Post on 21-Jun-2015
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WASHCHALLENGES IN SLUM AREAS OF
DHAKA CITYDr. M. Ashraf Ali
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET &
Director, ITN-BUET
19 June 2014
Urbanization• Over 40 million people (around 27% of the total
population) live in various cities in Bangladesh• An increase of 10 million from 2001
• This number is calculated to be increase to about 68 million by 2015
• The trend of population growth is leading the Dhaka city to be one of the most populous city of the world by 2020.
• About 40% of the total urban population of Bangladesh lives in slums with inadequate facilities.
• There are 3,500-4,000 big, medium, and small slums in Dhaka city
Hard to Reach People - Slums
• In the HTR strategy urban slums are identified as hard-to-reach people.
• The strategy called for ‘Area Specific Strategies’ for urban slums as the slums, despite having better road and communication system, still suffer due to lack of support from government authorities regarding water and sanitation initiatives
Objective • The objective of this study is to assess the current situation of WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) in selected slum areas
• Specifically
• To establish evidence based strong rationale for improving access to WASH services for slum dwellers;
• To influence relevant stakeholders including GoB line departments, donors, I/NGOs and raise public awareness on resilient water and sanitation interventions for slum dwellers;
Study locationsName of Slum Location/Address No. of
HHsLand
OwnershipIntervention
StatusBadda (Shahjadpur) Jheelper Slum
East side of Gulshan lake, Ward No. 21, Dhaka North City Corporation
1200 Private No intervention
Vawalbagh (Nakhalpara) Rail line Slum
Tejgaon Industrial Area, Ward No. 24, Dhaka North City Corporation
300 Govt. (Railway)
No intervention
Boro Mogbazar 12 No. Peyarabagh Slum
Boro Magbazar, Ward no. 35, , Dhaka North City Corporation
350 Govt.(Railway)
6-7 years back (by DSK)
Vashantech 1 No. Slum
Vashantech, Dhaka Cantonment, Ward no. 15, Dhaka North City Corporation
3600 Govt. Ongoing intervention (IPD, DSK, Water for Life and UPPRP); DCC
Approach and Methodology
• Meetings and field visits• Document review• Survey (with support from DSK)• Focus group discussion• Data analysis and interpretation
Sample Size and respondents’ attributes
• 200 households were interviewed in four slums (i.e. 50 households in each slum)
• The selection was made based on clustered random sampling techniques
• 77% of the respondents were female and the rest 27% were male
• 93% of them were in the age group of 18-65.
Education of the respondents
Illit-erate45%
NFE13%
Class I-V30%
Class VI-VIII6%
SSC4%
HSC or higher2%
Profession of the respondents
Laborer (Industry)Laborer (Transportation)
Handicraft/Small Cottage industryRetired/Aged
DriverLaborer (Garment)
Rickshaw/Van/Cart pullerService
No specific professionUnemployed
Laborer (Construction)Others
Small BusinessmanDomestic service provider
House wife
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0.50.50.50.5122
3.544.55.15.1
9.120.7
40.9
Slum Overview
Badda (Shahjadpur) Jheelpar Slum(on private land; no intervention yet)
Vawalbagh (Nakhalpara) Rail Line Slum(on railway land; no intervention yet)
Peyarabagh (Boro Moghbazar) Slum(on railway land; past intervention)
Vashantech Slum(on Govt. land; ongoing intervention)
Results
Socio-economic• 81% household-heads
are male (81%) and 21% are female
• Average size of the households is 4.62
• Around 8% of the families have a person with disabilities
• Among the disabled people 48% are male 32% are female and rest are children under age of 18.
34%
36%
30%
Composition of Families
Male Female Children
Socio-economic
• Around 79% of the surveyed households are living in the corresponding slum for more than 6 years
• 57% are tenants and 42% built their houses at their own cost
• 97% of the HHs have electricity in their house; 14% of tenants do not pay electricity bill separately
• Monthly payment for electricity varies from less than taka 200 to over 1000; 45% pay between 200-400 per month.
Total monthly income and savings (taka) of families
<5000 5000-10000 10001-15000 15001-20000 20000+0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%
2%
49%
38%
10%2%
Income
No Sav-ing
<500 500-1000
1001-2000
2001-3000
3001-4000
4001-5000
5000+0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
69
%
1% 9
%
7%
5%
5%
5%
1%
Savings
Water Supply
National Context: WS Improvement Trend (JMP 2013)
199019952000200520102011
5%10%
71%
73%
21%16%
3%
National
199019952000200520102011
24%31%
63%54%
13% 14%
0%
Urban
1990199520002005201020110% 1%
74%81%
22%16%
4% 2%
Rural
• Slum dwellers have access to water supply; WASA connection, legal or illegal, accounts for majority of water supply.
