Post on 20-Dec-2015
Typical Michigan Weed Seed Production
Weed seeds/plant weed density crop
Velvetleaf 400-1,500 90 corn
Giant foxtail 2,500 100 corn
Common
Lambsquarters 57,000 8 soybean
Weed Seed Fate
From Michigan Field Crop Pest Ecology and Management-Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2704
Integrated Pest Management
• Integrated pest management--is the use of all appropriate and economical strategies to manage pests and their damage to acceptable levels with the least disruption to the environment.
Integrated Pest Management
• Determine goals• Pest Monitoring-what kind, how many-
timing• Pest Identification and threshold/action
levels• Control strategies available, implementation
and evaluation of success or failure• Record keeping
Techniques Used in Pest Management
• Natural controls-climate, natural enemies, geographic barriers, food and water supply and shelter
• Applied Controls-Host resistance, biological control, cultural control, mechanical control, habitat modification and sanitation and chemical control
Methods of Weed Control
• Cover crops—weeds don’t have a space to grow.
• Crop rotation—The more diverse the rotation the less opportunity there is for weed population to grow.
• Tillage—No till leaves weed seeds on or near the soil surface, seeds in the germination zone decrease.
Methods of Weed Control
• Planting date—Weed competitiveness can change with planting date.
• Crop plant population and row spacing-Heavier planting limits light for weed germination.
• Rotary Hoeing—Removes small weeds and lets the crop get a head start.
• Cultivation—Do not cultivate if weeds are not a problem or aeration is not needed it can cause weed seeds to be brought into the germination zone.
Chemical Controls
• Algaecide-Algae• Biocide-Microbial Org.• Fungicide-Fungi• Insecticide-Insects &
Related animals• Herbicide-Weeds• Miticide-Mites• Nematicides-Nematodes
• Rodenticide-Rodents• Avicide-Birds• Piscicide-Fish• Molluscicide-Slugs/
snails• Ovicide-Eggs of
organisms• Predacide-Vertebrates
Other Chemical Controls
• Growth regulator-modifies plant or insect development
• Defoliant-removes plant foliage• Desiccant-dries plant foliage• Repellent-diverts a pest• Attractant-lures a pest• Pheromone-attract pest or disrupt behavior• Sterilan-renders pest unable to reproduce
Pesticide
• Protectants• Sterilants• Selective• Nonselective• Broad-Spectrum
• Contact• Systemic• Persistent• Nonpersistent
Pesticide Categories
• Non-Selective—Kills or adversely affects many organisms (Glyphosate)
• Selective—Effective against one type of organism and not another.
• Broad-Spectrum—Pesticides that control a wide range of pests (multiuse).
• Contact—Kill or adversely affect the target organisms by simple contact.
Pesticide Categories
• Systemic—Absorbed by one part of an organism and distributed internally to other parts of the organism for action (heartworm control in dogs)
• Persistent—Remain active for a period of time giving residual protection.
• Non-persistent—Control pests at time of application and breakdown quickly.
Pesticide Categories
• Protectants—Pesticide applied to prevent pest establishment.
• Sterilants—Pesticide that manage pests by rendering them incapable of normal reproduction.
Chemical Weed Control Modes of Action
• Growth Regulators—Banvel, Stinger, 2,4-D (Amine and Ester)
• Amino Acid Synthesis inhibitors (ALS synthase enzyme)—Accent, Broadstrike, Harmony, Pursuit.
• Amino Acid Synthesis (EPSP synthase enzyme) inhibitors—Glyphosate (Honcho, Ranger, Roundup)
Chemical Weed Control Modes of Action
• Lipid (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme) inhibitors—Assure II, Fusion, Poast, Whip
• Seedling root (tubulin protein) inhibitors—Balan, Prowl, Sonolan, Treflan
• Seedling Shoot inhibitors—Arena, Dual, Eptam, Lasso, Surpass, Frontier
Chemical Weed Control Modes of Action
• Photosynthesis (D-1 Quinone-binding protein) inhibitors—Atrazine, Basagram, Bladex, Buctril, Spike.
• Membrane disrupters—Avenge, Cyclone, Gramoxone Extra, Cobra, Reflex, Blazer
• Pigment inhibitors—Command, Zorial
• Some are effective against different weeds.• Timing of the pest problem may dictate
what can be used (pre-emergence, post emergence)
• Some last a long time and cause safety problems with the fruit or following crops
• Using the same chemicals may develop resistance in the pest
Developing Resistant Pests
From Michigan Field Crop Pest Ecology and Management-Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2704