The Sandstone Ridge Trust Ltd Company limited by guarantee Number 7673603 Registered Charity Number 1144470

David Joyce

1 Water usage

2 Types of water source and associated features

3 Water characteristics and oddities

4 Water tasting exercise

5 Case studies

6 What next?

Water consumption

Modern Water usage

45 – 100 m3/person/year

Drinking Water

2-3 litres/day

Approx. 0.5 to 1 m3 /year

Since 1900 water consumption in

Europe has gone up 500 fold.

Water usage 1 m3

= 1000 litres = 220 gallons

25 metre pool; 1.5 metres deep; lane 1 metre wide= 37.5 m3/lane

So 1 lane of the pool is enough drinking water for up to 75 people for a year.

It takes about 1,000 litres of water to produce 1 litre of milk(includes irrigation, drinking, cleaning of cows and equipment, waste disposal etc.)

It takes 5,000 - 20,000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of meat

It takes 500 - 4000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of wheat

The water cycle

Rainfall

Cheshire Lake District Essex

790 mm/year

31 inches/year

1660 mm /year

65 inches/year

580 mm/year

23 inches/year

Dew ponds

Dew pondsA dew pond is an artificial pond usually sited on the top of a hill, intended for watering livestock.

Dew ponds are used in areas where a natural supply of surface water may not be readily available.

The name dew pond (sometimes cloud pondor mist pond) is first found in 1865.

Despite the name, their primary source of water is believed to be rainfall rather than dew or mist.

Marl pits

Marl Pits

1953 map

Major lakes, streams and brooks

Spring-fed lake: Harmer’s Lake, Helsby

River source

Sources of water

Wells

Spring source

Well or borehole

Typicalboreholeconstruction

Wells and springs

1953 map

Marl Pits Wells and springs

Named Wells

Wanlow’s, Wandlow’s, Wanless Well?= green

Lord’s well= red

Swan’s well= purple

1953 map

Water well in a perfect world

Water well in reality

Communal dipping wellWoodhouses

Dropping stone wellBickerton hill

Beeston Castle Well

Brick and concrete reservoirs

Water towers

Pale Heights

Eddisbury Hill Farm

Harthill School Fountain, 1862

Characteristics of waterThe following is a list of indicators of water quality:

AlkalinityColour of waterpHTaste and odourDissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)Heavy metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)Dissolved organicsRadonPharmaceuticalsHormone analoguesMicroorganisms

Variation in water compositionMouldsworth

Water bearing stratum at 250 ft

Mouldsworth

Water bearing stratum at 800 ft

Calcium carbonate 170 170

Magnesium sulphate 6 60

Magnesium chloride

155 22

Sodium chloride 780 300

Total hardness 440 260

Water analysis in parts per millionThresh, Beale and Suckling (1949)

Water hardness (mg/l CaCO3)

soft up to 50

moderately soft 50 – 100

slightly hard 100 – 150

moderately hard 150 – 200

hard 200 – 300

very hard over 300

Water quality

Water-borne diseasesBacteria Protozoa Viruses Parasites

Salmonella typhi

Vibrio cholerae

Campylobacter

Leptospira

Salmonella

E coli

Shigella

Legionella

pneumophilia

Giardia

Entamoeba

Cryptosporidium

Several groups

cause diarrhoea

Hepatitis

Several

Sources of contamination

Cholera in Soho

In August 1854, a major outbreak of cholera struck Soho. By 10 September, 500 people had died.

John Snow eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water. The local council disabled the well and the outbreak declined.

Perrier Water - 1Rainfall

Water plus Carbon dioxide plus impurities

Clean carbon

dioxide

FAULT

IMPERMEABLE MARL

CAP ROCK

LIMESTONE

LIMESTONE

‘Boiling

pool’

Perrier

water

CLAY CAP

SAND

Perrier

water

Perrier Water - 2

CLAY CAP

Rainfall

Water plus Carbon dioxide plus impurities

Clean carbon

dioxide

FAULT

IMPERMEABLE MARL

CAP ROCK

LIMESTONE

LIMESTONE

‘Boiling

pool’

Filter

Discard water

SAND

Buxton water – 5000 years old

Buxton water – 5000 years old

Sulphur well at Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire

Water from the Republic of Georgia“Borjomi spring water is beneficial in the treatment of diseases due to its mineral properties.”

“Borjomi mineral water has been used for centuries to treat chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic diseases of the liver and bile ducts, gallstones, kidney stones, urinary tract infections and respiratory diseases.”

Chemical composition

Borjormi (mg/l) Peckforton (mg/l)

Calcium 100 90

Bicarbonate 3500-5000

Sodium and Potassium

1200-2000 36

Chloride 250-500 11

Sulphate Less than 10 28

Total solids 5500 - 7500

Water from the Lake District

• The Willow aquifer is the source of the legendary Holy Well of Cartmel dating as far back as the 12th Century.

• Filtered through what was once a white willow forest, and limestone, willow water has a unique mineral composition including Calcium and Salicin.

Whistlebitch well

Whistlebitch well today

Horsley bath

Helsby Water TowerCheshire Observer 11 April 1896

Manley water supplyLocation of storage tank

Location of feeder reservoir

Location of water ram

Manley water supply

Water ramBasic components of a hydraulic ram:

1. Inlet — drive pipe

2. Free flow at waste valve

3. Outlet — delivery pipe

4. Waste valve

5. Delivery check valve

6. Pressure vessel

Hydraulic Water Ram systems need no external source of power --the force of moving water gives them the power they need.They are extremely simple, with just two moving parts

Bulkeley HillStaffordshire Potteries Water Board

Hauled tramway for the construction of the reservoir (c1953) and water storage tanks

Mineral Composition Mg Per Litre

Calcium 90

Magnesium 21

Potassium 3.9

Chloride 11.4

Sulphate 27.9

Sodium 32

‘ The Spring...

The village of Tattenhall, beneath Cheshire's beautiful Peckforton Hills, is home to the spring which has provided this pure, clear and refreshing water for over 70 years.

The original borehole for the water was sunk in 1938, and over the years provided millions of litres of fresh water. A new borehole was created in 1993 to meet the highest modern standards of production.

Frodsham Mineral Water Co

1900 to 1913

Two cousins by the name of Ellison and Corker founded a mineral water company in 1888. It was behind Millbank Cottages, off Main Street.

It was renamed Frodsham Mineral Water Co. in 1912 and many of their old bottles with 'glass alleys' in the neck still remain. The man holding the horse is Joe Ellison, a son of the founder, and the boy on the cart , Billy Booth

General Discussion