• Daily HH water use varies from less than 100 L to over 400 L; majority reported water use between 100 to 300 L. Slightly higher water use in Peyarabagh and Vashantech Slums
Water Supply
Drinking water supply source
Vashantech
Peyarabagh
Vawalbagh
Badda
47
42
74
92
51
56
10
8
2
2
16
Community based piped water supply (Legal connection-WASA)Illegal piped water supply Connection-WASACommunity based tubewellOther
Role in selection of water supply system
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech0%
20%40%60%80%
100%
445
7443
0
0
0
094 0
8
10
2
12
1643
043
2 4
System type
Community people Government organization House ownerNGO other
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech0%
20%40%60%80%
100%
2
6094
71
0
0
025
960
6 02
0
0 0040
0 4
Site selection
Community people Government organization House ownerNGO other
Financial and technical support in installing water point
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0
45
70
37
0
0
6
0
980
8
10
2
13
16
49
0
42
0 4
Community people Government organization House ownerNGO other
• There are significant disparity among slums regarding nature of access.
Water Supply
Badda Slum• Large number of HH (25-30) use the same water point;
one to one and a half hour required for collecting a pitcher of water.
• Significant problem in availability of water; sometimes there is no water or water comes in drops.
• No separate payment for water
Vawalbagh Rail Line Slum
• People buy water from community water points; cost varies from taka 1 to taka 5 per kolshi; Water requirement varies from 10 to 20 Kolshi per day.
• 80% respondents spend over 300 taka per month, and 46% pay over 500 taka per month for water.
• In general, no major problem with availability and quality.
Peyarabagh Slum
• Collect water from tubewells connected to water supply lines; water is always available.
• About 67% respondents spend 200 taka, and 28% spend 200-300 taka per month.
Vashantech Slum• “Water for All” facilitating water supply from DWASA; all
connections given so (about 500) far are metered.
• 73% respondents spend taka 100 to 200, and 23% spend taka 200 to 300 per month for water.
• In general, nor major complaints regarding quantity and quality.
Amount paid by HHs per month for water
<100 100-200 201-300 301-500 501-750 750+0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11
57
28
2 22
73
23
24
16
3430
16
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Amount paid by HHs for Watsan interventions
<100 101-200 201-500 500+0
20406080
100
5038
1315
85
Water Supply
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Distance of water source
<20 20-50 51-100 101-200 200+
4036
20
4
12
24
38
26
51
36
1314
34
46
6
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Distance (feet)
Responsibility of O&M and cleanliness of water source
Badda
Vawalbagh
Peyarabagh
Vashantech
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
74
8.3
10
92
26
53.1
90
6
38.8
2
Users' Caretaker Other
Sanitation
National Context:San. Improvement Trend (JMP
2013)
38%
55%
19%
27%11%
14%32%
4%
National
54% 55%
29% 30%
10%13%
7%2%
Urban
34%
55%
16%
26%
12%
14%
38%
5%
Rural
Sanitation option
Badda
Vawalbagh
Peyarabagh
Vashantech
6
10
2
2
92
74
2
4
4
98
86
20
Sanitary Latrine Cluster latrine Sanitation Block Unhygienic latrine Open place
Distance of toilet from water point
<10 10-30 31-50 51-100 101-200 200+0
10
20
30
40
50
60
24
32
6
30
4
54
38
2
6
22
50
10 108
2
16
31
27
6
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Role in selection of latrine
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech0%
20%40%60%80%
100%
2
6843 40
98
30
4 4
0 2
0 0
0 0
33 44
0 020 12
System type
People of the Community House owner Government organizationNGO Both NGO & community
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech0%
20%40%60%80%
100%
2
68 7650
98
30 4
4
0 20
0
0 00
4
0 020
42
Site selection
People of the Community House owner Government organizationNGO Both NGO & community
Financial and technical support in installing latrine
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0
65
6 2
100
31
64
02
2
0
0 0
78
70
0 0 8
24
0 2 0 0
People of the Community House owner Government organizationNGO Both NGO & community other
• Number of HHs using the same toilet is high; up to 50 for Vashantech slum and as high as 300 for the other three slums.
• Major disparity among Slums.
Sanitation
Badda Slum• Almost all latrines are unhygienic; some children
practice open defecation (FGD)
• House owner not interested to install sanitary latrine; slum people not permitted to construct latrine.
• Very unhealthy environment
Vawalbagh Slum• High prevalence (20%) of open defecation.
• Almost all latrines are unhygienic.
• People living on the eastern side of rain line have to cross the rail line for accessing toilet.
• Incidences of children falling into toilet were reported.
• Financial difficulties and temporary nature of settlement reported as reasons for not having better toilets.
Peyarabagh Slum
• Many of the toilets constructed during past intervention by DSK are still working satisfactorily.
• Sometimes queue is seen in front of the toilets in the morning.
Vashantech Slum
• 37 latrines installed under DSK intervention.
• Many of the latrines constructed under earlier “support” are not functioning properly, and have become unhygienic.
