Post on 22-Jan-2016
description
WebWalk: walking behavior on campus
Craig Zimring, Ph.D. Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Architecture September 5, 2007 Status Update craig.zimring@coa.gatech.edu
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Research Purpose
How are path characteristics related to route selection on corporate campuses?
Develop tools…Environmental AuditSoftware/DatabaseSurvey/Focus Group Guide
Develop initial understanding based on…PleasureComfortSafety
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Project Staff
Research Team:Craig M Zimring, Ph.D.Julie Gazmararian, MPH, Ph.D.Mahbub Rashid, Ph.D., AIAPhillip B. Sparling, Ed.D., FACSMSheila Bosch, Ph.D.Michael Herndon, M.S.Sharon Tsepas, M. ArchLu Yi, M. Arch
Advisory Committee:Jeffrey Koplan, M.D., MPHKenneth E. Powell, M.D.Philippe C. Dordai, AIA
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Literature Review
Environmental factors can influence path choice Path characteristics may induce people to walk further than they would otherwise
Hoogendoorn SP, Bovy 2002 Joseph A, Zimring C, 2007Zimring, C et al, 2005
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Environmental Audit: Introduction
Describes physical attributes of path segments:
SafetyComfortPleasurably
3
1
2
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Environmental Audit: Genesis
Irvine-Minnesota Inventory (Boarnet, et al., 2006; Day, et al., 2005; Day, et al., 2006)
SPACES Tool (Systematic Pedestrian and Cycling Environmental Scan): University of Western Australia
Path Environment Audit Tool (Troped, et al., 2006)
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Environmental Audit: Introduction
Examples:Path MaterialPath WidthPresence of Benches, etc.Presence of Food/Coffee ShopsQuality/Type of LandscapeBuilding MaintenanceSurveillance from BuildingsPresence of LitterPresence of Fountains/BridgesPresence of Shading
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Environmental Audit: Interrater Reliability
Interrater reliability vitalProcess
Paths had wide array of characteristicsA lack of applicable standards
MeasurementCohen’s Kappa (Cohen, 1960; Troped, et al., 2006; McGinn, et al. 2004)
K > .60
Percent Agreement (Boarnet, et al., 2006)
P > 80% Agreement
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Audit Tool: Inter-rater Reliability
Version One – developed at Georgia Tech, informed by visits to other sites.Originally Low
Examined data entry Refined audit formRevisited segmentsRated photographs (Picasaweb)Revised questions
Revisited GA Tech campusReviewed 30 segments at Bellsouth (Atlanta, GA)Planned trip to Kimberly-Clark campus (Roswell, GA)
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Environmental Audit: Tool
28 Questionsmultiple subparts
Designed to be used on every segment on siteFuture versions may use hand-held electronic form
reduce data entry timereduce possible errors
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Environmental Audit: Training Protocol
52-slide PowerPoint presentationIncludes quizzes14-page long form (Day, et al. 2005)Supervised rating period
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
WebWalk Software: Introduction
PURPOSE OF THIS SOFTWAREBased on Scalable Vector Graphics and JavaScript
SVG JavaScript
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
WebWalk Software
Initial LoginOne time survey
Subsequent LoginsPath selectionEvery-time survey
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
One Time Survey
Based on IPAQ:Physical activity
Also asks about:Beliefs about physical activityDemographicsJob ClassificationLength of Time at Company/Campus
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
WebWalk Software
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Every Time Survey
Date and TimeIntensityPurpose of Trip
work-relatedpersonalcombination
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
WebWalk Software
Web-based Application
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)JavaScript/PHPInternet ExplorerMySQL Server
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Develop .SVG Map from Plans
Created with GIS SoftwareBest done from CAD plansCan be done from overhead imageryOn-campus visit highly recommended
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Data Analysis
Segment ScoresPleasureComfortSafety
Both Local and Relational ScoresCorrelate Scores with Route Choice
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Data Analysis: Assumptions
Building A Building B
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Data Analysis: Assumptions
Building A Building B
No Possible Conclusion
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Data Analysis: Assumptions
Building A Building B
Possible Conclusion
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Data Analysis: Assumptions
“Shortest” routeMetric Shortest DistanceLowest angular turnsMost Integrated Paths (Space Syntax)
“Shortest” route may be 1 to 3 routesAnalysis will only examine environmental characteristic causality when routes chosen are not the “shortest.”
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Data Analysis
Primary AnalysisRoute Choice Based on:
SafetyComfortPleasureability
Secondary AnalysisRoute choice preferences based on demographic/job type Differences in route choice based on time
avoiding non-shaded paths during mid-dayavoiding less safe paths early and late in day
Route choice based on different types of buildingsMore leisurely routes from/to cafeteria, gym
Create weighted or modified route scores
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia TechAtlanta, GAFull time faculty, staff, graduate studentsOver 30 buildingsOver 500 path segmentsFinal usability test in progress
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
United Parcel Service
UPS World HeadquartersAtlanta, GAEnvironmental Audit late September ‘07
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Sprint/Nextel Corporation
Sprint National Headquarters
Overland Park, KSEnvironmental Audit late September ‘07
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Hypotheses/Questions
Relatively homogenous physical characteristics will play little role in route choice on Work-related trips once certain threshold levels have been reached.
Route choice on trips taken for Personal or Combination reasons will show more evidence of being influenced by path characteristics.
The presence of amenities, high quality landscaping, and other “pleasureable” factors will be highly correlated with the shortest paths between buildings; this correlation can be explained by the ability of planners and/or designers to anticipate the use of various paths.
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
Conclusion
Thank you…Craig ZimringGeorgia Tech College of Architecturecraig.zimring@coa.gatech.edu404.894.3915
WebWalk Project |Status Meeting Sept. ’07
References
Boarnet MG, Day K, Alfonzo M, Forsyth A, Oakes M. The Irvine-Minnesota Inventory to Measure Built Environments Reliability Tests Am J Prev Med 2006;30(2):153-159.Cohen J. A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales, Env and Psych Meas, 1960;20(1):37-46.Day K, Boarnet M, Alfonzo M. Irvine Minnesota Inventory for Observation of Physical Environment Features Linked to Physical Activity. Codebook. 2005.Day K, Boarnet M, Alfonzo M, Forsyth A. The Irvine-Minnesota Inventory to Measure Built Environments Development. Am J Prev Med 2006;30(2):144-152.Hoogendoorn SP, Bovy PHL. Pedestrian route-choice and activity scheduling theory and models. Transportation Research B 2002Joseph A, Zimring C. Where Active Older Adults Walk. Environment and Behavior 2007;39(1):75-105.McGinn T, Wyer PC, Newman TB, Keitz S, Leipzig R, Guyatt G. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 3. Measures of observer variability (kappa statistic). CMAJ, 2004;171(11):1369-1373.Pikora T. Systematic Pedestrian and Cycling Environmental Scan (SPACES), Survey of the Physical Environment in Local Neighborhoods: Observer's Manual. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia; 2002. Troped PJ, Cromley EK, Fragala MS, Melly SJ, Hasbrouck HH, Gortmaker SL, Brownson RC. Development and Validity Testing of an Audit Tool for Trail/Path Characteristics: The Path Environment Audit Tool (PEAT). J of Phys Act and Health 2006;Sup1:S158-S175.Zimring C, Joseph A, Nicoll GL, Tsepas S. Influences of building design and site design on physical activity: Research and intervention opportunities. Am J Prev Med 2005;28(2, Supplement 2), 186-193.