manufacturing & business

•BUY USA! Higher tariffs on foreign goods to protect American manufacturers

Jefferson Opposes Hamilton – Bro versus Bro

Jefferson’s Views

•Authority - Protect the states power

•Right of “the people” to rule the country (and they are capable enough)

•Economy - Supported agriculture & farmers –

•Farmers are most independent voters & self-sustained people

•Lower tariffs to keep costs low for goods farmers bought

Major Bro Fight - A National Bank

•1791 - Hamilton wanted national bank in which the govt. could safely deposit its money

•Bank would also make loans to the govt. and to businesses, build a mint to issue nation’s own money

•He knew that states’ rights supporters would oppose his idea, so suggested limiting the bank to a 20-year charter & also have each state start its own bank

Major Bro Fight – A National Bank

•True Friends: Jefferson & Madison agreed that

– Economic plans gave too much power to the national government

– Constitution did not give Congress the power to create the bank (Elastic Clause??)

•They favored a Strict Construction view of the Constitution

– Govt. should do only what the Constitution says it can do

Major Bro Fight – A National Bank

•Hamilton • Loose Construction of the

Constitution• Govt. can take reasonable actions

the Constitution does not specifically forbid

•WINNER! President Washington & Congress agreed with Hamilton that it would provide stability for the U.S. economy

•The Bank of the United States

• Country’s first national bank — chartered in 1791

7.3 Challenges for the New Nation

The Big Ideas

• The United States faced significant foreign and domestic challenges under Washington

• The United States tried to remain neutral regarding events in Europe • The United States and Native Americans came into conflict in the Northwest

Territory

• The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s administration

• In his Farewell Address, Washington advised the nation – get to that in a second

Remaining Neutral• July 14, 1789 The French Revolution begins with

the Storming of the Bastille – a real Revolution with actual oppression being overthrown

– Against the French King/Created a Republican Govt

– Beheaded King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette of “let them eat cake” fame

• France and Great Britain later went to war

• Thomas Jefferson supported the French (helped us in War) - Hamilton supported strong ties w/British - President and others wanted to remain neutral (believed this was the safest plan for the U.S. in the long run)

• 1793 - Neutrality Proclamation – U.S. would not take sides – Madison and others thought this act unconstitutional without Congressional approval!

Other Challenges to U.S. Neutrality

Jay’s Treaty – not great work

• 1793 Jefferson resigns from Cabinet (still mad about France & Hamilton’s meddling)

• Now British were seizing American ships in the French West Indies - Washington wanted to prevent another war; so did the British

• 1794 Jay’s Treaty - Settled disputes that had arisen between the two countries in the 1790s

• Unpopular in the United States – didn’t punish Brits enough

Chief Justice – John Jay

Other Challenges to U.S. Neutrality

Pinckney’s Treaty- pretty good

• Spanish disputed the U.S. and Florida border

• 1784 Spain closed the New Orleans port to U.S. trade - Hurt the American economy

• Pinckney’s Treaty was signed in 1795

• Southern U.S. border was set at 31° N latitude

• Port of New Orleans reopened, no cargo fees for US now either!Ambassador Thomas Pinckney

Conflict in the Northwest Territory• Americans settled in the Northwest Territory

despite Native Americans’ protests – shocker

• Native Americans went to war (supplied by British traders w guns)

• 1790 Early Native American victories came under Chief Little Turtle

• 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers – New leader General Anthony Wayne takes over, Brits stop helping them, and we win

• The Treaty of Greenville

– Ended the war in 1795

– Gave us most Nat American lands in the Northwest Territory

– Govt. gave them an acknowledgement of lands they still held and $20,000 in goods

The Whiskey Rebellion

• March 1791: A tax was placed on American-made whiskey – Hamilton is testing the Fed power over States

Reactions• People in areas like Western

Pennsylvania were angry (think Tea Party) - govt not giving them enough protection or trade, can’t afford this, etc.

• Whiskey was a cash crop to western Pennsylvania farmers

• Cases about the law were tried in district courts– often far away from the people

affected

The Whiskey Rebellion

• 1792 – President issues a proclamation to obey law

• 1794 Rebellion broke out – tar/feather people, spreads across states, “New Sons of Liberty”

• Washington enforces w federal power and then led an army against the rebels – Whiskey Rebellion ended

without a battle

Washington Says Farewell

• 1796 - Wanted to leave public life

• Wrote Farewell Address to the people

• Warned against greatest dangers to the Republic:

- Forming foreign ties that could lead to choosing sides in Wars

- Warned the nation to work out its political conflicts at home (growing political parties)

- Warned against too much public debt – govt should not borrow money

***GW “I anticipate…good laws under a free government…”

7.4 John Adams’s Presidency

The Big Ideas

• The development of political parties in the United States contributed to differing ideas about the role of

the federal government• The rise of political parties created competition in the

election of 1796• The XYZ affair caused problems for President John

Adams• Controversy broke out over the Alien and Sedition

Acts

The Election of 1796• Political parties began to form in

the 1790s

• Alexander Hamilton helped found the Federalist Party– supported a strong federal

government

• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison founded the Democratic-Republican Party– wanted to limit the power of the

federal government

• The Federalist John Adams defeated the Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, in 1796 election

• Adams became president, and Jefferson, vice president

President John Adams

• Had the hard task of following George Washington as president – not a hero, not as popular

• Leading patriot during the Revolutionary War – without the glory

• Later a foreign diplomat

• Lacked Washington’s dignity but was respected for his hard work, honesty, and intelligence

President Adams and the XYZ Affair

• Early goal of Adams

– improve relations with France to have international allys

• U.S. diplomats sent to France

• French foreign minister, Talleyrand, would not meet them

• Three French agents secretly demanded a bribe before they would discuss a treaty with the Americans

• The so-called XYZ Affair outraged Americans

– Led to a call for war with France. They would pay “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”

Preparing for War and Peace

Preparations for War

Peace Efforts

• Federalists were stunned by Adams’s decision not to go to war

• American and French ships began fighting in the Caribbean

• The United States and France eventually signed a treaty

• Adams asked Congress to expand the navy to more than 30 ships

• He also asked Congress to approve a peacetime army

• However, Adams did not want war with France

The Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

• Four laws were passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress

– Created to crush the Democratic-Republican opposition to war in 1798

• Sedition Act forbade anyone from publishing or voicing criticism of the federal govt. (canceled basic protections of freedom of speech and press

• Jefferson and Madison viewed acts as a misuse of govt. power

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions passed by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures

• Documents argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

• Supported the idea that states could challenge the federal government – testing the Fed.’s back as they tested them