Amount paid by HHs per month for using latrine
<30 30-60 61-120 121-150 150+0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7
56
9
23
5
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh
Amount paid by HHs for installing latrines
<50 50-100 101-200 201-5000
20406080
100 90
5 53 5 6 14
Latrine
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Responsibility of O&M and cleanliness of latrines
Badda
Vawalbagh
Peyarabagh
Vashantech
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
56
80
8
98
20
2
92
2
6
18
User household Caretaker Other
Emptying of sludge from pit/septic tank
Clean manual ly (Sweeper) Use mechanica l equipment Have no idea
11
89
42.5 57.5
39 5
4
7
100
Emptying Mechanism
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
83
17
65352
8 47
25
25
.5
8
25
.5
41
Sludge Dumping Scenario
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Emptying of sludge from pit/septic tank
• In Vashantech Slum (where intervention in ongoing), 61% respondents want environment-friendly pit emptying service (Vacutag), and they are willing to pay for it. However, Vacutag will not reach all areas within slum.
• However, in the other slums, most of the respondents (74%) did not feel the necessity for such service, and they are not willing to pay for it.
Gender Aspect• In Vashantech slum, 71% respondent reported having
separate toiles for women and girls; for other 3 slums, only 15% reported of such facilities.
• 16% respondents in Vashantech slum reported that the toilet location is inconvenient for women and girl.
• For the other three slums, 77% respondents reported that the toilet location is inconvenient for easy access of women and girl, especially during night.
• In Vashantech slum, 98% respondents, and in other 3 slums 80% respondents reported disposing children feces in latrines.
• Lack of suitable sanitation facilities for disabled people in all slums; slightly better condition in Vashantech slum.
Hygiene
Hygiene behavior
Yes No Seldom0
20406080
100 90
10
71
18 10
84
214
100
Hand washing practice hands be-fore taking meal
Badda VawalbaghPeyarabagh Vashantech
Yes No Seldom0
20406080
100 90
10
70
228
85
8 6
98
2
Hand washing practice hands after defecation
Badda VawalbaghPeyarabagh Vashantech
Yes No Seldom0
20406080
100 88
8 4
71
217
89
2 9
98
2
Hand washing practice before feed-ing children
Badda VawalbaghPeyarabagh Vashantech
Yes No Seldom0
20406080
100 89
2 9
64
2511
82
9 9
98
2
Hand washing practice after child’s anal cleansing
Badda VawalbaghPeyarabagh Vashantech
Materials used for hand washing
Only water Soap Ash Soil No fixed items
17
50
42
27
37
27
4
10
2222
67
11
6
78
10
2 2
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Difficulties faced on menstrual hygiene management
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
11.5
26.9
3.8
30.8
23.1
3.8
36
24 24
16
36
20
16
24
4
44.4 44.4
11.1
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Other Issues
Solid Waste Management
• In the non-intervened slums 68% respondents and in the intervened slum 96% respondents could not recognize existence of any systematic approach (such as composting or van collection) for solid waste management (SWM)
• Overall about 20% respondents participated in campaigns or awareness raising sessions on SWM.
• Those who participated in some sort of SWM practices also agreed that the overall environmental situation of the slum has been improved due to such interventions
Household wastewater drainage
Drain Lake Tube-wel l Platform
Rai l l ine Bottom of hanging
slum
Pipe network Others
74
24
2
71.4
10.2 1
6.3
2
74
12
6
2
6
92
6
2
Badda Vawalbagh Peyarabagh Vashantech
Inadequate drainage is a major problem at Vashantech slum, as well as other slums
Fuelwood, Fire Hazard and Air Pollution
• 61% respondents in Vashantech slum and 7% in other 3 slums reported that their communities have fire-fighting preparedness.
• Majority reported that fire-fighting vehicles will not be able to enter into the slum.
• Fire outbreaks have been reported in Vashantech slum, which are usually taken care of slum people themselves.
• High price and availability of fuelwood are important concerns.
• Air pollution not reported as a major problem
Fire Hazard and Air Pollution
Major Observations/
Recommendations
Observations• WASH challenges vary significantly among slums.• Past and ongoing interventions have significant
positive impacts.• Active community participation promotes
sustainability. • Despite good access to water supply, there is
significant scope for improvement (e.g., • Sanitation services are in poor state, especially in
non-intervened slums.• Sustainability of sanitation services is an important
issue; technology and management both affect sustainability.
• Special considerations needed for women/girl (e.g., w.r.t. location of toilet) and people with disability.
Observations• Hygiene practice, especially hand washing,
appears to be a concern.
• Fecal sludge management (FSM) services should be included in future interventions.
• Drainage is a major problem, and should be addressed along with water supply and sanitation.
• Fire hazard, fuel wood, and indoor air pollution should be addressed in future interventions.
Strategies for Urban SlumsStrategies for Immediate Solutions
Community water points and sanitation blocks to be built and maintained by CBOs with assistance from NGOs and in collaboration with urban utilities
Development Decision and Ownership
The Communities through CBOs, Wards of Municipalities/ City Corporations
Design and Implementation
CBOs, WASAs/ CCs, DPHE, Paurashavas, LGED and NGOs
Thank You